text stringlengths 1 2.91k | source stringlengths 29 174 |
|---|---|
beliefs have been made. Neanderthals were likely capable of speech, possibly articulate, although the complexity of their language is not known.
Compared with modern humans, Neanderthals had a more robust build and proportionally shorter limbs. Researchers often explain these features as adaptations to conserve heat i... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_5.txt |
Györgyi credit for it. This led to a bitter dispute over priority. In 1933, Walter Norman Haworth chemically identified the vitamin as l-hexuronic acid, proving this by synthesis in 1933. Haworth and Szent-Györgyi proposed that L-hexuronic acid be named a-scorbic acid, and chemically l-ascorbic acid, in honor of its ac... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_75.txt |
from Tata, Hungary; a large slab with 18 cupstones hollowed out from a grave in La Ferrassie, France; and a geode from Peștera Cioarei, Romania, coated with red ochre. A number of fossil shells are also known from French Neanderthals sites, such as a rhynchonellid and a Taraebratulina from Combe Grenal; a belemnite be... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_51.txt |
two of his Prorrheticorum and in his Liber de internis affectionibus, and cited by James Lind. Symptoms of scurvy were also described by Pliny the Elder: (i) Pliny. "49". Naturalis historiae. Vol. 3.; and (ii) Strabo, in Geographicorum, book 16, cited in the 1881 International Encyclopedia of Surgery.
In the 1497 expe... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_66.txt |
, a skull, shares several physical attributes with Neanderthals, although these may be the result of convergent evolution rather than Neanderthals extending their range to the Pacific Ocean. The northernmost bound is generally accepted to have been 55°N, with unambiguous sites known between 50–53°N, although this is di... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_36.txt |
clinally and generally correlates with the level of ultraviolet radiation in a particular geographic area, with darker skin mostly around the equator. Skin darkening may have evolved as protection against ultraviolet solar radiation. Light skin pigmentation protects against depletion of vitamin D, which requires sunli... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_22.txt |
key traits with Australopithecus. The earliest record of Homo is the 2.8 million-year-old specimen LD 350-1 from Ethiopia, and the earliest named species are Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis which evolved by 2.3 million years ago. H. erectus (the African variant is sometimes called H. ergaster) evolved 2 million year... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_2_2.txt |
cessor, found in Spain. Homo heidelbergensis originated from Homo erectus in an unknown location and dispersed across Africa, southern Asia and southern Europe (other scientists interpret fossils, here named heidelbergensis, as late erectus). Modern humans spread from Africa to western Asia and then to Europe and south... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_10_4.txt |
Synthesis[edit]
Most animals and plants are able to synthesize vitamin C through a sequence of enzyme-driven steps, which convert monosaccharides to vitamin C. Yeasts do not make l-ascorbic acid but rather its stereoisomer, erythorbic acid. In plants, synthesis is accomplished through the conversion of mannose or galac... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_7_0.txt |
ly's Hungarian team, and Charles Glen King's American team, identified the anti-scorbutic factor. Szent-Györgyi isolated hexuronic acid from animal adrenal glands, and suspected it to be the antiscorbutic factor. In late 1931, Szent-Györgyi gave Svirbely the last of his adrenal-derived hexuronic acid with the suggestio... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_74.txt |
humanity) as well as to human males. It may also refer to individuals of either sex.
Despite the fact that the word animal is colloquially used as an antonym for human, and contrary to a common biological misconception, humans are animals. The word person is often used interchangeably with human, but philosophical deb... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_1_2.txt |
(pertaining to scurvy), cognate with Old Norse skyrbjugr, French scorbut, Dutch scheurbuik and Low German scharbock. Partly for this discovery, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Medicine, and Haworth shared that year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
In 1957, J. J. Burns showed that some mammals are suscepti... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_76.txt |
and there is no good evidence vitamic C supplementation affects the risk of colorectal cancer or breast cancer.
There is research investigating whether high dose intravenous vitamin C administration as a co-treatment will suppress cancer stem cells, which are responsible for tumor recurrence, metastasis and chemoresis... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_56.txt |
awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The name "vitamin C" always refers to the l-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate (DHA). Therefore, unless written otherwise, "ascorbate" and "ascorbic acid" refer in the nutritional literature to l-ascorbate and l-ascorbic acid res... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_3.txt |
simply because they were genetically isolated. Whatever the case, these first interbreeding events have not left any trace in modern human genomes.
Detractors of the interbreeding model argue that the genetic similarity is only a remnant of a common ancestor instead of interbreeding, although this is unlikely as it fa... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_175.txt |
of bottlenecks during human migration. These non-African populations acquired new genetic inputs from local admixture with archaic populations and have much greater variation from Neanderthals and Denisovans than is found in Africa, though Neanderthal admixture into African populations may be underestimated. Furthermo... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_24.txt |
million prescriptions.
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C. Without this vitamin, collagen made by the body is too unstable to perform its function and several other enzymes in the body do not operate correctly. Early symptoms are malaise and lethargy, progressing to shortness of breath, bone p... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_48.txt |
complications and death. Often, both the mother and the father provide care for their children, who are helpless at birth.
Humans have a large, highly developed, and complex prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain associated with higher cognition. Humans are highly intelligent and capable of episodic memory; they h... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_0_6.txt |
, as shellfish spoils very quickly. At Cueva de los Aviones, Spain, the remains of edible, algae eating shellfish associated with the alga Jania rubens could indicate that, like some modern hunter gatherer societies, harvested shellfish were held in water-soaked algae to keep them alive and fresh until consumption.
Com... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_32.txt |
estimated to have been 9.04 L (2.39 US gal), compared to the average human capacity of 6 L (1.6 US gal) for males and 4.7 L (1.2 US gal) for females. The Neanderthal chest was also more pronounced (expanded front-to-back, or antero-posteriorly). The sacrum (where the pelvis connects to the spine) was more vertically i... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_4_5.txt |
There is evidence of directed cave and brown bear hunting both in and out of hibernation, as well as butchering. Analysis of Neanderthal bone collagen from Vindija Cave, Croatia, shows nearly all of their protein needs derived from animal meat. Some caves show evidence of regular rabbit and tortoise consumption. At Gi... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_96.txt |
, Italy, had evidence of a swift blow to the head—indicative of ritual murder—and a precise and deliberate incising at the base to access the brain. He compared it to the victims of headhunters in Malaysia and Borneo, putting it forward as evidence of a skull cult. However, it is now thought to have been a result of ca... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_95.txt |
See also
Food portal
Commercial determinants of health
Healthy eating pyramid
List of diets
Meals
Nutritionism
Nutrition scale
Nutritional rating systems
Planetary Health Diet
Plant-based diet
Table of food nutrients | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_7_0.txt |
modern humans, there was an unusually high frequency of taurodontism, a condition where the molars are bulkier due to an enlarged pulp (tooth core). Taurodontism was once thought to have been a distinguishing characteristic of Neanderthals which lent some mechanical advantage or stemmed from repetitive use, but was mo... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_4_14.txt |
its inhabitants possibly gathering plants in spring and fall and hunting in all seasons except fall, although the cave was probably abandoned in late summer to early fall. At Shanidar Cave, Iraq, Neanderthals collected plants with various harvest seasons, indicating they scheduled returns to the area to harvest certai... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_28.txt |
land areaLargest citiesTokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, São Paulo, Mexico City, Cairo, Mumbai, Beijing, Dhaka, Osaka, New York-Newark, Karachi, Buenos Aires, Chongqing, Istanbul, Kolkata, Manila, Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Tianjin, Kinshasa, Guangzhou, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, Moscow, Shenzhen, Lahore, Bangalore, Paris, J... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_4_1.txt |
. In both vitamin C synthesizers (example: rat) and non-synthesizers (example: human) cells maintain ascorbic acid concentrations much higher than the approximately 50 micromoles/liter (µmol/L) found in plasma. For example, the ascorbic acid content of pituitary and adrenal glands can exceed 2,000 µmol/L, and muscle is... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_26.txt |
red deer).
Smooth clam shell scrapers from Grotta dei Moscerini, Italy
The Neanderthals in 10 coastal sites in Italy (namely Grotta del Cavallo and Grotta dei Moscerini) and Kalamakia Cave, Greece, are known to have crafted scrapers using smooth clam shells, and possibly hafted them to a wooden handle. They probably ch... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_64.txt |
that they had complex food-gathering behaviours for both meat and plants.
Neanderthals probably could employ a wide range of cooking techniques, such as roasting, and they may have been able to heat up or boil soup, stew, or animal stock. The abundance of animal bone fragments at settlements may indicate the making of... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_101.txt |
themselves in the same way as contemporary humans, such as by interpersonal violence. A 2016 study looking at 124 Neanderthal specimens argued that high trauma rates were instead caused by animal attacks, and found that about 36% of the sample were victims of bear attacks, 21% big cat attacks, and 17% wolf attacks (to... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_69.txt |
of the variation that occurs is at the individual level. Much of human variation is continuous, often with no clear points of demarcation. Genetic data shows that no matter how population groups are defined, two people from the same population group are almost as different from each other as two people from any two di... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_23.txt |
from the Levantine Emiran industry, and the earliest bones in Europe date to roughly 45–43,000 years ago in Bulgaria, Italy, and Britain. This wave of modern humans replaced Neanderthals. However, Neanderthals and H. sapiens have a much longer contact history. DNA evidence indicates H. sapiens contact with Neanderthal... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_7_5.txt |
should be consuming at least 2,300 mg/day to compensate for the inability to synthesize vitamin C. The recommendation also fell into the consumption range for gorillas – a non-synthesizing near-relative to humans. A second argument for high intake is that serum ascorbic acid concentrations increase as intake increases... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_79.txt |
ages 14–18 years)
75
RDA (adult female)
75
RDA (adult male)
90
RDA (pregnancy)
85
RDA (lactation)
120
UL (adult female)
2,000
UL (adult male)
2,000
In 2000, the chapter on Vitamin C in the North American Dietary Reference Intake was updated to give the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) as 90 milli... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_3_2.txt |
, as well as Southwest, Central and Northern Asia up to the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia. Pre- and early Neanderthals, on the other hand, seem to have continuously occupied only France, Spain and Italy, although some appear to have moved out of this "core-area" to form temporary settlements eastward (although wi... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_3_1.txt |
fourth millennium BC. The development of more complex tools and technologies allowed land to be cultivated and animals to be domesticated, thus proving essential in the development of agriculture – what is known as the Neolithic Revolution.
China developed paper, the printing press, gunpowder, the compass and other im... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_7_9.txt |
of the tissue enveloping the bone—likely a result of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, which is primarily caused by a chest infection or lung cancer. Neanderthals had a lower cavity rate than modern humans, despite some populations consuming typically cavity-causing foods in great quantity, which could indicate a lack of... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_4_31.txt |
corbate may also provide antioxidant protection indirectly by regenerating other biological antioxidants such as α-tocopherol back to an active state. In addition, ascorbate also functions as a non-enzymatic reducing agent for mixed-function oxidases in the microsomal drug-metabolizing system that inactivates a wide va... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_6_6.txt |
ologist Lewis Binford to explain this diversity (the "Bordes–Binford debate"), with Bordes arguing that these represent unique ethnic traditions and Binford that they were caused by varying environments (essentially, form vs. function). The latter sentiment would indicate a lower degree of inventiveness compared to mod... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_58.txt |
duties, privileges, status, and power, with men enjoying more rights and privileges than women in most societies, both today and in the past. As a social construct, gender roles are not fixed and vary historically within a society. Challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies. Little is known... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_8_2.txt |
,800 km (460–1,080 sq mi), maintaining strong alliances for mating networks or to cope with leaner times and enemies. Similarly, British anthropologist Eiluned Pearce and Cypriot archaeologist Theodora Moutsiou speculated that Neanderthals were possibly capable of forming geographically expansive ethnolinguistic tribes... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_9.txt |
Neanderthal from Sidrón Cave
Neanderthal from Vindija Cave
2019 phylogeny based on comparison of ancient proteomes and genomes with those of modern species.
Neanderthals are hominids in the genus Homo, humans, and generally classified as a distinct species, H. neanderthalensis, a... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_1_17.txt |
Neanderthal Y-chromosome was not compatible with H. sapiens and became extinct.
According to linkage disequilibrium mapping, the last Neanderthal gene flow into the modern human genome occurred 86–37,000 years ago, but most likely 65–47,000 years ago. It is thought that Neanderthal genes which contributed to the prese... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_6_7.txt |
, is primarily found in East Asian, rather than European, individuals. Some genes related to the immune system appear to have been affected by introgression, which may have aided migration, such as OAS1, STAT2, TLR6, TLR1, TLR10, and several related to immune response. In addition, Neanderthal genes have also been impl... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_170.txt |
iens). It has been hypothesised to have functioned as body paint, and analyses of pigments from Pech de l'Azé, France, indicates they were applied to soft materials (such as a hide or human skin). However, modern hunter gatherers, in addition to body paint, also use ochre for medicine, for tanning hides, as a food pres... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_39.txt |
olactone dehydrogenase. All these aldonolactone oxidoreductases play a role in some form of vitamin C synthesis, and some (including GULO and ALO) accept substrates of other members. | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/L-gulonolactone_oxidase_5_1.txt |
Cioarei, Romania, which could indicate modification of ochre for solely aesthetic purposes.
Decorated king scallop shell from Cueva Antón, Spain. Interior (left) with natural red colouration, and exterior (right) with traces of unnatural orange pigmentation
Neanderthals collected uniquely shaped objects and are sugges... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_40.txt |
typically regained. A meta-analysis found no difference between diet types (low-fat, low-carbohydrate, and low-calorie), with a 2–4 kilograms (4.4–8.8 lb) weight loss. This level of weight loss is by itself insufficient to move a person from an 'obese' body mass index (BMI) category to a 'normal' BMI.
Gluten-related d... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_2_3.txt |
greater daily travelling distances while foraging. However, using a high BMR and PAL, American archaeologist Bryan Hockett estimated that a pregnant Neanderthal would have consumed 5,500 calories per day, which would have necessitated a heavy reliance on big game meat; such a diet would have caused numerous deficienci... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_65.txt |
may have been hunted using traps, projectiles, or pursuit. Some sites show evidence that Neanderthals slaughtered whole herds of animals in large, indiscriminate hunts and then carefully selected which carcasses to process. Nonetheless, they were able to adapt to a variety of habitats. They appear to have eaten predom... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_93.txt |
most abundant on the thighs and legs. A person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. In advanced scurvy there is fever, old wounds may become open and suppurating, loss of teeth, convulsions and, eventually, death. Until quite late in the disease the damage is reversible, as heal... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_8_2.txt |
Habitat and population
Further information: Human geography and Demography
Population statisticsMosaic cartogram showing the distribution of the global population based on 2018 UN data. Each of the 15,266 pixels represents the home country of 500,000 people – cartogram by Max Roser for Our World in DataChoropleth show... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_4_0.txt |
Interbreeding[edit]
Main article: Archaic human admixture with modern humans
Interbreeding with modern humans[edit]
Further information: Neanderthal genetics
Map of western Eurasia showing areas and estimated dates of possible Neandertal–modern human hybridisation (in red) based on fossil samples from indicated sites... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_6_0.txt |
LOAEL), meaning that other adverse effects were observed at even higher intakes. ULs are progressively lower for younger and younger children. In 2006, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) also pointed out the disturbances at that dose level, but reached the conclusion that there was not sufficient evidence to set... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_12.txt |
Ukraine. Although Neanderthals appear to have had the ability to inhabit a range of environments—including plains and plateaux—open-air Neanderthals sites are generally interpreted as having been used as slaughtering and butchering grounds rather than living spaces.
In 2022, remains of the first-known Neanderthal fami... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_78.txt |
consistent with bear-related rituals of modern human Arctic hunter-gatherers, but the alleged peculiarity of the arrangement could also be sufficiently explained by natural causes, and bias could be introduced as the existence of a bear cult would conform with the idea that totemism was the earliest religion, leading ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_94.txt |
Sources[edit]
Although also present in other plant-derived foods, the richest natural sources of vitamin C are fruits and vegetables. Vitamin C is the most widely taken dietary supplement.
Plant sources[edit]
For vitamin C content in ten common staple foods such as corn, rice, and wheat, see Staple food § Nutrition.
T... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_4_0.txt |
disease compared to people with normal cognition.
Eye health[edit]
Higher dietary intake of vitamin C was associated with lower risk of age-related cataracts. Vitamin C supplementation did not prevent age-related macular degeneration.
Periodontal disease[edit]
Low intake and low serum concentration were associated wit... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_8_16.txt |
mechanism is that it functions as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals from sunlight exposure, air pollutants or normal metabolic processes. The efficacy of topical treatment, as opposed to oral intake is poorly understood. The clinical trial literature is characterized as insufficient to support health claims, ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_8_15.txt |
Animal models[edit]
Studies of human diseases have benefited from the availability of small laboratory animal models. However, the tissues of animal models with a GULO gene generally have high levels of ascorbic acid and so are often only slightly influenced by exogenous vitamin C. This is a major handicap for studies ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/L-gulonolactone_oxidase_3.txt |
prominence in new areas.
The Late Bronze Age collapse around 1200 BCE resulted in the disappearance of a number of civilizations and the beginning of the Greek Dark Ages. During this period iron started replacing bronze, leading to the Iron Age.
In the 5th century BCE, history started being recorded as a discipline, w... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_3_3.txt |
is contested.
Neanderthals are known to have collected a variety of unusual objects—such as crystals or fossils—without any real functional purpose or any indication of damage caused by use. It is unclear if these objects were simply picked up for their aesthetic qualities, or if some symbolic significance was applied... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_50.txt |
the century, based on the exposure of Piltdown Man as a hoax as well as a reexamination of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 (who had osteoarthritis which caused slouching in life) and new discoveries, the scientific community began to rework its understanding of Neanderthals. Ideas such as Neanderthal behaviour, intelligence ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_19.txt |
first Neanderthal genome sequence was published in 2010, and strongly indicated interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans. The genomes of all studied modern populations contain Neanderthal DNA. Various estimates exist for the proportion, such as 1–4% or 3.4–7.9% in modern Eurasians, or 1.8–2.4% in mod... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_166.txt |
more demanding underground production method. This is one of our best indicators that some of their techniques were conveyed by cultural processes.
Neanderthals were likely able to survive in a similar range of temperatures to modern humans while sleeping: about 32 °C (90 °F) while naked in the open and windspeed 5.4 ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_146.txt |
as a deterrent as it could indicate poison—means it was likely a deliberate act. In Kebara Cave, Israel, plant remains which have historically been used for their medicinal properties were found, including the common grape vine, the pistachios of the Persian turpentine tree, ervil seeds and oak acorns.
The degree of l... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_153.txt |
adult sleep to four hours per day has been shown to correlate with changes in physiology and mental state, including reduced memory, fatigue, aggression, and bodily discomfort.
During sleep humans dream, where they experience sensory images and sounds. Dreaming is stimulated by the pons and mostly occurs during the RE... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_6_3.txt |
ullcap of Neanderthal 1, the type specimen, at the Musée de l'Homme, Paris
The first Neanderthal remains—Engis 2 (a skull)—were discovered in 1829 by Dutch/Belgian prehistorian Philippe-Charles Schmerling in the Grottes d'Engis, Belgium. He concluded that these "poorly developed" human remains must have been buried at ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_1_4.txt |
one having red hair.
In modern humans, skin and hair colour is regulated by the melanocyte-stimulating hormone—which increases the proportion of eumelanin (black pigment) to phaeomelanin (red pigment)—which is encoded by the MC1R gene. There are five known variants in modern humans of the gene which cause loss-of-func... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_62.txt |
thal genome, 25% in modern Europeans and 32% in modern East Asians may be related to viral immunity. In all, approximately 20% of the Neanderthal genome appears to have survived in the modern human gene pool.
Reconstruction of the upper Palaeolithic human Oase 2 with around 7.3% Neanderthal DNA (from an ancestor 4–6 ge... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_6_3.txt |
flushing of the skin. The United States Institute of Medicine recommends against consuming large amounts.
Most animals are able to synthesize their own vitamin C. However, apes (including humans) and monkeys (but not all primates), most bats, most fish, some rodents, and certain other animals must acquire it from diet... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_2.txt |
the term "humans" with all members of the genus Homo, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant member. Extinct members of the genus Homo are known as archaic humans, and the term "modern human" is used to distinguish Homo sapiens from archaic humans. Anatomically modern humans emerged aroun... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_0_2.txt |
frequency of potentially debilitating injuries could have prevented very complex technologies from emerging, as a major injury would have impeded an expert's ability to effectively teach a novice.
Stone tools[edit]
Mousterian projectile pointLevallois technique
Neanderthals made stone tools, and are associated with t... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_55.txt |
mg/100 g, but fried, the content is reduced to 2.7 mg/100 g. Vitamin C is present in human breast milk at 5.0 mg/100 g. Cow's milk contains 1.0 mg/100 g, but the heat of pasteurization destroys it.
Vitamin C chemically decomposes under certain conditions, many of which may occur during the cooking of food. Vitamin C co... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_15.txt |
biological reproductive barrier between the groups, and therefore species distinction. In 2014 geneticist Svante Pääbo summarised the controversy, describing such "taxonomic wars" as unresolvable, "since there is no definition of species perfectly describing the case".
Neanderthals are thought to have been more closel... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_24.txt |
,000 genes. By comparing mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose genetic marker is found in all modern humans, the so-called mitochondrial Eve, must have lived around 90,000 to 200,000 years ago.
Life cycle
See also: Childbirth a... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_8.txt |
, based on the abundance of young and mature adults in comparison to other age demographics, about 80% of them above the age of 20 died before reaching 40. This high mortality rate was probably due to their high-stress environment. However, it has also been estimated that the age pyramids for Neanderthals and contempor... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_42.txt |
thals hunting these carnivores.
Low population caused a low genetic diversity and probably inbreeding, which reduced the population's ability to filter out harmful mutations (inbreeding depression). However, it is unknown how this affected a single Neanderthal's genetic burden and, thus, if this caused a higher rate of... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_70.txt |
illness.
Vitamin C distributes readily in high concentrations into immune cells, promotes natural killer cell activities, promotes lymphocyte proliferation, and is depleted quickly during infections, effects suggesting a prominent role in immune system function. The European Food Safety Authority concluded there is a ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_53.txt |
marker points (63 to 58 million years ago).
It has also been noted that the loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbate strikingly parallels the inability to break down uric acid, also a characteristic of primates. Uric acid and ascorbate are both strong reducing agents. This has led to the suggestion that, in higher ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_41.txt |
southwestern France, Acheulean-tradition Mousterian subtypes A and B along the Atlantic and northwestern European coasts, the Micoquien industry of Central and Eastern Europe and the related Sibiryachikha variant in the Siberian Altai Mountains, the Denticulate Mousterian industry in Western Europe, the racloir indust... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_57.txt |
it is unclear whether they were capable of starting fire or simply scavenged from naturally occurring wildfires. Indirect evidence of fire-starting ability includes pyrite residue on a couple of dozen bifaces from late Mousterian (c. 50,000 years ago) northwestern France (which could indicate they were used as percuss... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_69.txt |
Cardiovascular disease[edit]
There is no evidence that vitamin C supplementation decreases the risk cardiovascular disease, although there may be an association between higher circulating vitamin C levels or dietary vitamin C and a lower risk of stroke. There is a positive effect of vitamin C on endothelial dysfunction... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_8_11.txt |
DA for smokers. An inverse relationship between vitamin C intake and lung cancer was observed, although the conculsion was that more research is needed to confirm this observation.
The US National Center for Health Statistics conducts biannual National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the heal... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_3_5.txt |
extracted from glycogen; ascorbate synthesis is a glycogenolysis-dependent process. In humans and in animals that cannot synthesize vitamin C, the enzyme l-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO), which catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis, is highly mutated and non-functional.
Animal synthesis[edit]
There is some informa... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_7_1.txt |
on the exposure of Piltdown Man as a hoax as well as a reexamination of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 (who had osteoarthritis which caused slouching in life) and new discoveries, the scientific community began to rework its understanding of Neanderthals. Ideas such as Neanderthal behaviour, intelligence and culture were be... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_1_10.txt |
lang, Hungary, and Mokriška jama, Slovenia, in 1985; but these are now attributed to modern human activities. The 43,000-year-old Divje Babe Flute from Slovenia, found in 1995, has been attributed by some researchers to Neanderthals, and Canadian musicologist Robert Fink said the original flute had either a diatonic or... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_53.txt |
recommends staying active and maintaining a healthy body weight.
Others
David L. Katz, who reviewed the most prevalent popular diets in 2014, noted:
The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. A diet of minimally processed foods close to nature, pre... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Healthy_diet_1_14.txt |
joining of two other chromosomes, leaving humans with only 23 pairs of chromosomes, compared to 24 for the other apes. Following their split with chimpanzees and bonobos, the hominins diversified into many species and at least two distinct genera. All but one of these lineages – representing the genus Homo and its sol... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_2_1.txt |
this observation.
The US National Center for Health Statistics conducts biannual National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. Some results are reported as What We Eat In America. The 2013–2014 survey reported that for... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_10.txt |
abundance of fossil remains—the behavior is not indicative of a religious belief of life after death because it could also have had non-symbolic motivations, such as great emotion or the prevention of scavenging.
Estimates made regarding the number of known Neanderthal burials range from thirty-six to sixty. The oldes... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_5_89.txt |
In popular culture[edit]
Main article: Neanderthals in popular culture
Cavemen in The Black Terror #16 (1946)
Neanderthals have been portrayed in popular culture including appearances in literature, visual media and comedy. The "caveman" archetype often mocks Neanderthals and depicts them as primitive, hunchbacked, kn... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_8_0.txt |
high lung capacities or other adaptations at high altitudes. Some populations have evolved highly unique adaptations to very specific environmental conditions, such as those advantageous to ocean-dwelling lifestyles and freediving in the Bajau.
Human hair ranges in color from red to blond to brown to black, which is t... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_5_21.txt |
of children and infants, especially, are associated with grave goods such as artefacts and bones. The grave of a newborn from La Ferrassie, France, was found with three flint scrapers, and an infant from Dederiyeh [de] Cave, Syria, was found with a triangular flint placed on its chest. A 10-month-old from Amud Cave, I... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_0_161.txt |
a rate comparable to other primates, but have an increased preference for killing adults, infanticide being more common among other primates. Phylogenetic analysis predicts that 2% of early H. sapiens would be murdered, rising to 12% during the medieval period, before dropping to below 2% in modern times. There is gre... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_8_10.txt |
C, natural selection would not act to preserve it.
In the case of the simians, it is thought that the loss of the ability to make vitamin C may have occurred much farther back in evolutionary history than the emergence of humans or even apes, since it evidently occurred soon after the appearance of the first primates, ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_39.txt |
50–53°N, although this is difficult to assess because glacial advances destroy most human remains, and palaeoanthropologist Trine Kellberg Nielsen has argued that a lack of evidence of Southern Scandinavian occupation is (at least during the Eemian interglacial) due to the former explanation and a lack of research in ... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Neanderthal_3_3.txt |
kilogram of body weight basis, simian non-synthesizer species consume the vitamin in amounts 10 to 20 times higher than what is recommended by governments for humans. This discrepancy constituted some of the basis of the controversy on human recommended dietary allowances being set too low. However, simian consumption... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_0_36.txt |
Adverse effects[edit]
Oral intake as dietary supplements in excess of requirements are poorly absorbed, and excesses in the blood rapidly excreted in the urine, so it exhibits low acute toxicity. More than two to three grams, consumed orally, may cause nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. These effects are attributed... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Vitamin_C_9_0.txt |
humans' musical abilities being related to other abilities, including complex social human behaviours. It has been shown that human brains respond to music by becoming synchronized with the rhythm and beat, a process called entrainment. Dance is also a form of human expression found in all cultures and may have evolve... | xlangai/BRIGHT/biology/neanderthals_vitamin_C_diet/Human_7_6.txt |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.