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AIDGAP is an acronym for Aid to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants.
The AIDGAP series is a set of books published by the Field Studies Council. They are intended to enable students and interested non-specialists to identify groups of taxa in Britain which are not covered by standard field guides
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Amoenitates Academicae is the title of a multi-volume zoological and botanical publication (published during 1749–1790) consisting of the dissertations of the students of Carl Linnaeus, written during 1743–1776.
Seven out of ten volumes were published by Linnaeus himself, the last three were edited by
Johann Christian von Schreber.
Editions
vol
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The Ballantine scale is a biologically defined scale for measuring the degree of exposure level of wave action on a rocky shore. Devised in 1961 by W. J
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This bibliography of biology is a list of notable works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of biology. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines
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The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1. 9 million living species known to science. It is compiled from existing trusted databases curated by experts and with the assistance of non-experts throughout the world
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eLS (previously known as the Encyclopedia of Life Sciences) is a reference work that covers the life sciences; it is published by Wiley-Blackwell.
As of June 2012, there were more than 4,800 article topics published in eLS online. eLS is updated monthly and over 400 articles are added to eLS each year
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A field guide is a book designed to help the reader identify wildlife (flora or fauna or funga) or other objects of natural occurrence (e. g. rocks and minerals)
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The Peterson Identification System is a practical method for the field identification of animals, plants and other natural phenomena. It was devised by ornithologist Roger Tory Peterson in 1934 for the first of his series of Field Guides (See Peterson Field Guides. ) Peterson devised his system "so that live birds could be identified readily at a distance by their 'field marks' without resorting to the bird-in-hand characters that the early collectors relied on
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Cell to Singularity is an incremental game developed and published by Computer Lunch. An exploration of evolution, naturalism, and civilization, the game uses idle mechanics to help players learn about science and history. Cell to Singularity is an example of a game that uses the freemium model; while the game is free and can be played without spending money, players can buy special "boosts" or in-game currency that will help them to clear difficult levels
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Creatures 2 is the second game in the Creatures artificial life game series made by Creature Labs, and the sequel to 1996 game Creatures. It features three species: the cute, dependent Norns, the cantankerous Grendels and the industrious Ettins. The game tries to simulate life, and includes a complex two-dimensional ecology of plants, animals and insects, which provide the environment for the three main species to live and develop in
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Creatures 3 is the third game in the Creatures a-life game series made by Creature Labs. In this installment, the Shee have left Albia in a spaceship, the Shee Ark, to search for a more spherical world. The Ark was abandoned by the Shee because a meteor hit the ship, but the infrastructure still remains in working order
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Evolution: The Game of Intelligent Life is a life simulation and real-time strategy computer game that allows players to experience, guide, and control evolution from an isometric view on either historical earth or on randomly generated worlds while racing against computer opponents to reach the top of the evolution chain, and gradually evolving the player's animals to reach the "grand goal of intelligent life". It was published by Interplay Entertainment and Discovery Channel Multimedia in 1997.
Gameplay
Players select different ages to play through, including the Labyrinthodontia, or the first amphibians through to the evolution of the Age of Mammals
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The European Health Examination Survey (EHES) is an ongoing series of large-scale clinical epidemiological studies. It is a cooperative effort among multiple European nations, in concert with the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA) and the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). While actual data collection is carried out through the health ministries of each participating nation, the coordination of these efforts across borders is under the jurisdiction of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety
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The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study is a Europe-wide prospective cohort study of the relationships between diet and cancer, as well as other chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. With over half a million participants, it is the largest study of diet and disease to be undertaken. EPIC is coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, and funded by the "Europe Against Cancer" programme of the European Commission as well as multiple nation-specific grants and charities
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The Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program's goal is the prevention of occupational fatality. Program elements include:
Tracking all work-related acute trauma fatalities.
Conducting investigations of a select number of these incidents
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Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network (GIDEON) is a web-based program for decision support and informatics in the fields of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine. Due to the advancement of both disease research and digital media, print media can no longer follow the dynamics of outbreaks and epidemics as they emerge in "real time. " As of 2005, more than 300 generic infectious diseases occur haphazardly in time and space and are challenged by over 250 drugs and vaccines
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The Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) is an ongoing collaborative research project between researchers at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts
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The HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study, also known as HATS, was a three-year double-blind trial involving 160 people with coronary heart disease (CHD) who had a low HDL and near normal LDL. The study compared a combination of simvastatin and niacin with antioxidant vitamin therapy. Using angiography, coronary artery stenosis progressed when using placebo or antioxidant alone, and regressed with the combination of simvastatin and niacin
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The Interphone study (sometimes stylized as INTERPHONE) was a set of international case-control studies conducted with the aim of determining whether mobile phone use increased the risk of certain tumors, namely, glioma, meningioma, and schwannoma. The study was conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in thirteen different countries, at a cost of $24 million. About fifty scientists worked on the study, which was the largest case-control study conducted on the association between mobile phones and cancer as of 2014
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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e. g. , people) over long periods of time (i
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The Lothian birth-cohort studies are two ongoing cohort studies which primarily involve research into how childhood intelligence relates to intelligence and health in old age. The Lothian Birth Cohort studies of 1921 and 1936 have, respectively, followed up Lothian-based participants in the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947 in old age. Scottish Mental Survey data has provided a measure of the intelligence of Lothian Birth Cohort participants at age 11, which has enabled the investigation of how childhood intelligence relates to cognition, mental health and physical health in old age
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The Millennium Cohort Study is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study headquartered at the Naval Health Research Center in San Diego, California and designed to evaluate any long-term health effects of military service, including deployments. It is the largest population-based prospective health project in US military history, currently collecting data on over 200,000 enrolled participants. Investigators that conduct the Millennium Cohort Study include uniformed and non-uniformed scientists from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Department of Veterans Affairs and academic institutions
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The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) are a series of surveys of people in the Great Britain regarding their sexual behaviour and patterns, and are among the largest scientific studies of sexual behaviours in the world. The rounds of surveys completed to date are Natsal-1 (1990–1991) and Natsal-2 (2000–2001) and Natsal-3 (2010–2012), as well as Natsal-COVID (2020-2021). Data collection for Natsal-4 is taking place from September 2022 to December 2023
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A nested case–control (NCC) study is a variation of a case–control study in which cases and controls are drawn from the population in a fully enumerated cohort. Usually, the exposure of interest is only measured among the cases and the selected controls. Thus the nested case–control study is more efficient than the full cohort design
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The New Family Structures Study (abbreviated NFSS) is a sociological study of LGBT parenting conducted by sociologist Mark Regnerus of the University of Texas at Austin. The study surveyed over 15,000 Americans of ages 18 to 39. The first research article based on data from the study was published in July 2012 in Social Science Research, and concluded that people who had had a parent who had been in a same-gender relationship were at a greater risk of several adverse outcomes, including "being on public assistance, being unemployed, and having poorer educational attainment
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The Nurses' Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. The studies have been among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted. The Nurses' Health Studies have led to many insights on health and well-being, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes
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P3G (Public Population Project in Genomics and Society) is a not-for-profit international consortium dedicated to facilitating collaboration between researchers and biobanks working in the area of human population genomics.
P3G is member-based and composed of experts from the different disciplines in the areas of and related to genomics, including epidemiology, law, ethics, technology, biomolecular science, etc.
P3G and its members are committed to a philosophy of information sharing with the goal of supporting researchers working in areas that will improve the health of people around the world
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A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are clinical trials that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures or other medical treatments.
Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled
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Real-time outbreak and disease surveillance system (RODS) is a syndromic surveillance system developed by the University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biomedical Informatics. It is "prototype developed at the University of Pittsburgh where real-time clinical data from emergency departments within a geographic region can be integrated to provide an instantaneous picture of symptom patterns and early detection of epidemic events. "RODS uses a combination of various monitoring tools
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The Seven Countries Study is an epidemiological longitudinal study directed by Ancel Keys at what is today the University of Minnesota Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene & Exercise Science (LPHES). Begun in 1956 with a yearly grant of US$200,000 from the U. S
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The STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) Statement is a reporting guideline including a checklist of 22 items that are considered essential for good reporting of observational studies. It was published simultaneously in several leading biomedical journals in October and November 2007 and comprises both the checklist and an explanation and elaboration article which gives examples of good reporting and provides authors with more guidance on good reporting. It is also referred to in the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and is endorsed by hundreds of biomedical journals
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A medical journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that communicates medical information to physicians, other health professionals. Journals that cover many medical specialties are sometimes called general medical journals.
History
The first medical journals were general medical journals, and were established in the late 18th century; specialty-specific medical journals were first introduced in the early 20th century
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e-med (e-Med Private Medical Services) is an online medical site based in the UK, staffed and owned by doctors. It is notable for being the first web portal to offer consultation, diagnosis, referral and prescription services to remote patients via email and Skype video conferencing, and for a controversial General Medical Council case.
e-med
In the UK, e-med (e-med Private Medical Services Ltd) was the first online health site to offer both diagnosis and prescriptions over the internet to patients without the time or proximity to visit a doctor
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World Medical & Health Policy is a quarterly e-only peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Policy Studies Organization. The journal was established in 2009. The current editor-in-chief is Daniel Skinner of Ohio University
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CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) is an index of English-language and selected other-language journal articles about nursing, allied health, biomedicine and healthcare. Ella Crandall, Mildred Grandbois, and Mollie Sitner began a card index of articles from nursing journals in the 1940s. The index was first published as Cumulative Index to Nursing Literature (CINL) in 1961
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Accident Analysis & Prevention is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal covering accident prevention published by Elsevier on behalf of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
The journal was established in 1969 by Frank Haight (University of California, Irvine). Haight served as editor-in-chief until 2004 when Karl Kim and Rune Elvik became co-editors-in-chief
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AIDS Education and Prevention is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by Guilford Press on behalf of the International Society for AIDS Education.
It covers education and prevention of AIDS, including epidemiological studies of risk behaviors. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 1
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The Annual Review of Public Health is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes review articles about public health, including epidemiology, biostatistics, occupational safety and health, environmental health, and health policy. It has had three editors: Lester Breslow, Gilbert S. Omenn, and Jonathan E
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The Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health is a quarterly peer-reviewed public health journal published by SAGE Publications. It was established in 1987 and is the official journal of the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health. It covers public health related issues, especially as relating to the Asia-Pacific region
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Bandolier was an independent healthcare journal about evidence-based healthcare, written by Oxford University scientists. It was started in 1994 and the National Health Service paid for its distribution to all doctors in the UK until 2002. Publication of the printed version ceased in 2007
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BMC Health Services Research is an open access healthcare journal, which covers research on the subject of health services. It was established in 2001 and is published by BioMed Central.
Abstracting and indexing
BMC Health Services Research is abstracted and indexed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Chemical Abstracts Service, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Current Contents, and CAB International
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BMJ Global Health is a peer-reviewed medical journal which publishes research articles and reviews about global health issues. The journal was established in 2016 and is published by BMJ Publishing Group. As of 2022, its editor-in-chief is Seye Abimbola (University of Sydney)
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BMJ Quality & Safety is a peer-reviewed healthcare journal dealing with improving patient safety and quality of care. The journal was established in 1992 as Quality in Health Care (print: ISSN 1475-3898, online: ISSN 1475-3901), subsequently became Quality & Safety in Health Care and obtained its current name in 2011. It co-owned with the Health Foundation and is published by BMJ Publishing Group
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Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering dental public health and the application of epidemiology to dentistry. It was established in 1973 and is published by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Professor Sarah R Baker (University of Sheffield, UK)
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Critical Public Health is a quarterly peer-reviewed public health journal. It was established in 1979 as Radical Community Medicine, obtaining its current name in 1990. It is published by Routledge and the editors-in-chief are Judith Green (King's College London) and Lindsay McLaren (University of Calgary)
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The European Journal of Public Health is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal. It was established in 1991 and is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. The editor-in-chief is Peter Allebeck (Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet)
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Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press for the International Society for Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. As of 2022, the editor-in-chief is Cynthia Beall (Case Western Reserve University). The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded
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Global Public Health is a peer-reviewed public health journal published by Taylor & Francis and established in 2006. The editor-in-chief is Richard G. Parker (Mailman School of Public Health)
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Globalization and Health is a peer-reviewed open-access public health journal that covers the topic of globalization and its effects on health. The editors in chief are Greg Martin and Ronald Labonté. The journal is affiliated with the London School of Economics (LSE Health)
History
Globalization and Health was the first open access global health journal available when it came out in 2005
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Health and Human Rights is a biannual peer-reviewed public health journal that was established in 1994. It covers research on the conceptual foundations of human rights and social justice in relation to health. The founding editor-in-chief was Jonathan Mann, who was succeeded by Sofia Gruskin in 1997
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Health & Place is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal covering the relationship between geographic location and health. It was established in 1995 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Jamie Pearce (University of Edinburgh)
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Health & Social Care in the Community is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects community health, health care, and social work. It was established in 1993 and is published by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Helen Skouteris (Monash University)
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Health Education & Behavior is a bimonthly peer-reviewed healthcare journal covering applied behavioral and social science in public health published by SAGE Publications. It is an official journal of the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE).
History
The journal was established in 1957 as Health Education Monographs which was produced on an occasional basis with no set publishing schedule until 1974, when it became a quarterly publication with standard volume numbering and pagination
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Health Promotion International is a quarterly peer-reviewed public health journal covering health promotion. It was established in 1986 at the John Snow Pub on Broadwick Street in London, England. The journal's founder was Ilona Kickbusch, who is now the chair emerita of its editorial board
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International Health is a quarterly peer-reviewed public health journal covering all areas of global health. It was established in 2009 and is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. The editor-in-chief is Professor David Molyneux
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The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that was established in 2004 and is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Paul B. Tchounwou
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The International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering the application of qualitative research to the study of health. It was established in 2006 and is published by Taylor & Francis. The editor-in-chief is Henrika Jormfeldt (Halmstad University)
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The International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care is a bimonthly peer-reviewed healthcare journal covering health technology assessment. Established in 1985, it is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Health Technology Assessment International, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Wendy Babidge (Royal Australasian College of Surgeons)
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The Journal for Healthcare Quality is a bimonthly peer-reviewed healthcare journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the National Association for Healthcare Quality.
History
The journal was preceded by View and Review, which was renamed in 1979 to Journal of Quality Assurance, the official journal for the National Association of Quality Assurance Professionals, whose executive director, David Stumph, was the editor-in-chief. While a few articles appeared in this journal, most of the content consisted of organizational news stories, making it more of a news magazine than an academic journal
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The Journal of Community Health is a peer-reviewed public health journal covering community health which appears every two months. It was established in 1975 as a quarterly journal with Robert L. Kane as the founding editor-in-chief, and the current one is Imperato Pascal (SUNY Downstate Medical Center)
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The Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 2012 and is published by Future Medicine. The editors-in-chief are Sheldon Greenfield (University of California, Irvine) and Eugene Rich (Mathematica Policy Research). The journal covers all aspects of comparative effectiveness research, including patient-centered outcomes research, pharmacoeconomics and health economics, relating to diagnostics, therapeutics, surgical procedures, or other healthcare services or options
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The Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. It was established in 2010 and is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. The editor-in-chief is Michael G
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The Journal of Health Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles about health economics and related fields concerning human health care and medicine. The journal is published six times annually by Elsevier.
The editors-in-chief are M
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The Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on immigrant health and the health of minority groups. It was established in 1999 as the Journal of Immigrant Health, obtaining its current name in 2006. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media and the editor-in-chief is Sana Loue (Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine)
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The Journal of Medical Screening is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering medical screening. It was established in 1994 and is published by SAGE Publications. The editor-in-chief is Nicholas Wald (Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine)
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The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the International Center of Mental Health Policy and Economics. It is the official journal of the Section on Mental Health Economics of the World Psychiatric Association. It covers topics related to mental health and health economics, and in particular the financing and organisation of psychiatry services
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The Journal of Public Health is a quarterly peer-reviewed public health journal. It was originally established in 1892 as the Journal of State Medicine by the Royal Institute of Public Health and has undergone several renames during its history. It acquired its current name in 2004 and is currently published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Faculty of Public Health
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The Journal of Public Health Management & Practice (JPHMP) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by Wolters Kluwer, which was established in 1995. The editor-in-chief is Lloyd F. Novick and the associate editor is Justin B
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The Journal of Public Health Policy is a peer-reviewed medical journal established in 1980 by Milton Terris. It covers the field of public health and is the official journal of the National Association for Public Health Policy.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in CSA Sociological Abstracts, EMBASE, Index Medicus/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, and Social Sciences Citation Index
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The Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association was a peer-reviewed medical journal devoted to the healthcare needs of LGBT people. The journal published a variety of clinical research, review articles, and essays. It was the official journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association
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The Journal of Urban Health is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal which serves as a vehicle for publishing articles relevant to urban health including the broader determinants of health and health inequities. It was established in 1851 as the Transactions of the New York Academy of Medicine, and was renamed the Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine in 1925. It obtained its current name in 1998
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The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It is also the world's highest-impact academic journal. It was founded in England in 1823
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The Milbank Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed healthcare journal covering health care policy. It was established in 1923 and is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Milbank Memorial Fund, an endowed national foundation funded by Elizabeth Milbank Anderson that supports research of issues related to population health and health policy. It covers topics such as the impact of social factors on health, prevention, allocation of health care resources, legal and ethical issues in health policy, health and health care administration, and the organization and financing of health care
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In health care, an orphan patient is a patient who has been "lost" within the system or has no primary provider overseeing their care.
Usually, the primary provider is a general practitioner who takes care of some of the basic health needs and then refers to a specialist for complicated medical problems. Thus, orphan patients are sometimes referred to as "no-family-doctor" patients
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Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of disease that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's ordinarily expected lifetime and thus presents no practical threat regardless of being pathologic. Overdiagnosis is a side effect of screening for early forms of disease. Although screening saves lives in some cases, in others it may turn people into patients unnecessarily and may lead to treatments that do no good and perhaps do harm
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Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 97–100 percent
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Pannus is an abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue. Common sites for pannus formation include over the cornea, over a joint surface (as seen in rheumatoid arthritis), or on a prosthetic heart valve. Pannus may grow in a tumor-like fashion, as in joints where it may erode articular cartilage and bone
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In medicine, paresis () is a condition typified by a weakness of voluntary movement, or by partial loss of voluntary movement or by impaired movement. When used without qualifiers, it usually refers to the limbs, but it can also be used to describe the muscles of the eyes (ophthalmoparesis), the stomach (gastroparesis), and also the vocal cords (Vocal cord paresis). Neurologists use the term paresis to describe weakness, and plegia to describe paralysis in which all voluntary movement is lost
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In a medical encounter, a past medical history (abbreviated PMH), is the total sum of a patient's health status prior to the presenting problem.
Questions to include
Different sources include different questions to be asked while conducting a PMH, but in general, they include the following:
General state of health: e. g
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Pathognomonic (rare synonym pathognomic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means "characteristic for a particular disease". A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. Labelling a sign or symptom "pathognomonic" represents a marked intensification of a "diagnostic" sign or symptom
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.
Etymology
The word patient originally meant 'one who suffers'
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Night terror, also called sleep terror, is a sleep disorder causing feelings of panic or dread and typically occurring during the first hours of stage 3–4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and lasting for 1 to 10 minutes. It can last longer, especially in children. Sleep terror is classified in the category of NREM-related parasomnias in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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In the healthcare industry, pay for performance (P4P), also known as "value-based purchasing", is a payment model that offers financial incentives to physicians, hospitals, medical groups, and other healthcare providers for meeting certain performance measures. Clinical outcomes, such as longer survival, are difficult to measure, so pay for performance systems usually evaluate process quality and efficiency, such as measuring blood pressure, lowering blood pressure, or counseling patients to stop smoking. This model also penalizes health care providers for poor outcomes, medical errors, or increased costs
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Perinatal mortality (PNM) is the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. Perinatal means "relating to the period starting a few weeks before birth and including the birth and a few weeks after birth. "Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist, specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Permissive hypotension or hypotensive resuscitation is the use of restrictive fluid therapy, specifically in the trauma patient, that increases systemic blood pressure without reaching normotension (normal blood pressures). The goal blood pressure for these patients is a mean arterial pressure of 40-50 mmHg or systolic blood pressure of less than or equal to 80. This goes along with certain clinical criteria
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Phoniatrics or phoniatry is the study and treatment of organs involved in speech production, mainly the mouth, throat (larynx), vocal cords, and lungs. Problems treated in phoniatrics include dysfunction of the vocal cords, cancer of the vocal cords or larynx, inability to control the speech organs properly (speech disorders), and vocal loading problems. According to the Union of European Phoniatricians, phoniatrics is "the medical specialty dealing with voice, speech, language, hearing and swallowing disorders"
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Physical disorder (as a medical term) is a poorly defined term typically used in contrast to a mental disorder or a genetic disorder. The term mental disorder is heavily used in psychiatric medicine, and is defined in some psychiatric medicine texts, most notably the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, the more generic term of medical disorder is poorly defined, and is not mentioned in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, nor many common medical textbooks
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Physical inactivity refers to the lack of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in a person's lifestyle. It is distinct from sedentary behavior.
Health effects
The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined physical inactivity as a global public health problem
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Physiological agonism describes the action of a substance which ultimately produces the same effects in the body as another substance—as if they were both agonists at the same receptor—without actually binding to the same receptor. Physiological antagonism describes the behavior of a substance that produces effects counteracting those of another substance (a result similar to that produced by an antagonist blocking the action of an agonist at the same receptor) using a mechanism that does not involve binding to the same receptor.
Examples
Physiological agonists
Epinephrine induces platelet aggregation, and so does hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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A pilon fracture, is a fracture of the distal part of the tibia, involving its articular surface at the ankle joint. Pilon fractures are caused by rotational or axial forces, mostly as a result of falls from a height or motor vehicle accidents. Pilon fractures are rare, comprising 3 to 10 percent of all fractures of the tibia and 1 percent of all lower extremity fractures, but they involve a large part of the weight-bearing surface of the tibia in the ankle joint
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Point-of-care testing (POCT), also called near-patient testing or bedside testing, is defined as medical diagnostic testing at or near the point of care—that is, at the time and place of patient care. This contrasts with the historical pattern in which testing was wholly or mostly confined to the medical laboratory, which entailed sending off specimens away from the point of care and then waiting hours or days to learn the results, during which time care must continue without the desired information.
Technology overview
Point-of-care tests are simple medical tests that can be performed at the bedside
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Posterior cortex usually means the posterior (back) part of the complete cerebral cortex and includes the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortices. In other words, the posterior cortex includes all the cerebral cortex without the frontal cortex.
In combination with specific cortical areas, 'posterior cortex' usually refers to the posterior (back) part of that cortical area
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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The postictal state is the altered state of consciousness after an epileptic seizure. It usually lasts between 5 and 30 minutes, but sometimes longer in the case of larger or more severe seizures, and is characterized by drowsiness, confusion, nausea, hypertension, headache or migraine, and other disorienting symptoms.
The ictal period is the seizure itself; the interictal period is the time between seizures, when brain activity is more normal; and the preictal period is the time leading up to a seizure:
Ictal period refers to a physiologic state or event such as a seizure, stroke, or headache
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Prandial relates to a meal. Postprandial (from post prandium) means after eating a meal, while preprandial is before a meal.
Usages of postprandial
The term postprandial is used in many contexts
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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A precancerous condition is a condition, tumor or lesion involving abnormal cells which are associated with an increased risk of developing into cancer. Clinically, precancerous conditions encompass a variety of abnormal tissues with an increased risk of developing into cancer. Some of the most common precancerous conditions include certain colon polyps, which can progress into colon cancer, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, which can progress into multiple myeloma or myelodysplastic syndrome
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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In medicine, a presentation is the appearance in a patient of illness or disease—or signs or symptoms thereof—before a medical professional. In practice, one usually speaks of a patient as presenting with this or that. Examples include:
"
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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The prevention paradox describes the seemingly contradictory situation where the majority of cases of a disease come from a population at low or moderate risk of that disease, and only a minority of cases come from the high risk population (of the same disease). This is because the number of people at high risk is small. The prevention paradox was first formally described in 1981 by the epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose
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Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases. Disease and disability are affected by environmental factors, genetic predisposition, disease agents, and lifestyle choices, and are dynamic processes which begin before individuals realize they are affected. Disease prevention relies on anticipatory actions that can be categorized as primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Preventive nutrition is a branch of nutrition science with the goal of preventing or delaying or reducing the impacts of disease and disease-related complications. It is concerned with a high level of personal well-being, disease prevention, and diagnosis of recurring health problems or symptoms of discomfort which are often precursors to health issues. Preventive nutrition may assist in prolonging the onset of non-communicable diseases (such as Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease) and may allow adults to experience more "healthy living years" later in life
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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Progression-free survival (PFS) is "the length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse". In oncology, PFS usually refers to situations in which a tumor is present, as demonstrated by laboratory testing, radiologic testing, or clinically. Similarly, "disease-free survival" is the length of time after patients have received treatment and have no detectable disease
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
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