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Phosphatidylinositol (or Inositol Phospholipid, abbreviation PtdIns) consists of a family of lipids made of a phosphate group, two fatty acid chains, and one inositol molecule. They represent a class of the phosphatidylglycerides. Typically phosphatidylinositols form a minor component on the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3), abbreviated PIP3, is the product of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases' (PI 3-kinases) phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2). It is a phospholipid that resides on the plasma membrane.
Discovery
In 1988, Lewis C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes that helps to recruit a range of proteins, many of which are involved in protein trafficking, to the membranes. It is the product of both the class II and III phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases) activity on phosphatidylinositol. PtdIns3P is dephosphorylated by the myotubularin family of phosphatases, on the D3 position of the inositol ring, and can be converted to PtdIns(3,5)P2 by the lipid kinase PIKfyve | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes, yet an important second messenger. The generation of PtdIns(3,4)P2 at the plasma membrane activates a number of important cell signaling pathways. Of all the phospholipids found within the membrane, inositol phospholipids make up less than 10% | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) is one of the seven phosphoinositides found in eukaryotic cell membranes.
In quiescent cells, the PtdIns(3,5)P2 levels, typically quantified by HPLC, are the lowest amongst the constitutively present phosphoinositides. They are approximately 3 to 5-fold lower as compared to PtdIns3P and PtdIns5P (Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate) levels, and more than 100-fold lower than the abundant PtdIns4P (Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is enriched at the plasma membrane where it is a substrate for a number of important signaling proteins. PIP2 also forms lipid clusters that sort proteins | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns5P) is a phosphoinositide, one of the phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), that are well-established membrane-anchored regulatory molecules. Phosphoinositides participate in signaling events that control cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular membrane trafficking, cell proliferation and many other cellular functions. Generally, phosphoinositides transduce signals by recruiting specific phosphoinositide-binding proteins to intracellular membranes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks, or PI4P5Ks) are a class of enzymes that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. They perform this reaction on the fifth hydroxyl of the myo-inositol ring to form phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Function
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate-5 kinase (PI4P5K) or PIP5K or PI5K family regulates diverse cellular processes such as G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR) signaling, vesicle trafficking, chemotaxis and cellular movement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylmyo-inositol Mannosides (PIMs) are a family of glycolipids found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PIMs influence the interaction of the immune system with M. tuberculosis, and mice that develop antibodies for this family of glycolipids are better at sustaining or defeating a M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane. It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphorylcholine (abbreviated ChoP) is the hydrophilic polar head group of some phospholipids, which is composed of a negatively charged phosphate bonded to a small, positively charged choline group. Phosphorylcholine is part of the platelet-activating factor; the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, the only phospholipid of the membrane that is not built with a glycerol backbone. Treatment of cell membranes, like those of RBCs, by certain enzymes, like some phospholipase A2, renders the phosphorylcholine moiety exposed to the external aqueous phase, and thus accessible for recognition by the immune system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A phytosome is a complex of a natural active ingredient and a phospholipid - mostly lecithin. It is claimed that phytosome increases absorption of "conventional herbal extracts" or isolated active principles both topically as well as orally. Complexation with phospholipids has been applied to a number of popular herbal extracts and active molecules including Ginkgo biloba extract, bilobalide isolated from Ginkgo biloba, silybin isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), curcumin isolated from turmeric, and green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
POPC is a phosphatidylcholine. It is a diacylglycerol and phospholipid. The full name is 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sphingomyelin (SPH, ˌsfɪŋɡoˈmaɪəlɪn) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphocholine and ceramide, or a phosphoethanolamine head group; therefore, sphingomyelins can also be classified as sphingophospholipids. In humans, SPH represents ~85% of all sphingolipids, and typically make up 10–20 mol % of plasma membrane lipids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. From its early conceptual beginnings in the 1950s, it has exploded as an area of research within the life sciences community. As well as its implication in many diseases, it is an integral part of biological development | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 200 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Anoikis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in anchorage-dependent cells when they detach from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Usually cells stay close to the tissue to which they belong since the communication between proximal cells as well as between cells and ECM provide essential signals for growth or survival. When cells are detached from the ECM, there is a loss of normal cell–matrix interactions, and they may undergo anoikis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Apoptotic protease activating factor 1, also known as APAF1, is a human homolog of C. elegans CED-4 gene.
Function
The protein was identified in the laboratory of Xiaodong Wang as an activator of caspase-3 in the presence of cytochromeC and dATP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Apoptosis regulator BAX, also known as bcl-2-like protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAX gene. BAX is a member of the Bcl-2 gene family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Apoptosis inducing factor is involved in initiating a caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis (positive intrinsic regulator of apoptosis) by causing DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. Apoptosis inducing factor is a flavoprotein. It also acts as an NADH oxidase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MAP3K5) is a member of MAP kinase family and as such a part of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. It activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in a Raf-independent fashion in response to an array of stresses such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium influx. ASK1 has been found to be involved in cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Autophagy database(s) aim to provide a comprehensive list of autophagy-related genes and proteins, whether they are identified as orthologs or homologs of other, potentially related, proteins. Many kinds of information, including sequences, functions, and 3D structures, can be stored, thus making them accessible in a searchable format. Information available in a single source, using a searchable format, would simplify work for future researchers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), encoded in humans by the BCL2 gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis), by either inhibiting (anti-apoptotic) or inducing (pro-apoptotic) apoptosis. It was the first apoptosis regulator identified in any organism. Bcl-2 derives its name from B-cell lymphoma 2, as it is the second member of a range of proteins initially described in chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 14 and 18 in follicular lymphomas | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family which is involved in initiating apoptosis. BAD is a member of the BH3-only family, a subfamily of the Bcl-2 family. It does not contain a C-terminal transmembrane domain for outer mitochondrial membrane and nuclear envelope targeting, unlike most other members of the Bcl-2 family | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bcl10-interacting CARD protein, also known as BinCARD, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf89 gene on chromosome 9. BinCARD is a member of the death-domain superfamily and contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD). This protein regulates apoptosis and the immune response by inhibiting Bcl10, thus implicating it in diseases stemming from Bcl10 dysfunction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, "blister-like", bulky morphology. It is characterized by the decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane, degrading the internal structure of the cell, allowing the flexibility required for the cell to separate into individual bulges or pockets of the intercellular matrix. Most commonly, blebs are seen in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but are also seen in other non-apoptotic functions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Caspase recruitment domains, or caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), are interaction motifs found in a wide array of proteins, typically those involved in processes relating to inflammation and apoptosis. These domains mediate the formation of larger protein complexes via direct interactions between individual CARDs. CARDs are found on a strikingly wide range of proteins, including helicases, kinases, mitochondrial proteins, caspases, and other cytoplasmic factors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ced-3 is one of the major protein components of the programmed cell death (PCD) pathway for Caenorhabditis elegans. There are in total 14 genes that are involved in programmed cell death, other important ones including ced-4 and ced-9 genes. The healthy nematode worm will require 131 somatic cell deaths out of the 1090 cells during the developmental stages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration.
It transfers electrons between Complexes III (Coenzyme Q – Cyt c reductase) and IV (Cyt c oxidase). Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Death by Design is a 1995 science documentary directed by Peter Friedman and Jean-François Brunet of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris which focuses on cell biology, with an emphasis on programmed cell death and why our lives depend on it.
Cast
Featured are prominent biologists such as Nobel prize laureate Rita Levi-Montalcini (along with her artist twin sister Paola Levi-Montalcini), Martin Raff, Polly Matzinger, Pierre Goldstein, and Nobel laureate Robert Horvitz.
Notable elements
The documentary is notable for its combination of a whimsical use of metaphors with scientific rigor, and incorporates animation, micro-cinematography, and scenes from old Hollywood films and stock footage, including Busby Berkeley-choreographed dance routines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Death regulator Nedd2-like caspase (Nc, Nedd2-like caspase or Dronc) was firstly identified and characterised in Drosophila in 1999 as a cysteine protease containing an amino-terminal caspase recruitment domain. At first, it was thought of as an effector caspase involved in apoptosis, but subsequent findings have proved that it is, in fact, an initiator caspase with a crucial role in said type of programmed cell death.
Structure
Caspase Dronc is a Drosophila melanogaster protein codified by the Dronc gene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The death-inducing signaling complex or DISC is a multi-protein complex formed by members of the death receptor family of apoptosis-inducing cellular receptors. A typical example is FasR, which forms the DISC upon trimerization as a result of its ligand (FasL) binding. The DISC is composed of the death receptor, FADD, and caspase 8 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cellular biology, dependence receptors are proteins that mediate programmed cell death by monitoring the absence of certain trophic factors (or, equivalently, the presence of anti-trophic factors) that otherwise serve as ligands (interactors) for the dependence receptors.
A trophic ligand is a molecule whose protein binding stimulates cell growth, differentiation, and/or survival.
Cells depend for their survival on stimulation that is mediated by various receptors and sensors, and integrated via signaling within the cell and between cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damage. Damage in this context is a DNA alteration that has an abnormal structure. Although both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage can contribute to aging, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FAS-associated death domain protein, also called MORT1, is encoded by the FADD gene on the 11q13. 3 region of chromosome 11 in humans. FADD is an adaptor protein that bridges members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, such as the Fas-receptor, to procaspases 8 and 10 to form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) during apoptosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cabergoline, sold under the brand name Dostinex among others, is a dopaminergic medication used in the treatment of high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, Parkinson's disease, and for other indications. It is taken by mouth.
Cabergoline is an ergot derivative and a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Canine reproduction is the process of sexual reproduction in domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes and other canine species.
Canine sexual anatomy and development
Male reproductive system
Erectile tissue
As with all mammals, a dog's penis is made up of three pieces of erectile tissue. These are the two corpora cavernosa and the singular corpus spongiosum which continues in the glans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) is a type of metritis (uterine inflammation) in horses that is caused by a sexually transmitted infection. It is thus an equine venereal disease of the genital tract of horses, brought on by the Taylorella equigenitalis bacteria and spread through sexual contact. The disease was first reported in 1977, and has since been reported worldwide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices are used in livestock for the synchronization of estrus. They are T-shaped devices with a silicone-coated nylon core. The silicone coating is impregnated with progesterone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; PL: corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone, and moderate levels of estradiol, and inhibin A. It is the remains of the ovarian follicle that has released a mature ovum during a previous ovulation. The corpus luteum is colored as a result of concentrating carotenoids (including lutein) from the diet and secretes a moderate amount of estrogen that inhibits further release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and thus secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Domestic sheep reproduce sexually much like other mammals, and their reproductive strategy is furthermore very similar to other domestic herd animals. A flock of sheep is generally mated by a single ram, which has either been chosen by a farmer or has established dominance through physical contest with other rams (in feral populations). Most sheep have a breeding season (tupping) in the autumn, though some are able to breed year-round | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Elastration (a portmanteau of "elastic" and "castration") is a bloodless method of male castration and docking commonly used for livestock. Elastration is simply banding the body part (scrotum or tail) until it drops off. This method is favored for its simplicity, low cost, and minimal training requirements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Endometritis is inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium). Symptoms may include fever, lower abdominal pain, and abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. It is the most common cause of infection after childbirth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Episiotomy, also known as perineotomy, is a surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall generally done by a midwife or obstetrician. This is usually performed during second stage of labor to quickly enlarge the aperture allowing the baby to pass through. The incision, which can be done from the posterior midline of the vulva straight toward the anus or at an angle to the right or left (medio-lateral episiotomy), is performed under local anesthetic (pudendal anesthesia), and is sutured after delivery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In agriculture, estrous synchronization is used (particularly in the dairy and beef industries) to facilitate breeding by artificial insemination.
Background
The term “estrus” refers to the phase of the estrous cycle in which a sexually mature, non-pregnant female is receptive to sexual advances from the male³. Ovulation occurs at approximately this time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fetotomy is a veterinary procedure to recover a deceased fetus in situations where a Caesarean section is not possible.
Procedure
In some occasions the fetus may die or be dead before the birthing process is finished. It may not always be feasible or possible to transport the animal to a veterinarian with the suitable facilities for a Caesarean section | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Immunocontraception is the use of an animal's immune system to prevent it from fertilizing offspring. Contraceptives of this type are not currently approved for human use.
Typically immunocontraception involves the administration of a vaccine that induces an adaptive immune response which causes an animal to become temporarily infertile | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Labor induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth and delivery. Inducing (starting) labor can be accomplished with pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical methods. In Western countries, it is estimated that one-quarter of pregnant women have their labor medically induced with drug treatment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Luteolysis (also known as luteal regression) is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum, which occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy.
Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α)
Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) has been identified as the key luteolytic hormone in many species. PGF2α is released from uterine endometrial cells in a pulsatile pattern when stimulated by oxytocin to stimulate both luteolytic activity and further release of oxytocin from the corpus luteum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion, is the death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently. The term miscarriage is sometimes used to refer to all forms of pregnancy loss and pregnancy with abortive outcome before 20 weeks of gestation.
Miscarriage before 6 weeks of gestation is defined by ESHRE as biochemical loss | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In women, this event occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells. After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mammals, pregnancy is the period of reproduction during which a female carries one or more live offspring from implantation in the uterus through gestation. It begins when a fertilized zygote implants in the female's uterus, and ends once it leaves the uterus.
Fertilization and implantation
During copulation, the male inseminates the female | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Progesterone devices are broadly used in the control of reproductive management in livestock. They work by increasing circulating plasma progesterone levels with the following consequences:
Progesterone suppresses the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This is done via a negative feedback to the hypothalamus neuroendocrine cells, by inhibition of KiSSpeptin KiSS1-derived peptide receptor, a protein needed for the release of GnRH | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The rut (from the Latin rugire, meaning "to roar") is the mating season of certain mammals, which includes ruminants such as deer, sheep, camels, goats, pronghorns, bison, giraffes and antelopes, and extends to others such as skunks and elephants. The rut is characterized in males by an increase in testosterone, exaggerated sexual dimorphisms, increased aggression, and increased interest in females. The males of the species may mark themselves with mud, undergo physiological changes or perform characteristic displays in order to make themselves more visually appealing to the females | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vaginal anomalies are abnormal structures that are formed (or not formed) during the prenatal development of the female reproductive system and are rare congenital defects that result in an abnormal or absent vagina. When present, they are often found with uterine, skeletal and urinary abnormalities. This is because these structures, like the vagina, are most susceptible to disruption during crucial times of organ-genesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wildlife contraceptives are contraceptives used to regulate the fertility of wild animals. They are used to control population growth of certain wild animals.
Usage
White-tailed deer may be controlled with contraceptives in suburban areas, where they are sometimes a nuisance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aminopterin (or 4-aminopteroic acid), the 4-amino derivative of folic acid, is an antineoplastic drug with immunosuppressive properties often used in chemotherapy. Aminopterin is a synthetic derivative of pterin. Aminopterin works as an enzyme inhibitor by competing for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal lead poisoning (also known as avian plumbism, or avian saturnism for birds) is a veterinary condition and pathology caused by increased levels of the heavy metal lead in animal's body.
Lead interferes with a variety of body and natural processes.
It is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive and nervous systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Persin is a fungicidal toxin present in the avocado. Persin is an oil-soluble compound structurally similar to a fatty acid, and it leaches into the body of the fruit from the seeds.
The relatively low concentrations of persin in the ripe pulp of the avocado fruit is generally considered harmless to humans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Theobromine poisoning, also informally called chocolate poisoning or cocoa poisoning, is an overdosage reaction to the xanthine alkaloid theobromine, found in chocolate, tea, cola beverages, and some other foods.
Sources
Cocoa powder contains about 2. 1% theobromine by weight, so 14 g (0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Animal Health was a UK government executive agency primarily responsible for ensuring that farmed animals in Great Britain were healthy, disease-free and well looked after.
One of its key roles was to implement government policies aimed at preventing - or managing - outbreaks of serious animal diseases, and in doing so support the farming industry, protect the welfare of farmed animals and safeguard public health from animal borne disease.
In England and Wales it also worked to protect public health by ensuring that dairy hygiene and egg production standards were met | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists (AVA) are a group of people who promote the usage, research, and study of anaesthesia in veterinary medicine.
History
The Association was established in 1964, and they meet regularly in Europe to discuss various issues related to their cause. It has its administrative base on Hawkshead Lane in North Mymms, Hertfordshire, at the (main) Hawkshead Campus of the Royal Veterinary College | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An avian veterinarian is a veterinarian who specializes in treating birds. All veterinarians, upon first qualification from a certified veterinary college, may treat any species. Additional training is required for qualification to become a recognized specialist in the care of birds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bedinvetmab, sold under the brand name Librela is a canine monoclonal antibody used for the control of pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. Librela is sponsored by Zoetis. The most common side effects include increased blood urea nitrogen (an indicator of kidney function), urinary tract infection, bacterial skin infection, skin irritation (dermatitis), rash (erythema) or pain at injection site, vomiting (emesis), and weight loss (anorexia) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bexagliflozin, sold under the brand name Brenzavvy, is an antidiabetic medication used to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes as an adjunct to diet and exercise. It is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that is taken by mouth.
Medical uses
Bexagliflozin is indicated to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes as an adjunct to diet and exercise | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bilious vomiting syndrome in dogs is vomiting in response to bile-induced inflammation of the stomach. It is also known as reflux gastritis syndrome and duodenal-gastric reflux. Bile salts interfere with the gastric mucosal barrier, allowing acid to irritate the stomach lining and cause gastritis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Borrelia anserina is a helical spirochete bacterium with dimensions around 8-20/0,2-0,3 μm and with five to eight spirals. Their mobility is very high. B | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gastrointestinal campylobacteriosis is caused by Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. Although it is a commensal in the gastrointestinal tract of many species, it can cause diarrhea - mainly in young animals. It is most commonly seen in cattle, but may also infect many other species, including humans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a member of the Herpesviridae family. It is part of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and genus Rhadinovirus. Infection is normally sub-clinical but can cause reproductive disease in cattle such as endometritis, vulvovaginitis and mastitis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bovine papular stomatitis is a farmyard pox caused by Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), which can spread from infected cattle to cause disease in milkers, farmers and veterinarians. Generally there is usually one or a few skin lesions typically on the hands or forearm. The disease is generally mild | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Brachygnathism, or colloquially parrot mouth, is the uneven alignment of the upper and lower teeth in animals. In serious cases, the upper teeth protrude beyond the lower teeth. Problem with parrot mouth occur if the molars at the back of the mouth are also uneven, resulting in large hooks forming on the upper molars and the rear of the lower back molars | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Brachyspira aalborgi is a species of bacteria, one of the causative agents of intestinal spirochetosis. Its cells are anaerobic, sigmoidal with tapered ends, 2 to 6 µm long. Four flagella are inserted at each end of the cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Braxy is an infectious disease which causes sudden death in sheep. It is caused by the bacterium Clostridium septicum.
Braxy generally occurs in winter, when sheep eat frosted root crops, or frosted grass | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bunostomum is a genus of nematodes of the small intestine of ruminants and camelids. Important species include: B. phlebotomum in calves and B | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A canine vector-borne disease (CVBD) is one of "a group of globally distributed and rapidly spreading illnesses that are caused by a range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods including ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies. " CVBDs are important in the fields of veterinary medicine, animal welfare, and public health. Some CVBDs are of zoonotic concern | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a viral disease of goats caused by a lentivirus called caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. The disease is found worldwide. Two syndromes of CAE occur | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cardiovirus A is a member of the Picornaviridae family. Infection with the virus causes encephalomyocarditis and reproductive disease in pigs. Although a variety of mammals may host the virus, pigs are classed as the domestic host as they are most easily infected | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
== Cat Flu ==
Cat flu is the common name for a feline upper respiratory tract disease. Feline upper respiratory disease can be caused by one or more of these infectious agents (pathogens):
Feline herpes virus causing feline viral rhinotracheitis (cat common cold). This is the disease most commonly associated with the "cat flu" misnomer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cervical dislocation is a common method of animal euthanasia. It refers to a technique used in physical euthanasia of small animals by applying pressure to the neck and dislocating the spinal column from the skull or brain. The aim is to quickly separate the spinal cord from the brain so as to provide the animal with a fast and painless death; however, research on this method has shown it does not consistently concuss the brain and may not cause instantaneous insensibility | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chabertia ovina, the large-mouthed bowel worm, is a species of parasitic roundworms that infects sheep, goats (occasionally cattle) and other wild ruminants. Infection of pigs are very infrequent. It is not known to be contagious to humans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Christian Veterinary Mission is a missionary sending organization founded by Leroy Dorminy in 1979 and based in Seattle, Washington.
As stated on their website, "Christian Veterinary Mission seeks to help veterinarians serve others and live out their Christian faith through their profession. We seek to change lives and communities by improving the care of livestock and other animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Corkscrew claw syndrome is the combination of corkscrew deformities in heifers of the medial claws of both the rear and front feet that causes permanent damage to the pedal bone.
References
Further reading
Cook, Nigel B. (1 February 2020) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Corynebacterium bovis is a pathogenic bacterium that causes mastitis and pyelonephritis in cattle.
C. bovis is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive organism, characterized by nonencapsulated, nonsporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Corynebacterium renale is a pathogenic bacterium that causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle. C. renale is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive organism, characterized by nonencapsulated, nonsporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Craniomandibular osteopathy, also known as lion's jaw, is a developmental disease in dogs causing extensive bony changes in the mandible and skull. In this disease, a cyclical resorption of normal bone and replacement by immature bone occurs along the inner and outer surfaces of the affected bones. It usually occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 months | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cutaneous asthenia is a skin disorder caused by a collagen defect. Collagen is the protein that binds the cells of the dermis together. It is also called dermatoproxy, hereditary skin fragility or cutis elastica ("elastic skin") and is found in humans, cats, dogs, mink, horses, cattle and sheep | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cystocentesis is a veterinary procedure where a needle is placed into the urinary bladder through the abdominal wall of an animal and a sample of urine is removed. Diagnostic cystocentesis is used to prevent the sample taken for urinalysis from being contaminated with bacteria, cells and debris from the lower urogenital tract. Therapeutic cystocentesis may be employed to relieve pressure buildup due to urethral obstruction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dislocation of hip (coxofemoral luxation) may occur in domestic animals.
It is a not rare condition, usually unilateral, in:
cattle, among others, after calving.
dogs, resulting from trauma or as a complication of hip dysplasia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Edwardsiella ictaluri (also known as enteric septicaemia of catfish, hole in the head disease and ESC) is a member of the family Hafniaceae. The bacterium is a short, gram negative, pleomorphic rod with flagella. It causes the disease enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC), which infects a variety of fish species (including many catfish species, knifefish and barbs) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An emasculator is a tool used in the castration of livestock. Its function is to simultaneously crush and cut the spermatic cord, preventing hemorrhaging while still detaching the testis from the animal.
The blade is always on the side of the emasculator with the nut that holds the blades in place, and should always be placed adjacent to the testis ("nut against nut") so that the crushing clamp occludes the spermatic artery, preventing life-threatening blood loss | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Enteric redmouth disease, or simply redmouth disease is a bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fish caused by the pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. It is primarily found in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other cultured salmonids. The disease is characterized by subcutaneous hemorrhaging of the mouth, fins, and eyes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Enterotoxemia is a condition induced by the absorption of large volumes of toxins produced by bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens from the intestines. There are several strains of C. perfringens (type B, C, and D) that may lead to the development of this gastrointestinal condition | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Equinalysis is a computer software program designed to capture and analyse equine locomotion by visually tracking and quantifying biomechanical data. The system was developed in 2004 by consultant farrier, Haydn Price with the intent of allowing veterinarians, farriers, horse trainers and physiotherapists to highlight subtle changes in a horse's locomotion and provide a video record of how a horse's movements change during the course of its working life. This then allows the user to improve the horse's performance with various techniques and treatment plans, such as appropriate shoeing regimes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (acronym given as eCG but not to be confused with ECG) is a gonadotropic hormone produced in the chorion of pregnant mares. Previously referred to as pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG), the hormone is commonly used in concert with progestogen to induce ovulation in livestock prior to artificial insemination.
Pregnant mares secrete the hormone from their endometrial cups between 40 and 130 days into their gestation, and once collected, it has been used to artificially induce estrus in female sheep, goats, cattle, and swine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3, formerly Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3), is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that affects horses.
Pathology
It causes a disease known as equine coital exanthema. The disease is spread through direct and sexual contact, contaminated handlers and equipment, and possibly through flies carrying infected vaginal discharge | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Esocid lymphosarcoma, also known as Esox lymphosarcoma is a transmissible tumor which affects two species of fish, northern pike (Esox lucius) and Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), in North America and Europe. The tumors initially are found in the skin, but later in the course of the disease are also found in the internal organs. The tumors appear as colorless skin protrusions which are several centimeters in diameter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ethmoid hematoma is a progressive and locally destructive disease of horses. It is indicated by a mass in the paranasal sinuses that resembles a tumor, but is not neoplastic by any means. The origins and causes of the ethmoid hematoma are generally unknown | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) is a disease that affects the brains of felines. It is caused by proteins called prions. FSE is thought to be related or identical to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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