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Scholarly communication involves the creation, publication, dissemination and discovery of academic research, primarily in peer-reviewed journals and books. It is “the system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. " This primarily involves the publication of peer-reviewed academic journals, books and conference papers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Scientific citation is providing detailed reference in a scientific publication, typically a paper or book, to previous published (or occasionally private) communications which have a bearing on the subject of the new publication. The purpose of citations in original work is to allow readers of the paper to refer to cited work to assist them in judging the new work, source background information vital for future development, and acknowledge the contributions of earlier workers. Citations in, say, a review paper bring together many sources, often recent, in one place | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Scientometrics is the field of study which concerns itself with measuring and analysing scholarly literature. Scientometrics is a sub-field of informetrics. Major research issues include the measurement of the impact of research papers and academic journals, the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in policy and management contexts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term serials crisis describes the problem of rising subscription costs of serial publications, especially scholarly journals, outpacing academic institutions' library budgets and limiting their ability to meet researchers' needs. The prices of these institutional or library subscriptions have been rising much faster than inflation for several decades, while the funds available to the libraries have remained static or have declined in real terms. As a result, academic and research libraries have regularly canceled serial subscriptions to accommodate price increases of the remaining subscriptions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Social informatics is the study of information and communication tools in cultural or institutional contexts. Another definition is the interdisciplinary study of the design, uses and consequences of information technologies that takes into account their interaction with institutional and cultural contexts. A transdisciplinary field, social informatics is part of a larger body of socio-economic research that examines the ways in which the technological artifact and human social context mutually constitute the information and communications technology (ICT) ensemble | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Source criticism (or information evaluation) is the process of evaluating an information source, i. e. : a document, a person, a speech, a fingerprint, a photo, an observation, or anything used in order to obtain knowledge | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The UNISIST model of information dissemination was proposed in 1971 by the United Nations. UNISIST (United Nations International Scientific Information System) is a model of the social system of communication, which consists of knowledge producers, intermediaries, and users. These groups of people (or actors) are different kinds of professionals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Archival informatics is the theory and application of informatics in and around the realm of archives and record keeping. More specifically, it refers to the proper understanding and use of emerging technologies, techniques, and theories such as linguistic analysis, heuristics, and automation in the storage, manipulation and retrieval of archives and databases.
An Archival Informatics Newsletter was started in 1987 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Archives and Museum Informatics is a journal published by Springer. Begun in 1987, as the Archival Informatics Newsletter, it assumed its present title with volume 3 in 1989. The first ten volumes were published by Archives & Museum Informatics which sold the title to Kluwer in 1997 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Artstor is a nonprofit organization that builds and distributes the Digital Library, an online resource of more than 2. 5 million images in the arts, architecture, humanities, and sciences, and Shared Shelf, a Web-based cataloging and image management software service that allows institutions to catalog, edit, store, and share local collections.
History
Since 2003, the organization has been an independent non-profit 501(C)(3) organization based in New York | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An audio tour or audio guide provides a recorded spoken commentary, normally through a handheld device, to a visitor attraction such as a museum. They are also available for self-guided tours of outdoor locations, or as a part of an organised tour. It provides background, context, and information on the things being viewed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) describes the content of art databases by articulating a conceptual framework for describing and accessing information about works of art, architecture, other material culture, groups and collections of works, and related images. The CDWA includes 532 categories and subcategories. A small subset of categories are considered core in that they represent the minimum information necessary to identify and describe a work | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Consortium for Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI) was an initiative for museum IT standards under the auspices of the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI).
The CIMI project was started in 1990 by the US-based Museum Computer Network (MCN) and operated as a committee of MCN. It aimed to develop a standards framework to help museums in exchanging data and providing standard databases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital Technologies and the Museum Experience (2008), edited by Loïc Tallon and Kevin Walker, is a book about the use of digital technology by museums.
Overview
The book is divided into 11 contributed chapters by a variety of authors, in two parts, Defining the Context: Three Perspectives and Delivering Potential. The book includes a foreword by James M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lightweight software test automation is the process of creating and using relatively short and simple computer programs, called lightweight test harnesses, designed to test a software system. Lightweight test automation harnesses are not tied to a particular programming language but are most often implemented with the Java, Perl, Visual Basic . NET, and C# programming languages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Load testing is the process of putting demand on a structure or system and measuring its response.
Software load testing
Physical load testing
Many types of machinery, engines, structures, and motors are load tested. The load may be at a designated safe working load (SWL), full load, or at an aggravated level of load | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
RadView Software develops and offers enterprises test automation solution (Radview TestAutomation) and load testing tool and performance monitoring (Radview WebLoad) for web and mobile applications that allows companies to accelerate the development and deployment of their Web and Mobile applications and enables the implementation of their strategies involving their Websites. As of August 26, 2021, it had licensed its software to over 3,500 organizations.
Products
RadView WebLOAD is a load testing and analysis tool that combines performance, scalability, and integrity as a single process for the verification of web applications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
loader. io is a cloud-based load and scalability testing service SaaS that allows developers to test their web applications and API with thousands of concurrent connections.
Capabilities
Loader | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Login VSI maximizes the end-user experience for all digital workspaces. Login VSI's flagship product, Login Enterprise, is an automated testing platform that predicts performance, ensures business continuity and reduces risk. Login Enterprise tests the desktop and applications as a whole, from pre-production through to production | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Compare with Test automation. Manual testing is the process of manually testing software for defects. It requires a tester to play the role of an end user where by they use most of the application's features to ensure correct behaviour | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mauve is a project to provide a free software test suite for the Java class libraries. Mauve is developed by the members of Kaffe, GNU Classpath, GCJ, and other projects. Unlike a similar project, JUnit, Mauve is designed to run on various experimental Java virtual machines, where some features may be still missing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ministry of Testing, also referred to as the MoT, is a global software testing community that was founded by Rosie Sherry, who was longlisted for most influential woman in UK tech by Computer Weekly in 2017 and 2018, as well as listed in the Female Founders 101 list by BusinessCloud. MoT started out as a UK-based internet forum for software testers and quickly grew into an independent business that provides software testing conferences and Meetups around the world, and an online learning platform dedicated to the craft of software testing. Members of the Ministry of Testing community consist of software testers and those working in software quality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mobile application testing is a process by which application software developed for handheld mobile devices is tested for its functionality, usability and consistency. Mobile application testing can be an automated or manual type of testing. Mobile applications either come pre-installed or can be installed from mobile software distribution platforms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mobile-device testing functions to assure the quality of mobile devices, like mobile phones, PDAs, etc. It is conducted on both hardware and software, and from the view of different procedures, the testing comprises R&D testing, factory testing and certificate testing. It involves a set of activities from monitoring and trouble shooting mobile application, content and services on real handsets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MockServer is an open source mocking framework for HTTP and HTTPS released under the Apache License. MockServer is designed to simplify integration testing, by mocking HTTP and HTTPS system such as a web service or web site, and to decouple development teams, by allowing a team to develop against a service that is not complete or is unstable.
Simplify testing
MockServer simplifies automated testing and promotes best practices by improving the isolation of the system under test, simplifying test scenarios and improving encapsulation and separation of concerns in tests, as follows:
Mocking dependent systems is an effective mechanism to isolate the system under test to ensure tests run reliably and only fail when there is a genuine error, this avoids tests failing due to irrelevant external changes such as network failure or a server being rebooted / redeployed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Model-based testing is an application of model-based design for designing and optionally also executing artifacts to perform software testing or system testing. Models can be used to represent the desired behavior of a system under test (SUT), or to represent testing strategies and a test environment. The picture on the right depicts the former approach | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Modified condition/decision coverage (MC/DC) is a code coverage criterion used in software testing.
Overview
MC/DC requires all of the below during testing:
Each entry and exit point is invoked
Each decision takes every possible outcome
Each condition in a decision takes every possible outcome
Each condition in a decision is shown to independently affect the outcome of the decision. Independence of a condition is shown by proving that only one condition changes at a time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Modularity-driven testing is a term used in the testing of software. The test script modularity framework requires the creation of small, independent scripts that represent modules, sections, and functions of the application-under-test. These small scripts are then used in a hierarchical fashion to construct larger tests, realizing a particular test case | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In software testing, monkey testing is a technique where the user tests the application or system by providing random inputs and checking the behavior, or seeing whether the application or system will crash. Monkey testing is usually implemented as random, automated unit tests.
While the source of the name "monkey" is uncertain, it is believed by some that the name has to do with the infinite monkey theorem, which states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A month of bugs is a strategy used by security researchers to draw attention to the lax security procedures of commercial software corporations.
Researchers have started such a project for software products where they believe corporations have shown themselves to be unresponsive and uncooperative to security alerts. Responsible disclosure is not working properly, and then find and disclose one security vulnerability each day for one month | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mutation testing (or mutation analysis or program mutation) is used to design new software tests and evaluate the quality of existing software tests. Mutation testing involves modifying a program in small ways. Each mutated version is called a mutant and tests detect and reject mutants by causing the behaviour of the original version to differ from the mutant | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Operational acceptance testing (OAT) is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service, or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported, and/or to become part of the production environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Oulu University Secure Programming Group (OUSPG) is a research group at the University of Oulu that studies, evaluates and develops methods of implementing and testing application and system software in order to prevent, discover and eliminate implementation level security vulnerabilities in a pro-active fashion. The focus is on implementation level security issues and software security testing.
History
OUSPG has been active as an independent academic research group in the Computer Engineering Laboratory in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering in the University of Oulu since summer 1996 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pair testing is a software development technique in which two team members work together at one keyboard to test the software application. One does the testing and the other analyzes or reviews the testing. This can be done between one tester and developer or business analyst or between two testers with both participants taking turns at driving the keyboard | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer software, the term parameter validation is the automated processing, in a module, to validate the spelling or accuracy of parameters passed to that module. The term has been in common use for over 30 years. Specific best practices have been developed, for decades, to improve the handling of such parameters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Partial concurrent thinking aloud (or partial concurrent think-aloud, or PCTA) is a method used to gather data in usability testing with screen reader users. It is a particular kind of think aloud protocol (or TAP) created by Stefano Federici and Simone Borsci at the Interuniversity Center for Research on Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems of University of Rome "La Sapienza". The partial concurrent thinking aloud is built up in order to create a specific usability assessment technique for blind users, eligible to maintain the advantages of concurrent and retrospective thinking aloud while overcoming their limits | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A test plan is a document detailing the objectives, resources, and processes for a specific test session for a software or hardware product. The plan typically contains a detailed understanding of the eventual workflow.
Test plans
A test plan documents the strategy that will be used to verify and ensure that a product or system meets its design specifications and other requirements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PlanetLab was a group of computers available as a testbed for computer networking and distributed systems research. It was established in 2002 by Prof. Larry L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A playtest is the process by which a game designer tests a new game for bugs and design flaws before releasing it to market. Playtests can be run "open", "closed", "beta", or otherwise, and are very common with board games, collectible card games, puzzle hunts, role-playing games, and video games, for which they have become an established part of the quality control process. An individual involved in testing a game is referred to as a playtester | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Portability testing is the process of determining the degree of ease or difficulty to which a software component or application can be effectively and efficiently transferred from one hardware, software or other operational or usage environment to another. The test results, defined by the individual needs of the system, are some measurement of how easily the component or application will be to integrate into the environment and these results will then be compared to the software system's non-functional requirement of portability for correctness. The levels of correctness are usually measured by the cost to adapt the software to the new environment compared to the cost of redevelopment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Probe effect is an unintended alteration in system behavior caused by measuring that system. In code profiling and performance measurements, the delays introduced by insertion or removal of code instrumentation may result in a non-functioning application, or unpredictable behavior.
Examples
In electronics, by attaching a multimeter, oscilloscope, or other testing device via a test probe, small amounts of capacitance, resistance, or inductance may be introduced | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pseudolocalization (or pseudo-localization) is a software testing method used for testing internationalization aspects of software. Instead of translating the text of the software into a foreign language, as in the process of localization, the textual elements of an application are replaced with an altered version of the original language. For example, instead of "Account Settings", the text may be altered to display as "!!! Àççôûñţ Šéţţîñĝš !!!" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pylint is a static code analysis tool for the Python programming language. It is named following a common convention in Python of a "py" prefix, and a nod to the C programming lint program. It follows the style recommended by PEP 8, the Python style guide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Random testing is a black-box software testing technique where programs are tested by generating random, independent inputs. Results of the output are compared against software specifications to verify that the test output is pass or fail. In case of absence of specifications the exceptions of the language are used which means if an exception arises during test execution then it means there is a fault in the program, it is also used as a way to avoid biased testing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) is a type of simulation methodology that allows for the rapid evaluation of control systems, especially for large machinery. It can test and evaluate algorithms as well as associated components such as sensors, actuators, pumps etc. The system requires some type of mock up, usually a scaled down version of the system to be tested, plus high powered computer simulation software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Real-time testing is the process of testing real-time computer systems.
Software testing is performed to detect and help correct bugs (errors) in computer software. Testing involves ensuring not only that the software is error-free but that it provides the required functionality to the user | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In software testing, recovery testing is the activity of testing how well an application is able to recover from crashes, hardware failures and other similar problems.
Recovery testing is the forced failure of the software in a variety of ways to verify that recovery is
properly performed. Recovery testing should not be confused with reliability testing, which tries to discover the specific point at which failure occurs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Regression testing (rarely, non-regression testing) is re-running functional and non-functional tests to ensure that previously developed and tested software still performs as expected after a change. If not, that would be called a regression.
Changes that may require regression testing include bug fixes, software enhancements, configuration changes, and even substitution of electronic components (hardware) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Risk-based testing (RBT) is a type of software testing that functions as an organizational principle used to prioritize the tests of features and functions in software, based on the risk of failure, the function of their importance and likelihood or impact of failure. Gerrard, Paul; Thompson, Neil (2002). Risk Based E-Business Testing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Robustness testing is any quality assurance methodology focused on testing the robustness of software. Robustness testing has also been used to describe the process of verifying the robustness (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Roofline model is an intuitive visual performance model used to provide performance estimates of a given compute kernel or application running on multi-core, many-core, or accelerator processor architectures, by showing inherent hardware limitations, and potential benefit and priority of optimizations. By combining locality, bandwidth, and different parallelization paradigms into a single performance figure, the model can be an effective alternative to assess the quality of attained performance instead of using simple percent-of-peak estimates, as it provides insights on both the implementation and inherent performance limitations.
The most basic Roofline model can be visualized by plotting floating-point performance as a function of machine peak performance, machine peak bandwidth, and arithmetic intensity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Runtime error detection is a software verification method that analyzes a software application as it executes and reports defects that are detected during that execution. It can be applied during unit testing, component testing, integration testing, system testing (automated/scripted or manual), or penetration testing.
Runtime error detection can identify defects that manifest themselves only at runtime (for example, file overwrites) and zeroing in on the root causes of the application crashing, running slowly, or behaving unpredictably | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Runtime predictive analysis (or predictive analysis) is a runtime verification technique in computer science for detecting property violations in program executions inferred from an observed execution. An important class of predictive analysis methods has been developed for detecting concurrency errors (such as data races) in concurrent programs, where a runtime monitor is used to predict errors which did not happen in the observed run, but can happen in an alternative execution of the same program. The predictive capability comes from the fact that the analysis is performed on an abstract model extracted online from the observed execution, which admits a class of executions beyond the observed one | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A sanity check or sanity test is a basic test to quickly evaluate whether a claim or the result of a calculation can possibly be true. It is a simple check to see if the produced material is rational (that the material's creator was thinking rationally, applying sanity). The point of a sanity test is to rule out certain classes of obviously false results, not to catch every possible error | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Scalability testing is the testing of a software application to measure its capability to scale up or scale out in terms of any of its non-functional capability.
Performance, scalability and reliability testing are usually grouped together by software quality analysts.
The main goals of scalability testing are to determine the user limit for the web application and ensure end user experience, under a high load, is not compromised | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Scenario testing is a software testing activity that uses scenarios: hypothetical stories to help the tester work through a complex problem or test system. The ideal scenario test is a credible, complex, compelling or motivating story; the outcome of which is easy to evaluate. These tests are usually different from test cases in that test cases are single steps whereas scenarios cover a number of steps | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A security bug or security defect is a software bug that can be exploited to gain unauthorized access or privileges on a computer system. Security bugs introduce security vulnerabilities by compromising one or more of:
Authentication of users and other entities
Authorization of access rights and privileges
Data confidentiality
Data integritySecurity bugs do not need be identified nor exploited to be qualified as such and are assumed to be much more common than known vulnerabilities in almost any system.
Causes
Security bugs, like all other software bugs, stem from root causes that can generally be traced to either absent or inadequate:
Software developer training
Use case analysis
Software engineering methodology
Quality assurance testing
and other best practices
Taxonomy
Security bugs generally fall into a fairly small number of broad categories that include:
Memory safety (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A semantic decision table uses modern ontology engineering technologies to enhance traditional a decision table. The term "semantic decision table" was coined by Yan Tang and Prof. Robert Meersman from VUB STARLab (Free University of Brussels) in 2006 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In software engineering, service virtualization or service virtualisation is a method to emulate the behavior of specific components in heterogeneous component-based applications such as API-driven applications, cloud-based applications and service-oriented architectures.
It is used to provide software development and QA/testing teams access to dependent system components that are needed to exercise an application under test (AUT), but are unavailable or difficult-to-access for development and testing purposes. With the behavior of the dependent components "virtualized", testing and development can proceed without accessing the actual live components | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Session-based testing is a software test method that aims to combine accountability and exploratory testing to provide rapid defect discovery, creative on-the-fly test design, management control and metrics reporting. The method can also be used in conjunction with scenario testing. Session-based testing was developed in 2000 by Jonathan and James Marcus Bach | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shift-left testing is an approach to software testing and system testing in which testing is performed earlier in the lifecycle (i. e. moved left on the project timeline) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Siege is a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HTTPS load testing and web server benchmarking utility developed by Jeffrey Fulmer. It was designed to let web developers measure the performance of their code under stress, to see how it will stand up to load on the internet.
It is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) open-source software license, which means it is free to use, modify, and distribute | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer programming and software testing, smoke testing (also confidence testing, sanity testing, build verification test (BVT) and build acceptance test) is preliminary testing or sanity testing to reveal simple failures severe enough to, for example, reject a prospective software release. Smoke tests are a subset of test cases that cover the most important functionality of a component or system, used to aid assessment of whether main functions of the software appear to work correctly. When used to determine if a computer program should be subjected to further, more fine-grained testing, a smoke test may be called a pretest or an intake test | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term load testing is used in different ways in the professional software testing community. Load testing generally refers to the practice of modeling the expected usage of a software program by simulating multiple users accessing the program concurrently. As such, this testing is most relevant for multi-user systems; often one built using a client/server model, such as web servers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In software quality assurance, performance testing is in general a testing practice performed to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage.
Performance testing, a subset of performance engineering, is a computer science practice which strives to build performance standards into the implementation, design and architecture of a system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Software reliability testing is a field of software-testing that relates to testing a software's ability to function, given environmental conditions, for a particular amount of time. Software reliability testing helps discover many problems in the software design and functionality.
Overview
Software reliability is the probability that software will work properly in a specified environment and for a given amount of time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
== Status of IEEE 829 ==
Note: IEEE 829-2008 has been superseded by ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119-3:2013.
Background to IEEE 829
IEEE 829-2008, also known as the 829 Standard for Software and System Test Documentation, was an IEEE standard that specified the form of a set of documents for use in eight defined stages of software testing and system testing, each stage potentially producing its own separate type of document. The standard specified the format of these documents, but did not stipulate whether they must all be produced, nor did it include any criteria regarding adequate content for these documents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Software testability is the degree to which a software artifact (i. e. a software system, software module, requirements- or design document) supports testing in a given test context | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
There is considerable variety among software testing writers and consultants about what constitutes responsible software testing. Proponents of a context-driven approach consider much of the writing about software testing to be doctrine, while others believe this contradicts the IEEE 829 documentation standard.
Best practices
Proponents of the context-driven approach believe that there are no best practices of testing, but rather that testing is a set of skills that allow the tester to select or invent testing practices to suit each unique situation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Software Testing, Verification, & Reliability is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of software testing, verification, and reliability published by John Wiley & Sons.
STVR was founded in 1991 by Derek Yates. Martin Woodward become editor-in-chief in 1992, and was later joined by Lee White | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Software verification is a discipline of software engineering, programming languages, and theory of computation whose goal is to assure that software satisfies the expected requirements.
Broad scope and classification
A broad definition of verification makes it related to software testing. In that case, there are two fundamental approaches to verification:
Dynamic verification, also known as experimentation, dynamic testing or, simply testing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Squish is a commercial cross-platform GUI and regression testing tool that can test applications based on a variety of GUI technologies (see list below). It is developed and maintained by Froglogic.
Overview
Squish is developed and maintained by Froglogic | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Program animation or stepping refers to the debugging method of executing code one instruction or line at a time. The programmer may examine the state of the program, machine, and related data before and after execution of a particular line of code. This allows the programmer to evaluate the effects of each statement or instruction in isolation, and thereby gain insight into the behavior (or misbehavior) of the executing program | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stress testing is a software testing activity that determines the robustness of software by testing beyond the limits of normal operation. Stress testing is particularly important for "mission critical" software, but is used for all types of software. Stress tests commonly put a greater emphasis on robustness, availability, and error handling under a heavy load, than on what would be considered correct behavior under normal circumstances | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In software development, a test suite, less commonly known as a validation suite, is a collection of test cases that are intended to be used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviors. A test suite often contains detailed instructions or goals for each collection of test cases and information on the system configuration to be used during testing. A group of test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions of the following tests | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
System integration testing (SIT) involves the overall testing of a complete system of many subsystem components or elements. The system under test may be composed of hardware, or software, or hardware with embedded software, or hardware/software with human-in-the-loop testing.
SIT consists, initially, of the "process of assembling the constituent parts of a system in a logical, cost-effective way, comprehensively checking system execution (all nominal & exceptional paths), and including a full functional check-out | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Test data plays a crucial role in software development by providing inputs that are used to verify the correctness, performance, and reliability of software systems. Test data encompasses various types, such as positive and negative scenarios, edge cases, and realistic user scenarios, and it aims to exercise different aspects of the software to uncover bugs and validate its behavior. By designing and executing test cases with appropriate test data, developers can identify and rectify defects, improve the quality of the software, and ensure it meets the specified requirements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In software engineering, test design is the activity of deriving and specifying test cases from test conditions to test software.
Definition
A test condition is a statement about the test object. Test conditions can be stated for any part of a component or system that could be verified: functions, transactions, features, quality attributes or structural elements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer programming and computer science, programmers employ a technique called automated unit testing to reduce the likelihood of bugs occurring in the software. Frequently, the final release software consists of a complex set of objects or procedures interacting together to create the final result. In automated unit testing, it may be necessary to use objects or procedures that look and behave like their release-intended counterparts, but are actually simplified versions that reduce the complexity and facilitate testing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In software development, test effort refers to the expenses for (still to come) tests. There is a relation with test costs and failure costs (direct, indirect, costs for fault correction). Some factors which influence test effort are: maturity of the software development process, quality and testability of the testobject, test infrastructure, skills of staff members, quality goals and test strategy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Test management most commonly refers to the activity of managing a testing process. A test management tool is software used to manage tests (automated or manual) that have been previously specified by a test procedure. It is often associated with automation software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A test script in software testing is a set of instructions that will be performed on the system under test to test that the system functions as expected.
Types of test scripts
There are various means for executing test scripts. These last two types are also done in manual testing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Compare with Test planA test strategy is an outline that describes the testing approach of the software development cycle. The purpose of a test strategy is to provide a rational deduction from organizational, high-level objectives to actual test activities to meet those objectives from a quality assurance perspective. The creation and documentation of a test strategy should be done in a systematic way to ensure that all objectives are fully covered and understood by all stakeholders | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Doom Resurrection is a first-person shooter survival horror game developed by Escalation Studios and published by id Software. It was released on 26 June 2009. John Carmack led the development team | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DrawRace is an iOS line-drawing/racing game developed by Ubisoft RedLynx. DrawRace 2, the sequel to the original DrawRace, was released in September 2011.
Critical reception
Pocket Gamer UK gave the game 8/10, concluding "A simple innovation gives DrawRace enormous appeal, transforming a plain racing game into connected, intuitively controlled fun" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dream Chronicles: The Chosen Child (often shortened to Dream Chronicles 3 or The Chosen Child) is a 2009 adventure and puzzle casual game developed by KatGames and originally published by PlayFirst. It is the third installment in the Dream Chronicles series, the second sequel to 2007's award-winning game Dream Chronicles and also the last part of the first trilogy called Faye's Journey.
The game is set in a mystical world of realistic fantasy where mortal and fairy realms collide, and picks up where Dream Chronicles 2: The Eternal Maze ended | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dungeon Party is a 3D massively multiplayer online role-playing game developed by Cyanide Studio. The game was released May 15, 2009 globally.
Dungeon Party is a team-based online game | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eco Tycoon: Project Green is a business simulation game which focuses on managing various environmental concerns while maintaining the region's economy. It was developed by Virtual Playground and published by ValuSoft in 2009.
Gameplay
Each game begins in the year 2010, and the player has 50 years to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions as agreed upon at "World Summits", which take place every five years beginning in 2015 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Emerald City Confidential is a 2009 computer adventure game conceived by Dave Gilbert, developed by Wadjet Eye Games, and published through PlayFirst. It follows the protagonist Petra, Emerald City's only private eye, as she is approached by a strange woman named Dee Gale. Dee's fiancé is missing, and she is willing to pay Petra above the going rate in order to find him | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
EWB Baseball is an iOS baseball sports game designed and published by Eddie Dombrower based on Earl Weaver Baseball. Earl Weaver has not licensed his name to the product, making the game a spiritual successor to the original. It was released on iTunes Store on March 23, 2009 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FarmVille is a series of agriculture-simulation social network games developed and published by Zynga in 2009. It is similar to Happy Farm and Farm Town. Its gameplay involves various aspects of farmland management, such as plowing land, planting, growing, and harvesting crops, harvesting trees and raising livestock | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fighting Fantasy: The Warlock of Firetop Mountain is a first person action RPG developed by Big Blue Bubble for Nintendo DS on November 25, 2009, and for iOS on January 3, 2010. The game is loosely based on the roleplaying gamebook of the same name.
Gameplay
As a first-person camera game, the player controls the character (an adventurer) in a combination of combat and puzzle game elements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Flux Family Secrets: The Ripple Effect is a hidden object puzzle-adventure (HOPA) casual game developed by Skunk Studios. It is the first installment in the Flux Family Secrets series. The game is available at the Skunk Studios and Big Fish Games website, among other various online game distributors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
For the Glory is a grand strategy wargame that is based on Europa Universalis II and Paradox's Europa Engine. It was developed by Crystal Empire Games, a studio composed of members of the Europa Universalis II modification "Alternative Grand Campaign / Event Exchange Project" (AGCEEP) team, and published by Paradox Interactive. It was announced on September 4, 2009 and was released November 10/11, 2009 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coordination chemistry, a coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative bond, dipolar bond, or coordinate bond is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction. This type of interaction is central to Lewis acid–base theory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics.
Molecules
The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern formed by atoms around the central atom.
Inorganic coordination complexes
In the field of inorganic coordination complexes it is the geometrical pattern formed by the atoms in the ligands that are bonded to the central atom in a molecule or a coordination complex | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. The ion/molecule/atom surrounding the central ion/molecule/atom is called a ligand. This number is determined somewhat differently for molecules than for crystals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The covalent bond classification (CBC) method is also referred to as the LXZ notation. It was published by M. L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of an atom that forms part of one covalent bond. It is usually measured either in picometres (pm) or angstroms (Å), with 1 Å = 100 pm.
In principle, the sum of the two covalent radii should equal the covalent bond length between two atoms, R(AB) = r(A) + r(B) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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