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pelvises; and proportionally shorter forearms and forelegs.
Based on 45 Neanderthal long bones from 14 men and 7 women, the average height was 164 to 168 cm (5 ft 5 in to 5 ft 6 in) for males and 152 to 156 cm (5 ft 0 in to 5 ft 1 in) for females. For comparison, the average height of 20 males and 10 females Upper Pal... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_43.txt |
Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, were discovered, dated to older than 39,000 years ago, which the discoverers have interpreted as Neanderthal abstract art. The scratches could have also been produced by a bear. In 2021, an Irish elk phalanx with five engraved offset chevrons stacked above each other was discovered at the ent... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_119.txt |
similar to modern hunter gatherers, and was born in the spring, which is consistent with modern humans and other mammals whose birth cycles coincide with environmental cycles. Indicated from various ailments resulting from high stress at a low age, such as stunted growth, British archaeologist Paul Pettitt hypothesise... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_75.txt |
Consequences of loss[edit]
It is likely that some level of adaptation occurred after the loss of the GULO gene by primates. Erythrocyte Glut1 and associated dehydroascorbic acid uptake modulated by stomatin switch are unique traits of humans and the few other mammals that have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic ac... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/L-gulonolactone_oxidase_2.txt |
the high mortality rates. Alternatively, many more Neanderthals may have received burials, but the graves were infiltrated and destroyed by bears. Given that 20 graves of Neanderthals aged under 4 have been found—over a third of all known graves—deceased children may have received greater care during burial than other... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_90.txt |
The type specimen, Neanderthal 1, was found in 1856 in the Neander Valley in present-day Germany.
It is not clear when the line of Neanderthals split from that of modern humans; studies have produced various times ranging from 315,000 to more than 800,000 years ago. The date of divergence of Neanderthals from their anc... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_1.txt |
The entire carcasses seem to have been transported to the cave and then butchered. Because this is such a large amount of food to consume before spoilage, it is possible these Neanderthals were curing and preserving it before winter set in. At 160,000 years old, it is the oldest potential evidence of food storage. The... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_31.txt |
als were once thought of as scavengers, but are now considered to have been apex predators. In 1980, it was hypothesised that two piles of mammoth skulls at La Cotte de St Brelade, Jersey, at the base of a gulley were evidence of mammoth drive hunting (causing them to stampede off a ledge), but this is contested. Livin... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_92.txt |
Demographics[edit]
Further information: Neanderthals in Southwest Asia, Neanderthals in Gibraltar, and List of Neanderthal sites
Range[edit]
Neanderthal skull from Tabun Cave, Israel, at the Israel Museum
Pre- and early Neanderthals, living before the Eemian interglacial (130,000 years ago), are poorly known and come ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_3_0.txt |
trends seen in obsidian transfer distance and tribe size in modern hunter-gatherers. However, according to their model Neanderthals would not have been as efficient at maintaining long-distance networks as modern humans, probably due to a significantly lower population. Hayden noted an apparent cemetery of six or seve... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_83.txt |
2021, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines stated that "there are insufficient data to recommend either for or against the use of vitamin C for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19." In an update posted December 2022, the NIH position was unchanged:
For people hospitalized with s... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_54.txt |
then converts sorbose to 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (KGA) through another fermentation step, avoiding an extra intermediate. Both processes yield approximately 60% vitamin C from the glucose starting point. Researchers are exploring means for one-step fermentation.
China produces about 70% of the global vitamin C market. T... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_46.txt |
, wore a leopard pelt as personal adornment to indicate elevated status in the group based on a recovered leopard skull, phalanges and tail vertebrae.
As of 2014, 63 purported engravings have been reported from 27 different European and Middle Eastern Lower-to-Middle Palaeolithic sites, of which 20 are on flint cortexe... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_118.txt |
combining stationary food sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms, insect larvae and aquatic mollusks) with wild game, which must be hunted and captured in order to be consumed. It has been proposed that humans have used fire to prepare and cook food since the time of Homo erectus. Human domestication o... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_16.txt |
the antibiotic-producing Penicillium chrysogenum. They may also have used yarrow and camomile, and their bitter taste—which should act as a deterrent as it could indicate poison—means it was likely a deliberate act. In Kebara Cave, Israel, plant remains which have historically been used for their medicinal properties ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_83.txt |
principle of priority. The vernacular name of the species in German is always Neandertaler ("inhabitant of the Neander Valley"), whereas Neandertal always refers to the valley. The valley itself was named after the late 17th century German theologian and hymn writer Joachim Neander, who often visited the area. His nam... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_1_1.txt |
using syntax—was likely necessary to survive in their harsh environment, with Neanderthals needing to communicate about topics such as locations, hunting and gathering, and tool-making techniques. The FOXP2 gene in modern humans is associated with speech and language development. FOXP2 was present in Neanderthals, but... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_154.txt |
corbic acid concentrations increase as intake increases until it plateaus at about 190 to 200 micromoles per liter (µmol/L) once consumption exceeds 1,250 milligrams. As noted, government recommendations are a range of 40 to 110 mg/day and normal plasma is approximately 50 µmol/L, so 'normal' is about 25% of what can b... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_10_15.txt |
scallop shell with traces of an orange mix of goethite and hematite from Cueva Antón, Spain. The discoverers of the latter two claim that pigment was applied to the exterior to make it match the naturally vibrant inside colouration. Excavated from 1949 to 1963 from the French Grotte du Renne, Châtelperronian beads mad... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_113.txt |
The reasons for Neanderthal extinction are disputed. Theories for their extinction include demographic factors such as small population size and inbreeding, competitive replacement, interbreeding and assimilation with modern humans, change of climate, disease, or a combination of these factors.
For much of the early 2... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_2.txt |
decades and popularised in science fiction works, such as the 1911 The Quest for Fire by J.-H. Rosny aîné and the 1927 The Grisly Folk by H. G. Wells in which they are depicted as monsters. In 1911, Scottish anthropologist Arthur Keith reconstructed La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 as an immediate precursor to modern humans, ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_18.txt |
iiformes, whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier (Tarsiidae), branched off from the other haplorrhines. Since tarsiers also cannot make vitamin C, this implies the mutation had already occurred, and thus must have occurred between these two marker points (63 to 58 million years ago).
It has also been noted ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_7_12.txt |
Biology
Anatomy and physiology
Main article: Human body
Diagram of the human skeleton
Most aspects of human physiology are closely homologous to corresponding aspects of animal physiology. The dental formula of humans is: 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Humans have proportionately shorter palates and much smaller teeth than other pri... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_0.txt |
were disarticulated, the lower limbs defleshed and also smashed (likely to extract bone marrow), the chest cavity disemboweled, and the jaw dismembered. There is also evidence that the butchers used some bones to retouch their tools. The processing of Neanderthal meat at Grottes de Goyet is similar to how they process... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_108.txt |
circle of ibex horns, and a limestone slab argued to have supported the head. A child from Kiik-Koba, Crimea, Ukraine, had a flint flake with some purposeful engraving on it, likely requiring a great deal of skill. Nonetheless, these contentiously constitute evidence of symbolic meaning as the grave goods' significanc... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_162.txt |
wall, likely used to stay warm while sleeping, with one person sleeping on either side of the fire. At Cueva de Bolomor, Spain, with hearths lined up against the wall, the smoke flowed upwards to the ceiling, and led to outside the cave. In Grotte du Lazaret, France, smoke was probably naturally ventilated during the ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_141.txt |
into Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor. | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_10_5.txt |
"recommends the opposite of the low-fat message promoted for decades by the USDA" and "does not set a maximum on the percentage of calories people should get each day from healthy sources of fat." Healthy fats include polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and fish. Foods conta... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_1_11.txt |
5% in the genomes of five African sample populations, likely the result of Eurasians back-migrating and interbreeding with Africans, as well as human-to-neanderthal gene flow from dispersals of Homo sapiens preceding the larger Out-of-Africa migration, and also showed more equal Neanderthal DNA percentages for European... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_6_2.txt |
clothing, humans have been able to extend their tolerance to a wide variety of temperatures, humidities, and altitudes. As a result, humans are a cosmopolitan species found in almost all regions of the world, including tropical rainforest, arid desert, extremely cold arctic regions, and heavily polluted cities; in com... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_4_4.txt |
21
17
Added sugars limit (grams)
30
36
29
American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research
The American Heart Association, World Cancer Research Fund, and American Institute for Cancer Research recommend a diet that consists mostly of unprocessed plant foods, with... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_1_8.txt |
be practically invisible. Humans have about 2 million sweat glands spread over their entire bodies, many more than chimpanzees, whose sweat glands are scarce and are mainly located on the palm of the hand and on the soles of the feet.
It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about 1... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_2.txt |
game, but also on other Pleistocene megafauna such as chamois, ibex, wild boar, steppe wisent, aurochs, woolly mammoth, straight-tusked elephant, woolly rhinoceros, wild horse, and so on. There is evidence of directed cave and brown bear hunting both in and out of hibernation, as well as butchering. Analysis of Neande... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_23.txt |
cry emotional tears. Humans are one of the few animals able to self-recognize in mirror tests and there is also debate over to what extent humans are the only animals with a theory of mind.
Sleep and dreaming
Main articles: Sleep and Dream
Humans are generally diurnal. The average sleep requirement is between seven a... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_6_2.txt |
was more vertically inclined, and was placed lower in relation to the pelvis, causing the spine to be less curved (exhibit less lordosis) and to fold in on itself somewhat (to be invaginated). In modern populations, this condition affects just a proportion of the population, and is known as a lumbarized sacrum. Such m... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_48.txt |
by restricting point-of-sale promotions of less-healthy foods and drinks.
The effectiveness of population-level health interventions has included food pricing strategies, mass media campaigns and worksite wellness programs. One peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) price intervention implemented in Mexico ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_5_2.txt |
plant sources, animal-sourced foods do not provide so great an amount of vitamin C, and what there is, is largely destroyed by the heat used when it is cooked. For example, raw chicken liver contains 17.9 mg/100 g, but fried, the content is reduced to 2.7 mg/100 g. Vitamin C is present in human breast milk at 5.0 mg/1... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_4_4.txt |
of aurochs or bison ribs were reported from Abri Peyrony, with one dating to about 51,400 years ago and the other four to 47,700–41,100 years ago. This indicates the technology was in use in this region for a long time. Since reindeer remains were the most abundant, the use of less abundant bovine ribs may indicate a ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_63.txt |
C and the catalysis of fumaric acid".
From 1928 to 1932, Albert Szent-Györgyi and Joseph L. Svirbely's Hungarian team, and Charles Glen King's American team, identified the anti-scorbutic factor. Szent-Györgyi isolated hexuronic acid from animal adrenal glands, and suspected it to be the antiscorbutic factor. In late 1... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_10_9.txt |
the rise of scientific thought through the Hellenistic period. Other early advances in science came from the Han Dynasty in China and during the Islamic Golden Age. The scientific revolution, near the end of the Renaissance, led to the emergence of modern science.
A chain of events and influences led to the developmen... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_7_14.txt |
may be other, as yet unknown functions. A consequence of all this high concentration organ content is that plasma vitamin C is not a good indicator of whole-body status, and people may vary in the amount of time needed to show symptoms of deficiency when consuming a diet very low in vitamin C.
Excretion (via urine) is... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_27.txt |
ited with Neanderthal remains.
Gibraltarian palaeoanthropologists Clive and Geraldine Finlayson suggested that Neanderthals used various bird parts as artistic mediums, specifically black feathers. In 2012, the Finlaysons and colleagues examined 1,699 sites across Eurasia, and argued that raptors and corvids, species n... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_114.txt |
Neanderthals preferring warmer wooded areas over the colder mammoth steppe, and DNA analysis indicating a higher proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibres in Neanderthals than in modern humans. He explained their body proportions and greater muscle mass as adaptations to sprinting as opposed to the endurance-oriented mo... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_4_8.txt |
through language.
Humans' advanced technology has enabled them to spread to all the continents of the globe as well as to outer space, and to command profound influence on the biosphere and environment. The latter has prompted some geologists to demarcate the time from the emergence of human civilization till present ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_0_7.txt |
(exhibit less lordosis) and to fold in on itself somewhat (to be invaginated). In modern populations, this condition affects just a proportion of the population, and is known as a lumbarized sacrum. Such modifications to the spine would have enhanced side-to-side (mediolateral) flexion, better supporting the wider low... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_4_6.txt |
than in females.
Plasma levels are considered saturated at about 65 μmol/L, achieved by intakes of 100 to 200 mg/day, which are well above the recommended intakes. Even higher oral intake does not further raise plasma nor tissue concentrations because absorption efficiency decreases and any excess that is absorbed is ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_6.txt |
one of the world's first controlled experiments. The results showed that citrus fruits prevented the disease. Lind published his work in 1753 in his Treatise on the Scurvy.
Fresh fruit was expensive to keep on board, whereas boiling it down to juice allowed easy storage but destroyed the vitamin (especially if boiled ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_69.txt |
Co-Transporter proteins (SVCTs) and Hexose Transporter proteins (GLUTs). SVCT1 and SVCT2 import ascorbate across plasma membranes. The Hexose Transporter proteins GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4 transfer only the oxydized dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) form of vitamin C. The amount of DHA found in plasma and tissues under normal c... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_25.txt |
iform script, appeared around 3000 BCE. Other major civilizations to develop around this time were Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley Civilisation. They eventually traded with each other and invented technology such as wheels, plows and sails. Astronomy and mathematics were also developed and the Great Pyramid of Giza ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_3_2.txt |
and Clive Finlayson and Spanish archaeologist Francisco Guzmán speculated that the golden eagle had iconic value to Neanderthals, as exemplified in some modern human societies because they reported that golden eagle bones had a conspicuously high rate of evidence of modification compared to the bones of other birds. T... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_96.txt |
brutish or monstrous, such as in H. G. Wells' The Grisly Folk and Elizabeth Marshall Thomas' The Animal Wife, but sometimes with a civilised but unfamiliar culture, as in William Golding's The Inheritors, Björn Kurtén's Dance of the Tiger, and Jean M. Auel's Clan of the Cave Bear and her Earth's Children series. | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_8_1.txt |
the valley and Neanderthaler for the species were both changed to the spellings without h.
^ In Mettmann, "Neander Valley", there is a local idiosyncrasy in use of the outdated spellings with th, such as with the Neanderthal Museum (but the name is in English [German would require Neandertalermuseum]), the Neandertha... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_10_1.txt |
mice.
Synthesis does not occur in most bat species, but there are at least two species, frugivorous bat Rousettus leschenaultii and insectivorous bat Hipposideros armiger, that retain (or regained) their ability of vitamin C production. A number of species of passerine birds also do not synthesize, but not all of them... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_7_6.txt |
and soft drink products high in fat, salt, or sugar. The British Heart Foundation released its own government-funded advertisements, labeled "Food4Thought", which were targeted at children and adults to discourage unhealthy habits of consuming junk food.
From a psychological and cultural perspective, a healthier diet ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_5_1.txt |
000-year-old Moldova I open-air site, Ukraine, shows evidence of a 7 m × 10 m (23 ft × 33 ft) ring-shaped dwelling made out of mammoth bones meant for long-term habitation by several Neanderthals, which would have taken a long time to build. It appears to have contained hearths, cooking areas and a flint workshop, and ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_144.txt |
Diet[edit]
Recommended consumption[edit]
Recommendations for vitamin C intake by adults have been set by various national agencies:
40 mg/day: India National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
45 mg/day or 300 mg/week: the World Health Organization
80 mg/day: the European Commission Council on nutrition labeling
90 mg/d... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_3_0.txt |
– 33,670 ±450 years ago).
There is some debate if Neanderthals had long-ranged weapons. A wound on the neck of an African wild ass from Umm el Tlel, Syria, was likely inflicted by a heavy Levallois-point javelin, and bone trauma consistent with habitual throwing has been reported in Neanderthals. Some spear tips from ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_130.txt |
supplementation of only 10 mg a day. Treatment of scurvy can be with vitamin C-containing foods or dietary supplements or injection.
Sepsis[edit]
People in sepsis may have micronutrient deficiencies, including low levels of vitamin C. An intake of 3.0 g/day, which requires intravenous administration, appears to be nee... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_8_4.txt |
the 1980s. Men in the prison study developed the first signs of scurvy about four weeks after starting the vitamin C-free diet, whereas in the earlier British study, six to eight months were required, possibly due to the pre-loading of this group with a 70 mg/day supplement for six weeks before the scorbutic diet was ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_8_3.txt |
awls assumed to have been in use by contemporary modern humans, the only known Neanderthal tools that could have been used to fashion clothes are hide scrapers, which could have made items similar to blankets or ponchos, and there is no direct evidence they could produce fitted clothes. Indirect evidence of tailoring ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_148.txt |
rate, or a combination of the two. Estimates giving a total population in the higher tens of thousands are contested. A consistently low population may be explained in the context of the "Boserupian Trap": a population's carrying capacity is limited by the amount of food it can obtain, which in turn is limited by its ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_41.txt |
caverne of Goyet Caves (Belgium). The remains have scrape marks, indicating that they were butchered, with cannibalism being the "most parsimonious explanation".
There are several instances of Neanderthals practising cannibalism across their range. The first example came from the Krapina, Croatia site, in 1899, and ot... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_35.txt |
-adapted creatures, and that it would have been caused instead by genetic drift. Also, the sinuses reconstructed wide are not grossly large, being comparable in size to those of modern humans. However, if sinus size is not an important factor for breathing cold air, then the actual function would be unclear, so they ma... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_54.txt |
which retained the ability to make vitamin C. According to molecular clock dating, these two suborder primate branches parted ways about 63 to 60 million years ago. Approximately three to five million years later (58 million years ago), only a short time afterward from an evolutionary perspective, the infraorder Tarsi... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_40.txt |
ward (although without leaving Europe). Nonetheless, southwestern France has the highest density of sites for pre-, early and classic Neanderthals. The Neanderthals were the first human species to permanently occupy Europe as the continent was only sporadically occupied by earlier humans.
The southernmost find was reco... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_35.txt |
as an enzyme substrate or cofactor and an electron donor antioxidant. The enzymatic functions include the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters; the synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine; and the metabolism of microsomes. In nonenzymatic functions it acts as a reducing agent, donating electrons to oxi... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_6_1.txt |
than plasma concentrations during dietary deficiency and restored faster during dietary repletion, but these analysis are difficult to measure, and hence not part of standard diagnostic testing.
Recommendations for vitamin C intake by adults have been set by various national agencies:
In 2000, the chapter on Vitamin C... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_7.txt |
utilized Reichstein process, developed in the 1930s, used a single fermentation followed by a purely chemical route. The modern two-step fermentation process, originally developed in China in the 1960s, uses additional fermentation to replace part of the later chemical stages. The Reichstein process and the modern two... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_7_17.txt |
or Neanderthal lice were highly specialised.
Seafaring[edit]
Remains of Middle Palaeolithic stone tools on Greek islands indicate early seafaring by Neanderthals in the Ionian Sea possibly starting as far back as 200–150,000 years ago. The oldest stone artefacts from Crete date to 130–107,000 years ago, Cephalonia 125... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_80.txt |
in doses comparable to or higher than the amounts produced by the livers of mammals which are able to synthesize vitamin C. An argument for this, although not the actual term, was described in 1970 in an article by Linus Pauling. Briefly, his position was that for optimal health, humans should be consuming at least 2,... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_10_14.txt |
suburban slums. Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment. They are apex predators, being rarely preyed upon by other species. Human population growth, industrialization, land development, overconsumption and combustion of fossil fuels have led to environmental destruction and pollution that significantly c... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_4_9.txt |
Humans (Homo sapiens) or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo. They are great apes characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligence. Humans have large brains, enabling more advanced cognitive skills that enable them... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_0_0.txt |
The 1983 discovery of a Neanderthal hyoid bone—used in speech production in humans—in Kebara 2 which is almost identical to that of humans suggests Neanderthals were capable of speech. Also, the ancestral Sima de los Huesos hominins had humanlike hyoid and ear bones, which could suggest the early evolution of the mode... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_87.txt |
Geraldine and Clive Finlayson and Spanish archaeologist Francisco Guzmán speculated that the golden eagle had iconic value to Neanderthals, as exemplified in some modern human societies because they reported that golden eagle bones had a conspicuously high rate of evidence of modification compared to the bones of othe... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_165.txt |
years ago; three shells, dated to about 120–115,000 years ago, perforated through the umbo belonging to a rough cockle, a Glycymeris insubrica, and a Spondylus gaederopus from Cueva de los Aviones, Spain, the former two associated with red and yellow pigments, and the latter a red-to-black mix of hematite and pyrite; ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_41.txt |
had survived through several glacial periods over their hundreds of thousands of years of European habitation. It is also proposed that around 40,000 years ago, when Neanderthal populations may have already been dwindling from other factors, the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption in Italy could have led to their final demi... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_188.txt |
the five cannibalised Neanderthals at the Grottes de Goyet, Belgium, there is evidence that the upper limbs were disarticulated, the lower limbs defleshed and also smashed (likely to extract bone marrow), the chest cavity disemboweled, and the jaw dismembered. There is also evidence that the butchers used some bones t... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_36.txt |
als include competition, violence, interbreeding with Homo sapiens, or inability to adapt to climate change.
For most of their history, humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Humans began exhibiting behavioral modernity about 160,000–60,000 years ago. The Neolithic Revolution, which began in Southwest Asia around 13,000... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_0_3.txt |
,100-year-old deer rib lissoirs were reported from Pech-de-l'Azé and the nearby Abri Peyrony in France. In 2020, five more lissoirs made of aurochs or bison ribs were reported from Abri Peyrony, with one dating to about 51,400 years ago and the other four to 47,700–41,100 years ago. This indicates the technology was in... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_133.txt |
ensis was the last common ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans before populations became isolated in Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively. The taxonomic distinction between H. heidelbergensis and Neanderthals is mostly based on a fossil gap in Europe between 300 and 243,000 years ago during marine is... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_2_1.txt |
idelbergensis lineage. Eight hundred thousand years ago has H. antecessor as the LCA, but different variations of this model would push the date back to 1 million years ago. However, a 2020 analysis of H. antecessor enamel proteomes suggests that H. antecessor is related but not a direct ancestor. DNA studies have yiel... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_2_6.txt |
the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.
Scurvy[edit]
Main article: Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C. Without this vitamin, collagen made by the body is too unstable to perform its function and several other enzymes in the body do not operate correctly. Early sympt... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_8_1.txt |
approximately 40,000-year-old modern human Oase 2 was found, in 2015, to have had 6–9% (point estimate 7.3%) Neanderthal DNA, indicating a Neanderthal ancestor up to four to six generations earlier, but this hybrid population does not appear to have made a substantial contribution to the genomes of later Europeans. In... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_173.txt |
the preservation of the sample. In 2012, British-American geneticist Graham Coop hypothesised that they instead found evidence of a different archaic human species interbreeding with modern humans, which was disproven in 2013 by the sequencing of a high-quality Neanderthal genome preserved in a toe bone from Denisova ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_22.txt |
human papillomavirus variant 16A may descend from Neanderthal introgression. A Neanderthal at Cueva del Sidrón, Spain, shows evidence of a gastrointestinal Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection. The leg bones of the French La Ferrassie 1 feature lesions that are consistent with periostitis—inflammation of the tissue envel... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_72.txt |
3.4–7.9% in modern Eurasians, or 1.8–2.4% in modern Europeans and 2.3–2.6% in modern East Asians. Pre-agricultural Europeans appear to have had similar, or slightly higher, percentages to modern East Asians, and the numbers may have decreased in the former due to dilution with a group of people which had split off bef... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_6_1.txt |
years ago from a species commonly designated as either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis, the descendants of H. erectus that remained in Africa. H. sapiens migrated out of the continent, gradually replacing or interbreeding with local populations of archaic humans. Humans began exhibiting behavioral modernity abou... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_2_3.txt |
more similar to Western European Neanderthal specimens than to the earlier specimens from the same locations, suggesting long-range migration and population replacement over time. Similarly, artefacts and DNA from Chagyrskaya and Okladnikov Caves, also in the Altai Mountains, resemble those of eastern European Neander... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_13.txt |
artistic output.
The lack of sunlight most likely led to the proliferation of lighter skin in Neanderthals, although it has been recently claimed that light skin in modern Europeans was not particularly prolific until perhaps the Bronze Age. Genetically, BNC2 was present in Neanderthals, which is associated with light... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_61.txt |
of strong attraction or emotional attachment. It can be impersonal (the love of an object, ideal, or strong political or spiritual connection) or interpersonal (love between humans). When in love dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and other chemicals stimulate the brain's pleasure center, leading to side effects such... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_6_13.txt |
diet was defined as a diet comprising more than 55% of carbohydrates, less than 30% of fat and about 15% of proteins. This view is currently shifting towards a more comprehensive framing of dietary needs as a global need of various nutrients with complex interactions, instead of per nutrient type needs. | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_1_17.txt |
adults reported they consumed a vitamin C dietary supplement or a multi-vitamin/mineral supplement that included vitamin C, and that for these people total consumption was between 300 and 400 mg/d.
In 2000, the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences set a Tolerable upper intake level (UL) for adu... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_11.txt |
, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power; would that it were so.
Marion Nestle expresses the mainstream view among scientists who study nutrition:
The basic principles of good diets are so simple that I can summarize them in just ten w... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_1_15.txt |
it as distinct from humans—was first proposed by Irish geologist William King in a paper read to the 33rd British Science Association in 1863. However, in 1864, he recommended that Neanderthals and modern humans be classified in different genera as he compared the Neanderthal braincase to that of a chimpanzee and argu... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_1_3.txt |
complex Mississippian societies would arise starting around 800 CE, while further south, the Aztecs and Incas would become the dominant powers. The Mongol Empire would conquer much of Eurasia in the 13th and 14th centuries. Over this same time period, the Mali Empire in Africa grew to be the largest empire on the cont... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_3_6.txt |
bearing several trauma-related injuries, none of them had significant trauma to the legs that would debilitate movement. He suggested that self worth in Neanderthal culture derived from contributing food to the group; a debilitating injury would remove this self-worth and result in near-immediate death, and individual... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_18.txt |
2000 kcal diet. These guidelines are increasingly adopted by various groups and institutions for recipe and meal plan development.
The guidelines emphasize both health and environmental sustainability and a flexible approach. The committee that drafted it wrote: "The major findings regarding sustainable diets were tha... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_1_3.txt |
Dark green
1.5/wk
1.5/wk
1.5/wk
Red/orange
5.5/wk
5.5/wk
5.5/wk
Starchy
5/wk
5/wk
5/wk
Legumes
1.5/wk
3/wk
1.5/wk
Others
4/wk
4/wk
4/wk
Grains (oz eq)
6 | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_1_5.txt |
Cueva de Bolomor, Spain, with hearths lined up against the wall, the smoke flowed upwards to the ceiling, and led to outside the cave. In Grotte du Lazaret, France, smoke was probably naturally ventilated during the winter as the interior cave temperature was greater than the outside temperature; likewise, the cave wa... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_71.txt |
and become infertile at around the age of 50. It has been proposed that menopause increases a woman's overall reproductive success by allowing her to invest more time and resources in her existing offspring, and in turn their children (the grandmother hypothesis), rather than by continuing to bear children into old ag... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_12.txt |
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