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Disclaimer: I've never actually written an unwind personality routine, so take what's here with a grain of salt.
A few days back, I spent 30 minutes defending the C++ runtime's exception handling personality routine to the guy that has the less than enviable job of supporting the .Net Framework's exception handling personality routine. The eventual point to be learned is that the documentation for RtlUnwindEx is abysmal, and can cause the VC 8.0 C++ runtime to leak objects left and right.
The problem revolves around the C++ team's decision (which I fully support) to cause code compiled with /EHs or /EHsc flags to only invoke destructors when a C++ exception occurs. This means that if you take a hardware exception, call RaiseException yourself, or call longjmp none of your C++ destructors between the point of exception and the handler will be invoked. I've talked about why this is a good idea, but I'll sum it up with this: If that scenario seems bad to you, then you should be compiling your code with /EHa.
Anyway, back to the issue: Say I'm writing a 'personality routine' which will be inovked by the OS when an exception occurs. If you're writing the kind that requires that your handler initiates the second phase of unwind, you need to call RtlUnwindEx. The documentation, which is arguably bad (it's little more that a function declaration), indicates that the EXCEPTION_RECORD structure to pass in is optional. And that's true: the functions on the stack will still be unwound. But the personality routines for those functions might want to actually know that they're being invoked due to an exception, and not for something like a longjmp. So, if you have an exception record that could be passed to the RtlUnwindEx function, you should. If you don't, another personality routine might assume that there's not an exception to examine, and might decide to do something like NOT invoke the destructors for the object on the stack.
BTW - this bug exists only on x86, and only when you're crossing a managed code -> native code boundary, in particularly weird scenarios. And I hope it's getting fixed :-)
PingBack from http://cpfh.wordpress.com/2007/05/13/lessons-in-exception-handling/ | <urn:uuid:e91c80e3-5358-40cd-8e95-22844e0aea2b> | 2013-05-23T19:01:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How Do You Spell Progress? P-E-E
Astronauts aboard the space station toasted themselves and their colleagues after the successful completion of a recycling system that transforms urine and sweat into potable water. Foregoing champagne, the spacemen drank to the event by sipping some of the very water that had been recycled from their pee, while NASA workers on the ground sipped their own version of recycled drinking water.
[via The Food Section] | <urn:uuid:90cb9402-b5b1-4d7c-8f27-2fa8f528aaad> | 2013-05-23T18:59:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Director William "One Take" Beaudine handles Face of Marble with his usual hasty professionalism. John Carradine stars as Professor Randolph, a brilliant brain surgeon. At the moment, Randolph and his assistant David Cochran (Robert Shayne) are experimenting with restoring the dead to life. But there's an unfortunate side-effect: the deceased sailor upon whom Randolph conducts his first human experiment promptly turns to marble when he's revived from the dead. All of this is eventually tied in with the clandestine romance between Cochran and Randolph's faithless wife Elaine (Claudia Drake), and with the sinister incantations of voodoo practitioner Marika (Rosa Rey). John Carradine is quite good, considering the circumstances.
Images, Posters and Photos | <urn:uuid:8ddb598c-bafd-431c-a50a-1a86b30ca752> | 2013-05-23T18:39:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Bass, Blue Nose
Bluenose Bass is a large fish, growing to over 50 kg, found in temperate waters of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and South America. They are particularly vulnerable to fishing pressure because they are long lived, mature late, and exhibit schooling and spawning aggregation behaviors making them easier to catch.
Bluenose Bass sold in the U.S. primarily comes from New Zealand, but a small commercial Bluenose Bass fishery also occurs in Australia. Both fisheries are managed through total allowable catch limits. In New Zealand, abundance of Bluenose Bass has declined to low levels over the last decade, likely as a result of unsustainable catch rates, and there is a relatively high probability that the population is overfished. In Australia, abundance levels of Bluenose Bass populations appear to be more stable.
The majority of Bluenose Bass are caught with bottom longlines or other hook-and-line gear, which may cause moderate habitat damage and result in medium levels of bycatch. | <urn:uuid:e2c69c1b-d443-43b0-be10-2b5d995e64cb> | 2013-05-23T18:48:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In Arkham Horror, tomes require movement points to use, e.g. Old Journal:
Movement: Exhaust and spend 1 movement point to make a Lore (-1) check. If you pass, gain 3 Clue tokens and discard Old Journal. If you fail, nothing happens.
Because I never receive movement points in Other Worlds, is it possible to use a tome? | <urn:uuid:861f60be-3b64-4106-bfce-5f0f1cd6aebf> | 2013-05-23T18:44:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Why are we wasting the obvious talents of David Wilson? Maybe a screen pass, how about a pitch outside? If we regarded him so highly in the draft, maybe we need to put a little bit more faith in him, especially now! Are the coaches blind to the spark and speed on those kickoff returns? Does one fumble remit you to the doghouse for the year? | <urn:uuid:038e18f6-6f9d-4265-a52e-9d5166afeb68> | 2013-05-23T18:32:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Faulkner estate claims that quoting his novels in films is both a trademark and copyright infringement
A reader writes, "A character in Woody Allen's Midnight in Paris
quoted nine words from William Faulkner, with attribution. Faulkner Literary Rights LLC has responded a year later with a lawsuit alleging copyright infringement
and attempts to deceive viewers into thinking Requiem for a Nun is a game for the PS3. Or something." The suit's major claims seem to turn on trademark (though there are copyright claims in there, too): the Faulkner estate claims that a movie that quotes Faulkner and has a character who meets various historical people (including Faulkner) "is likely to cause confusion, to cause mistake, and/or to deceive the infringing film's viewers as to a perceived affiliation, connection or association between William Faulkner and his works, on the one hand, and Sony, on the other hand." | <urn:uuid:7652c96e-a7db-4752-a2b6-d3f68bd9a9e6> | 2013-05-23T18:51:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Mostly cloudy. Light showers likely in the morning...then a chance of light showers in the late morning and early afternoon. Breezy. Much cooler. Highs in the mid 50s. North winds 10 to 20 mph with gusts up to 30 mph in the morning increasing to 15 to 25 mph with gusts up to 35 mph in the late morning and afternoon. Chance of precipitation 60 percent. | <urn:uuid:ad650a3c-edad-40e1-b548-2e4bfba1b237> | 2013-05-23T18:46:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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May 23, 2013
World Bank chief warns no region immune to Europe crisis
World Bank President Jim Yong Kim on Wednesday warned that most regions of the world will be hurt by the debt crisis enveloping the euro zone and said it was vital to protect the strong economic gains of the past decade in the developing world.
In his first public speech since taking the helm of the World Bank on July 1, Kim said even if the euro zone crisis is contained, it could still reduce growth in most of the world's regions by as much as 1.5 percent.
A major crisis in Europe could slash gross domestic product in developing countries by 4 percent or more, enough to trigger a deep global recession, he said.
"Such events threaten many of the recent achievements in the fight against poverty," he said, noting that over the last decade nearly 30 developing countries have grown by 6 percent or more annually.
Outlining challenges for the global poverty-fighting institution, Kim said his priority was to protect development gains from economic risks, such as the euro zone crisis, which has begun to weigh on growth in large emerging economies like China.
For now, the world's poorest nations appear to be somewhat insulated from the euro zone crisis because they have limited exposure to global financial markets.
But Kim said not everyone would be spared and he urged European policymakers to take necessary steps to restore stability.
"To put it starkly, what's happening in Europe today affects the fisherman in Senegal and the software programmer in India," Kim told the Brookings Institution, a think tank in Washington.
He said the bank had a role in broadening development to include fragile states or countries afflicted by conflict so they are not left trailing behind, and ensuring growth in developing regions is lasting and benefits everyone.
He said reforms are needed to sustain high rates of growth even in fast-rising economies. Middle-income countries need to modernize their economic structures and create jobs to meet the growing expectations of their people, Kim added.
The challenge for the World Bank was also to help tackle growing inequality in developing countries, Kim said.
"Even as an unprecedented number of people in the developing world are ascending into the middle class, segments of the poorest populations are being left behind, and other segments of the middle class are at risk of falling back into poverty," he said.
Unlike previous heads of the World Bank, Kim is a physician and anthropologist, not a politician, banker or a career diplomat. His work has focused on bringing healthcare to the poor, whether fighting tuberculosis in Haiti and Peru or tackling HIV/AIDS in Russian prisons.
As he makes his rounds of the different parts of the World Bank Group, Kim said he had was focused on what he called "the science of delivering results," in which the impact of development projects on people can be measured.
"We have to have focus on actually delivering results on the ground," Kim said. Such ideas are likely to play well among the World Bank's major donors, such as the United States, which are facing budget constraints and wanting to see tax dollars put to good use. | <urn:uuid:9f60647f-43bb-47da-9dac-6e5593f051be> | 2013-05-23T18:32:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How to Play
From Bunni Wiki
Use your mouse to control your Bunni avatar (the Bunni with a crown). Just click and drag! There are various quests available in the World of Bunni and the main objective is to marry the Bunni girl and fill the island with hearts. To be able to advance, you will need resources that you can gather by ordering other animals under your control to work. These animals also need food, so you should make sure there are fruit trees or flower gardens nearby. Take care of your ecosystem and you won't have to keep things up yourself. If you balance the number of workers with the amount of trees/rocks and food, then you can go off and do quests and such while earning wood and rocks. :)
For detailed controls, see the in game tutorial. | <urn:uuid:28fd5eed-e22c-4353-9952-14a1dc275711> | 2013-05-23T18:32:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Perceived bias on the part of a high court judge on the matter of e-tolling was at issue at a hearing in Pretoria on Monday.
Treasury lawyer Jeremy Gauntlett asked Judge Louis Vorster to "consider his position" in the e-toll case after he agreed with the lawyer representing the Opposition to Urban Tolling Alliance (Outa).
"The point is objectively, what was stated was : 'you can rest assured that I was with you even before you started talking'," Gauntlett said quoting the judge.
"We leave it to the lord's conscience now [to decide on his position]."
Vorster said he wanted to clarify his position "for all to hear".
He said he noticed that two heads of argument had been submitted by Outa and both dealt with the interpretation of section 27 of the Sanral Act.
It stated that public input was important in the development of the Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project (GFIP).
Earlier Vorster was questioning Outa lawyer Mike Maritz on the reference to the section in the heads of argument.
"Mr Maritz, I put the question to you :'is this not a crucial and important question as to what the interpretation is of that section?'. He answered in the affirmative," Vorster said.
"I said to him, 'I'm with you on that one.' I meant that in the first set [of heads of arguments] that was the point that was made and in the second set that point is still there."
Vorster said he had no bias in the case.
"I have not made up my mind. It is a vexed question and a question that is debated before me," he said.
"I am open to persuasion and I have no preconceived decisions in that regard. "
Gauntlett said the Treasury reserved its position.
The High Court in Pretoria heard on Monday the initial notice of the intention to toll roads in Gauteng by the SA National Roads Agency Ltd was "sterile" and "misleading".
Maritz argued that the public was not aware what the the GFIP would entail.
"There was virtually nothing to be contained in the sterile notice. It was positively misleading and it conveyed to the public that it was only existing roads that were going to be tolled," he said.
Maritz said this was why there was such a limited response to the notice.
"As far as the first batch of notices is concerned, there were only 30 respondents out of millions of interested road-using members of the general public," he said.
"That tells its own story."
He said that since the notice was printed in several newspapers, it could not reach a wider spectrum of the public.
This included those who were illiterate, who had impaired vision or were not around to read the newspapers on those days.
It would have made more sense for Sanral to have notices on television and radio as well.
He said Section 27 of the Sanral Act said that public consultation and input on the project was "critical". However Sanral argued that the notice was enough.
This meant that Sanral did not have to tell the public about the costs of the project or how it would be implemented.
When construction on the project was underway, the Fifa soccer World Cup planning had begun, and average members of the public did not know how the developments would be funded, Maritz argued.
"In the public mind this was all part of the activity surrounding the world cup. The typical road user... did not know that it would be funded entirely by tolling."
He said it was possible that Sanral's alleged non-compliance with section 27 was a "deliberate strategy to keep the public in the dark".
If the principle of user-pay, or the e-tolls tariffs were released by Sanral in previous notices, the public outcry on the project would have happened earlier. | <urn:uuid:6930e34e-8f69-4918-8e4b-7bb3c7f2fcac> | 2013-05-23T18:32:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Our Country's Good
Written by Timberlake Wertenbaker
Our Country's Good is the story of convicts and Royal Marines sent to Australia in the late 1780s as part of the first penal colony there. It follows Second Lieutenant Ralph Clark's attempts to put on a production of George Farquhar's restoration comedy The Recruiting Officer with a cast of male and female convicts. The play shows the class system in the convict camp and discusses themes such as sexuality, punishment, the Georgian judicial system, and the idea that that it is possible for ‘theatre to be a humanising force'. | <urn:uuid:d51c80b0-f96b-4e2e-a7f2-2a998b97186e> | 2013-05-23T18:37:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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No sign of Assad after bomb kills kin, rebels close in
By Mariam Karouny and Oliver Holmes
BEIRUT/AMMAN (Reuters) - Mystery surrounded the whereabouts of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on Thursday, a day after a bomber killed and wounded his security chiefs and rebels closed in on the centre of Damascus, vowing to "liberate" the capital.
The Syrian leader made no public appearance and no statement on Wednesday after a bomber killed his powerful brother-in-law, his defense minister and a top general.
By the early hours of Thursday morning, residents had reported no let-up in the heaviest fighting to hit the capital in a 16-month revolt against Assad's rule.
Fighting on Wednesday had come to within sight of the presidential palace, near the security headquarters where the bomber struck a crisis meeting of defense and security chiefs.
Assad's brother-in-law Assef Shawkat, who served as a top commander and one of the pillars of the Assad clan's rule, was killed in the blast along with Defense Minister Daoud Rajha.
Another senior general also was killed and the heads of intelligence and the Interior Ministry were wounded, deeply damaging the security apparatus of the Assad family, which has ruled the country with an iron fist for four decades.
Intense clashes were reported late on Wednesday in the capital's central districts of Mezze and Kafar Souseh, while a police station in the Hajar al-Aswad district was in flames.
The army was shelling its own capital from the surrounding mountains as night fell. Government troops, having vowed retaliation on Wednesday for the assassination, fired machineguns into the city from helicopters. Continued... | <urn:uuid:74b8fbbc-7b90-41f9-af1b-e077a7cbcdb6> | 2013-05-23T19:05:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Defendant, Tyrone Sharret, appeals from his conviction for possession for sale (count 1) and sale (count 2) of heroin. . . . Defendant gave heroin to another person. That person in turn handed the heroin to another individual. That individual handed the heroin to an undercover police officer."
Sort of like musical chairs. But with smack. | <urn:uuid:dcf20ec5-9ebe-4589-9785-dfb6dabb9d74> | 2013-05-23T18:58:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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First day in Tokyo was new year's day and the city was completely empty. Stores were closed, even starbucks shut its doors, and I was the only one wandering the streets. Yes, I did get lost. It was cold and even with blue skies I had to draw my coat tight around me. But it was so beautiful. | <urn:uuid:b200d4b1-4f41-4caa-89fa-526c8fa0bef0> | 2013-05-23T18:51:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On National Review Online's The Corner today, Peter Robinson posts an item titled "'Tolerance' at Dartmouth," which at first glance does smack of secularist intolerance. It has to do with a brouhaha surrounding one Noah Riner, a senior at Dartmouth College and the president of the College's Student Assembly.
According to Robinson:
This past Tuesday at Convocation, the formal event marking the beginning of the Dartmouth academic year, Riner gave a speech on the importance of character. In the course of this speech Riner mentioned--brace yourself--Jesus. An excerpt:Character has a lot to do with sacrifice, laying our personal interests down for something bigger. The best example of this is Jesus. In the Garden of Gethsemane, just hours before his crucifixion, Jesus prayed, "Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done." He knew the right thing to do. He knew the cost would be agonizing torture and death. He did it anyway. That's character.
The result of these remarks? Young Mr. Riner has spent the balance of this week finding himself roundly (and pompously) denounced. A vice president of the Student Assembly resigned, calling Riner's remarks "reprehensible." A petition protesting Riner's remarks was circulated. And The Dartmouth, one of the student newspapers, editorialized against him.
Sounds pretty bad, doesn't it?
So I checked out the link supplied by Robinson, to a post on a website called The Dartblog. The author of the post, a conservative and a self-styled "athiest" (sic), says he did not find Riner's speech offensive and that the hullabaloo about it is ridiculous and intolerant. He quotes the same passage as Robinson, and expresses surprise that Riner's dectractors characterized this as a "fire and brimstone speech" likely to make freshmen feel unwelcome.
Then I clicked on the link to the actual speech, and read this passage that follows the one quoted above:
Jesus is a good example of character, but He's also much more than that. He is the solution to flawed people like corrupt Dartmouth alums, looters, and me.
It's so easy to focus on the defects of others and ignore my own. But I need saving as much as they do.
Jesus' message of redemption is simple. People are imperfect, and there are consequences for our actions. He gave His life for our sin so that we wouldn't have to bear the penalty of the law; so we could see love. The problem is me; the solution is God's love: Jesus on the cross, for us.
In the words of Bono:[I]f only we could be a bit more like Him, the world would be transformed. …When I look at the Cross of Christ, what I see up there is all my s--- and everybody else's. So I ask myself a question a lot of people have asked: Who is this man? And was He who He said He was, or was He just a religious nut? And there it is, and that's the question.
Now that's a bit different, isn't it? (The reference to corrupt Dartmouth alums has to do with an earlier part of Riner's speech in which he said that a Dartmouth education in and of itself was not a sufficient condition for being a good person, and cited the examples of three alumni who had committed, respectively, espionage for the Soviet Union, murder, and sexual assault.) Okay, so maybe it's not "fire and brimstone," as guest columnist and fellow student Brian Martin editorialized in The Dartmouth. But Martin was certainly correct when he wrote that Riner had chosen to "turn Convocation into a religious pulpit" and an occasion to proselytize, and that this was neither appropriate nor respectful to the freshmen.
Note that Riner did not merely invoke Jesus as his own personal solution. His message was quite clear: Jesus is the only solution for everyone.
Did Riner's come-to-Jesus speech violate the Establishment clause? No, certainly not, since Dartmouth is a private college. Did officials and students at a multifaith school have a right to consider it inappropriate and offensive? You betcha. (Of course, I think it would have been equally inappropriate for a student body president to use a convocation to proselytize for any other belief system or cause, be it feminism, vegetarianism, opposition to abortion, or righteous outrage against the war in Iraq. And I do wonder if most of the liberal secularists who were appalled by Riner's sermon would agree with that.)
And by the way, folks, if we're going to talk about character ... isn't it, well, a tad disingeuous to complain about intolerant liberal secularists who object to a speech that merely mentions Jesus, and quoting only the non-objectionable parts of the speech? | <urn:uuid:e92be0f7-7f30-42e6-8101-14e80e89177d> | 2013-05-23T19:04:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Publication Date:Oct 14, 2009
Source:Harvard Business School
English Hardcopy Color
Also Available in:
|English Hardcopy Color||
To maximize their effectiveness, color cases should be printed in color.
This case illustrates a comprehensive valuation of a firm specializing in the "speed dating" niche of the dating/entertainment industry. The founders of HurryDate, a small, privately-held firm, are considering options to fund future growth, including a full or partial sale of the firm. Students must assess the firm's strategy, the key risks and success factors associated with this industry, evaluate basic financial reports, assess the firm's past performance, estimate the firm's future performance, and make recommendations regarding the valuation of the firm. This exercise also highlights the challenges of valuing a small firm, where information and viable comparables are often limited or non-existent.
(1) to provide a simple financial statement and valuation analysis in an interesting setting (2) to illustrate the linkages between strategy, the financial statements, and valuation of a firm (3) to illustrate the limited information and lack of usable comparables to value a smaller private firm.
Entrepreneurship; Financial analysis; Financial statements; Mergers & acquisitions; Valuation
- Geographic: United States
- Industry: Dating services
- Company Employee Count: 8
- Company Revenue: $1.1 million
- Event Year Begin: 2006 | <urn:uuid:1c178fa2-b618-4a0d-900c-312d2c576348> | 2013-05-23T18:39:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Micron Technology, Inc. has entered into agreed with
Nanya Technology Corporation to amend their joint venture
relationship involving Inotera Memories, Inc., a Taiwanese
DRAM memory manufacturer, and to amend their joint
The amendments, effective immediately, include a new
supply agreement between Micron and Inotera pursuant to
which Micron is transitioning to purchase all of Inotera's
manufacturing output, with Micron purchasing substantially
all of such output beginning in early 2013. Under the
prior agreements, Nanya and Micron were each generally
obligated to purchase half of Inotera's output. Commercial
terms of the new supply agreement between Micron and
Inotera have also changed. Under the new arrangement,
Micron's purchase price for Inotera output is market based
as opposed to the former margin sharing arrangement.
Additionally, Nanya will no longer participate in the DRAM
technology joint development program with Micron, which
was initiated when Micron and Nanya entered into the
Inotera joint venture in 2008. Micron will also provide
Nanya with a royalty-bearing technology license.
"Micron and Nanya have enjoyed a strong and productive
technology and manufacturing alliance," said Micron CEO
Mark Durcan. "Moving forward, we are enthusiastic about
continuing to build on that success as we expand our
cooperation with Inotera."
Micron and Nanya collectively will continue to hold a
majority of Inotera's shares, with Nanya or its affiliated
companies likely acquiring greater equity ownership over
the next year. Micron and Nanya and their affiliates
currently own approximately 40 percent and 29 percent,
respectively, of Inotera's outstanding shares.
Micron said the new agreements do not change Micron's
previously announced fiscal second quarter 2013 estimates
for DRAM production bit growth, research and development,
estimated quarter to date average selling price (including
forecasted product mix for the quarter) and cost per bit. | <urn:uuid:af7ac731-03bb-4f6c-bc9f-0a63d9e69118> | 2013-05-23T18:52:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Updated 04/27/2012 05:00 AM
Recipe: Strawberry Rhubarb Turnovers
To view our videos, you need to
install Adobe Flash 9 or above. Install now.
Then come back here and refresh the page.
makes 8 turnovers
1 pkg frozen puff pastry sheets (2 pieces total)
1 1/2 cups diced strawberries
1 1/2 cups diced rhubarb
1/3 cup light brown sugar (firmly packed)
1/4 tsp ground cinnamon
1/4 tsp ground ginger
1 1/2 Tbs cornstarch
1 egg yolk beaten with 2 tsp water
You'll need to plan ahead and defrost the puff pastry and, for eight turnovers, you'll also need 1 1/2 cups each of 1/4 - 1/2 inch diced strawberries and rhubarb and you'll also need to preheat the oven to 400 degrees.
Add the diced strawberries and rhubarb to a medium sized mixing bowl and add 1/3 cup firmly packed light brown sugar and add 1/4 tsp each ground cinnamon and ground ginger, and then add 1 1/2 Tbs cornstarch and mix everything to combine.
Set that aside for a minute and roll one sheet of puff pastry out on a lightly floured work surface, until it is a slightly larger square, and then cut it into 4 equal squares.
Make sure to drain fruit well and place 1/3 cup diced fruit in the center of each square.
Rub a little water along two connecting sides of each square, then fold the dough over to make a triangle (with the dry edges meeting the wet edges), and use a fork to seal the edges.
Repeat the process with the other sheet of puff pastry and, once they are all filled and sealed, place them onto a parchment paper lined baking tray and brush the tops of each one with an egg yolk beaten with a tiny bit of water.
Next, use a sharp knife to make a small slice or two into the top of each turnover and place the tray onto the center rack of the preheated oven.
They will take about 20-24 minutes to bake and it is a good idea to spin the tray halfway around part way through.
Although I said "18-20" minutes in the video, I think 20-24 minutes will allow the puff to crisp up a little better.
Let them cool for a few minutes on the baking tray and then transfer to a cooling rack to allow the bottoms to stay crispier. | <urn:uuid:f4c722c3-089d-4b26-aea5-5dc9cdbb58ae> | 2013-05-23T18:58:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Midwest and the Recession
For almost two years the economy has been stumbling on a rocky path marked by soaring inflation, record-high interest rates, and a constant specter of fuel shortages. During this period the Midwest, which includes the Seventh Federal Reserve District, has shouldered a disproportionate share of the trouble. Primarily, this reflects reduced demand for the products of some of the dominant industries in this region—cars and trucks, construction equipment, agricultural equipment, recreational vehicles, and home appliances. Residential construction also has been much more seriously depressed here than nationally, partly because of slower growth of population. | <urn:uuid:3da267b0-76f2-48d0-91da-cc79fb95080a> | 2013-05-23T18:50:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Assisting seniors to stay connected.
Are you aged 55 or older and having trouble adapting to your hearing loss? Our counsellors provide home visits, education, and demonstrations and recommendations of communication devices. We can help you stay safely and independently at home, improve communication with family and friends and help you stay involved in your favourite activities.
Priority is given to people 55 years and older. Younger adults with other disabilities as well as hearing loss, requiring home-based services are also eligible.
What Services Are Provided?
We will come to your home or residence to provide information and counselling to you, your family and other caregivers on issues related to coping with hearing loss such as:
- Understanding your hearing loss
- Use, care and maintenance of hearing aids and other listening systems
- Managing difficult listening situations
- Selecting specialized communication equipment, ie. telephones, alarm clocks, television accessories
- Referrals to other community services
We offer education and training to consumers, family members, caregivers and the general public including:
- Family support and communication training
- In-Service Training to home-support providers
- Hearing Health Care Clinics
- Presentations/Community displays
- Hearing Help Classes
- Self-help and support groups
We provide information, demonstration and assistance with:
- Assistive Listening Devices (Personal FM and Infrared systems)
- Specialized telephones: amplified, Voice Carry Over (VCO) and TTYs
- Alerting devices | <urn:uuid:ef8eaf38-2d28-4482-992c-2e7a595c09d6> | 2013-05-23T18:59:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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54th Street at Baltimore Avenue,
2 people favorited this theater
The Sherwood Theatre, located on 54th Street at Baltimore Avenue, originally opened in 1913. In 1938, architect David Supowitz remodeled the theater in Art Moderne style. The Sherwood Theatre closed in 1951, and has since been demolished.
Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater | <urn:uuid:32b1295b-3558-4317-919b-10d9b8b4443e> | 2013-05-23T18:32:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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114 North Sixth Street,
No one has favorited this theater yet
Opened in 1910, the Lyric Theatre ran a long life in downtown St. Louis, it was one of seven theatres on the southern end of downtown St. Louis. It was located at 6th Street and Pine Streets across and down the street from the Capitol Theatre. It was a grind house opening early in the morning and closing late at night. Towards the end it ran adult movies followed by a period as a burlesque theatre. It closed in May 1958. Demolished in 1963, the site is now one of the Stadium garages.
Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater | <urn:uuid:519b5fab-63d5-4569-a4bf-6bc9b82a5194> | 2013-05-23T18:52:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The sparsely trafficked six-lane highway from Baghdad to Falluja is a welcome change to the clogged streets of Baghdad, where it can takes hours to cross the city. For most of the one-hour trip, I am lulled by the open road, staring out into the plastic bag littered desert and the flat horizon occasionally broken by villages of cement. Occasionally, we pass by stacks of crates, lined up four of five in a row, that are piled with oranges, bananas, and bottled water. Boys of about 10 years of age stand on the road and wave cars to pull over and buy their produce.
Outside Falluja, we stop at a gas station to wait for out escorts, the so-called Awakening Councils, or Sahwa, the American allied militia-turned-police force that now runs the city. The weather is hot. As we sit in the car, I see a man approaching, his figure initially obscured by the orange, dusty air. His face is wrapped in a red checkered kafiyya and he's dressed all in black. My heart pounds and I brace myself as he nears our vehicle, looking in our direction. As he passes the front of the car, he turns and waves, continuing up to the highway to flag a ride toward Baghdad.
We drive with our escorts through the countryside. Crumpled up car frames, the remains of exploded vehicles, lie amid the tall brown reeds that line the river. Families pick barley and wheat in the fields. Sparse cows nibble on grass. The dusk buzzes with the sound of generators.
In the city, my colleague and I get out of the car. Next to me, people ride bikes across the bridge where American security contractors for the company Blackwater were burned and hung in 2004. A building across from it is crumbling over itself, bombed during the American siege of the city in 2006. We approach a group of people standing on the corner, our armed escorts standing guard across the street. We introduce ourselves as journalists, and someone steps forward from the crowd, "Journalists? Why haven't you come until now? Why weren't you here two years ago?" Our Sahwa escort steps forward, pulls him out of the crowd, and hands him to the nearest police officer, who puts him in a car. "I don't like that kind of talk," he tells me later. It is clear who controls Falluja now.
Another man steps forward. "This is the city of martyrs, the city of the dead, the city of men that were patient and confronted what was put upon them." He shakes his finger in the air as he bellows. "This city was pounded a number of times because its people resisted the occupation. This building in front of you was bombed by the enemy. The Americans need to leave in a hurry. This is not their land, nor their country."
Down the road, two carpenters walk us through the upper floor of their building, a hole in the ceiling and pulverized blocks of concrete on the floor. "About three quarters of the city was destroyed. Hardly anything here has been rebuilt. There is just an unfinished hospital. We get electricity for two hours during the day."
His friend adds as we walk through the rubble: "The Americans are going to be gone and we are going to be left with problems. Everyone is putting money in their own pockets. The Sahwa, the contractors, the politicians. The only things that have been built in Falluja are a bridge and a hospital, and neither are finished."
We go downtown, to talk to shopkeepers. Each person, one after the other, refuses to speak to us on the street. Our escort buys us a soda, and we leave the streets before sunset. | <urn:uuid:480fcea0-999f-4d56-b082-8506edbb6039> | 2013-05-23T18:37:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A 55-year-old Kansas City man with a lengthy history of armed holdups was sentenced to 95 years in federal prison for doing just that to financial institutions in Topeka and Leavenworth, prosecutors said Tuesday.
At sentencing, prosecutors noted that Charles E. Shaw had five prior convictions for armed robbery dating to 1983. Shaw also was ordered to pay $54,052 in restitution.
U.S. Attorney for Kansas Barry Grissom made the announcement Tuesday in a news release.
Topeka police apprehended Shaw in February 2012 after a failed robbery in which he severely broke his ankle attempting to run from a security guard at a downtown credit union. The guard recognized the would-be robber as fitting the description from an armed heist less than two months prior at the same business.
In November, Shaw was convicted in a jury trial of:
■ Robbing the Main Street Credit Union at 1609 S. 4th in Leavenworth on Nov. 24, 2010, and brandishing a firearm during the robbery.
■ Robbing the Citizens National Bank at 601 Delaware St. in Leavenworth on Feb. 14, 2011.
■ Robbing the Educational Credit Union at 901 S.W. Topeka Blvd. in Topeka on Dec. 30, 2011, and brandishing a firearm during the robbery.
■ Attempting to rob the Educational Credit Union again on Feb. 9, 2012, carrying a firearm during the attempted robbery and carrying a firearm after a felony conviction.
In the first holdup of Educational Credit Union in downtown Topeka, a gun-wielding Shaw made off with an undisclosed amount of cash around 11:30 a.m. and used a mountain bike for his getaway.
In the second holdup, a security guard around 11:25 a.m. approached Shaw to question him, which was when Shaw fled out of the credit union. The guard ultimately apprehended the would-be robber after he fell in the parking lot and broke his left ankle.
Authorities said Shaw also rode a mountain bike to that heist but left it in lieu of an attempted getaway on foot.
Grissom commended the Topeka Police Department, the Leavenworth Police Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and assistant U.S. attorney Terra Morehead for their work on the case. | <urn:uuid:3189bec2-b16f-4660-b3d5-fd4b2cbe072a> | 2013-05-23T18:38:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Benefits of touch typing on task performance:
I assume that when comparing skilled individuals, two handed touch typing on a traditional keyboard is faster, more reliable, and more automatic, than the other methods of text input that you mention (e.g., phone or tablet keyboards). These advantages are discussed here.
- Faster input means that ideas can be expressed more quickly.
- Visual attention does not need to be allocated to the keyboard which permits more attention to be placed on the content or the screen.
- The greater reliability and automaticity mean that less attention needs to be allocated to the task of typing than to other methods.
- A more consistent keyboard layout across devices further justifies the investment in learning touch typing.
For further discussion of the cognitive and performance benefits of skilled touch typing, check out Yechiam et al (2003). Discussing the benefits of touch typing over visual typing, they state:
One main distinction of the touch-typing strategy appears to be the
ability to look at the screen while typing and to devote a minimal
level of visual search to the keyboard (Cooper, 1983). This ability is
gained through the memorization of key positions and finger
trajectories, which makes touch-typing a difficult skill to acquire.
Other differences between touch-typing and visually guided typing
include touch typists' (a) use of all fingers of both hands, as
opposed to the use of one hand of only some of the fingers; (b) fixed
assignment of fingers to keys; (c) reduced arm movements; and (d)
fixed locations of the palms (Crooks, 1964).
Broader cognitive benefits of touch typing:
While I have not read any specific research testing the idea, I think the benefits of touch typing relate to its superiority as a text entry method and not as some broader tool for brain integration. A large body of research on psychomotor and cognitive performance suggests that transfer across disparate domains tends to be minimal. The domains would need to have some overlapping elements.
More broadly, there is a strong link between unemployment and depression (e.g., Frese & Mohr, 1987). Engaging in meaningful or enjoyable activity might help improve mood in some cases (e.g., juggling, mastering some other new skill). However, I don't think the mechanism of that mood improvement would be hemispheric brain balancing.
- Cooper, W. E. (1983). Introduction. In W. E. Cooper (Ed.), Cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting (pp. 1-38). New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Crooks, M. (1964). Touch typing for teachers. London: Pitman.
- Frese, M., & Mohr, G. (1987). Prolonged unemployment and depression in older workers: A longitudinal study of intervening variables. Social Science & Medicine, 25(2), 173-178. PDF
- Yechiam, E., Erev, I., Yehene, V., & Gopher, D. (2003). Melioration and the transition from touch-typing training to everyday use. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 45(4), 671-684. | <urn:uuid:cfe72288-6d71-47d2-91a2-a471b2f421bc> | 2013-05-23T18:46:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Charles, an excellent use of SL. What I particularly liked was that I failed to extinguish the fires and received instant feedback but I couldn't quite work out what I was doing wrong (I was not moving the extinguisher over the base of the fires). I had to work that out for myself rather than receive further instruction and that enhances learning. Unfortunately my hands got burned so I now need instruction on how to deal with that (hand under running tap etc but the soothing kiss of a good woman might be difficult to replicate even for SL!).
Great job with the demonstration and thanks for the explanation screenrs. | <urn:uuid:5516a218-f790-4da3-8144-3036ab8a7fd4> | 2013-05-23T18:44:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It would make life a lot easier (and possibly eventual sleep training easier) if we could wean our son from swaddling. He's always fought it since birth, but once it's done, he settles right down and sleeps pretty well at night with it. He doesn't, however,use the swaddle for naps at daycare. How do you know if the baby doesn't need it anymore? I feel like he still has a lot of startling that wakes him up when he's not swaddled.....and when you do wean, how do you do it? | <urn:uuid:6e186f27-b734-40fa-9bd9-2538120144fc> | 2013-05-23T18:59:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Gwayasdums village is a small community located on Gilford Island. The village is the traditional home of the Kwikwasut'inuxw people, though throughout the historic era a number of groups have used the site as a winter village.
Other Kwakwaka'wakw groups that identify closely with Gilford Island are the Gwawa'enuxw, the Haxwa'mis and the Dzawada'enuxw. These three groups, along with the Kwikwasut'inuxw, formed an informally related cluster of social groupings collectively known as Qui'kwasi ki la or "living inside the mountains". The groups had their own potlatch ring, and they used Gwayasdums as a winter village.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections. | <urn:uuid:7a822d2d-98be-41bf-8512-788107b4ed5f> | 2013-05-23T18:37:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Crime Magazine is about true crime: organized crime, celebrity crime, serial killers, corruption, sex crimes, capital punishment, prisons, assassinations, justice issues, crime books, crime films and crime studies.
llich Ramirez Sanches aka Carlos the Jackal
On December 21, 1975, Ilich Ramirez Sanchez aka Carlos the Jackal led a six-person team in an attack of the meeting of OPEC leaders; they took more than 60 hostages and killed three: an Austrian policeman, an Iraqi OPEC employee and a member of the Libyan delegation. Carlos demanded that the Austrian authorities read a communiqué about the Palestinian cause on Austrian radio and television networks every two hours. To avoid the threatened execution of a hostage every 15 minutes, the Austrian government agreed and the communiqué was broadcast as requested.
Sanchez is widely regarded as one of the most famous political terrorist of his era. When he joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in 1970, he was given the code name “Carlos" because of his South American roots. After several bungled bombings, Sanchez achieved notoriety for the 1975 raid on the OPEC headquarters in Vienna, which killed three people. This was followed by a string of attacks against Western targets. For many years he was among the most wanted international fugitives. Carlos was dubbed "The Jackal" by The Guardian after one of its correspondents reportedly spotted the 1971 novel The Day of the Jackal near some of the fugitive's belongings.
In 1994, Carlos was scheduled to undergo a minor testicular operation in a hospital in Sudan. Two days after the operation, Sudanese officials told him that he needed to be moved to a villa for protection from an assassination attempt and would be given personal bodyguards. One night later, the bodyguards went into his room while he slept, tranquilized and tied him, and took him from the villa. On August 14, 1994, Sudan transferred him to French agents, who flew him to Paris for trial. He was charged with the 1975 murders. The trial began on December 12, 1997 and for his part, Sanchez denied the 1975 killings, saying they were orchestrated by Mossad, the Israeli secret service, and condemning Israel as a terrorist nation. During the trial he said, "When one wages war for 30 years, there is a lot of blood spilled - mine and others. But we never killed anyone for money, but for a cause - the liberation of Palestine." He was eventually found guilty and sentenced to life in prison along with two others.
Visit Michael Thomas Barry’s official author website – www.michaelthomasbarry.com and order his true crime book, Murder and Mayhem 52 Crimes that Shocked Early California 1849-1949, from Amazon or Barnes and Noble through the following links – | <urn:uuid:68041ddb-1296-47e2-b070-a9f84d2c2820> | 2013-05-23T18:40:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"All that we see or seem is but a dream within a...
loveyourchaos: …and just by the way I think you’re beautiful.
I don't like day dreaming about violently hurting...
Anonymous asked: What Nikon do you think is the best?
kali-uchis asked: MEET ME IN THE TRAPP. IT'S GOIN DOWN!
opiaphiliac-deactivated20111108 asked: hey i love you you're famous | <urn:uuid:d887f446-028e-42e2-bc8f-8d76e456edf2> | 2013-05-23T19:05:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Northbrook Police Rescue 92-Year-Old Who Drove Into Pool
There were no reported injuries after an elderly woman accidentally drove her car through a fence and into a private pool on Saturday afternoon.
Apparently, an off-season pool cover can't withstand the weight of an average-size sedan.
On Satuday afternoon, "a 92-year-old motorist drove over a curb, through a fence and into a pool at 1280 Rudolph Dr.," according to a release from the Northbrook Fire Department.
Two Northbrook police officers had to assist the driver out of the car and cold water, but no injuries were reported by the fire department, who later helped remove the car from the pool, according to the release.
The car was stuck in about three feet of water, according to the fire department.
One witness told NBC 5 it appeared the woman was parking when the accident happened.
"Evidently, she hit the gas instead of the brake and she whizzed by us through the fence and into the pool," the witness, Hy Speck told NBC. | <urn:uuid:3177b575-b79a-4414-b818-ae406ae66e59> | 2013-05-23T18:58:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Scrambled Eggs RecipeMaking the perfect scrambled eggs isn't difficult. The key is whisking the eggs thoroughly and vigorously before cooking them. Whisking incorporates air, which produces fluffier scrambled eggs. And fluffier is better!
Overcooking is a common problem with scrambled eggs. For starters, scrambled eggs should never be even the slightest bit brown -- that means they're burnt! But the perfect scrambled eggs should be soft and just a little bit moist.
One last thing: Eggs should always be cooked in a nonstick sauté pan. And for that reason, you should always use a heat-resistant rubber spatula.
Prep Time: 5 minutes
Cook Time: 5 minutes
Total Time: 10 minutes
- 8 eggs
- ½ cup whole milk
- 2 Tbsp clarified butter or whole butter
- Salt and ground white pepper, to taste
- Crack the eggs into a glass mixing bowl and beat them until they turn a pale yellow color.
- Heat a heavy-bottomed nonstick sauté pan over medium-low heat. Add the butter and let it melt.
- Add the milk to the eggs and season to taste with salt and white pepper. Then, grab your whisk and whisk like crazy. You're going to want to work up a sweat here. If you're not up for that, you can use an electric beater or stand mixer with the whisk attachment. Whatever device you use, you're trying to beat as much air as possible into the eggs.
- When the butter in the pan is hot enough to make a drop of water hiss, pour in the eggs. Don't stir! Let the eggs cook for up to a minute or until the bottom starts to set.
- With a heat-resistant rubber spatula, gently push one edge of the egg into the center of the pan, while tilting the pan to allow the still liquid egg to flow in underneath. Repeat with the other edges, until there's no liquid left.
- Turn off the heat and continue gently stirring and turning the egg until all the uncooked parts become firm. Don't break up the egg, though. Try to keep the curds as large as possible. If you're adding any other ingredients, now's the time to do it. (See note.)
- Transfer to a plate when the eggs are set but still moist and soft. Eggs are delicate, so they'll continue to cook for a few moments after they're on the plate.
NOTE: There's no limit to the variations you can create by adding ingredients to this basic scrambled egg recipe. Some schools of thought hold that for the sake of simplicity, you wouldn't want to add more than one additional ingredient. Then again, rules are made to be broken!
Some ingredients you could add include:
- Chopped fresh herbs
- Grated cheese
- Diced and sautéed onion (sauté the onion separately and then add)
- Chopped cooked bacon
- Diced ham | <urn:uuid:98b9aa34-4be6-4b3f-ab87-8f44874f4d68> | 2013-05-23T18:30:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Determining death, when minutes matter
Death, so the maxim goes, is one of life's certainties. But in this era of high-tech medical interventions, determining the precise moment of death isn't always cut-and-dried. That determination is vitally important, however, when the deceased could be an organ donor.
Organs: Medical experts all around the world are now taking a closer look at the length of time doctors should wait to determine death before organs are removed for transplantation. One of those experts is Dr. James Bernat, a Dartmouth neurologist and a national authority on medical ethics.
Most vital organ transplants come from donors after they've experienced brain death. "The brain-dead donor is the ideal organ donor because circulation continues," Bernat explains. "So the organs are perfused by the beating heart up to the very moment that they're procured."
Over the last two decades, however, "donation after circulatory death" (DCD) has become increasingly common. In such cases, organs are removed from deceased donors some period of time after their hearts stop beating and their blood stops circulating. DCD, Bernat says, "has become a very common phenomenon that now represents 20 to 25 percent of all deceased organ donation."
In the U.S. and Canada, DCD protocols allow for organ transplantation in "controlled" situations, in which circulatory death occurs after the donor has been removed from life support. In controlled situations, doctors know exactly what interventions and medications the donor received before death—but even so, uncertainties remain.
The most pressing question is how long doctors should wait after the heart has stopped before removing organs. In some situations, auto-resuscitation—the spontaneous return of a heartbeat—can occur after a person's heart has stopped beating. So a surgeon must wait long enough to ensure that the patient has died, but not so long that the organs begin to decay.
Heart: According to Bernat, some hospitals wait just 65 seconds after the heart stops beating before organs are removed. Others wait 5 minutes or more. "Individual hospitals that start programs in DCD develop their own protocols," he explains. "The whole thing is kind of ad hoc, and it cries out for some kind of national standards."
After circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes is prudent.
In an attempt to establish standards, Bernat convened a group of experts from across the U.S. and Canada in late 2008 at the request of the Health Resources Services Administration, a division of the Department of Health and Human Services. Their recommendations were published in Critical Care Medicine a few months ago.
Bernat and his colleagues urge that the cessation of circulation, not just heartbeat, be used to determine death for DCD. After circulation stops, a waiting period of 2 to 5 minutes before removing organs is a prudent choice given current data, the group stated. That recommendation applies specifically to controlled situations.
Many European countries allow for DCD in uncontrolled situations. In those cases, the deceased donor has suffered cardiac arrest, often outside a hospital, and can't be revived. The U.S. may consider uncontrolled DCD protocols in the future, Bernat says. His group hopes to meet again to discuss death determination in those instances.
Standards: Bernat decries the fact "that doctors practicing in one state are using different standards of death determination than in another state. There's really a pressing need," Bernat concludes, "for some type of standardization."
If you'd like to offer feedback about these articles, we'd welcome getting your comments at DartMed@Dartmouth.edu.
These articles may not be reproduced or reposted without permission. To inquire about permission, contact DartMed@Dartmouth.edu. | <urn:uuid:e93718d5-e9be-4888-8afe-a03dc2465040> | 2013-05-23T19:04:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In 1972 Aries Dianna Ross brought to life on the Screen, legendary singer Billie Holiday; both Ladies Born were born in late March, under the sign of the Ram.
Daughters of Venus--Katharine Hepburn, Barbra Streissand are the only two women in Hollywood history to tie for the Oscar for best actress. Decades later, Taurus Cate Blanchett, would win her own Oscar portraying Katharine Hepburn on the screen
In 1967, Aries Warren Beauty gave a dynamic screen performance playing Aries Clyde Barrow. Robert Downey Jr., an Aries, received Hollywood acclaim and an Oscar nod portraying Cinema Pioneer Charlie Chaplin, also an Aries.
In the 1970s, Fire and Air ignited the screen with the powerful duo of Robert Redford (Leo) and Paul Newman (Aquarius). . . One of the most financially successful duos of Broadway history featured a fire Ram, Matthew Broderick working with Aquarius Air Sign, Nathan Lane in the Producers. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have been called this century's most beautiful Hollywood couple; the opposition magnetism is obvious with this Gemini (Jolie) and Sagittarius (Pitt).
In 1938, two fire signs, both born on April fifth, won top honors at the Oscars. . . and the Oscars went to the influential and respected Aries duo, Bette Davis and Spencer Tracy. | <urn:uuid:4a8d15a4-e5f6-4a2a-9861-2de31ce005e6> | 2013-05-23T18:30:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I somewhat know the answer to this question already, but I always feel as though there is more I need to pick up on the topic.
My basic understanding is that generally speaking, a single index that just includes all the fields you might be querying/sorting on at any given time isn't likely to be useful, yet I have seen this type of thing. As in, someone thought, "Well, if we just put all this stuff in an index, the database can use it to find what it needs", without having ever seen an execution plan for some of the actual queries being run.
Imagine a table like so:
id int pk/uid name varchar(50) customerId int (foreign key) dateCreated datetime
I might see a single index including the
But my understanding is that such an index would not be used in a query like, for example:
SELECT [id], [name], [customerId], [dateCreated] FROM Representatives WHERE customerId=1 ORDER BY dateCreated
For such a query, it seems to me that a better idea would be an index including the
dateCreated fields, with the
customerId field being 'first'. This would create an index that would have the data organized in such a way that this query could quickly find what it needs - in the order that it needs.
Another thing I see, perhaps as frequently as the first, is individual indexes on each field; so, one each on
Unlike the first example, this type of arrangement seems to me sometimes to at least be partially useful; the query's execution plan may show that at least it's using the index on the
customerId to select the records, but it's not using the index with the
dateCreated field to sort them.
I know this is a broad question, because the specific answer to any particular query on any particular set of tables is usually to see what the execution plan says it's going to do, and otherwise take the specifics of the table(s) and queries into account. Also, I know that it depends on how often a query might be run as opposed to the overhead of maintaining a particular index for it.
But I suppose what I'm asking is as a general 'starting point' for indexes, does the idea of having specific indexes for specific, frequently-pulled queries and the fields in the WHERE or ORDER BY clauses make sense? | <urn:uuid:869d56de-9970-441d-bc3b-10f816c9e1a3> | 2013-05-23T18:39:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Would you recoomend this project?
We provide many Eclipse plug-ins for Web development, Database modelling, UML modelling and more... In addition we also provide some useful Java libraries which had been written for these tools.
You can download file releases of Amateras project from List of release files
System RequirementsOperating System: OS Independent
List of release files
Check other packages | <urn:uuid:b8fe4d99-69c3-4f31-8784-71314fdf7f90> | 2013-05-23T18:44:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What do you do with a wrinkled t-shirt?
I came home from some early morning emergency calls, and needed to change my shirt. You've probably been in a similar situation where you have some clean clothes laying in a pile. You pick one up, and it's wrinkled.. but clean! I grabbed a t-shirt (a shirt.woot shirt), and it's wrinkly. I just threw it on in the hopes the wrinkles will magically work themselves out.
What would you do? Would choose another shirt? Iron it? Maybe throw it in the dryer for a few minutes? Or, just throw the shirt on and go? | <urn:uuid:5cd67229-ad5a-42de-bfab-cc7717ff7817> | 2013-05-23T18:48:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A Jhonny Peralta single to left field scored Delmon Young to open the scoring in the second inning, but Alex Rios hit a three-run homer in the sixth inning, and A.J. Pierzynski followed with a solo home run.
Starter Rick Porcello had allowed two hits entering the sixth, but things unraveled, and he was pulled after the second home run. The Tigers committed two errors in the inning and have three in the game. White Sox starter Jose Quintana has allowed seven hits and one walk while striking out six. | <urn:uuid:748e2f13-9ea6-4425-9ea4-ea0949b010d5> | 2013-05-23T18:44:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|a fool or simpleton; ninny.|
|a chattering or flighty, light-headed person.|
The Greek and Roman god of poetry, prophecy, medicine, and light. Apollo represents all aspects of civilization and order. He was worshiped at the Delphic oracle, where a priestess gave forth his predictions. Zeus was his father, and Artemis was his sister. He is sometimes identified with Hyperion, the Titan he succeeded.
Note: As a representative of controlled and ordered nature, Apollo is often contrasted with Dionysus, the god who represents wild, creative energies.
Note: The sun was sometimes described as Apollo's chariot, riding across the sky. | <urn:uuid:2b6908d1-342f-41d7-8d68-647ed24d2ea9> | 2013-05-23T18:33:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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lose one's touch
No longer be able to do or handle something skillfully. For example, I used to make beautiful cakes but I seem to have lost my touch, or Dad had a real knack for letting someone down gently, but he's lost his touch. This expression alludes to the older sense of touch as a musician's skill on an instrument or an artist's skill in using a brush or chisel. [First half of 1900s] Also see lose touch.
|a printed punctuation mark (‽), available only in some typefaces, designed to combine the question mark (?) and the exclamation point (!), indicating a mixture of query and interjection, as after a rhetorical question.|
|a fool or simpleton; ninny.| | <urn:uuid:fdeda8bf-684c-4791-84a5-891de54cc0ce> | 2013-05-23T18:39:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Note that haplogroup J2-(DYS413<=18) should be fairly close to J-M410, and J2-(xDYS413<=18) should be fairly close to J-M12, since there seem to be few J-M410's with the "long" DYS413 alleles. The correlation analysis:
The only correlation that reaches significance (and at the 1%) level is between the aforementioned J2 groups; this may point to a differential representation of J2a and J2b in Greek sub-populations.
A dendrogram of the 19 populations:
The principal components plot:
As it appears, J2-(DYS413<=18) is positively correlated with PC1, while J2-(xDYS413<=18) is negatively correlated with it. On the other hand PC2 contrasts haplogroup DE on the one hand with mainly R1 on the other; indeed, the correlation between DE and the combined frequency of R1a and P*(xR1a) -which mostly corresponds to R1b and indeed R-M269 in Greece- is almost significant at the 5% level. Ratio of J2*(xDYS413<=18)/J2 in Greece: A north-west "Epirotic" concentration of high ratios is, I think, evident, contrasted with a south-western "Aegean" concentration of low ratios. | <urn:uuid:7ccc56b9-d68d-45e2-86cd-4bb5254b3ba9> | 2013-05-23T18:39:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Journal of Archaeological Science doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.11.016
Radiocarbon evidence indicates that migrants introduced farming to Britain
Archaeologists disagree about how farming began in Britain. Some argue it was a result of indigenous groups adopting domesticates and cultigens via trade and exchange. Others contend it was the consequence of a migration of farmers from mainland Europe. To shed light on this debate, we used radiocarbon dates to estimate changes in population density between 8000 and 4000 cal BP. We found evidence for a marked and rapid increase in population density coincident with the appearance of cultigens around 6000 cal BP. We also found evidence that this increase occurred first in southern England and shortly afterwards in central Scotland. These findings are best explained by groups of farmers from the Continent independently colonizing England and Scotland, and therefore strongly support the migrant farmers hypothesis. | <urn:uuid:10c2e41e-e46e-406e-9f74-ff64e02c0292> | 2013-05-23T18:31:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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4. Autographed photographs from George K. Cherrie (1925), John Inaleu (a movie actor), and Homer B. Hulbert.
5. Miscellaneous materials re: Indians, mostly about legends and arts.
6. Material re: the U.S. Capitol building and the Liberty Bell; "Presidential Handbook '72", a guide to the electoral process, what the President does, Presidential history, the voting process, etc.
7. Facsimiles of documents written by Abraham Lincoln, including the Gettysburg Address, the Emancipation Proclamation, and Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address.
-issues of several journals, including Arizona Highways, The American West, Natural History, and several Indian-related journals. Also, reprints of articles by Clyde Fisher and other scholars.
-Wilderness Man: The Strange Story of Grey Owl by Lovat Dickinson (1973)
-Lappish Texts by Johan Turi and Per Turi (1920)
1. Reprints of articles by G. Clyde Fisher (1913-1933).
2. Miscellaneous correspondence and newspaper clippings.
3. Miscellaneous Indian materials.
4. Miscellaneous Indian materials.
5. Miscellaneous Indian materials.
6. Articles from National Geographic.
7. New Mexico travel guides.
8. Pamphlets about Te Ata.
9. Clyde Fisher correspondence.
10. Chapters from The Woodcraft Manual for Boys and History of the Boy Scouts of America (Xerox copies). | <urn:uuid:3d9251a1-4af6-49cb-9b47-6f8696652a7e> | 2013-05-23T18:32:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Date: January 10, 2011
Creator: Ahearn, Raymond J.
Description: Seventeen of the European Union's 27 member states share an economic and monetary union (EMU) with the euro as a single currency. These countries are effectively referred to as the Eurozone. What has become known as the Eurozone crisis began in early 2010 when financial markets were shaken by heightened concerns that the fiscal positions of a number of Eurozone countries, beginning with Greece, were unsustainable. This report provides background information and analysis on the future of the Eurozone in six parts, including discussions on the origins and design challenges of the Eurozone, proposals to define the Eurozone crisis, possible scenarios for the future of the Eurozone, and the implications of the Eurozone crisis for U.S. economic and political interests.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department | <urn:uuid:0d693fc8-5aef-46a6-960e-bf0d11c94efa> | 2013-05-23T19:08:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Date: May 2010
Creator: Mulberry, Stella L.
Description: This quantitative study utilized secondary self-reported data from the 2008 administration of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) Freshman Survey from two Texas public universities to investigate the pre-college demographic, academic, attitude, behavioral, and familial factors that may relate to students' self-reported political identities. The study design was correlational regarding the relationship of the demographic, academic, attitude, behavioral, and familial independent variables to the dependent variable of the students' political identities. ANOVA main effects for the independent variables were calculated, and statistical significance required the p < .05 level. The statistically significant demographic factors were native English-speaking status; enrollment status; citizenship status; religious preference; and race. The statistically significant academic factor was intended major. The statistically significant attitude factors were opinions regarding social issues such as criminal rights; abortion rights; the death penalty; the legalization of marijuana; homosexual relationships and same-sex marriage; racial discrimination; income taxes; affirmative action; military spending and voluntary military service; gun control; the environment; national health care; immigration; personal success; political dissent; and free speech. Other statistically significant attitude factors related to personal goals of making artistic and scientific contributions; being politically influential and politically knowledgeable; raising a family; participating in environmental programs and community action ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries | <urn:uuid:1ca5bbd4-220b-4160-bab3-99a36294c5f2> | 2013-05-23T18:47:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Photograph of the Los Angels Fire Department's Company 14 horse-drawn fire engine, ca.1910. The engine is pulled by two galloping horses, a gray one on the left and a dark one on the right. There are two firemen riding the engine, one of them in the driver's seat and the other standing on the back. The engine itself has a large steam water pump in the middle and a hose mounted on the side. There are houses and trees in the background, as well as several utility poles. The words "L.A.F.D. No. 14" are scrawled beneath the engine. | <urn:uuid:52651162-9077-4d24-a679-8778213e5a8f> | 2013-05-23T18:40:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Think about what life in the Garden of Eden was like for Adam and Eve according to God's word. First, Adam's mind, he named all of the animals. God brought them to him to see what he would name them, we can't begin to memorize the animals let alone name them all. Then he tended the garden without breaking a sweat, it was after the fall that God told Adam that by the sweat of your brow you shall till the land. Now the garden was huge according to the word of God and Adam tended it without breaking a sweat and the fact that he could tend that place alone is a chore in and of itself. Now think about the colors of the sky, the grass and flowers, all of creation groans and has been affected by our fallen nature. The greatest thing about this is God will bring us full circle, knowing as we're known. Omniscient like our God, see we were created in their image and likeness and God will bring us back to that nature. Awesome isn't it! Getting back to the flowers, grass, rivers and everything else. Blues are perfect, reds, greens and purples, all of them perfect, flawless. I can't wait to see His glory. How about you?
God bless each and everyone of you,
57 years old
January 2, 1956
Kingdom of God | <urn:uuid:5784c824-49ee-41e9-b891-c045042051c4> | 2013-05-23T19:05:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A model of the labor market under search frictions is developed, where participants are heterogeneous with respect to their productivity types and the individual decision of which type of agents to match with is endogenized. Wages are negotiated, so that all gains from trade are exploited. This has important implications for the equilibrium outcomes. In particular, two applications are studied. It is observed that countries with high (low) unemployment tend to exhibit low (high) wage dispersion. And there is evidence showing that individual and firm characteristics have more explanatory power for the French than for the American wage data. The model is able to replicate these two observations, underscoring the relevance of considering matching patterns between heterogeneous agents in the different economies. Since the model does not feature a minimum wage, I thus provide a theory of endogenous wage compression.
Date of this Version | <urn:uuid:e398ce62-c251-499a-9e57-255c3b733602> | 2013-05-23T18:52:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Oracle® Database Concepts
11g Release 2 (11.2)
|PDF · Mobi · ePub|
This chapter contains the following sections:
A process is a mechanism in an operating system that can run a series of steps. The mechanism depends on the operating system. For example, on Linux an Oracle background process is a Linux process. On Windows, an Oracle background process is a thread of execution within a process.
Code modules are run by processes. All connected Oracle Database users must run the following modules to access a database instance:
Application or Oracle Database utility
A database user runs a database application, such as a precompiler program or a database tool such as SQL*Plus, that issues SQL statements to a database.
Oracle database code
Each user has Oracle database code executing on his or her behalf that interprets and processes the application's SQL statements.
A process normally runs in its own private memory area. Most processes can periodically write to an associated trace file (see "Trace Files").
Multiple-process Oracle (also called multiuser Oracle) uses several processes to run different parts of the Oracle Database code and additional processes for the users—either one process for each connected user or one or more processes shared by multiple users. Most databases are multiuser because a primary advantages of a database is managing data needed by multiple users simultaneously.
Each process in a database instance performs a specific job. By dividing the work of the database and applications into several processes, multiple users and applications can connect to an instance simultaneously while the system gives good performance.
A database instance contains or interacts with the following types of processes:
Client processes run the application or Oracle tool code.
Oracle processes run the Oracle database code. Oracle processes including the following subtypes:
Background processes start with the database instance and perform maintenance tasks such as performing instance recovery, cleaning up processes, writing redo buffers to disk, and so on.
Server processes perform work based on a client request.
Note:Server processes, and the process memory allocated in these processes, run in the instance. The instance continues to function when server processes terminate.
Slave processes perform additional tasks for a background or server process.
The process structure varies depending on the operating system and the choice of Oracle Database options. For example, the code for connected users can be configured for dedicated server or shared server connections. In a shared server architecture, each server process that runs database code can serve multiple client processes.
Figure 15-1 shows a system global area (SGA) and background processes using dedicated server connections. For each user connection, the application is run by a client process that is different from the dedicated server process that runs the database code. Each client process is associated with its own server process, which has its own program global area (PGA).
When a user runs an application such as a Pro*C program or SQL*Plus, the operating system creates a client process (sometimes called a user process) to run the user application. The client application has Oracle Database libraries linked into it that provide the APIs required to communicate with the database.
Client processes differ in important ways from the Oracle processes interacting directly with the instance. The Oracle processes servicing the client process can read from and write to the SGA, whereas the client process cannot. A client process can run on a host other than the database host, whereas Oracle processes cannot.
For example, assume that a user on a client host starts SQL*Plus and connects over the network to database
sample on a different host (the database instance is not started):
SQL> CONNECT SYS@inst1 AS SYSDBA Enter password: ********* Connected to an idle instance.
On the client host, a search of the processes for either
sample shows only the
sqlplus client process:
% ps -ef | grep -e sample -e sqlplus | grep -v grep clientuser 29437 29436 0 15:40 pts/1 00:00:00 sqlplus as sysdba
On the database host, a search of the processes for either
sample shows a server process with a nonlocal connection, but no client process:
% ps -ef | grep -e sample -e sqlplus | grep -v grep serveruser 29441 1 0 15:40 ? 00:00:00 oraclesample (LOCAL=NO)
A connection is a physical communication pathway between a client process and a database instance. A communication pathway is established using available interprocess communication mechanisms or network software. Typically, a connection occurs between a client process and a server process or dispatcher, but it can also occur between a client process and Oracle Connection Manager (CMAN).
A session is a logical entity in the database instance memory that represents the state of a current user login to a database. For example, when a user is authenticated by the database with a password, a session is established for this user. A session lasts from the time the user is authenticated by the database until the time the user disconnects or exits the database application.
A single connection can have 0, 1, or more sessions established on it. The sessions are independent: a commit in one session does not affect transactions in other sessions.
Note:If Oracle Net connection pooling is configured, then it is possible for a connection to drop but leave the sessions intact.
Multiple sessions can exist concurrently for a single database user. As shown in Figure 15-2, user
hr can have multiple connections to a database. In dedicated server connections, the database creates a server process on behalf of each connection. Only the client process that causes the dedicated server to be created uses it. In a shared server connection, many client processes access a single shared server process.
Figure 15-3 illustrates a case in which user
hr has a single connection to a database, but this connection has two sessions.
Generating an autotrace report of SQL statement execution statistics re-creates the scenario in Figure 15-3. Example 15-2 connects SQL*Plus to the database as user
SYSTEM and enables tracing, thus creating a new session (sample output included).
SQL> SELECT SID, SERIAL#, PADDR FROM V$SESSION WHERE USERNAME = USER; SID SERIAL# PADDR --- ------- -------- 90 91 3BE2E41C SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON STATISTICS; SQL> SELECT SID, SERIAL#, PADDR FROM V$SESSION WHERE USERNAME = USER; SID SERIAL# PADDR --- ------- -------- 88 93 3BE2E41C 90 91 3BE2E41C ... SQL> DISCONNECT
DISCONNECT command in Example 15-1 actually ends the sessions, not the connection. Opening a new terminal and connecting to the instance as a different user, the query in Example 15-2 shows that the connection from Example 15-1 is still active.
SQL> CONNECT dba1@inst1 Password: ******** Connected. SQL> SELECT PROGRAM FROM V$PROCESS WHERE ADDR = HEXTORAW('3BE2E41C'); PROGRAM ------------------------------------------------ oracle@stbcs09-1 (TNS V1-V3)
See Also:"Shared Server Architecture"
Server processes created on behalf of a database application can perform one or more of the following tasks:
Execute PL/SQL code
Read data blocks from data files into the database buffer cache (the DBWn background process has the task of writing modified blocks back to disk)
Return results in such a way that the application can process the information
In dedicated server connections, the client connection is associated with one and only one server process (see "Dedicated Server Architecture"). On Linux, 20 client processes connected to a database instance are serviced by 20 server processes.
Each client process communicates directly with its server process. This server process is dedicated to its client process for the duration of the session. The server process stores process-specific information and the UGA in its PGA (see "PGA Usage in Dedicated and Shared Server Modes").
In shared server connections, client applications connect over a network to a dispatcher process, not a server process (see "Shared Server Architecture"). For example, 20 client processes can connect to a single dispatcher process.
The dispatcher process receives requests from connected clients and puts them into a request queue in the large pool (see "Large Pool"). The first available shared server process takes the request from the queue and processes it. Afterward, the shared server place the result into the dispatcher response queue. The dispatcher process monitors this queue and transmits the result to the client.
Like a dedicated server process, a shared server process has its own PGA. However, the UGA for a session is in the SGA so that any shared server can access session data.
A multiprocess Oracle database uses some additional processes called background processes. The background processes perform maintenance tasks required to operate the database and to maximize performance for multiple users.
Each background process has a separate task, but works with the other processes. For example, the LGWR process writes data from the redo log buffer to the online redo log. When a filled log file is ready to be archived,
LGWR signals another process to archive the file.
Oracle Database creates background processes automatically when a database instance starts. An instance can have many background processes, not all of which always exist in every database configuration. The following query lists the background processes running on your database:
SELECT PNAME FROM V$PROCESS WHERE PNAME IS NOT NULL ORDER BY PNAME;
This section includes the following topics:
See Also:Oracle Database Reference for descriptions of all the background processes
The mandatory background processes are present in all typical database configurations. These processes run by default in a database instance started with a minimally configured initialization parameter file (see Example 13-1).
This section describes the following mandatory background processes:
Oracle Database Reference for descriptions of other mandatory processes, including MMAN, DIAG, VKTM, DBRM, and PSP0
Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide and Oracle Clusterware Administration and Deployment Guide for more information about background processes specific to Oracle RAC and Oracle Clusterware
The process monitor (PMON) monitors the other background processes and performs process recovery when a server or dispatcher process terminates abnormally. PMON is responsible for cleaning up the database buffer cache and freeing resources that the client process was using. For example, PMON resets the status of the active transaction table, releases locks that are no longer required, and removes the process ID from the list of active processes.
PMON also registers information about the instance and dispatcher processes with the Oracle Net listener (see "The Oracle Net Listener"). When an instance starts, PMON polls the listener to determine whether it is running. If the listener is running, then PMON passes it relevant parameters. If it is not running, then PMON periodically attempts to contact it.
The system monitor process (SMON) is in charge of a variety of system-level cleanup duties. The duties assigned to SMON include:
Recovering terminated transactions that were skipped during instance recovery because of file-read or tablespace offline errors. SMON recovers the transactions when the tablespace or file is brought back online.
Cleaning up unused temporary segments. For example, Oracle Database allocates extents when creating an index. If the operation fails, then SMON cleans up the temporary space.
Coalescing contiguous free extents within dictionary-managed tablespaces.
SMON checks regularly to see whether it is needed. Other processes can call SMON if they detect a need for it.
The database writer process (DBWn) writes the contents of database buffers to data files. DBWn processes write modified buffers in the database buffer cache to disk (see "Database Buffer Cache").
Although one database writer process (DBW0) is adequate for most systems, you can configure additional processes—DBW1 through DBW9 and DBWa through DBWj—to improve write performance if your system modifies data heavily. These additional DBWn processes are not useful on uniprocessor systems.
The DBWn process writes dirty buffers to disk under the following conditions:
When a server process cannot find a clean reusable buffer after scanning a threshold number of buffers, it signals DBWn to write. DBWn writes dirty buffers to disk asynchronously if possible while performing other processing.
DBWn periodically writes buffers to advance the checkpoint, which is the position in the redo thread from which instance recovery begins (see "Overview of Checkpoints"). The log position of the checkpoint is determined by the oldest dirty buffer in the buffer cache.
In many cases the blocks that DBWn writes are scattered throughout the disk. Thus, the writes tend to be slower than the sequential writes performed by LGWR. DBWn performs multiblock writes when possible to improve efficiency. The number of blocks written in a multiblock write varies by operating system.
See Also:Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for advice on configuring, monitoring, and tuning DBWn
The log writer process (LGWR) manages the redo log buffer. LGWR writes one contiguous portion of the buffer to the online redo log. By separating the tasks of modifying database buffers, performing scattered writes of dirty buffers to disk, and performing fast sequential writes of redo to disk, the database improves performance.
In the following circumstances, LGWR writes all redo entries that have been copied into the buffer since the last time it wrote:
A user commits a transaction (see "Committing Transactions").
An online redo log switch occurs.
Three seconds have passed since LGWR last wrote.
The redo log buffer is one-third full or contains 1 MB of buffered data.
DBWn must write modified buffers to disk.
Before DBWn can write a dirty buffer, redo records associated with changes to the buffer must be written to disk (the write-ahead protocol). If DBWn finds that some redo records have not been written, it signals LGWR to write the records to disk and waits for LGWR to complete before writing the data buffers to disk.
Oracle Database uses a fast commit mechanism to improve performance for committed transactions. When a user issues a
COMMIT statement, the transaction is assigned a system change number (SCN). LGWR puts a commit record in the redo log buffer and writes it to disk immediately, along with the commit SCN and transaction's redo entries.
The redo log buffer is circular. When LGWR writes redo entries from the redo log buffer to an online redo log file, server processes can copy new entries over the entries in the redo log buffer that have been written to disk. LGWR normally writes fast enough to ensure that space is always available in the buffer for new entries, even when access to the online redo log is heavy.
The atomic write of the redo entry containing the transaction's commit record is the single event that determines the transaction has committed. Oracle Database returns a success code to the committing transaction although the data buffers have not yet been written to disk. The corresponding changes to data blocks are deferred until it is efficient for DBWn to write them to the data files.
Note:LGWR can write redo log entries to disk before a transaction commits. The redo entries become permanent only if the transaction later commits.
When activity is high, LGWR can use group commits. For example, a user commits, causing LGWR to write the transaction's redo entries to disk. During this write other users commit. LGWR cannot write to disk to commit these transactions until its previous write completes. Upon completion, LGWR can write the list of redo entries of waiting transactions (not yet committed) in one operation. In this way, the database minimizes disk I/O and maximizes performance. If commits requests continue at a high rate, then every write by LGWR can contain multiple commit records.
LGWR writes synchronously to the active mirrored group of online redo log files. If a log file is inaccessible, then LGWR continues writing to other files in the group and writes an error to the LGWR trace file and the alert log. If all files in a group are damaged, or if the group is unavailable because it has not been archived, then LGWR cannot continue to function.
Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for information about how to monitor and tune the performance of LGWR
The checkpoint process (CKPT) updates the control file and data file headers with checkpoint information and signals DBWn to write blocks to disk. Checkpoint information includes the checkpoint position, SCN, location in online redo log to begin recovery, and so on. As shown in Figure 15-4, CKPT does not write data blocks to data files or redo blocks to online redo log files.
See Also:"Overview of Checkpoints"
The manageability monitor process (MMON) performs many tasks related to the Automatic Workload Repository (AWR). For example, MMON writes when a metric violates its threshold value, taking snapshots, and capturing statistics value for recently modified SQL objects.
The manageability monitor lite process (MMNL) writes statistics from the Active Session History (ASH) buffer in the SGA to disk. MMNL writes to disk when the ASH buffer is full.
In a distributed database, the recoverer process (RECO) automatically resolves failures in distributed transactions. The RECO process of a node automatically connects to other databases involved in an in-doubt distributed transaction. When RECO reestablishes a connection between the databases, it automatically resolves all in-doubt transactions, removing from each database's pending transaction table any rows that correspond to the resolved transactions.
See Also:Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for more information about transaction recovery in distributed systems
An optional background process is any background process not defined as mandatory. Most optional background processes are specific to tasks or features. For example, background processes that support Oracle Streams Advanced Queuing (AQ) or Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) are only available when these features are enabled.
This section describes some common optional processes:
The archiver processes (ARCn) copy online redo log files to offline storage after a redo log switch occurs. These processes can also collect transaction redo data and transmit it to standby database destinations. ARCn processes exist only when the database is in ARCHIVELOG mode and automatic archiving is enabled.
Oracle Database uses job queue processes to run user jobs, often in batch mode. A job is a user-defined task scheduled to run one or more times. For example, you can use a job queue to schedule a long-running update in the background. Given a start date and a time interval, the job queue processes attempt to run the job at the next occurrence of the interval.
Oracle Database manages job queue processes dynamically, thereby enabling job queue clients to use more job queue processes when required. The database releases resources used by the new processes when they are idle.
Dynamic job queue processes can run a large number of jobs concurrently at a given interval. The sequence of events is as follows:
The job coordinator process (CJQ0) is automatically started and stopped as needed by Oracle Scheduler (see "Oracle Scheduler"). The coordinator process periodically selects jobs that need to be run from the system
JOB$ table. New jobs selected are ordered by time.
The coordinator process dynamically spawns job queue slave processes (Jnnn) to run the jobs.
The job queue process runs one of the jobs that was selected by the CJQ0 process for execution. Each job queue process runs one job at a time to completion.
After the process finishes execution of a single job, it polls for more jobs. If no jobs are scheduled for execution, then it enters a sleep state, from which it wakes up at periodic intervals and polls for more jobs. If the process does not find any new jobs, then it terminates after a preset interval.
The initialization parameter
JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES represents the maximum number of job queue processes that can concurrently run on an instance. However, clients should not assume that all job queue processes are available for job execution.
Note:The coordinator process is not started if the initialization parameter
JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSESis set to 0.
The flashback data archiver process (FBDA) archives historical rows of tracked tables into Flashback Data Archives. When a transaction containing DML on a tracked table commits, this process stores the pre-image of the rows into the Flashback Data Archive. It also keeps metadata on the current rows.
FBDA automatically manages the flashback data archive for space, organization, and retention. Additionally, the process keeps track of how far the archiving of tracked transactions has occurred.
The SMCO process coordinates the execution of various space management related tasks, such as proactive space allocation and space reclamation. SMCO dynamically spawns slave processes (Wnnn) to implement the task.
See Also:Oracle Database Advanced Application Developer's Guide to learn about Flashback Data Archive
Slave processes are background processes that perform work on behalf of other processes. This section describes some slave processes used by Oracle Database.
See Also:Oracle Database Reference for descriptions of Oracle Database slave processes
I/O slave processes (Innn) simulate asynchronous I/O for systems and devices that do not support it. In asynchronous I/O, there is no timing requirement for transmission, enabling other processes to start before the transmission has finished.
For example, assume that an application writes 1000 blocks to a disk on an operating system that does not support asynchronous I/O. Each write occurs sequentially and waits for a confirmation that the write was successful. With asynchronous disk, the application can write the blocks in bulk and perform other work while waiting for a response from the operating system that all blocks were written.
To simulate asynchronous I/O, one process oversees several slave processes. The invoker process assigns work to each of the slave processes, who wait for each write to complete and report back to the invoker when done. In true asynchronous I/O the operating system waits for the I/O to complete and reports back to the process, while in simulated asynchronous I/O the slaves wait and report back to the invoker.
The database supports different types of I/O slaves, including the following:
I/O slaves for Recovery Manager (RMAN)
When using RMAN to back up or restore data, you can make use of I/O slaves for both disk and tape devices.
Database writer slaves
If it is not practical to use multiple database writer processes, such as when the computer has one CPU, then the database can distribute I/O over multiple slave processes. DBWR is the only process that scans the buffer cache LRU list for blocks to be written to disk. However, I/O slaves perform the I/O for these blocks.
In parallel execution or parallel processing, multiple processes work together simultaneously to run a single SQL statement. By dividing the work among multiple processes, Oracle Database can run the statement more quickly. For example, four processes handle four different quarters in a year instead of one process handling all four quarters by itself.
Parallel execution reduces response time for data-intensive operations on large databases such as data warehouses. Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and clustered system gain the largest performance benefits from parallel execution because statement processing can be split up among multiple CPUs. Parallel execution can also benefit certain types of OLTP and hybrid systems.
In Oracle RAC systems, the service placement of a particular service controls parallel execution. Specifically, parallel processes run on the nodes on which you have configured the service. By default, Oracle Database runs the parallel process only on the instance that offers the service used to connect to the database. This does not affect other parallel operations such as parallel recovery or the processing of
Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide for considerations regarding parallel execution in Oracle RAC environments
In serial execution, a single server process performs all necessary processing for the sequential execution of a SQL statement. For example, to perform a full table scan such as
FROM employees, one server process performs all of the work, as shown in Figure 15-5.
In parallel execution, the server process acts as the parallel execution coordinator responsible for parsing the query, allocating and controlling the slave processes, and sending output to the user. Given a query plan for a SQL query, the coordinator breaks down each operator in a SQL query into parallel pieces, runs them in the order specified in the query, and integrates the partial results produced by the slave processes executing the operators.
Figure 15-6 shows a parallel scan of the
employees table. The table is divided dynamically (dynamic partitioning) into load units called granules. Each granule is a range of data blocks of the table read by a single slave process, called a parallel execution server, which uses
nnn as a name format.
The database maps granules to execution servers at execution time. When an execution server finishes reading the rows corresponding to a granule, and when granules remain, it obtains another granule from the coordinator. This operation continues until the table has been read. The execution servers send results back to the coordinator, which assembles the pieces into the desired full table scan.
The number of parallel execution servers assigned to a single operation is the degree of parallelism for an operation. Multiple operations within the same SQL statement all have the same degree of parallelism. | <urn:uuid:b60676b1-9674-4aae-bcac-6423b22328f8> | 2013-05-23T18:35:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|man pages section 3: Networking Library Functions Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library|
- get network entry
cc [ flag ... ] file ... -lsocket -lnsl [ library ... ] #include <netdb.h> struct netent *getnetbyname(const char *name);
struct netent *getnetbyname_r(const char *name, struct netent *result, char *buffer, int buflen);
struct netent *getnetbyaddr(long net, int type);
struct netent *getnetbyaddr_r(long net, int type, struct netent *result, char *buffer, int buflen);
struct netent *getnetent(void);
struct netent *getnetent_r(struct netent *result, char *buffer, int buflen);
int setnetent(int stayopen);
These functions are used to obtain entries for networks. An entry may come from any of the sources for networks specified in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file. See nsswitch.conf(4).
getnetbyname() searches for a network entry with the network name specified by the character string parameter name.
getnetbyaddr() searches for a network entry with the network address specified by net. The parameter type specifies the family of the address. This should be one of the address families defined in <sys/socket.h>. See the NOTES section below for more information.
Network numbers and local address parts are returned as machine format integer values, that is, in host byte order. See also inet(3SOCKET).
The netent.n_net member in the netent structure pointed to by the return value of the above functions is calculated by inet_network(). The inet_network() function returns a value in host byte order that is aligned based upon the input string. For example:
Commonly, the alignment of the returned value is used as a crude approximate of pre-CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) subnet mask. For example:
in_addr_t addr, mask; addr = inet_network(net_name); mask= ~(in_addr_t)0; if ((addr & IN_CLASSA_NET) == 0) addr <<= 8, mask <<= 8; if ((addr & IN_CLASSA_NET) == 0) addr <<= 8, mask <<= 8; if ((addr & IN_CLASSA_NET) == 0) addr <<= 8, mask <<= 8;
This usage is deprecated by the CIDR requirements. See Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J., and Varadhan, K. RFC 1519, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy. Network Working Group. September 1993.
The functions setnetent(), getnetent(), and endnetent() are used to enumerate network entries from the database.
setnetent() sets (or resets) the enumeration to the beginning of the set of network entries. This function should be called before the first call to getnetent(). Calls to getnetbyname() and getnetbyaddr() leave the enumeration position in an indeterminate state. If the stayopen flag is non-zero, the system may keep allocated resources such as open file descriptors until a subsequent call to endnetent().
Successive calls to getnetent() return either successive entries or NULL, indicating the end of the enumeration.
endnetent() may be called to indicate that the caller expects to do no further network entry retrieval operations; the system may then deallocate resources it was using. It is still allowed, but possibly less efficient, for the process to call more network entry retrieval functions after calling endnetent().
The functions getnetbyname(), getnetbyaddr(), and getnetent() use static storage that is reused in each call, making these routines unsafe for use in multi-threaded applications.
The functions getnetbyname_r(), getnetbyaddr_r(), and getnetent_r() provide reentrant interfaces for these operations.
Each reentrant interface performs the same operation as its non-reentrant counterpart, named by removing the ``_r'' suffix. The reentrant interfaces, however, use buffers supplied by the caller to store returned results, and are safe for use in both single-threaded and multi-threaded applications.
Each reentrant interface takes the same parameters as its non-reentrant counterpart, as well as the following additional parameters. The parameter result must be a pointer to a struct netent structure allocated by the caller. On successful completion, the function returns the network entry in this structure. The parameter buffer must be a pointer to a buffer supplied by the caller. This buffer is used as storage space for the network entry data. All of the pointers within the returned struct netent result point to data stored within this buffer. See RETURN VALUES. The buffer must be large enough to hold all of the data associated with the network entry. The parameter buflen should give the size in bytes of the buffer indicated by buffer.
For enumeration in multi-threaded applications, the position within the enumeration is a process-wide property shared by all threads. setnetent() may be used in a multi-threaded application but resets the enumeration position for all threads. If multiple threads interleave calls to getnetent_r(), the threads will enumerate disjointed subsets of the network database.
Like their non-reentrant counterparts, getnetbyname_r() and getnetbyaddr_r() leave the enumeration position in an indeterminate state.
Network entries are represented by the struct netent structure defined in <netdb.h>.
The functions getnetbyname(), getnetbyname_r, getnetbyaddr, and getnetbyaddr_r() each return a pointer to a struct netent if they successfully locate the requested entry; otherwise they return NULL.
The functions getnetent() and getnetent_r() each return a pointer to a struct netent if they successfully enumerate an entry; otherwise they return NULL, indicating the end of the enumeration.
The functions getnetbyname(), getnetbyaddr(), and getnetent() use static storage, so returned data must be copied before a subsequent call to any of these functions if the data is to be saved.
When the pointer returned by the reentrant functions getnetbyname_r(), getnetbyaddr_r(), and getnetent_r() is non-NULL, it is always equal to the result pointer that was supplied by the caller.
The functions setnetent() and endnetent() return 0 on success.
The reentrant functions getnetbyname_r(), getnetbyaddr_r and getnetent_r() will return NULL and set errno to ERANGE if the length of the buffer supplied by caller is not large enough to store the result. See Intro(2) for the proper usage and interpretation of errno in multi-threaded applications.
network name database
configuration file for the name service switch
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J., and Varadhan, K. RFC 1519, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy. Network Working Group. September 1993.
The reentrant interfaces getnetbyname_r(), getnetbyaddr_r(), and getnetent_r() are included in this release on an uncommitted basis only, and are subject to change or removal in future minor releases.
The current implementation of these functions only return or accept network numbers for the Internet address family (type AF_INET). The functions described in inet(3SOCKET) may be helpful in constructing and manipulating addresses and network numbers in this form.
When compiling multi-threaded applications, see Intro(3), Notes On Multithread Applications, for information about the use of the _REENTRANT flag.
Use of the enumeration interfaces getnetent() and getnetent_r() is discouraged; enumeration may not be supported for all database sources. The semantics of enumeration are discussed further in nsswitch.conf(4). | <urn:uuid:8774debe-ee15-4278-b547-054c813f354c> | 2013-05-23T18:32:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. They can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. Adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling’s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. Once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years.
Dragons don’t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. Young dragons will emit an extremely high-pitched squeal when they are frightened. To communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures.
Deep sea dragons, as their name suggests, spend most of their time in the darkest depths of the sea. They have a bioluminescent dorsal spine that serves to attract prey and communicate with their own kind. As with many deep sea animals, they generally eat whatever they can manage to bait. They rarely leave the ocean floor, surfacing only during breeding season. When they do choose to travel to the shallower depths, they avoid bright lights and will only come up far away from shore.
Raised mostly by her father outside of her home seas, she does not follow the example of her mother, Rahkia Clearsweep. She remains stalwart and neutral, and considers herself a mere spectator of the world's events. Her main act is the project of eliminating all magic-using non-dragons (possibly including humans), which can disturb the balance in the ongoing conflict between dragon clans. Most of the time, she swims the deeps, looking for intriguing lore about her clanmates, hence the name "Magebane Lurker" was given to her. | <urn:uuid:0797100b-bc3e-4991-b1a5-eda687835f8c> | 2013-05-23T18:51:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The cities of refuge are appointed for casual manslaughter.
And the Lord spoke to Josue, saying: Speak to the children of Israel and say to them:
Appoint cities of refuge, a of which I spoke to you by the hand of Moses:
That whosoever shall kill a person unawares may flee to them: and may escape the wrath of the kinsman, who is the avenger of blood:
And when he shall flee to one of these cities: he shall stand before the gate of the city, and shall speak to the ancients of that city, such things as prove him innocent: and so shall they receive him, and give him a place to dwell in.
And when the avenger of blood shall pursue him, they shall not deliver him into his hands, because he slew his neighbour unawares, and is not proved to have been his enemy two or three days before.
And he shall dwell in that city, till he stand before judgment to give an account of his fact, and till the death of the high priest, who shall be at that time: then shall the manslayer return, and go into his own city and house from whence he fled.
And they appointed Cedes in Galilee of mount Nephtali, and Sichem in mount Ephraim, and Cariath-Arbe, the same is Hebron in the mountain of Juda.
And beyond the Jordan to the east of Jericho, they appointed Bosor, which is upon the plain of the wilderness of the tribe of Ruben, and Ramoth in Galaad of the tribe of Cad, and Gaulon in Basan of the tribe of Manasses.
These cities were appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the strangers, that dwelt among them: that whosoever had killed a person unawares might flee to them, and not die by the hand of the kinsman, coveting to revenge the blood that was shed, until he should stand before the people to lay open his cause. | <urn:uuid:bf06bcbb-05fa-421e-ad8c-4950e58fd391> | 2013-05-23T18:31:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Black cap; black throat and lower neck (like a bib); white cheek patches; white chest and belly; gray back, wings, and tail; buffy patches on the flanks. 12 cm (4.75 in) in length. The Carolina Chickadee's call is chick-a-dee-dee-dee or a shortened version of the same. The song of this species is usually four whistled notes, fee-bee fee-bay.
The breeding season begins in early April, peaks later that month until early May, and extends through mid-June. Breeding habitat includes a variety of wooded and forested areas. This species is a cavity nester and will nest in snags, trees, rotten fenceposts, or nest boxes. It will excavate its own cavity, use an old woodpecker cavity, or find a natural cavity. The cavity is lined with moss, plant material, down, and feathers. The female lays 5-8 (usually 6) eggs that both adults incubate for 11-12 days. The young are altricial and fledge 13-17 days after hatching.
The Carolina Chickadee prefers forested or wooded habitats. It eats primarily insects and also spiders, fruits, and seeds. It forages by searching among tree branches, trunks, pine cones, and dead leaf clusters. It also frequents bird feeders. This species is a year-round resident, and does not migrate.
The Carolina Chickadee is found mostly in the Southeast, but its range extends as far north as Delaware, central Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and as far west as Oklahoma and central Texas. In the Southeast, this species is common to very common throughout except for extreme southern Florida.
This species is common in the Southeast, and is not targeted for any special attention.
The species most similar to the Carolina Chickadee is the Black-capped Chickadee. The Black-capped Chickadee is slightly larger and has a lower pitch to the chick-a-dee-dee-dee call. The Black-capped Chickadee also has a shorter song, being 2 or 3 whistled notes, fee-bee or fee-bee-bee. The song is the most reliable identifier, because their appearances are very similar. The bib of the Black-capped Chickadee is slightly larger and the buff color on the flanks is more extensive. | <urn:uuid:fd9a56b8-3c1d-40ff-b1b7-d5a9146d8ca7> | 2013-05-23T19:06:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It's fine for front facing seats. Rear facing seats are a challenge. I'm 6'0" and my wife is 5'6" and both of us are uncomfortable sitting in the passenger seat with a rear facing carseat installed. Currently we have arguably the smallest available convertible seat in there rear facing, the Combi Coccoro, and it barely allows some reasonable room in front. A graco snug ride makes the passenger seat unfeasible.
Bottom line, if you have an infant/small toddler and need a large rear facing car seat, the X1 is cramped at best. If you have an older child who can sit in a front facing seat, the car is fine. | <urn:uuid:0fea51ac-8e5a-437d-a85a-9ba88f0943a0> | 2013-05-23T19:00:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The objectives for which the association is established are:
- To promote and foster mutually beneficial interaction between the Alumni and the present students of the University of Rajasthan and between the Alumni themselves.
- To encourage the Alumni to take an active and abiding interest in the work and progress of the University so as to contribute towards enhancement of the social utility of their Alma Mater.
- To organize and establish scholarship funds to help the needy and deserving students.
- To institute prizes and awards for outstanding project work, research papers of other professional activity by the students of the University; also to suitably recognize outstanding social and community service by the Alumni and the students.
- To undertake and to organize activities of a civic or charitable nature as also to increase public awareness of the role of technology in value addition in the economic and social development of the nation.
- To invest and deal with the funds and moneys of the Association.
- To do all such other lawful things as are conductive or incidental to the attainment of the above objectives and/or beneficial to the interests of the University and its Alumni.
- To take advantage of developing technologies like the Internet in achieving the aims and objects of the Association. | <urn:uuid:79d63f73-b2af-4034-b8c6-1e1ca685daee> | 2013-05-23T18:50:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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When someone predicts imminent financial doom, economists almost always taunt him, "If you're right, why don't you sell short?" If recent events prove anything, it's that short-selling is easier said than done. If we wanted advance warning of financial troubles, we'd be making short-selling easier. So what do regulators do? The opposite, of course!
The Securities and Exchange Commission on Friday issued a temporary ban on short sales of 799 financial stocks, a move against traders who have sought to profit from the financial crisis by betting against bank shares.
The S.E.C. said the “temporary emergency action” would “protect the integrity and quality of the securities market and strengthen investor confidence.”
This is straight out of my book. Popular pressure leads regulators to make market failures worse:
Even among economists, market-oriented policy prescriptions are often seen as too dogmatic, too unwilling to take the flaws of the free market into account. Many prefer a more "sophisticated" position: Since we have already belabored the advantages of markets, let us not forget to emphasize the benefits of government intervention. I claim that the qualification needs qualification: Before we emphasize the benefits of government intervention, let us distinguish intervention designed by a well-intentioned economist from intervention that appeals to non-economists, and reflect that the latter predominate.
If we really wanted advance warning (and a chance to mitigate) the next financial crisis, we wouldn't be banning short-selling; we'd be legalizing insider trading. | <urn:uuid:a537253c-6125-4ec9-ba3a-62eded8c849c> | 2013-05-23T18:44:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(CNN) -- The Arab League is a step closer to asking the U.N. Security Council to consider a plan designed to forge peace in restive Syria, a senior Arab League official told CNN Saturday.
Five Arab League ministers meeting in Doha, Qatar, drafted a resolution calling for the end of violence and approving an observatory mission in Syria, engulfed by a brutal anti-government crackdown for nine months that has left 5,000 people dead.
The plan will be considered Wednesday by league foreign ministers. If they approve it, it could be sent to the U.N. Security Council. The official, who wanted to remain anonymous because he is not authorized to speak on the issue, said the resolution does not include any mention of military intervention.
This comes as 41 people were slain on Saturday by government security forces cracking down on anti-regime elements, an activist group said. Eight of the dead were members of the Free Syrian Army, the rebel force comprised of military defectors.
World powers have deplored the government's activity, and they are looking for ways to rein in violence and urgently contain the threat of civil war, reflected from the emergence of the armed defector force.
The Arab League has devised and promoted a plan to send an observatory team to Syria weeks ago. It tried to get Syria's approval to go along with it. But the regime has raised objections and called for caveats to the resolution, and the league says the Bashar al-Assad regime has procrastinated in dealing with the proposal.
The Syrian government's repression of unrest has triggered criticism as well as from the Arab League, which expelled Syria last month and has been pushing to send monitors into Syria. Sanctions against Syria have been initiated by the United States, the European Union, Turkey and the league.
The passage of a U.N. Security Council resolution would require an approval by two permanent council members -- Russia, a longtime ally of Syria, and China, both of whom have rejected tough action at the U.N. toward Syria.
Russia has taken a stab at resolving the issue at the United Nations this week.
Moscow introduced a draft resolution this week that, it says, "considerably strengthens" previous drafts "with regard to the interest in violence, with regard to the need to uphold human rights, with regard to expediting reforms."
The resolution "strongly condemns" violence "coming from all parties, including disproportionate use of force by Syrian authorities." It also would "give a strong message to the Arab League that we encourage them to continue their efforts, and working together with the government of Syria, and to carry out its plans to deploy the monitoring mission in Syria," Russian Ambassador Vitaly Churkin said Thursday at the United Nations.
Itar -Tass, the Russian state news agency, reported that Syria's Vice President Farouk al-Sharaa was to meet with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov on Friday to discuss ways to forge peace. But Interfax, a Russian news agency, later said Lavrov denied reports about the talks and quoted a Syrian official in Moscow as saying he knows nothing about the possible time of the visit.
Iraq has sent a delegation to Damascus with a peace proposal, Iraqi state media reported Saturday.
Activists say fighting has raged virtually every day and unrest also rippled across the country on Saturday.
Among the 41 deaths Saturday were three children and a woman. The group said military and security forces also stormed towns in Hama and Aleppo provinces.
The military defectors died in the Damascus province town of Zabadani, where civilians protesting the al-Assad regime have conducted a general strike, the LCC said. Security forces, including snipers, have been opening fire on houses and private vehicles in the town, said the LCC.
The two defectors were members of the Free Syrian Army, the rebel force of army defectors who are taking up arms against the government. The LCC identified one of the soldiers as Lt. Col. Alaa Yahya.
The Free Syrian Army struck government forces this week and killed 27 of them Thursday in a southern province, anti-government sources said.
Journalist Mohamed Fadel Fahmy contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:f77d5efc-3bbd-4418-9768-183b2b7cf007> | 2013-05-23T18:38:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Check out these five associate's degrees that may lead to career options with high average pay prospects.
Do you want to earn a degree that could help you prep to pursue career prospects that pay?
Earning a bachelor's and/or graduate degree isn't the only path to a career with big earning potential.
According to "The College Payoff: Education, Occupations, Lifetime Earnings," a 2011 report co-authored by the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce and the Lumina Foundation, 28 percent of people with an associate's degree make at least as much as the average bachelor's degree holder.
While there are no guarantees that having a specific degree will lead to a specific career or salary, keep reading to learn more about some paths with the potential for some sweet payback.
#1 Degree - Paralegal Studies
Want to pursue a career in the legal field, but not inclined to study for a bachelor's plus law school? An associate's degree in paralegal studies could offer you a possible return on your investment.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, one common path to preparing to pursue a career as a paralegal is earning an associate's degree in paralegal studies. Already have a bachelor's in an unrelated field? Earning a certificate could also work.
Granted, this isn't the associate's degree to earn if you're uncertain about what profession you want to pursue, as paralegal studies students take classes that prepare them to pursue paralegal careers. In fact, according to the College Board, an educational organization that administers tests like the SAT, you might take courses like civil procedure, ethics, criminal law, and legal research and writing.
Potential Payback: As a paralegal, you may help attorneys prep for cases and draft contracts, according to the Department of Labor. It's possible that you may even venture out into the field (a la Erin Brokovich) to gather facts and statements that may be used as evidence in court.
According to the 2011 Georgetown study, the average lifetime income for a paralegal with an associate's degree is $1.7 million. This number covers a 40-year career as a paralegal.
Paralegal Median Annual Wage: $46,730*
Average Wage for Workers in the 10th percentile: $29,390
Average Wage for Workers in the 90th percentile: $75,400
#2 Degree - Accounting
Want to pursue a numbers-oriented degree with the potential to pay you back? Consider earning an associate's degree in accounting.
This type of program could help you qualify for a career as a bookkeeping clerk, says the U.S. Department of Labor, which notes that 25 percent of bookkeeping clerks have an associate's degree or higher.
As for what you'll study...the College Board notes that "accounting majors learn how to gather, record, analyze, interpret, and communicate information about an individual's or organization's financial performance and risks." There's also a good chance you'll learn how to keep the books and record financial transactions.
Potential Payback: Bookkeeping clerks "often are responsible for some or all of an organization's accounts, known as the general ledger," says the Department of Labor. Duties might include tracking overdue accounts, producing financial statements, and handling payroll.
Over a 40-year career, the 2011 Georgetown study reports bookkeeping clerks with an associate's degree to have an average income of $1.3 million.
Bookkeeping Clerk Median Annual Wage: $34,740*
Average Wage for Workers in the 10th percentile: $21,450
Average Wage for Workers in the 90th percentile: $53,250
#3 Degree - Criminal Justice
Did you enjoy playing cops and robbers as a kid? While earning an associate's degree in criminal justice won't be all fun and games, it could help prepare you to pursue a career seeking law and order.
Education requirements for police officers vary, says the U.S. Department of Labor, but "many agencies require some college coursework or a college degree."
And just what will you study in a criminal justice degree program? According to the College Board, you might take courses in law criminology, victimology, criminal law, and police society. What's more, these courses could help you "explore every aspect of crime, the law, and the justice system."
Potential Payback: As a police officer, you might find yourself enforcing laws, arresting suspects, and preparing cases and testifying in court, says the Department of Labor.
According to the 2011 Georgetown study, over the course of a 40-year career, police officers with some college have an average lifetime income of $2.2 million. Those with an associate's were listed with an average lifetime income of $2.4 million.
Police Officer Median Annual Wage: $54,230*
Average Wage for Workers in the 10th percentile: $32,080
Average Wage for Workers in the 90th percentile: $84,980
#4 Degree - Graphic Design
Want to earn a degree that could help you prep to pursue creative career opportunities? An associate's in graphic design could help.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, this program could help you prep to go after an entry-level position as a desktop publisher.
As you study, you'll take fun and creative courses that might include graphic design studio, history of graphic design, and typography, notes the College Board, which adds that "graphic design majors learn the design and computer skills necessary to create the look for books, magazines, CD jackets, websites, and more."
Potential Payback: In this career, you'll likely use computer software to design and layout books, brochures, and newsletters for companies and clients, the Department of Labor adds.
The average lifetime income for miscellaneous office and administrative support workers (including desktop publishers) with an associate's degree is $1.5 million, says the 2011 Georgetown study. Note: This covers a typical 40-year career.
Desktop Publisher Median Annual Wage: $36,800*
Average Wage for Workers in the 10th percentile: $21,320
Average Wage for Workers in the 90th percentile: $59,560
#5 Degree - Nursing
If your idea of payoff consists of job opportunities and rewarding work, an associate's degree in nursing might be a good option to consider.
This degree or a diploma in nursing are two educational paths you can take to prepare to pursue a career as a registered nurse (RN), according to the U.S. Department of Labor.
In fact, the College Board notes that "nursing majors train to care for sick and disabled patients and to promote better health," adding that commonly offered courses include mental-health nursing, nutrition, and psychology.
Potential Payback: As a registered nurse, you might jot down a patient's medical history and symptoms, provide medicine and treatments to patients, and set up care plans.
According to the 2011 Georgetown study, over a 40-year career, the average lifetime income for RNs with an associate's degree is $2.3 million.
Registered Nurse Median Annual Wage: $65,950*
Average Wage for Workers in the 10th percentile: $44,970
Average Wage for Workers in the 90th percentile: $96,630
*Unless otherwise noted, all average wage information comes from the U.S. Department of Labor using May 2011 data.
Next Article: Online Degrees that Could Pay You Back» | <urn:uuid:da60e946-75c0-4e26-b567-292d29186de8> | 2013-05-23T18:59:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Science Supplies and Services
Model for Mass Spectrometer
How many of high school or college students have seen the insides of a working mass spectrometer? How many know how and why it works? What is it used for? Is the print-out the only important feature of the instrument or should our students understand how the information was obtained? A model of a mass spectrometer can be used to encourage this understanding. The S17 Science Model Mass Spectrometer is designed to answer an number of questions, and to teach a number of very interesting concepts. The instruction sheets that accompany this kit outline, in great detail, some of the best ways of using this kit to:
The instruction sheets include information and diagrams to help you set up the apparatus. A set of sample questions, comments and answers that have been elicited and used in various classrooms is also included. Students in Kindergarten through College have marveled at the use of this kit in demonstrations. The kit has already been purchased by high schools and universities throughout the world for demonstrating the mass spectrometer to students of all academic backgrounds. You will want one of these in your school. It is available in two different kits, EQ 129 and EQ 131. The instructions sheets are the same in both kits.
Your IP Address is: 220.127.116.11 | <urn:uuid:4a1e0083-6849-4af0-935b-27a825f8aba5> | 2013-05-23T18:45:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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We need a real recall amendment, not the one on the Nov. 2 ballot
By Elburn Herald
on October 28, 2010
The Illinois ballot Nov. 2 contains a referendum to add a Recall Amendment to the Illinois Constitution.
Considering one of this state’s last two elected governors is in prison, and his successor is on trial, and if convicted, will also go from the State House to the “big house,†few can deny the need to add a recall provision to this state’s Constitution.
However, the proposed recall amendment on the November ballot is flawed, and is purposely drafted to be flawed, because it is a cynical attempt by the current Illinois legislature to circumvent the public’s intent. It is engineered to thwart the public’s attempt to recall an errant politician by forcing any such recall attempt to go through the legislature before being submitted to the voters.
This proposed recall provision will not allow the voters to even circulate any recall petition unless we get a signed “permission slip†from 30 legislators, 15 of them from the governor’s own party. The reality is, that until the moment he was arrested, there weren’t even close to 15 legislators from Rod Blagojevich’s party who would have signed such a permission slip. If we couldn’t have recalled Rod Blagojevich with it, what good is it? This is worse than no recall at all, because it lets politicians get away with claiming to give us a recall while they maintain the status quo of the flawed 1970 Illinois Constitution.
We need a real recall amendment, not this cynical, ineffective political ploy. Vote no on this so-called “recall amendment†and begin working for a genuine, public empowering recall amendment.
Dennis C. Ryan | <urn:uuid:68445ee6-4c61-459b-955b-75f70aa36c72> | 2013-05-23T18:38:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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AN AUSTRALIAN Islamic cleric has told his male followers it is permissable that they force their wives to have sex and hit them if they are disobedient.I just love that lecture title, "Keys to a Successful Marriage."
Melbourne's self-styled cleric Samir Abu Hamza said despite Australian rape laws it was impossible for a man to rape his wife even if she refused to have sex with him.
In a recorded lecture entitled "The Keys to a Successful Marriage'', delivered to his male worshippers but now broadcast on the internet and viewed by several thousand people, Hamza said Islamic law allowed men to hit their wives as a last resort but they were not to make them bleed or become bruised.
He said under Islamic law, as described in a Koranic verse, it was a man's right to demand sex from his wife whenever he felt like it.
"If the husband was to ask her for a sexual relationship and she is preparing the bread on the stove she must leave it and come and respond to her husband, she must respond,'' Hamza told his male followers on the video sermon.
He then mocked Australia's criminal laws which required consent for sex to be lawful.
"In this country if the husband wants to sleep with his wife and she does not want to and she hasn't got a sickness or whatever, there is nothing wrong with her she just does not feel like it, and he ends up sleeping with her by force ... it is known to be as rape.
"Amazing, how can a person rape his wife?'' Hamza asked.
Despite concerns about his preachings being raised by female members of the Islamic community, Hamza yesterday stood by his comments and blamed controversy caused by them on a hidden zionist agenda run by the media.
Questioned about his teachings, Hamza said a wife was allowed to be hit on the hand or leg, but "of course, not on the head''.
He said if a Muslim wife disobeyed her husband, such as continuing to go out when requested not to, she was able to be subjected to moderate physical punishment.
"It's like sometimes when a person smacks a child, it's like `shape up','' he said yesterday.
Do you think that women who talk about how empowering the hijab is will now defend Hamza? | <urn:uuid:b46c0946-69b1-4eac-9256-590b87280d98> | 2013-05-23T18:58:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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WSJ published an article on Th!nk's status. Here's the link. Not sure they got everything right.
"In the race to get electric cars to market, the Norwegian start-up Think Global AS was one of the front-runners. It snagged big-name venture-capital backing and in 2008 manufactured about 350 of its latest model, a two-seater, plug-in city car. It planned to ramp up production to 10,000 units this year.
Then the financial crisis hit...." | <urn:uuid:6ba812b8-c369-48d6-b633-5c3a04379211> | 2013-05-23T18:30:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Reviews by Chiseche Salome Mibenge
Chiseche's book Show me a Woman! Narratives of Gender and Violence in Transitional Justice Processes will be published by Pennsylvania University Press in Spring 2011. She studied Law in Zambia, her country of birth, and has lived in The Netherlands for the past decade. She has recently relocated to New York and is writing her second book, a short story collection. | <urn:uuid:d26ace22-da58-4259-838f-2ade9a7cbee5> | 2013-05-23T18:44:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Jason and Jessica Feld of Spencer welcomed a daughter, Madalynn Joe Feld, born on August 20, 2011. She weighed 6 pounds, 2 ounces and was 20 inches long.
Madalynn joins a sister, Rylee. Grandparents include John and Sue Feld of Swea City, and Bill and Lisa Kilts of Spencer. Great grandparents are Clarence and Alice Weinzetl from Mallard, and Margaret Feld of Rockwell City. | <urn:uuid:073fa914-f7a3-4ab2-85c9-03eb8757a429> | 2013-05-23T18:58:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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BAGHDAD / Aswat al-Iraq: The United Nations political mission in Iraq (UNAMI) today strongly condemned the wave of attacks over the past days which killed and wounded dozens of worshippers participating in the religious Shiite Muslim commemoration of Arbaeen.
In a news release, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) also called on all Iraqi leaders to “urgently engage in an inclusive, constructive and peaceful dialogue in accordance with the constitution and the law.”
According to media reports, a car bomb exploded in a car park on Thursday in the Iraqi town of Musayyib, south of the capital Baghdad, killing some 20 people and wounding others.
The bomb reportedly went off near a bus stop where coaches carry pilgrims from other Iraqi cities.
In addition, bombs were also reported to have killed several people in Musayyib on Monday.
“The Mission expresses its profound sympathy to the families of the victims, to whom it extends sincere condolences, and wishes for a speedy recovery to the wounded,” UNAMI added.
Arbaeen is a Shia Muslim religious observation that commemorates the martyrdom of Hussein bin Ali, a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad.
Mourning his death, more than 10 million people make the pilgrimage to the Iraqi city of Karbala – located near Musayyib – every year to mark the end of a 40-day period of mourning. | <urn:uuid:67418311-550b-4d1f-8246-2af6ba79b410> | 2013-05-23T19:05:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Korean GP racks up big losses
The future of the Korean Grand Prix is under threat after race organisers revealed that operating costs finished in the red for the third year running.
Race organisers revealed on Wednesday that the scale of the losses from this year's event totalled 39.4 billion won (£23 million).
"It's hard to say what kind of impact the loss has on next year," South Korean race organisers told Reuters. "Although there are many concerns regarding the operating loss, the loss for a third straight year is only a short-term effect.
"In the long-term the F1 event will bring more benefits to the country. It will not only pave the way for South Korean car industries in the future but also help foster new industries."
The South Korean Grand Prix, hosted 400km south of Seoul at the Yeongam circuit, was first run in 2010 with an initial contract of seven years with an extra five-year option. But the circuit was only just completed in time and organisers have expressed dissatisfaction at the terms of their contract, particularly regarding the cost of race-sanctioning fees.
Sebastian Vettel won the last two runnings of the Korean Grand Prix, with current title rival Fernando Alonso winning the inaugural race in 2010.
© ESPN EMEA Ltd.
Products you might like at espnshop.co.uk | <urn:uuid:ad918755-5f52-49fe-9f03-338d47c9eeeb> | 2013-05-23T18:31:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Wiktionary:About Low German
|This is a Wiktionary policy, guideline or common practices page. This is a draft proposal. It is unofficial, and it is unknown whether it is widely accepted by Wiktionary editors.|
|Policies: CFI - ELE - BLOCK - REDIR - BOTS - QUOTE - DELETE - NPOV - AXX|
Low German/Saxon is a Germanic lect, a dialect continuum spoken in northern Germany, the eastern Netherlands, and numerous places outside central Europe. It has three main forms:
- (German) Low German, spoken in northern Germany
- Dutch Low Saxon, spoken in the eastern Netherlands
- Plautdietsch (also called Mennonite Low German), spoken in Canada, the United States, and elsewhere
Low German/Saxon is related to Dutch, to the Frisian languages, to English, and to German. In some cases, Low German expressions are intelligible to English speakers: He was en old Mann is one Low German sentence English-speakers can understand.
On Wiktionary, the variants of Low German spoken in Germany are represented by the code nds-de and are covered by the page Wiktionary:About German Low German.
The variants spoken in the Netherlands are represented by the code nds-nl and covered by Wiktionary:About Dutch Low Saxon.
Plautdietsch is represented by the code pdt and covered by Wiktionary:About Plautdietsch.
What to call Low German/Saxon on Wiktionary
Low German is the most common name of the dialect continuum, and is the name used on Wiktionary. It is a calque of Plattdüdesch (and its forms) or Nedderdüdesch. Platt means "flat" and is interpreted as "relating to the lowlands". At the time this name spread (in the Renaissance), however, plat had the general meaning of "intelligible". Nedder, on the other hand, actually means "nether" and relates to the lowlands in contrast to the German highlands, the Alps, Harz mountains, etc. Düdesch is related to the English word Dutch and the dutch word Duits, and referred (at the time it spread) to any continental West Germanic language.
Low Saxon is another name often used in English. This name derives from that of the Saxon tribe which spoke Old Saxon, the lect from which Low German evolved. This name (as Nedersaksisch) is the most common name of the language in the Netherlands. However, there is a dialect group called "Low Saxon" spoken in Lower Saxony in Germany, which Low German should not be confused with.
On Wiktionary, the form(s) of Low German spoken in Germany are called Low German, the form(s) spoken in the Netherlands are called Dutch Low Saxon, and the form spoken by Mennonites and others outside central Europe are called Plautdietsch.
Historical stages of the Saxon language
Low German developed from the language Old Saxon. The earliest predecessors of the language were the West Germanic dialects spoken by the Saxon tribes. Middle Low German was heavily influenced the languages of the Hanseatic League's trading partners: Old/Middle Danish, Swedish, Norwegian.
Key to pronunciation
About the nature of long vowels
Both Low German and Middle Low German have two kinds of vowel sounds that are traditionally called 'long', for all vowels but the closed ones (i.e. /uː/, /yː/, /iː/). The first are diphthongs that descend from earlier long vowels, and the second are the same as the equivalent short vowel but pronounced long. These latter ones are called "tonlang" (sound-long) in German. The sound-long vowels are often vowels which were short in Old Saxon but stood in an open syllable, and thus were lengthened by regular sound change.
Some confusion exists about the terminology of these vowels. Traditional grammars do not refer to the diphthongs as such, but call them simply "long vowels", and the speakers of most Low German dialects often think of them in those terms (much as the sound of the English eye is considered a ‘long i’ in traditional English grammar despite its diphthongal character). When speaking of "diphthongisation", especially regarding the dialects of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, an author might refer to a more open version of the diphthong rather than the existence of a diphthong in contrast to a monophthong. For example, someone pronouncing the "long E" as /eɪ/ might refer to /ɛɪ/ and /aɪ/ as "diphthongs" but consider /eɪ/ a "normal E".
The following is not a complete depiction of all sounds in all dialects but is an exemplative overview.
|⟨A⟩||/a/ or /ɒ/||/oɒ/||/aː/ or /ɒː/|
|⟨E⟩||/ɛ/||/eɪ/ or /ɛɪ/||/ɛː/|
|⟨O⟩||/ɔ/||/oʊ/ or /ɔʊ/||/ɔː/|
|⟨Ö⟩ (and other spellings)||/œ/||/øʏ/ or /œʏ/||/œː/|
Some of the sound-long vowels have had special characters in some areas or in the writing of some authors. The most widespread are "ę" for /ɛː/, "æ" for /ɶː/ (and to a much lesser extent for /œː/) and "œ" for /œː/. "Ä" has been used for both /ɛː/ and /ɶː/.
Key to dialectal pronunciation
In general, the most closed version (on the left) is spoken in the west (e.g. Lower Saxony), while the most open (on the right) versions are from the east, especially rural (not urban) parts of w:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
E = /ɛɪ/ = /eɪ/~/ɛɪ/~/aɪ/ O = /ɔʊ/ = /oʊ/~/ɔʊ/~/ɒʊ/ Ö = /œʏ/ = /øʏ/~/œʏ/~/ɶʏ/; [eɪ] (w:Königsberg, Low Prussian) Ü etc. (long) = /yː/; [iː] (Low Prussian) Ü etc. (short)= [ʏ]; [ɪ] (Low Prussian) R = /r/ = [r]~[ɾ] (except in syllable coda) A = /ʌ/ = [a]~[æ]~[ʌ]~[ɒ]
The Merger of monophthongal A and O
Due to the relative similarity of the sounds of lengthened A and lengthened O, both were used somewhat interchangeably in Middle Low German writing. Later, "A" replaced the letter "O" in the quasi-standard that Middle Low German had developed. This was because, at some point in history, most Low German dialects merged the sound-long A with the sound-long O. Later many merged the long A with the sound-long A as well. Which sound was kept and which was lost was random throughout the dialects. In addition, Low German orthography became more varied and also more randomized in later periods, so that words might be written with either A or O in a region (e.g. apen and open), while not necessarily giving away the pronunciation.
Comparison of Low German and Dutch Low Saxon orthographies
Some important differences between Dutch-influenced orthography of Dutch Low Saxon and the German-influences orthography of Low German pertain to the representation of the following:
|IPA /s/||s||s, ss, ß, z|
|IPA /ø/, /œ/||eu||ö (rarely æ for /œ/)|
|vowel length in closed syllables||doubled vowel||doubled consonant or H|
|capitalisation of nouns||No||Yes|
- For example, compare Dutch Low Saxon zes (“six”) and kruus (“cross”) with German Low German sess (“six”) and Krüüz (“cross”).
- Dutch speakers usually use a double vowel (laand) to show the length of a vowel in a closed syllable, German speakers use an h (wahnen). Both use an e after an i. The difference can be seen in the spellings of the word which means "year", which is pronounced either /jɒːɾ/ or /jɔːɾ/ or with /-ɐ/ instead of /ɾ/: it is written as jaar and joar in Dutch Low Saxon, but as Jahr, Johr or some variant thereof in Germany.
- Influenced by standard High German, which capitalizes nouns, many Low German authors also capitalize nouns, and capitalized nouns are the norm (lemma form) for Low German. Many Dutch Low Saxon speakers do not capitalize nouns, and uncapitalized nouns are the norm (lemma form) for Dutch Low Saxon. | <urn:uuid:2cc30d42-899f-4357-a492-ec861a3397b0> | 2013-05-23T18:52:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Latin evaginare, to unsheath; ex-,from +vagina, sheath
evaginate (third-person singular simple present evaginates, present participle evaginating, simple past and past participle evaginated)
- (intransitive) To evert a body organ inside surface to outside.
- (transitive) To cause a body organ or part to become inside-out.
- second-person plural present active imperative of ēvāgīnō | <urn:uuid:7e2a936e-1314-4fcc-a70f-e24fd8c77854> | 2013-05-23T18:45:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Worf, son of Mogh is born on Qo'noS. (TNG: "Sins of the Father")
- January 17 – Ro Laren is born on Bajor to Ro Talia and Ro Gale. (TNG: "Conundrum")
- Doctor Nathaniel Teros develops the theory of neuromuscular adaptation for low-gravity species, but at the time it has no practical success. (DS9: "Melora")
- The Yaderans are conquered by the Dominion. (DS9: "Shadowplay")
- At age five, Will Riker starts school and begins to tell his new friends the same stories about his mother that his father told him. (TNG: "Interface")
- According to the non-canon video game Star Trek: Starship Creator, Reginald Barclay was born in this year. | <urn:uuid:22245f25-3f57-4681-af5b-dfc116ca30f4> | 2013-05-23T18:45:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(written from a Production point of view)
Charles Correll (23 January 1944 – 4 June 2004; age 60) was the director of photography for Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. In addition to this, he made a brief appearance in the movie - as a worker in the Earth Spacedock who watches the USS Enterprise being stolen - after asking director Leonard Nimoy for a cameo. Correll was interviewed for the Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Special Edition DVD.
Correll was a cinematographer for roughly fourteen years, earning an Emmy Award for his work on the 1983 mini-series The Winds of War. He then became a television director, directing episodes of such series as MacGyver, Melrose Place, and CSI.
Personal life Edit
Correll was the Director of Photography on the hit 1978 comedy film, National Lampoon's Animal House, which featured Bruce McGill in the cast. Correll worked on two subsequent National Lampoon films, National Lampoon's Movie Madness (1982) and The Joy of Sex (1984). He worked with Star Trek III actor Christopher Lloyd on both of these latter films. Other films for which Correll has directed photography include Fast Break (1979; featuring K Callan and Bert Remsen), Cheech & Chong's Nice Dreams (1981), and Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise (1987; featuring James Cromwell and Ed Lauter).
He was the Director of Photography on several television projects, as well. One of his earliest was the 1975 Columbo episode "Forgotten Lady", which was directed by Harvey Hart. Some of his other episodic TV credits include Kojak (where he replaced Jerry Finnerman) and The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries. He and Star Trek: The Motion Picture additional photographer Jim Dickson were both Directors of Photography on the 1978 mini-series The Dark Secret of Harvest Home, directed by Leo Penn and starring Rene Auberjonois and Norman Lloyd. Correll and Leo Penn previously collaborated on the television series Kojak and Switch. They worked together one last time on the 1981 TV movie Hellinger's Law.
In addition, Correll collaborated with director Lou Antonio on four different made-for-TV movies: 1978's The Critical List (which featured Joanne Linville, Scott Marlowe, James Whitmore, Jr., and Noble Willingham) and A Real American Hero (written by Samuel A. Peeples), 1981's The Star Maker (which featured art direction by Herman F. Zimmerman), and 1990's Face to Face (starring Robert Foxworth). The latter was Correll's final project as a cinematographer.
In 1983, Correll won an Emmy Award for his cinematography on the mini-series The Winds of War. He later received an Emmy nomination for his work on the 1985 TV movie Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, which starred Alice Krige. Correll's other TV movie credits have included Freedom Road (featuring Alfre Woodard), The Greatest American Traffic Jam (featuring James Gregory, Larry Hankin, Charles Napier, and Vic Tayback), Missing Pieces (featuring Robin Gammell, Kurtwood Smith, and Kenneth Tigar), The Jesse Owens Story (featuring LeVar Burton, Ronny Cox, James B. Sikking, Vic Tayback, and Ben Vereen), and Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge (directed by Vincent McEveety and featuring Ken Olandt and W. Morgan Sheppard).
In the late 1980s, Correll decided to retire as a cinematographer and begin working as a director. Among the many television series for which he has directed are MacGyver, Law & Order, Stargate SG-1, Melrose Place, Beverly Hills, 90210, CSI (The episode where they find the 'alien' buried at Area 51), CSI: Miami, and Without a Trace. | <urn:uuid:5cfc2d42-c3ec-4e11-a622-933bdc5d416e> | 2013-05-23T19:07:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(written from a Production point of view)
L. Ross Babcock III was the Editor-in-Chief at FASA games. He is also occasionally (accidentally) credited as J. Ross Babcock III.
He began working in design and development for the RPG company in the early 1980s and was promoted to editor-in-chief for the Star Trek and Doctor Who games published by the company. He holds a credit on each book published in FASA's Star Trek RPG line.
He also worked on the Mechwarrior game and came up with the original concept for Shadowrun. | <urn:uuid:c8fa9589-5dcc-4fc8-ba8c-7f52812d24d1> | 2013-05-23T18:53:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Waits for the given number of bytes to be put into TeraTerm macro received buffer.
waitn <received byte count>
Pauses until the given number of bytes are received from the host, or until the timeout occurs.
If the system variable "timeout" or "mtimeout" is greater than zero, the timeout occurs when <timeout>.<mtimeout> seconds have passed. If the timeout is less than or equal to zero, the timeout never occurs.
These commands return one of the following values in the system variable "result":
|0||Timeout. No data has received.|
; The timeout limit is 30 sec. timeout = 30 ; Clear the received buffer. flushrecv ; Wait for more than 255 bytes. waitn 255 | <urn:uuid:ea75a6f2-553d-4d03-939f-a1032e7fa093> | 2013-05-23T18:32:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Arc International is a French manufacturer and distributor of household goods. The company was established in Arques, Pas-de-Calais, where it is still headquartered, as a glass-making firm under the name Verrerie des Sept Ecluses in 1825. In 1892 the name was changed to Verrerie Cristallerie d'Arques, and after a series of acquisitions in the 1990s the group was renamed in 2000 to the current name. It is the leading manufacturer of crystal and glassware in the world. It is privately held and has been owned by members of the Durand family since 1916. Arc International currently licenses the Pyrex brand of cookware for sale in the European Union. Competitors include Lenox Group, World Kitchen and Waterford Wedgwood.
Arc International was established in 1825 in the village of Arques in northern France by Alexander des Lyons de Noircarm, who began production by manufacturing glass storage containers known as "dame-jeanne" (demijohns in English), which were popular at that time. In subsequent years, the company diversified into consumer cooking and dining glassware. By the 1960s, the company had mastered the process of manufacturing stemware and other finer glassware products. One of Arc's signature products is the thick-walled ten-sided "working glasses" that were a workhorse in French kitchens after their introduction in 1978.
From the 1897 onwards, the company was dominated by the Durand family, who eventually purchased the firm entirely in 1926. To this day, the family continues to be the sole proprietors. The firm adopted a number of practices that positioned it to become one of Europe's leading mass production glassmakers. Examples include the usage of tank furnaces (1933), the construction of modern glass presses (1947), the use of automatic blowing machines (1950), the usage of industrial tempering (1963) and the automation of lead crystal production (1968).
Luminarc is the oldest brand currently sold by Arc, launched in 1948.
Brands under the Arc group include its own Luminarc (launched in 1948), Arcoroc (launched in 1963 for use in restaurant industry), Cristal d'Arques (launched in Europe in 1968), Longchamps (launched in the US in 1968), Salviati (acquired in Italy in 1999), Pyrex (under license in Europe from World Kitchen since 2005) and the fine crystal brand J. G. Durand.
Arc-manufactured 16oz glasses used by McDonald's in promotion of the 2010 release of the movie Shrek Forever After were recalled by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission on June 4, 2010. The recall encompassed about 12 million glasses distributed to all McDonald's restaurants in the USA. The recall specified that due to concerns over cadmium levels in paint pigments, all the affected promotional glassware was subject to the recall.
Arc International Americas (the subsidiary of Arc that manufactured the glassware) asserted in a statement that the glassware " ... meet the highest standards of quality and safety." McDonald's in their own press release stated that the glassware was tested by a third party laboratory, and that the glassware was " ... determined to be in compliance with all applicable federal and state requirements.
- Colbert, C. "Arc International:Overview". Hoover's. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
- "Key statistics page". Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- "Luminarc Classics". Arc International. Archived from the original on 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- "George Aratani". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- "Upward Arc". hfnmah. June 10, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- "CPSC Recall for McDonalds Drinking Glasses". US CPSC. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- "Arc International Reacts to Recall". PR Newswire. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-04. | <urn:uuid:53a85a48-b106-425b-a3b3-c34ccd556fd8> | 2013-05-23T18:47:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In library science, authority control is a process that organizes library catalog and bibliographic information by using a single, distinct name for each topic. These one-of-a-kind headings are applied consistently throughout the catalog, and work with other organizing data such as linkages and cross references. Each heading is described briefly in terms of its scope and usage, and this organization helps the library staff maintain the catalog and make it user-friendly for researchers. The word authority in authority control derives from its initial use in identifying authors, and does not have the usual meaning of authority as a power relationship, although both senses of the word authority are related etymologically.
Cataloguers assign each subject—such as an author, book, series or corporation—a particular unique heading term which is then used consistently, uniquely, and unambiguously to describe all references to that same subject, even if there are variations such as different spellings, pen names, or aliases. The unique header can guide users to all relevant information including related or collocated subjects. Authority records can be combined into a database and called an authority file, and maintaining and updating these files as well as "logical linkages" to other files within them is the work of librarians and other information cataloguers. Accordingly, authority control is an example of controlled vocabulary and of bibliographic control.
While in theory any piece of information is amenable to authority control such as personal and corporate names, uniform titles, series, and subjects, library cataloguers typically focus on author names and book titles. Subject headings from the Library of Congress fulfill a function similar to authority records, although they are usually considered separately. As time passes, information changes, prompting needs for reorganization. According to one view, authority control is not about creating a perfect seamless system but rather it is an ongoing effort to keep up with these changes and try to bring "structure and order" to the task of helping users find information.
- Better researching. Authority control helps researchers get a handle on a specific subject with less wasted effort. A well-designed digital catalog/database enables a researcher to query a few words of an entry to bring up the already established term or phrase, thus improving accuracy and saving time.
- Makes searching more predictable. It can be used in conjunction with keyword searching using "and" or "not" or "or" or other Boolean operators on a web browser. It increases chances that a given search will return relevant items.
- Consistency of records.
- Organization and structure of information.
- Efficiency for cataloguers. The process of authority control is not only of great help to researchers searching for a particular subject to study, but it can help cataloguers organize information as well. Cataloguers can use authority records when trying to categorize new items, since they can see which records have already been catalogued and can therefore avoid unnecessary work.
- Maximises library resources.
- Easier to maintain the catalog. It enables cataloguers to detect and correct errors. In some instances, software programs support workers tasked with maintaining the catalog to do ongoing tasks such as automated clean-up. It helps creators and users of metadata.
- Fewer errors. It can help catch errors caused by typos or misspellings which can sometimes accumulate over time, sometimes known as quality drift. For example, machines can catch misspellings such as "Elementary school techers" and "Pumpkilns" which can then be corrected by library staff.
Differing names describe the same subject
Sometimes within a catalog there are different names or spellings for only one person or subject. This can bring confusion since researchers may miss some information. Authority control is used by cataloguers to collocate materials that logically belong together but which present themselves differently. Records are used to establish uniform titles which collocate all versions of a given work under one unique heading even when such versions are issued under different titles. With authority control, one unique preferred name represents all variations and will include different variations, spellings and misspellings, uppercase versus lowercase variants, differing dates, and so forth. For example, in Wikipedia, the subject of Princess Diana is described by an article Diana, Princess of Wales as well as numerous other descriptors, but both Princess Diana and Diana, Princess of Wales describe the same person; an authority record would choose one title as the preferred one for consistency. In an online library catalog, various entries might look like the following:
- Diana. (1)
- Diana, Princess of Wales. (1)
- Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997 (13)
- Diana, Princess of Wales 1961–1997 (1)
- Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997 (2)
- DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES, 1961–1997. (1)
- Diana, Princess of Wales, — Iconography. (2)
These different terms describe the same person. Accordingly, authority control reduces these entries to one unique entry or official authorized heading, sometimes termed an access point:
- Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997
|L i b r a r y||H e a d i n g|
|National Library of the Netherlands||Diana, prinses van Wales, 1961-1997|
|Virtual International Authority File||VIAF ID: 107032638|
|Wikipedia||Diana, Princess of Wales|
|WorldCat||Diana Princess of Wales 1961-1997|
|German National Library||Diana Wales, Prinzessin 1961-1997|
|U.S. Library of Congress||Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961-1997|
|Biblioteca Nacional de España||Windsor, Diana, Princess of Wales|
|Getty Union List of Artist Names||Diana, Princess of Wales English noble and patron, 1961-1997|
Generally there are different authority file headings chosen by different national libraries, possibly inviting confusion, but there are different approaches internationally to try to lessen the confusion. One international effort to prevent such confusion is the Virtual International Authority File which is a collaborative attempt to provide a single heading for a particular subject. It is a way to standardize information from different national libraries such as the German National Library and the United States Library of Congress. The idea is to create a single worldwide virtual authority file. For example, the German National Library's term for Princess Diana is Diana Wales, Prinzessin 1961-1997 while the United States Library of Congress prefers the term Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961-1997; other national libraries have other choices. The Virtual International Authority File choice for all of these variations is VIAF ID: 107032638—that is, a common number representing all of these variations.
Wikipedia prefers the term Diana, Princess of Wales, but at the bottom of Wikipedia's page about her, there are links to various international cataloguing efforts for reference purposes.
Same name describes two different subjects
Sometimes two different authors have been published under the same name. This can happen if there is a title which is identical to another title or to a collective uniform title. This, too, can cause confusion. Different authors can be distinguished correctly from each other by, for example, adding a middle initial to one of the names; in addition, other information can be added to one entry to clarify the subject, such as birth year, death year, range of active years such as 1918–1965 when the person flourished, or a brief descriptive epithet. When cataloguers come across different subjects with similar or identical headings, they can disambiguate them using authority control.
Authority records and files
A customary way of enforcing authority control in a bibliographic catalog is to set up a separate index of authority records, which relates to and governs the headings used in the main catalog. This separate index is often referred to as an "authority file." It contains an indexable record of all decisions made by cataloguers in a given library (or—as is increasingly the case—cataloguing consortium), which cataloguers consult when making, or revising, decisions about headings. As a result, the records contain documentation about sources used to establish a particular preferred heading, and may contain information discovered while researching the heading which may be useful.
While authority files provide information about a particular subject, their primary function is not to provide information but to organize it. They contain enough information to establish that a given author or title is unique, but that is all; irrelevant but interesting information is generally excluded. Although practices vary internationally, authority records in the English-speaking world generally contain:
- Headings show the preferred title chosen as the official and authorized version. It is important that the heading be unique; if there is a conflict with an identical heading, then one of the two will have to be chosen:
Since the headings function as access points, making sure that they are distinct and not in conflict with existing entries is important. For example, the English novelist William Collins (1824–89), whose works include the Moonstone and The Woman in White is better known as Wilkie Collins. Cataloguers have to decide which name the public would most likely look under, and whether to use a see also reference to link alternative forms of an individual's name.
- Cross references are other forms of the name or title that might appear in the catalog and include:
- see references are forms of the name or title that describe the subject but which have been passed over or deprecated in favor of the authorized heading form
- see also references point to other forms of the name or title that are also authorized. These see also references generally point to earlier or later forms of a name or title.
- Statement(s) of justification is a brief account made by the cataloguer about particular information sources used to determine both authorized and deprecated forms. Sometimes this means citing the title and publication date of the source, the location of the name or title on that source, and the form in which it appears on that source.
For example, the Irish writer Brian O'Nolan, who lived from 1911 to 1966, wrote under many pen names such as Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen. Catalogers at the United States Library of Congress chose one form—"O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966"—as the official heading. The example contains all three elements of a valid authority record: the first heading O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966 is the form of the name that the Library of Congress chose as authoritative. In theory, every record in the catalog that represents a work by this author should have this form of the name as its author heading. What follows immediately below the heading beginning with Na Gopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966 are the see references. These forms of the author's name will appear in the catalog, but only as transcriptions and not as headings. If a user queries the catalog under one of these variant forms of the author's name, he or she would receive the response: "See O’Brien, Flann, 1911–1966." There is an additional spelling variant of the Gopaleen name: "Na gCopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966" has an extra C inserted because the author also employed the non-anglicized Irish spelling of his pen-name, in which the capitalized C shows the correct root word while the preceding g indicates its pronunciation in context. So if a library user comes across this spelling variant, he or she will be led to the same author regardless. See also references, which point from one authorized heading to another authorized heading, are exceedingly rare for personal name authority records, although they often appear in name authority records for corporate bodies. The final four entries in this record beginning with His At Swim-Two-Birds ... 1939. constitute the justification for this particular form of the name: it appeared in this form on the 1939 edition of the author's novel At Swim-Two-Birds, whereas the author's other noms de plume appeared on later publications.
Access control
The act of choosing a single authorized heading to represent all forms of a name is often difficult, sometimes arbitrary and on occasion politically sensitive. An alternative is the idea of access control, where variant forms of a name are related without the endorsement of one particular form.
Authority control and cooperative cataloging
Before the advent of digital Online public access catalogs and the Internet, creating and maintaining a library's authority files was generally carried out by individual cataloging departments within each library—that is, if such cataloguing was done at all. This often resulted in substantial disagreement between different libraries over which form of a given name was considered authoritative. As long as a library's catalog was internally consistent, differences between catalogs did not matter greatly.
However, even before the Internet revolutionized the way libraries go about cataloging their materials, catalogers began moving toward the establishment of cooperative consortia, such as OCLC and RLIN in the United States, in which cataloging departments from libraries all over the world contributed their records to, and took their records from, a shared database. This development prompted to the need for national standards for authority work.
In the United States, the primary organization for maintaining cataloging standards with respect to authority work operates under the aegis of the Library of Congress, and is known as the Name Authority Cooperative Program, or NACO Authority.
There are various standards using different acronyms.
- ISAAR (CPF) – International Standard Archival Authority Record for Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families.[dead link] Published by the International Council on Archives
- MARC standards for authority records in machine-readable format.
- Metadata Authority Description Schema (MADS), an XML schema for an authority element set that may be used to provide metadata about agents (people, organizations), events, and terms (topics, geographics, genres, etc.).
- Encoded Archival Context, an XML schema for authority records conforming to ISAAR (CPF)
See also
- Knowledge Organization Systems
- Library classification systems:
- Ontology (information science)
- Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary.
- Universal Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatei or GND), authority file by the German National Library
- Virtual International Authority File (VIAF), an aggregation of authority files currently focused on personal and corporate names.
- ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID), a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify scientific and other academic authors. Authors - including Wikipedia editors - may obtain an ORCID by signing up at orcid.org.
- Block, Rick J. 1999. “Authority Control: What It Is and Why It Matters.”, accessed March 30, 2006
- "Why Does a Library Catalog Need Authority Control and What Is". government of Vermont. November 25, 2012.
- "Authority Control at the NMSU Library". New Mexico State University. November 25, 2012.
- "Authority Control in the Card Environment". government of Vermont. November 25, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- Kathleen L. Wells of the University of Southern Mississippi Libraries (November 25, 2012). "Got Authorities? Why Authority Control Is Good for Your Library". Tennessee Libraries.
- "auctor". Online Etymology Dictionary. December 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-07. "... Note: root words for both author and authority are words such as auctor or autor and autorite from the 13th century. -- author (n) c.1300, autor "father," from O.Fr. auctor, acteor "author, originator, creator, instigator (12c., Mod.Fr. auteur), from L. auctorem (nom. auctor) ... -- authority (n.) early 13c., autorite "book or quotation that settles an argument," from O.Fr. auctorité "authority, prestige, right, permission, dignity, gravity; the Scriptures" (12c.; Mod.Fr. autorité), ... (see author). ..."
- "authority (control)". Memidex. December 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-07. "Etymology ... autorite "book or quotation that settles an argument", from Old French auctorité..."
- "authority". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. December 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-07. "See "Origin of authority" -- Middle English auctorite, from Anglo-French auctorité, from Latin auctoritat-, auctoritas opinion, decision, power, from auctor First Known Use: 13th century..."
- "Cataloguing authority control policy". National Library of Australia. November 25, 2012. "The primary purpose of authority control is to assist the catalogue user in locating items of interest."
- "Authority Control at LTI". LTI. November 25, 2012.
- "brief guidelines on authority control decision-making". NCSU Libraries. November 25, 2012.
- "Authority Control in Unicorn WorkFlows August 2001". Rutgers University. November 25, 2012. "Why Authority Control?"
- Burger, Robert H. Authority Work: the Creation, Use, Maintenance and Evaluation of Authority Records and Files. Littleton, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 1985
- Clack, Doris Hargrett. Authority Control: Principles, Applications, and Instructions. Chicago : American Library Association, 1990.
- Maxwell, Robert L. Maxwell's Guide to Authority Work. Chicago : American Library Association, 2002.
- Calhoun, Karen (June 1998). "A Bird's Eye View of Authority Control in Cataloging". Cornell University Library. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- Virtual International Authority File records for Princess Diana, retrieved March 12, 2013
- Note: this is the article title as of March 12, 2013
- Mason, Moya K (November 25, 2012), Purpose of Authority Work and Files
- Wynar, BS (1992), Introduction to Cataloguing and Classification (8th ed.), Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
- Authorities files, Library of Congress; the original record has been abbreviated for clarity.
- Calhoun, Karen, A Bird's Eye View of Authority Control in Cataloging, Cornell University Library.
- Note: See Linda Barnhart's Access Control Records: Prospects and Challenges from the 1996 OCLC conference 'Authority Control in the 21st Century' for more information.
- "NACO Home: NACO (Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC), Library of Congress)". Loc.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- http://www.ica.org/en/node/30230[dead link]
- "ICArchives : Page d'accueil : Accueil". Ica.org. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office. "MARC 21 Format for Authority Data: Table of Contents (Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress)". Loc.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- Note: see orcid.org | <urn:uuid:03b4b40c-b448-457a-b50d-58c9b0cc4f67> | 2013-05-23T19:07:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Charles Scribner's Sons
|Parent company||Simon & Schuster (trade), Gale (reference)|
|Founder||Charles Scribner I,
Isaac D. Baker
|Country of origin||USA|
|Headquarters location||New York City|
|Fiction genres||American literature|
Charles Scribner's Sons, or simply Scribner, is an American publisher based in New York City, known for publishing a number of American authors including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Kurt Vonnegut, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Stephen King, Robert A. Heinlein, Thomas Wolfe, George Santayana, John Clellon Holmes, and Edith Wharton.
The firm published Scribner's Magazine for many years. More recently, several Scribner titles and authors have garnered Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards and other merits. In 1978 the company merged with Atheneum and became The Scribner Book Companies. In turn it merged into Macmillan in 1984.
Simon & Schuster bought Macmillan in 1994. By this point only the trade book and reference book operations still bore the original family name. The former imprint, now simply "Scribner," was retained by Simon & Schuster, while the reference division has been owned by Gale since 1999.
The firm was founded in 1846 by Charles Scribner I and Isaac D. Baker as "Baker & Scribner". After Baker's death, Scribner bought the remainder of the company and renamed it the "Charles Scribner Company." In 1865 the company made its first venture into magazine publishing with Hours at Home.
In 1870 the Scribners organized a new firm, Scribner and Company, to publish a magazine entitled Scribner’s Monthly. After the death of Charles Scribner I in 1871, his son John Blair Scribner took over as president of the company. His other sons Charles Scribner II and Arthur Hawley Scribner would also join the firm, in 1875 and 1884. They each later served as presidents. When the other partners in the venture sold their stake to the family, the company was renamed Charles Scribner's Sons.
The company launched St. Nicholas Magazine in 1873 with Mary Mapes Dodge as editor and Frank R. Stockton as assistant editor; it became well known as a children's magazine. When the Scribner family sold the magazine company to outside investors in 1881, Scribner’s Monthly was renamed the Century Magazine. The Scribners brothers were enjoined from publishing any magazine for a period of five years.
In 1886, at the expiration of this term, they launched Scribner's Magazine. The firm's headquarters were in the Scribner Building, built in 1893, on lower Fifth Avenue at 21st Street, and later in the Charles Scribner's Sons Building, on Fifth Avenue in midtown. Both buildings were designed by Ernest Flagg in a Beaux Arts style.
The children's book division was established in 1934 under the leadership of Alice Dalgliesh. It published works by distinguished authors and illustrators including N.C. Wyeth, Robert A. Heinlein, Marcia Brown, Will James, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Leo Politi.
- Charles Scribner I (1821–1871), 1846 to 1871
- John Blair Scribner (1850–1879), 1871 to 1879
- Charles Scribner II (1854–1930), 1879 to ?
- Arthur Hawley Scribner (1859–1932), circa 1900
- Charles Scribner III (1890–1952), 1932 to 1952
- Charles Scribner IV (1921–1995), 1952 to 1984
- Baker & Scribner, until the death of Baker in 1850
- Charles Scribner Company
- Charles Scribner's Sons
The Scribner Bookstores are now owned by Barnes & Noble.
- "Columbia Journalism Review - CJR's guide to what the major media companies own". Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- "Charles Scribner" (PDF). The New York Times. August 28, 1871. Retrieved 2008-07-24. "The sad news was received on Saturday evening of the death from fever on that day at Lucerne, Switzerland, of Mr. Charles Scribner, head of the eminent publishing house Charles Scribner & Company..."
- "Charles Scribner Dies suddenly at 76. Publisher Succumbs to Heart Disease at Home Here. Was at Desk Thursday. Entered Firm as Youth. Directed Business His Father Founded. Fostered Work of American Authors. Firm Founded in 1846. Received Honorary Degree.". The New York Times. April 20, 1930. Retrieved 2008-07-24. "Charles Scribner, chairman of the Board of Directors of the publishing house of Charles Scribner's Sons, 597 Fifth Avenue, which was founded by his father, died suddenly at 1 o'clock yesterday afternoon of heart ..."
- Pace, Eric (November 13, 1995). "Charles Scribner Jr., Who Headed Publishing Company, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-24. "Charles Scribner Jr., the longtime head of the Charles Scribner's Sons book publishing company, died on Saturday at the Mary Manning Walsh nursing home on York Avenue in Manhattan. He was 74 and lived on the Upper East Side of Manhattan for half a century. The cause was pneumonia, and he had suffered for a decade from a degenerative neurological disorder, said his son Charles Scribner 3d."
- Bailey, Jr., Herbert S. (1997). "Charles Scribner, Jr. (13 July 1921-11 November 1995)". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 141, No. 2) 141 (2): 233–237. JSTOR 987306.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Charles Scribner's Sons|
- The House of Scribner
- "Scribner Magazine online". 1889-1939. Retrieved 4/24/2012.
- Charles Scribner's Sons at Thomson Gale
- Archives of Charles Scribner’s Sons at the Princeton University Library, Manuscript Division
- Charles Scribner's Sons Art Reference Department records at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
- Charles Scribner's Sons: An Illustrated Chronology Princeton Library | <urn:uuid:10737072-4e75-4639-bd1d-7be7c449fab0> | 2013-05-23T18:45:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. Although most textbooks are only published in printed format, many are now available as online electronic books and increasingly, although illegally, in scanned format on file sharing networks.
The ancient Greeks wrote texts intended for education. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press. Johannes Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids (e.g., alphabet books), as well as individuals who taught themselves.
The Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 B.C.) lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmission were changing. Before the invention of the Greek alphabet 2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recited aloud, much like Homer's epic poems. The new technology of writing meant stories no longer needed to be memorized, a development Socrates feared would weaken the Greeks' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. (Paradoxically, we know about Socrates' concerns only because they were written down by his student Plato in his famous Dialogues.)
The next revolution for books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. The invention is attributed to German metalsmith Johannes Gutenberg, who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and constructed a wooden-screw printing press to transfer the image onto paper.
Gutenberg's first and only large-scale printing effort was the now iconic Gutenberg Bible in the 1450s — a Latin translation from the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament[disambiguation needed], copies of which can be viewed on the British Library website www.bl.uk. Gutenberg's invention made mass production of texts possible for the first time. Although the Gutenberg Bible itself was stratospherically expensive, printed books began to spread widely over European trade routes during the next 50 years, and by the 16th century printed books had become more widely accessible and less costly.
Compulsory education and the subsequent growth of schooling in Europe led to the printing of many standardized texts for children. Textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th century New England Primer and the 19th century McGuffey Readers.
Technological advances change the way people interact with textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. Students now have access to electronic and PDF books, online tutoring systems and video lectures. An example of e-book publishing is Principles of Biology from Nature Publishing.
Most notably, an increasing number of authors are foregoing commercial publishers and offering their textbooks under a creative commons or other open license. The New York Times recently endorsed the use of free, open, digital textbooks in the editorial "That book costs how much?"
The "broken market"
The textbook market does not operate in exactly the same manner as most consumer markets. First, the end consumers (students) do not select the product, and the product is not purchased by faculty or professors. Therefore, price is removed from the purchasing decision, giving the producer (publishers) disproportionate market power to set prices high. Similarities are found in the pharmaceutical industry, which sells its wares to doctors, rather than the ultimate end-user (i.e. patient).
This fundamental difference in the market is often cited as the primary reason that prices are out of control. The term "Broken Market" first appeared in Economist James Koch's analysis of the market commissioned by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance.
This situation is exacerbated by the lack of competition in the textbook market. Consolidation in the past few decades[when?] has reduced the number of major textbook companies from around 30 to just a handful. Consequently, there is less competition than there used to be, and the high cost of starting up 'keeps new companies from entering.
New editions & the used book market
Students seek relief from rising prices through the purchase of used copies of textbooks, which tend to be less expensive. Most college bookstores offer used copies of textbooks at lower prices. Most bookstores will also buy used copies back from students at the end of a term if the book is going to be re-used at the school. Books that are not being re-used at the school are often purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-30% of the new cost, for distribution to other bookstores where the books will be sold. Textbook companies have countered this by encouraging faculty to assign homework that must be done on the publisher's website. If a student has a new textbook then he or she can use the pass code in the book to register on the site. If the student has purchased a used textbook then he or she must pay money directly to the publisher in order to access the website and complete assigned homework.
Students who look beyond the campus bookstore can typically find lower prices. With the ISBN or title, author and edition, most textbooks can be located through online used book sellers or retailers.
Most leading textbook companies publish a new edition every 3 or 4 years, more frequently in math & science. Harvard economics chair James K. Stock has stated that new editions are often not about significant improvements to the content. "New editions are to a considerable extent simply another tool used by publishers and textbook authors to maintain their revenue stream, that is, to keep up prices," A study conducted by The Student PIRGs found that a new edition costs 12% more than a new copy of previous edition, and 58% more than a used copy of the previous edition. Textbook publishers maintain these new editions are driven by faculty demand. The Student PIRGs' study found that 76% of faculty said new editions were justified “half of the time or less” and 40% said they were justified “rarely” or “never.” The PIRG study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies regarding the annual average cost of textbooks per student.
The Student PIRGs also point out that recent emphasis on electronic textbooks, or "eTextbooks," does not always save students money. Even though the book costs less up-front, the student will not recover any of the cost through resale.
Another publishing industry practice that has been highly criticized is "bundling," or shrink-wrapping supplemental items into a textbook. Supplemental items range from CD-ROMs and workbooks to online passcodes and bonus material. Students do not always have the option to purchase these items separately, and often the one-time-use supplements destroy the resale value of the textbook.
According to the Student PIRGs, the typical bundled textbook is 10%-50% more than an unbundled textbook, and 65% of professors said they “rarely” or “never” use the bundled items in their courses.
A 2005 Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report found that the production of these supplemental items was the primary cause of rapidly increasing prices:
While publishers, retailers, and wholesalers all play a role in textbook pricing, the primary factor contributing to increases in the price of textbooks has been the increased investment publishers have made in new products to enhance instruction and learning...While wholesalers, retailers, and others do not question the quality of these materials, they have expressed concern that the publishers’ practice of packaging supplements with a textbook to sell as one unit limits the opportunity students have to purchase less expensive used books....If publishers continue to increase these investments, particularly in technology, the cost to produce a textbook is likely to continue to increase in the future.
Bundling has also been used as a means of segmenting the used book market. Each combination of a textbook and supplemental items receives a separate ISBN. A single textbook could therefore have dozens of ISBNs that denote different combinations of supplements packaged with that particular book. When a bookstore attempts to track down used copies of textbooks, they will search for the ISBN the course instructor orders, which will locate only a subset of the copies of the textbook.
Legislation on the state and federal level seeks to limit the practice of bundling, by requiring publishers to offer all components separately. Publishers have testified in favor of bills including this provision, but only in the case that the provision exempts the loosely defined category of "integrated textbooks." The Federal bill only exempts 3rd party materials in integrated textbooks, however publisher lobbyists have attempted to create a loophole through this definition in state bills.
Price disclosure
Given that the problem of high textbook prices is linked to the "broken" economics of the market, requiring publishers to disclose textbook prices to faculty is a solution pursued by a number of legislatures. By inserting price into sales interactions, this regulation will supposedly make the economic forces operate more normally.
No data suggests that this is in fact true. However, The Student PIRGs have found that publishers actively withhold pricing information from faculty, making it difficult to obtain. Their most recent study found that 77% of faculty say publisher sales representatives do not volunteer prices, and only 40% got an answer when they directly asked. Furthermore, the study found that 23% of faculty rated publisher websites as “informative and easy to use” and less than half said they typically listed the price.
The US Congress passed a law in the 2008 Higher Education Opportunity Act that would require price disclosure. Legislation requiring price disclosure has passed in Connecticut, Washington, Minnesota, Oregon, Arizona, Oklahoma, and Colorado. Publishers are currently supporting price disclosure mandates, though they insist that the "suggested retail price" should be disclosed, rather than the actual price the publisher would get for the book.
Used textbook market
Once a textbook is purchased from a retailer for the first time, there are several ways a student can sell his/her textbooks back at the end of the semester. Students can sell to 1) the college/university bookstore; 2) fellow students; or 3) a number of online Web sites or student swap service.
Campus buyback
As for buyback on a specific campus, faculty decisions largely determine how much a student receives. If a professor chooses to use the same book the following semester, even if it is a custom text, designed specifically for an individual instructor, bookstores often buy the book back. The GAO report found that, generally, if a book is in good condition and will be used on the campus again the next term, bookstores will pay students 50 percent of the original price paid. If the bookstore has not received a faculty order for the book at the end of the term and the edition is still current, they may offer students the wholesale price of the book, which could range from 5 to 35 percent of the new retail price, according to the GAO report.
When students resell their textbooks during campus “buyback” periods, these textbooks are often sold into the national used textbook distribution chain. If a textbook is not going to be used on campus for the next semester of courses then many times the college bookstore will sell that book to a national used book company. The used book company then resells the book to another college bookstore. Finally, that book is sold as used to a student at another college at a price that is typically 75% of the new book price. At each step, a markup is applied to the book to enable the respective companies to continue to operate.
Student to student sales
Students can also sell or trade textbooks among themselves. After completing a course, sellers will often seek out members of the next enrolling class, people who are likely to be interested in purchasing the required books. This may be done by posting flyers to advertise the sale of the books or simply soliciting individuals who are shopping in the college bookstore for the same titles. Many larger schools have independent websites set up for the purpose of facilitating such trade. These often operate much like digital classified ads, enabling students to list their items for sale and browse for those they wish to acquire. Also, at the US Air Force Academy, it is possible to e-mail entire specific classes, allowing for an extensive network of textbook sales to exist.
Student online marketplaces
Online marketplaces are one of the two major types of online websites students can use to sell used textbooks. Online marketplaces may have an online auction format or may allow the student to list their books for a fixed price. In either case, the student must create the listing for each book themselves and wait for a buyer to order, making the use of marketplaces a more passive way of selling used textbooks. Unlike campus buyback and online book, students are unlikely to sell all their books to one buyer using online marketplaces, and will likely have to send out multiple books individually.
Online book buyers
Online book buyers buy textbooks, and sometimes other types of books, with the aim of reselling them for a profit. Like online marketplaces, online book buyers operate year-round, giving students the opportunity to sell their books even when campus "buyback" periods are not in effect. Students enter the ISBN numbers of the books they wish to sell and receive a price quote or offer. These online book buyers often offer "free shipping" (which in actuality is built into the offer for the book), and allow students to sell multiple books to the same source. Because online book buyers are buying books for resale, the prices they offer may be lower than students can get on online marketplaces. However, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus on the convenience of their service. Some even claim that buying used textbooks online and selling them to online book buyers has a lower total cost than even textbook rental services.
Textbook exchanges
In response to escalating textbook prices, limited competition, and to provide a more efficient system to connect buyers and sellers together, online textbook exchanges were developed. Most of today's sites handle buyer and seller payments, and usually deduct a small commission only after the sale is completed.
According to textbook author Henry L. Roediger (and Wadsworth Publishing Company senior editor Vicki Knight), the used textbook market is illegitimate, and entirely to blame for the rising costs of textbooks. As methods of "dealing with this problem", he recommends making previous editions of textbooks obsolete, binding the textbook with other materials, and passing laws to prevent the sale of used books. The concept is not unlike the limited licensing approach for computer software, which places rigid restrictions on resale and reproduction. The intent is to make users understand that the content of any textbook is the intellectual property of the author and/or the publisher, and that as such, subject to copyright. Obviously, this idea is completely opposed to the millennia-old tradition of the sale of used books, and would make that entire industry illegal.
Rental programs
In-store rentals are processed by either using a kiosk and ordering books online with a third party facilitator or renting directly from the store's inventory. Some stores use a hybrid of both methods, opting for in-store selections of the most popular books and the online option for more obscure titles or books they consider too risky to put in the rental system.
Open textbooks
The latest trend in textbooks is "open textbooks." An open textbook is a free, openly licensed textbook offered online by its author(s). According to PIRG, a number of textbooks already exist, and are being used at schools such as the MIT and Harvard. A 2010 study published found that open textbooks offer a viable and attractive means to meet faculty and student needs while offering savings of approximately 80% compared to traditional textbook options.
Although the largest question seems to be who is going to pay to write them, several state policies suggest that public investment in open textbooks might make sense. To offer another perspective, any jurisdiction might find itself challenged to find sufficient numbers of credible academics who would be willing to undertake the effort of creating an open textbook without realistic compensation, in order to make such a proposal work.
The other challenge involves the reality of publishing, which is that textbooks with good sales and profitability subsidize the creation and publication of low demand but believed to be necessary textbooks. Subsidies skew markets and the elimination of subsidies is disruptive; in the case of low demand textbooks the possibilities following subsidy removal include any or all of the following: higher retail prices, a switch to open textbooks, a reduction of the number of titles published.
On the other hand, independent open textbook authoring and publishing models are developing. Most notably, the startup publisher Flat World Knowledge already has dozens of college-level open textbooks that are used by more than 900 institutions in 44 countries. Their innovative business model was to offer the open textbook free online, and then sell ancillary products that students are likely to buy if prices are reasonable - print copies, study guides, ePub, .Mobi (Kindle), PDF download, etc. Flat World Knowledge compensates its authors with royalties on these sales. With the generated revenue Flat World Knowledge funded high-quality publishing activities with a goal of making the Flat World financial model sustainable. However, in January, 2013 Flat World Knowledge announced their financial model could no longer sustain their free-to-read options for students. Flat World Knowledge intends to have open textbooks available for the 125 highest-enrolled courses on college campuses within the next few years.
CK-12 FlexBooks are the open textbooks designed for United States K-12 courses. CK-12 FlexBooks are designed to facilitate conformance to national and United States and individual state textbook standards. CK-12 FlexBooks are licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license, are easy to update, and easy to customize. CK-12 FlexBooks are free to use online and offer formats suitable for use on portable personal reading devices and computers - both online and offline. Formats for both iPad and Kindle are offered. School districts may select a title as is or customize the open textbook to meet local instructional standards. The file may be then accessed electronically or printed using any print on demand service without paying a royalty, saving 80% or more when compared to traditional textbook options. An example print on demand open textbook title, "College Algebra" by Stitz & Zeager through Lulu is 608 pages, royalty free, and costs about $20 ordered one at a time (March, 2011). (Any print on demand service could be used - this is just an example. School districts could easily negotiate even lower prices for bulk purchases to be printed in their own communities.) Teacher's editions are available for educators and parents. Titles have been authored by various individuals and organizations and are vetted for quality prior to inclusion in the CK-12 catalog. An effort is underway to map state educational standards correlations. Stanford University provided a number of titles in use. CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide using a standards driven, open-licensed, web-based, collaborative content aggregation model.
Curriki is another modular K-12 content non-profit "empowering educators to deliver and share curricula." Selected Curriki materials are also correlated to U.S. state educational standards. Some Curriki content has been collected into open textbooks and some may be used for modular lessons or special topics.
|This section may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. (March 2012)|
Wikibooks is a Wikimedia project that aims to provide and promote the editing of open-content textbooks. Wikibooks is for textbooks, annotated texts, instructional guides, and manuals. These materials can be used in a traditional classroom, an accredited or respected institution, a home-school environment, as part of a Wikiversity course or for self-learning. As a general rule only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Most types of books, both fiction and non-fiction, are not allowed on Wikibooks, unless they are instructional. The use of literary elements, such as allegory or fables as instructional tools can be permitted in some situations.
Although the project does not permit verbatim copies of pre-existing works (those would be covered by WikiSource), it does permit annotated texts, which are a kind of text that includes an original text within it and serves as a guide to reading or studying that text. Annotated editions of previously published source texts may only be written if the source text is compatible with the project's license.
MIT OpenCourseWare
Provides several open textbooks.
International market pricing
Similar to the issue of reimportation of pharmaceuticals into the U.S. market, the GAO report also highlights a similar phenomenon in textbook distribution. Retailers and publishers have expressed concern about the reimportation of lower-priced textbooks from international locations. Specifically, they cited the ability students have to purchase books from online distribution channels outside the United States at lower prices, which may result in a loss of sales for U.S. retailers. Additionally, the availability of lower-priced textbooks through these channels has heightened distrust and frustration among students regarding textbook prices, and college stores find it difficult to explain why their textbook prices are higher, according to the National Association of College Stores. Retailers and publishers have also been concerned that some U.S. retailers may have engaged in reimportation on a large scale by ordering textbooks for entire courses at lower prices from international distribution channels. While the 1998 Supreme Court decision Quality King v. L'anza protects the reimportation of copyrighted materials under the first-sale doctrine, textbook publishers have still attempted to prevent the U.S. sale of international editions by enforcing contracts which forbid foreign wholesalers from selling to American distributors. Concerned about the effects of differential pricing on college stores, the National Association of College Stores has called on publishers to stop the practice of selling textbooks at lower prices outside the United States. For example, some U.S. booksellers arrange for drop-shipments in foreign countries which are then re-shipped to America where the books can be sold online at used prices (for a "new" unopened book). The authors often getting half-royalties instead of full-royalties, minus the charges for returned books from bookstores.
Cost distribution
According to the National Association of College Stores, the entire cost of the book is justified by expenses, with typically 11.7% of the price of a new book going to the author's royalties (or a committee of editors at the publishing house), 22.7% going to the store, and 64.6% going to the publisher. The store and publisher amounts are slightly higher for Canada. Bookstores and used-book vendors profit from the resale of textbooks on the used market, with publishers only earning profits on sales of new textbooks.
According to the GAO study published July 2005:
Following closely behind annual increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbook and supply prices have risen at twice the rate of annual inflation over the last two decades.
Rising at an average of 6 percent each year since academic year 1987-1988, compared with overall average price increases of 3 percent per year, college textbook and supply prices trailed tuition and fee increases, which averaged 7 percent per year. Since December 1986, textbook and supply prices have nearly tripled, increasing by 186 percent, while tuition and fees increased by 240 percent and overall prices grew by 72 percent. While increases in textbook and supply prices have followed increases in tuition and fees, the cost of textbooks and supplies for degree-seeking students as a percentage of tuition and fees varies by the type of institution attended. For example, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time, full-time student for academic year 2003-2004 was $898 at 4-year public institutions, or about 26 percent of the cost of tuition and fees. At 2-year public institutions, where low-income students are more likely to pursue a degree program and tuition and fees are lower, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time, full-time student was $886 in academic year 2003-2004, representing almost three-quarters of the cost of tuition and fees.
According to the 2nd edition of a study by the United States Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG) published in February 2005: "Textbook prices are increasing at more than four times the inflation rate for all finished goods, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index. The wholesale prices charged by textbook publishers have jumped 62 percent since 1994, while prices charged for all finished goods increased only 14 percent. Similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased just 19 percent during the same time period."
According to the 2007 edition of the College Board’s Trend in College Pricing Report published October 2007: "College costs continue to rise and federal student aid has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, while textbooks, as a percentage of total college costs, have remained steady at about 5 percent."
K-12 textbooks
In most U.S. K-12 public schools, a local school board votes on which textbooks to purchase from a selection of books that have been approved by the state Department of Education. Teachers receive the books to give to the students for each subject. Teachers are usually not required to use textbooks, however, and many prefer to use other materials instead. Textbook publishing in the U.S. is a business primarily aimed at large states. This is due to state purchasing controls over the books. The Texas State Board of Education spends in excess of $600 million annually on its central purchasing of textbooks.
High school
In recent years, high school textbooks of United States history have come under increasing criticism. Authors such as Howard Zinn (A People's History of the United States), Gilbert T. Sewall (Textbooks: Where the Curriculum Meets the Child) and James W. Loewen (Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong), make the claim that U.S. history textbooks contain mythical untruths and omissions, which paint a whitewashed picture that bears little resemblance to what most students learn in universities. Inaccurately retelling history, through textbooks or other literature, has been practiced in many societies, from ancient Rome to the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China. The content of history textbooks is often determined by the political forces of state adoption boards and ideological pressure groups.
Science textbooks have been the source of ongoing debates and have come under scrutiny from several organizations. The presentation or inclusion of controversial scientific material has been debated in several court cases. Poorly designed textbooks have been cited as contributing to declining grades in mathematics and science in the United States and organizations such as the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) have criticized the layout, presentation, and amount of material given in textbooks.
Discussions of textbooks have been included on creation and evolution in the public education debate. The Smith v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County case brought forward a debate about scientific fact being presented in textbooks.
In his book, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, the late physics Nobel Prize laureate Richard P. Feynman described his experiences as a member of a committee that evaluated science textbooks. At some instances, there were nonsensical examples to illustrate physical phenomena; then a company sent — for reasons of timing — a textbook that contained blank pages, which even got good critiques. Feynman himself experienced attempts at bribery.
Largely in the US, but increasingly in other nations, K-12 Mathematics textbooks have reflected the controversies of new math and reform mathematics which have sought to replace traditional mathematics in what have been called the math wars. Traditional texts, still favored in Asia and other areas, merely taught the same time-tested mathematics that most adults have learned. By contrast "progressive" approaches seek to address problems in social inequity with approaches that often incorporate principles of constructivism and discovery. Texts such as TERC and CMP discourage or omit standard mathematics methods and concepts such as long division and lowest common denominators. For example an index entry to multiply fractions would lead to "devise your own method to multiply fractions which work on these examples", and the formula for the area of a circle would be an exercise for a student to derive rather than including it in the student text. By the 2000s, while some districts were still adopting the more novel methods, others had abandoned them as unworkable.
Higher education
In the U.S., college and university textbooks are chosen by the professor teaching the course, or by the department as a whole. Students are typically responsible for obtaining their own copies of the books used in their courses, although alternatives to owning textbooks, such as textbook rental services and library reserve copies of texts, are available in some instances.
In some European countries, such as Sweden or Spain, students attending institutions of higher education pay for textbooks themselves, although higher education is free of charge otherwise.
With higher education costs on the rise, many students are becoming sensitive to every aspect of college pricing, including textbooks, and in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs. The 2005 Government Accountability Office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate of inflation in the past two decades. A 2005 PIRG study found that textbooks cost students $900 per year, and that prices increased four times the rate of inflation over the past decade. A June 2007 Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, “Turn the Page,” reported that the average U.S. student spends $700–$1000 per year on textbooks.
While many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or faculty, the ACSFA also found that assigning blame to any one party—faculty, colleges, bookstores or publishers—for current textbook costs is unproductive and without merit. The report called on all parties within the industry to work together to find productive solutions, which included a movement toward open textbooks and other lower-cost digital solutions.
Textbook prices are considerably higher in Law School. Students ordinarily pay close to $200 for case books consisting of cases available free online.
Textbook bias on controversial topics
In cases of history, science, current events, and political textbooks, the writer might be biased towards one way or another. Topics such as actions of a country, presidential actions, and scientific theories are common potential biases.
See also
- Casebook - A special type of textbook used in law schools in the United States.
- Japanese textbook controversy
- Pakistani textbooks controversy
- Kanawha County textbook controversy
- Sourcebook – collection of texts, often used in social sciences and humanities in the United States
- Wikibooks - A sister project to Wikipedia whose goal is to create textbooks.
- Workbook - Usually filled with practice problems, where the answers can be written directly in the book.
- Problem book - A textbook, usually graduate level, organized as a series of problems and full solutions.
- Open textbook - More information about open textbook options.
- http://wondermark.com/socrates-vs-writing/ True Stuff: Socrates vs. the Written Word, January 27th, 2011. By David Malki
- Marcia Clemmitt, "Learning Online Literacy," in "Reading Crisis?" CQ Researcher, Feb. 22, 2008, pp. 169-192.
- British Library, “Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible,” www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/background.html.
- Koch, James P. "An Economic Analysis of Textbook Prices and the Textbook Market", 2006-09. Retrieved on 2012-06-12. (Alternative location (PDF))
- Rose, Marla Matzer. City at the head of the class: Consolidation, talent pool have made Columbus a hotbed for educational publishers. August 5, 2007. Retrieved 2/14/09. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011.
- D'Gama, Alissa and Benjamin Jaffe. "Professors Find Differents Uses for Textbook Profits." The Harvard Crimson, 4 March 2008. Retrieved on 7 October 2011.
- Rip-off 101: How the Current Practices of the Textbook Industry Drive Up the Cost of College Textbooks The Student PIRGs (2004)
- Capriccioso, Rob. Throwing Down the Book. Inside Higher Ed, August 29, 2006. Retrieved 2/14/09.
- Allen, Nicole. Course Correction: How Digital Textbooks Are Off Track and How to Set Them Straight. The Student PIRGs (2008)
- Required Reading: A Look at the Words Publishing Tactics at Work, The Student PIRGs (2006)
- "College Textbooks: Enhanced Offerings Appear to Drive Recent Price Increases." U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, 2005. Abstract. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- Analysis of Textbook Affordability Provisions in H.R. 4137, The Student PIRGs
- "Higher Education Opportunity Act." H.R.4137, U.S. House of Representatives, 110th Congress (2007-2008.) Public Law No. 110-315. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- HB 2048. Missouri House of Representatives, 28 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- Summarized History for Bill Number SB08-073. Colorado General Assembly, 2008. Last updated 04 August 2008. Retrieved 07 October 2011.
- Zomer, Saffron. Exposing the Textbook Industry, The Student PIRGs (2007)
- Washington Governor Signs College Textbook Transparency Act, The Student PIRGs (Press Release)
- See PIRG's Catalog of Open Textbooks for examples of open textbooks
- A Cover to Cover Solution by Nicole Allen of the Student PIRGs. 2010.
- Flat World Knowledge President Eric Frank Addresses Oregon Legislators on Solving Textbook Affordability. Pressitt. February 21, 2011.
- Open-source textbook co. Flat World goes back to school with 40,000 new customers - Venture Beat 8/20/09
- 150,000 College Students Save $12 Million Using Flat World Knowledge Open Textbooks. Marketwire. August 23, 2010.
- Flat World Knowledge: Open College Textbooks by Sanford Forte. Opensource.com. February 23, 2010.
- Organizational Behavior v1.1 by Talya Bauer & Berrin Erdogan. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge. 2010. (Free online open textbook format sample - PDF view)
- Introduction to Psychology by Charles Stangor. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge. 2010. (Free online open textbook format sample - web view)
- See Flat World Knowledge's website
- Flat World Knowledge Website.
- Flat World Knowledge gets $15 million in Funding. Publishers Weekly. January 20, 2011.
- CK-12 FlexBooks. Homepage.
- Carl Stitz/Jeff Zeager on Ohio Textbook HQ 2010.
- CK-12 - Standards Correlations United States.
- Human Biology - Genetics CK-12 FlexBook by The Program in Human Biology, Stanford University. (sample of free web access format)
- About CK-12 Foundation
- Curriki.org Homepage.
- Lewin, Tamar (21 October 2003). "Students Find $100 Textbooks Cost $50, Purchased Overseas". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- "Testimony of Marc L. Fleischaker, Counsel, National Association of College Stores". Hearing on "Are College Textbooks Priced Fairly?". U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Education and the Workforce, Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness. 20 July 2004. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- Rip-off 101: Second Edition, The Student PIRGs (2005)
Further reading
- Slatalla, Michelle (August 30, 2007), "Knowledge Is Priceless but Textbooks Are Not", New York Times.
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Dunne in 1999
|Born||Dominick John Dunne
October 29, 1925
|Died||August 26, 2009
Manhattan, New York City
|Cause of death||Bladder cancer|
Dominick John Dunne (October 29, 1925 – August 26, 2009) was an American writer and investigative journalist whose subjects frequently hinged on the ways in which high society interacts with the judicial system. He was a movie producer in Hollywood and was also known for his frequent appearances on television.
Early life
Dunne, the second of six children, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Dorothy Frances (née Burns) and Richard Edwin Dunne, a hospital chief of staff and prominent heart surgeon. His Irish Catholic family was wealthy; his maternal grandfather, Dominick Francis Burns, founded the Park Street Trust Company. However, from his earliest days, Dunne recalled feeling like an outsider in the predominantly "WASPish" West Hartford.
He was the older brother of John Gregory Dunne, a screenwriter and critic who was married to journalist Joan Didion. They co-wrote The Panic in Needle Park, a film starring Al Pacino, which Dominick produced.
As a boy, he was known as Nicky. After attending the Kingswood School and Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut, he attended Williams College and then served in World War II where he received the Bronze Star for heroism during the Battle of Metz.
After serving in the military, Dunne moved to New York City, where he became a stage manager for television. He was later brought to Hollywood, by Humphrey Bogart, who wanted Dunne to work on the television version of The Petrified Forest. He later went on to work on Playhouse 90 and became vice-president of Four Star Television. He hobnobbed with the rich and the famous of those days. In 1979, beset with addictions, Dunne left Hollywood and moved to rural Oregon, where he says he overcame his personal demons and wrote his first book, The Winners. Early in his career he was a movie producer and friend of Elizabeth Taylor as described in a recently updated biography on Elizabeth Taylor.
In November 1982, his daughter, Dominique Dunne, best known for her part in the film Poltergeist, was murdered. Dominick Dunne attended the trial of John Thomas Sweeney, who was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. According to Dunne's account in Justice, Sweeney was sentenced to six-and-a-half years, but served only two and a half after his conviction. Dominick Dunne wrote the article "Justice: A Father's Account of the Trial of his Daughter's Killer" for Vanity Fair.
Dunne went on to write for Vanity Fair regularly, and fictionalized several real-life events, such as the murders of Alfred Bloomingdale's mistress Vicki Morgan and banking heir William Woodward, Jr., in several best-selling books. He eventually hosted the TV series Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice on CourtTV (later truTV), in which he discussed justice and injustice and their intersection with celebrities. Famous trials he covered included those of O.J. Simpson, Claus von Bulow, Michael Skakel, William Kennedy Smith, and the Menendez brothers. Dunne's account of the Menendez trial, "Nightmare on Elm Drive," was selected by The Library of America for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American true crime writing, published in 2008.
In 2005, California Congressman Gary Condit won an undisclosed amount of money and an apology from Dunne, who had earlier implicated him in the disappearance of Chandra Levy, an intern from his U.S. House of Representatives district, with whom Condit had been carrying on an extramarital affair. In November 2006, he was sued again by Condit for comments made about the former politician on Larry King Live on CNN, but the suit was eventually dismissed.
While rumored in early 2006 that he intended to cease writing for Vanity Fair, Dunne stated the opposite in a February 4, 2006, interview with talk show host Larry King. "Oh, I am at Vanity Fair. I'll be in the next issue and the issue after that. We went through, you know, a difficult period. That happens in long relationships and, you know, you either work your way through them or you get a divorce. And I didn't want a divorce and we've worked our way through and Graydon and I are close and he's a great editor and I'm thrilled to be there."
Dunne frequently socialized with, wrote about, and was photographed with celebrities. A Salon.com review of his memoir, The Way We Lived Then, recounted how Dunne appeared at a wedding reception for Dennis Hopper. Sean Elder, the author of the review, wrote: "But in the midst of it all there was one man who was getting what ceramic artist Ron Nagle would call 'the full cheese,' one guy everyone gravitated toward and paid obeisance to." That individual was Dunne, who mixed easily with artists, actors and writers present at the function. The final line of the review about Dunne quoted Dennis Hopper wishing he "had a picture of myself with Allen Ginsberg and Norman Mailer."
In 2008, at age 82, Dunne traveled from New York to Las Vegas to cover O.J. Simpson's trial on charges of kidnapping and armed robbery for Vanity Fair magazine, claiming it would be his last. During the trial, an unidentified woman approached and kissed him, causing her to be ejected from the courtroom. Later, when he collapsed from the sudden onset of severe pain and had to be rushed to the hospital, he expressed amazement at how fast the word spread at his fan site, DominicksDiary.com.
Dunne's adventures in Hollywood as an outcast, top-selling author and reporter, were catalogued in the release of Dominick Dunne: After the Party. This film documents his successes and tribulations as a big name in the entertainment industry. In the film, Dunne reflects on his past as a World War II veteran, falling in love and raising a family, his climb and fall as a Hollywood producer, and his comeback as a writer.
Final years and tribute
In September 2008, Dunne disclosed that he was being treated for bladder cancer. He was working on Too Much Money, his final book, at the time of his death. On September 22, 2008, Dunne complained of intense pain, and was taken by ambulance to Valley Hospital. Dunne died on August 26, 2009, at his home in Manhattan and was buried at Cove Cemetery in the shadow of Gillette Castle in Hadlyme, Connecticut.
On October 29, 2009 (what would have been Dunne's 84th birthday), Hollywood friends and some reporter friends, along with new Hollywood figures, gathered at the Chateau Marmont to celebrate Dominick Dunne's life. Vanity Fair magazine paid tribute to Dunne's life and extensive contributions to the magazine in its November 2009 issue.
After his death, Dominick's son, Griffin Dunne, confirmed his father's bisexuality and 20-year celibacy, marveling that his father had kept this central part of his personality to himself almost until he died.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2013)|
Dominick Dunne was the brother of author John Gregory Dunne; the writer Joan Didion was his sister-in-law. He was married to Ellen Beatriz Griffin (1954–1965). He was the father of Alexander Dunne and the actors Griffin Dunne and Dominique Dunne, as well as two daughters who died in infancy.
- The Winners (1982)
- The Two Mrs. Grenvilles (1985)
- Fatal Charms: And Other Tales of Today (1987)
- People Like Us (1988)
- An Inconvenient Woman (1990)
- The Mansions of Limbo (1991)
- A Season in Purgatory (1993)
- Another City, Not My Own (1997)
- The Way We Lived Then: Recollections of a Well-known Name Dropper (1999)
- Justice: Crimes, Trials, And Punishments (2001)
- Too Much Money (2009)
- The Boys in the Band
- The Panic in Needle Park
- Play It as It Lays
- Ash Wednesday
- Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice
- Nemy, Enid (2009-08-26). "Dominick Dunne, Chronicler of Crime, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
- "Dominick Dunne: 1925–2009". Vanity Fair. August 26, 2009.
- McNally, Owen (2009-08-26). "Celebrity Author And Hartford Native Dominick Dunne Dies at Age 83". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- Sudyk, Bob (1998-05-24). "Dunne's Trials from Hartford to Hollywood to Hadlyme with a Writer Who's Known the Peak of Fame and Despair's Deepest Trough". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- Arnold, Laurence (2009-08-26). "Dominick Dunne, Chronicler of High Society Justice, Dies at 83". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- The New York Times, March 16, 2005
- "Gary Condit suing Dominick Dunne again". United Press International. 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- "Transcripts: CNN Larry King Live". CNN.com. 2006-02-04. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- Sean Elder (1999-10-13). "A Dunne deal". Salon.com. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- "Ailing Writer Says O.J. Trial To Be Last". reviewjournal.com. 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
- "Too Much Money".
- "Crime Writer Rushed From O.J. Trial To Hospital". CNN.com. 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
- "Society crime writer Dominick Dunne, dies at 83". CNN.com. 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- "Dominick Dunne's Bisexuality Confirmed By Son (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. March 18, 2010.
- "Dominick Dunne – producer". IMDb. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- Dominick Dunne, Chronicler of Crime, Dies at 83, The New York Times, August 26, 2009
- Dominick Dunne on death, love, revenge and sexuality, The Times of London, Feb 19, 2009
- Celebrity Author And Hartford Native Dominick Dunne Dies At Age 83". The Hartford Courant
- Obituary – Star-Gazette
- Dominick Dunne – Daily Telegraph obituary
- Dominick Dunne at the Internet Movie Database
- Official fan site
- Official movie site
- Dominick Dunne Authorized Biography Movie (DVD)
- Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice
- The Final O.J. Story for Dominick Dunne, The New York Times, Sept. 19, 2008
- Condit settlement
- What a Swell Party He Wrote
- Dominick Dunne Remembered at the Chateau Marmont
- Still Settling the Score, Even Beyond the Grave
- "Dominick Dunne". Find a Grave. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- Dominick Dunne on Charlie Rose circa 1996 | <urn:uuid:b1a0adb6-b137-4206-ab0b-0a2a70e1c1bc> | 2013-05-23T18:59:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water; 'hydros' in the Greek meaning water and 'thermos' meaning heat. Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust. This generally occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the deep crust related to the intrusion of granite, or as the result of orogeny or metamorphism.
Seafloor hydrothermal circulation
The term includes both the circulation of the well known, high temperature vent waters near the ridge crests, and the much lower temperature, diffuse flow of water through sediments and buried basalts further from the ridge crests. The former circulation type is sometimes termed "active", and the latter "passive". In both cases the principle is the same: cold dense seawater sinks into the basalt of the seafloor and is heated at depth whereupon it rises back to the rock-ocean water interface due to its lesser density. The heat source for the active vents is the newly formed basalt, and, for the highest temperature vents, the underlying magma chamber. The heat source for the passive vents is the still-cooling older basalts. Heat flow studies of the seafloor suggest that basalts within the oceanic crust take millions of years to completely cool as they continue to support passive hydrothermal circulation systems.
Hydrothermal vents are locations on the seafloor where hydrothermal fluids mix into the overlying ocean. Perhaps the best known vent forms are the naturally-occurring chimneys referred to as black smokers.
Hydrothermal circulation is not limited to ocean ridge environments. The source water for hydrothermal explosions, geysers and hot springs is heated groundwater convecting below and lateral to the hot water vent. Hydrothermal circulating convection cells exist any place an anomalous source of heat, such as an intruding magma or volcanic vent, comes into contact with the groundwater system.
Deep crust
Hydrothermal also refers to the transport and circulation of water within the deep crust, generally from areas of hot rocks to areas of cooler rocks. The causes for this convection can be:
- Intrusion of magma into the crust
- Radioactive heat generated by cooled masses of granite
- Heat from the mantle
- Hydraulic head from mountain ranges, for example, the Great Artesian Basin
- Dewatering of metamorphic rocks which liberates water
- Dewatering of deeply buried sediments
Hydrothermal ore deposits
During the early 1900s various geologists worked to classify hydrothermal ore deposits which were assumed to have formed from upward flowing aqueous solutions. Waldemar Lindgren developed a classification based on interpreted decreasing temperature and pressure conditions of the depositing fluid. His terms: hypothermal, mesothermal, epithermal and teleothermal were based on decreasing temperature and increasing distance from a deep source. Only the epithermal has been used in recent works. John Guilbert's 1985 redo of Lindgren's system for hydrothermal deposits includes the following:
- Ascending hydrothermal fluids, magmatic or meteoric water
- Porphyry copper and other deposits, 200 - 800 °C, moderate pressure
- Igneous metamorphic, 300 - 800 °C, low - moderate pressure
- Cordilleran veins, intermediate to shallow depths
- Epithermal, shallow to intermediate, 50 - 300 °C, low pressure
- Circulating heated meteoric solutions
- Circulating heated seawater
- Oceanic ridge deposits, 25 - 300 °C, low pressure
See also
- W. Lindgren, 1933, Mineral Deposits, McGraw Hill, 4th ed.
- Guilbert, John M. and Charles F. Park, Jr., 1986, The Geology of Ore Deposits, Freeman, p. 302 ISBN 0-7167-1456-6 | <urn:uuid:0e4197df-03b2-41c6-9c75-3c14bfc507e3> | 2013-05-23T19:01:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Studio album by John Lennon|
|Released||9 September 1971|
|Recorded||11–16 February and 23 June – 5 July 1971, at
Ascot Sound Studios, Surrey;
Abbey Road Studios, London;
Record Plant, New York
|Producer||John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Phil Spector|
|John Lennon chronology|
|Singles from Imagine|
Imagine is the second album by John Lennon. Recorded and released in 1971, it tended towards songs that were gentler, more commercial and less primal rock than those on his previous album, the critically acclaimed John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band. The album is considered the most popular of his works. In 2012, Imagine was voted 80th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".
While in New York, both former-Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison had a short jam session. At this session, Lennon asked Harrison if he would like to perform on Lennon's next album, with recording that was to begin in a week's time at Lennon's Ascot Sound Studios at his Tittenhurst Park residence. Harrison said yes, and would ask friend Klaus Voormann, via a phone call, if he wanted to come to the recording sessions.
Recording and structure
The first songs, "It's So Hard" and "I Don't Want to Be a Soldier, Mama, I Don't Want to Die", were recorded in February 1971 at Abbey Road Studios, during sessions for Lennon's single "Power to the People". (Other sources give the location as Ascot, however.) Musicians at these sessions included drummer Jim Gordon. A cover of The Olympics' 1958 song "Well (Baby Please Don't Go)", later released on John Lennon Anthology, was recorded in June 1971, during the recording of this album. Lennon would choose to remake "I Don't Want to Be a Soldier", however, once the main album sessions were under way.
Lennon enlisted help from Nicky Hopkins, members of the Apple band Badfinger, Alan White and Jim Keltner. George Harrison would also drop by to contribute lead guitar parts on various songs. Recording for the album started on 23 June 1971, at Ascot Sound Studios. Lennon showed the musicians a song that he had recently written, the album's title track "Imagine". Besides recording the tracks that would end up on the album, also recorded during the sessions was the unreleased song "San Francisco Bay Blues", a demo for a track that would later turn up in complete form on Lennon's Mind Games album, as "Aisumasen (I'm Sorry)", and a demo of "I'm the Greatest".
Lennon and Ono flew to New York on 3 July 1971, to continue sessions for the album the next day, at Record Plant. Although the basic tracks for Imagine were initially recorded at his home studio, Ascot Sound Studios in Tittenhurst Park, many of the instruments were re-recorded at the Record Plant in New York City, where strings and saxophone by King Curtis were also added. The tracks that were finished at Record Plant are: "It's So Hard", "I Don't Want to Be a Soldier" and "How Do You Sleep?". As on his last album, Phil Spector joined Lennon and Yoko Ono as co-producer on Imagine. Extensive footage of the sessions, showing the evolution of some of the songs, was originally filmed and titled, Working Class Hero before being shelved. Footage of "Gimme Some Truth" aired as part of the BBC TV show The Old Grey Whistle Test, on 12 December 1972. Later on, bits of footage was released as part of the documentary, Imagine: John Lennon, and there is another documentary featuring footage from the sessions, released as Gimme Some Truth: The Making of John Lennon's Imagine.
Imagine was written and recorded during a period of particularly bad feeling between Lennon and former bandmate Paul McCartney, following The Beatles' break-up the year before and McCartney winning his case in the High Court to have their legal partnership dissolved. Harrison guested on half of Imagine 's ten tracks, including the brutal "How Do You Sleep?" − a song written in retaliation against McCartney's alleged personal attacks on Lennon and Ono, on their recent Ram album. Although Lennon softened his stance in the mid '70s and claimed he wrote "How Do You Sleep?" about himself, he revealed in 1980: "I used my resentment against Paul ... to create a song ... not a terrible vicious horrible vendetta ... I used my resentment and withdrawing from Paul and The Beatles, and the relationship with Paul, to write 'How Do You Sleep?'. I don't really go 'round with those thoughts in my head all the time ..."
The title track "Imagine" became Lennon's signature song and was written as a plea for world peace. "Jealous Guy" has also had enduring popularity; it was originally composed as "Child of Nature" during the songwriting sessions in India in 1968 that led to The Beatles' double album The Beatles. "Oh My Love" and the song "How?" were influenced by his experience with primal therapy: "How?" contains the questions he was facing while going through the changes produced in him during the ongoing process of primal therapy, while "Oh My Love" was written to communicate the joy and growth Lennon was experiencing as a result of the therapy.
Lennon also indulged his love of rock and roll with "Crippled Inside" and "It's So Hard". "Gimme Some Truth", originally heard during the Let It Be sessions in early 1969, appears on the album with a new bridge. The politically themed "I Don't Want to Be a Soldier" closes the first half of Imagine in a cacophonous manner. The last song on the album was "Oh Yoko!", EMI pushed for this track to be the single, but Lennon thought it was too "pop".
The album was released on 9 September 1971 in the United States and a month later, on 8 October, in the UK. Early editions of the LP included a postcard featuring a photo of Lennon holding a pig, in mockery of McCartney's similar pose with a sheep on the cover of Ram. It was also originally released in quadrophonic. "Imagine", backed with "It's So Hard", was released as a single, in the US on 11 October 1971. The album went to number 1 worldwide and became an enduring seller, with the title track reaching number 3 in the United States. ("Imagine" would not be issued as a single in Britain until four years later, to coincide with the release of Lennon's Shaved Fish compilation album.)
The front cover was a Polaroid taken by Andy Warhol. The back cover photograph was taken by Yoko Ono. A quote from Ono's book Grapefruit (which the Lennons were in the process of promoting the re-release of in the UK) was also included on the back cover: "Imagine the clouds dripping. Dig a hole in your garden to put them in."
Upon the album's release, Rolling Stone reported that "it contains a substantial portion of good music" but, regarding the album’s predecessor as superior, warned of the possibility that "his posturings will soon seem not merely dull but irrelevant". In 2012, Imagine was voted 80th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".
Promotional film
In 1972, Lennon and Ono released an 81-minute film to accompany the Imagine album which featured footage of them at their Berkshire property at Tittenhurst Park and in New York City. It included many of the tracks from the album and some additional material from Ono's 1971 album Fly. Several celebrities appeared in the film, including Andy Warhol, Fred Astaire, Jack Palance, Dick Cavett and George Harrison. Derided by critics as "the most expensive home movie of all time", it premiered to an American audience, on TV on 23 December 1972.
In a November 1971 interview for Melody Maker, McCartney spoke positively of Imagine, considering it to be less political than Lennon's previous solo albums. (Lennon countered, in a subsequent edition of the same publication, characterising the album as " 'Working Class Hero' with sugar for conservatives".) Imagine was voted as Radio Luxembourg's "Album of the Year" on 24 December 1971.
After Lennon's death, the album, along with 7 other Lennon albums, was reissued by EMI as part of a box set, which was released in the UK on 15 June 1981.[nb 1] Like its title track, Lennon's Imagine became a posthumous hit worldwide after his death in December 1980. The album re-entered the charts during 1981, peaking at number 3 in Norway, 5 in the United Kingdom, 34 in Sweden, and 63 in the United States. In 2000, Yoko Ono supervised the remixing of Imagine for its remastered reissue. In February 2000, the remastered and remixed edition reached number 11 on the Japanese chart. It was reissued in 2003 by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab on gold CD and on 180 gram half-speed mastered vinyl. The Record Plant piano on which Lennon re-recorded some of the album's keyboard parts was sold at auction in 2007. In October 2010, another remastered version of the album was released, and the album re-entered the Billboard Top 200 at number 88. On 23 November 2010, Imagine became available on the Rock Band 3 video game, exploiting the music game's use of a keyboard. On Record Store Day 2011, in honor of the album's 40th anniversary, it was re-released on 180gram vinyl with an additional 12" white vinyl record entitled Imagine Sessions, featuring tracks taken from the John Lennon Anthology.[nb 2]
Track listing
All songs written by John Lennon, except where noted.
- Side one
- "Imagine" – 3:01
- "Crippled Inside" – 3:47
- "Jealous Guy" – 4:14
- "It's So Hard" – 2:25
- "I Don't Want to Be a Soldier" – 6:05
- Side two
- "Gimme Some Truth" – 3:16
- "Oh My Love" (Lennon−Yoko Ono) – 2:50
- "How Do You Sleep?" – 5:36
- "How?" – 3:43
- "Oh Yoko!" – 4:20
The following musicians performed on Imagine:
Detailed credits were published in Disc and Music Echo on 2 October 1971.
Chart positions
Year-end charts
- UK EMI JLB8
- Side one: "Baby Please Don't Go" (Walter Ward), "Imagine", "How Do You Sleep?". Side two: "Jealous Guy", "Oh My Love" (Lennon−Ono), "I Don't Wanna Be a Soldier".
- Clayton, Marie (2003). John Lennon. Unseen Archives. Parragon Publishing Book. p. 383. ISBN 0-7525-8514-2.
- "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: John Lennon, 'Imagine'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
- Miles, Barry; Badman, Keith, ed. (2001). The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970-2001 (reprint ed.). London: Music Sales Group. ISBN 9780711983076.
- Williams, Richard (2003). Phil Spector: Out of His Head. London: Omnibus Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-7119-9864-7.
- Blaney, John (2005). John Lennon: Listen To This Book. Guildford, Great Britain: Biddles Ltd. pp. 66–70. ISBN 0-9544528-1-X.
- "The Beatles Bible – John Lennon: Imagine (album)". Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- Leng, Simon (2006) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison. SAF Publishing Ltd. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-4234-0609-9.
- The Editors of Rolling Stone, Harrison, Rolling Stone Press/Simon & Schuster (New York, NY, 2002), p. 42.
- Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002). The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles. New York: New American Library. p. 351. ISBN 0-451-20735-1.
- Perone, James E. (2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 143, 1488. ISBN 9780313379079.
- "Playboy Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono – 1980". john-lennon.com. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
- Miles, Barry (1997). Many Years from Now. Random House. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-7493-8658-0.
- Clayton, Marie (2003). John Lennon. Unseen Archives. Parragon Publishing Book. p. 301. ISBN 0-7525-8514-2.
- Norman, Philip (2008). John Lennon: The Life. New York: HarperCollins. p. 672. ISBN 978-0-06-075401-3.
- "QuadraphonicQuad Beatles Surround Music Releases". Quadraphonicquad.com. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- "Imagine". Connollyco.com. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- Raul (23 June 2012). "John Lennon, Yoko Ono & Sean Lennon Andy Warhol Polaroids". FeelNumb.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- The Beatles Bible, "Imagine (album)", http://www.beatlesbible.com/people/john-lennon/albums/imagine/2/ (Retrieved 18 February 2012).
- Allmusic review
- Robert Christgau review
- Gerson, Ben (28 October 1971). "Imagine". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- Gary Graff & Daniel Durcholz, MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide, Visible Ink Press (Farmington Hills, MI, 1999), p. 667.
- Harry 2000b, p. 378.
- "Lennon & McCartney, Melody Maker Magazine, November 1971". The Beatles Interview Database. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Blaney, John (2005). "1973 to 1975: The Lost Weekend Starts Here". John Lennon: Listen to This Book (illustrated ed.). [S.l.]: Paper Jukebox. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-9544528-1-0.
- "norwegiancharts.com – Norwegian harts portal". VG-lista. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- "Chart Stats – Album chart for 07/02/1981". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- "swedishcharts.com John Lennon – Imagine". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- "John Lennon – Chart Archives on the Billboard 200". Homepage1.nifty.com. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ジョン・レノン-リリース-ORICON STYLE-ミュージック "Highest position and charting weeks of Imagine <Remixed and Digitally Remastered edition> by John Lennon". Oricon Style. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- "Lennon’s Last Piano for Sale, Bo Diddley’s Better, McCartney on Home Shopping Network". Rolling Stone. 30 May 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Blaney, John (2005). John Lennon: Listen To This Book. Guildford, Great Britain: Biddles Ltd. pp. 82–90. ISBN 0-9544528-1-X.
- Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
- "Top Albums/CDs – Volume 16, No. 12, November 06 1971". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- "dutchcharts.nl John Lennon – Imagine". Hung Medien, dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste" (in French). infodisc.fr. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- "Hit Parade Italia – Gli album più venduti del 1972" (in Italian). hitparadeitalia.it. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- a-ビートルズ "– Yamachan Land (Archives of the Japanese record charts) – Albums Chart Daijiten – The Beatles" (in Japanese). 30 December 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- "norwegiancharts.com John Lennon – Imagine". Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "Chart Stats – John Lennon – Imagine". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- "allmusic ((( Imagine > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". allmusic.com. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- "Album Search: John Lennon" (in German). Media Control. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- 図15-2 1972～1973年度 LPランキング上位20 "Page 15/24 – 20 Top-selling LPs on the Japanese Oricon Chart 1972~73" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- "Complete UK Year-End Album Charts". Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- "American album certifications – John Lennon – Imagine". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH | <urn:uuid:b2327f4f-feb7-4523-926e-4e792b29a777> | 2013-05-23T18:52:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Kingsway is a major road in central London, designated as part of the A4200. It runs from High Holborn, at its north end in the London Borough of Camden, and meets Aldwych in the south in the City of Westminster at Bush House. It was built in the 1900s. Together Kingsway and Aldwych form one of the major north-south routes through central London linking the ancient east-west routes of High Holborn and Strand.
The road was purpose built as part of a major redevelopment of the area in the 1900s. Its route cleared away the maze of small streets in Holborn such as Little Queen Street and the surrounding slum dwellings. However Holy Trinity Church, which was built in Little Queen Street was spared. Whereas the Sardinian Embassy Chapel, an important Roman Catholic church attached to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Sardinia, was demolished to make way for the new street.
Plans were published by London County Council in 1898 and the road was formally opened in 1905. It is one of the broadest streets in central London at 100 feet (30 m) wide.
It was unique in containing below it a tunnel for a tramway, which started just north of Southampton Row, passed beneath Aldwych and continued to the Thames Embankment: this Kingsway tramway subway joined the North and South London tram systems. In 1958 the disused tunnel was reopened at the southern end to make a new connection, the Strand Underpass, for light traffic between Waterloo Bridge and Kingsway on order to reduce congestion. Also beneath Kingsway was a branch of the Piccadilly tube line from Holborn to Aldwych. It is now closed with no service but the platform at Holborn used for the branch is used for TV and film sets that require underground scenes. During WW2 the branch was used to store art treasures from the British Museum, including the Elgin Marbles.
The original buildings were built between 1903 and 1905. They were mostly mid-rises in stone, and in various styles including neoclassical and neo-Baroque. Many survive but some have been replaced. Notable buildings include:
- Aviation House (the headquarters of the Food Standards Agency, Government Digital Service and Ofsted; also the site of the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit)
- Victory House (the London Central Employment Tribunal)
- Africa House
- Alexandra House (currently empty)
- York House (Mewburn Ellis)
- CAA House (a major office of the Civil Aviation Authority)
- Various buildings of the London School of Economics
- Kingsway telephone exchange is also located nearby
- Kingsway Hall, Methodist mission hall, later a recording studio for Decca Records
- 129 Kingsway was the site of a recording studios owned by De Lane Lea Studios and was used by Jimi Hendrix, The Beatles and others. It is now a supermarket.
As part of the redevelopment a tram tunnel was built underneath the road. The trams ceased to run in the mid 20th century and since 1961 the southern end of the tunnel has been used by cars under the name of the Strand Underpass. The northern entrance to the tunnel still exists (with its tram lines still in situ, see image right) and can be found at the junction of Southampton Row and Vernon Place.
See also
- Kingsway telephone exchange, an underground telephone exchange
- The King's Way, a song by the English composer Edward Elgar to a poem written by his wife, celebrates the opening of Kingsway.
- Simon Bradley and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England, London 6: Westminster, 2003. ISBN 0-300-09595-3. | <urn:uuid:2b1a6971-ce6a-446e-8ab0-c2a705eb7952> | 2013-05-23T18:55:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Naval aviation is the application of military air power by navies, including ships that embark fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters. In contrast, maritime aviation is the operation of aircraft in a maritime role under the command of non-naval forces such as the former RAF Coastal Command or a nation's coast guard. An exception to this is the United States Coast Guard, which is considered part of U.S. naval aviation.
Naval aviation is typically projected to a position nearer the target by way of an aircraft carrier. Carrier aircraft must be sturdy enough to withstand demanding carrier operations. They must be able to launch in a short distance and be sturdy and flexible enough to come to a sudden stop on a pitching deck; they typically have robust folding mechanisms that allow higher numbers of them to be stored in below-decks hangars. These aircraft are designed for many purposes including air-to-air combat, surface attack, submarine attack, search and rescue, materiel transport, weather observation, reconnaissance and wide area command and control duties.
U.S. naval aviation began with pioneer aviator Glenn Curtiss who contracted with the Navy to demonstrate that airplanes could take off from and land aboard ships at sea. One of his pilots, Eugene Ely, took off from the USS Birmingham anchored off the Virginia coast in November 1910. Two months later Ely landed aboard another cruiser USS Pennsylvania in San Francisco Bay, proving the concept of shipboard operations. However, the platforms erected on those vessels were temporary measures. The U.S. Navy and Glenn Curtis experienced two firsts during January 1911. On January 27, Curtiss flew the first seaplane from the water at San Diego bay and the next day U.S. Navy Lt Theodore G. “Spuds” Ellyson, a student at the nearby Curtiss School, took off in a Curtiss “grass cutter” plane to become the first Naval aviator. Meanwhile, Captain Henry C. Mustin successfully designed the concept of the catapult launch, and in 1915 made the first catapult launching from a ship underway. Through most of World War I, the world's navies relied upon floatplanes and flying boats for heavier-than-air craft.
In January 1912, the British battleship HMS Africa took part in aircraft experiments at Sheerness. She was fitted for flying off aircraft with a 100-foot (30 m) downward-sloping runway which was installed on her foredeck, running over her forward 12-inch (305-mm) turret from her forebridge to her bows and equipped with rails to guide the aircraft. The Gnome-engined Short Improved S.27 "S.38", pusher seaplane piloted by Lieutenant Charles Samson become the first British aircraft to take-off from a ship while at anchor in the River Medway, on 10 January 1912. Africa then transferred her flight equipment to her sister ship Hibernia. In May 1912, with Commander Samson, again flying "S.38," first instance of an aircraft to take off from a ship which was underway occurred. Hibernia steamed at 10.5 knots (19 km/h) at the Royal Fleet Review in Weymouth Bay, England. Hibernia then transferred her aviation equipment to battleship London. Based on these experiments, the Royal Navy concluded that aircraft were useful aboard ship for spotting and other purposes, but that interference with the firing of guns caused by the runway built over the foredeck and the danger and impracticality of recovering seaplanes that alighted in the water in anything but calm weather more than offset the desirability of having airplanes aboard. However, shipboard naval aviation had begun in the Royal Navy, and would become a major part of fleet operations by 1917.
Other early operators of seaplanes were France, Germany and Russia. The foundations of Greek naval aviation were set in June 1912, when Lieutenant Dimitrios Kamberos of the Hellenic Aviation Service flew with the "Daedalus", a Farman Aviation Works aircraft that had been converted into a seaplane, at an average speed of 110 km per hour, achieving a new world record. Then, on January 24, 1913 the first wartime naval aviation interservice cooperation mission, took place above the Dardanelles. Greek Army First Lieutenant Michael Moutoussis and Greek Navy Ensign Aristeidis Moraitinis, on board the Maurice Farman hydroplane (floatplane/seaplane), drew a diagram of the positions of the Turkish fleet against which they dropped four bombs. This event was widely commented upon in the press, both Greek and international.
WWI and the first carrier strikes
The first strike from a carrier against a land target as well as a sea target took place in September 1914 when the Imperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrier Wakamiya conducted the world's first ship-launched air raids from Kiaochow Bay during the Battle of Tsingtao in China. The four Maurice Farman seaplanes bombarded German-held land targets (communication centers and command centers) and damaged a German minelayer in the Tsingtao peninsula from September until November 6, 1914, when the Germans surrendered.
On the Western front the first naval air raid occurred on December 25, 1914 when twelve seaplanes from HMS Engadine, Riviera and Empress (cross-channel steamers converted into seaplane carriers ) attacked the Zeppelin base at Cuxhaven. Fog, low cloud and anti-aircraft fire prevented the raid from being a complete success, but the raid demonstrated the feasibility of attack by ship-borne aircraft and showed the strategic importance of this new weapon.
Development in the Interwar period
Genuine aircraft carriers did not emerge beyond Britain until the early 1920s.
In the United States, Billy Mitchell's 1921 demonstration of the battleship-sinking ability of land-based heavy bombers made many United States Navy admirals angry. However, some men, such as Captain (soon Rear Admiral) William A. Moffett, saw the publicity stunt as a means to increase funding and support for the Navy's aircraft carrier projects. Moffett was sure that he had to move decisively in order to avoid having his fleet air arm fall into the hands of a proposed combined Land/Sea Air Force which took care of all the United States's airpower needs. (That very fate had befallen the two air services of the United Kingdom in 1918: the Royal Flying Corps had been combined with the Royal Naval Air Service to become the Royal Air Force, a condition which would remain until 1937.) Moffett supervised the development of naval air tactics throughout the '20s.
Many British naval vessels carried float planes, seaplanes or amphibians for reconnaissance and spotting: two to four on battleships or battlecruisers and one on cruisers. The aircraft, a Fairey Seafox or later a Supermarine Walrus, were catapult-launched, and landed on the sea alongside for recovery by crane. Several submarine aircraft carriers were built by Japan. The French Navy built one large (but ineffective) aircraft carrying submarine, the Surcouf.
World War II
World War II saw the emergence of naval aviation as a significant, often decisive, element in the war at sea. The principal users were Japan, United States (both with Pacific interests to protect) and the United Kingdom. Other colonial powers, e.g. France and the Netherlands, showed a lesser interest. Other powers such as Germany and Italy did not develop independent naval aviation, for geographic or political reasons. Soviet Naval Aviation was mostly organized as land-based coast defense force (apart from some scout floatplanes it consisted almost exclusively of land-based types also used by the Air Force and Air defence units).
During the course of the war, seaborne aircraft were used in fleet actions at sea (Battle of Midway, Bismarck), pre-emptive strikes against naval units in port (Battle of Taranto, Attack on Pearl Harbor), support of ground forces (Battle of Okinawa, Allied invasion of Italy) and anti-submarine warfare (the Battle of the Atlantic). Carrier-based aircraft were specialized as dive bombers, torpedo bombers, and fighters. Surface-based aircraft such as the PBY Catalina helped finding submarines and surface fleets.
In WWII the aircraft carrier replaced the battleship as the most powerful naval offensive weapons system as battles between fleets were increasingly fought out of gun range by aircraft. The Japanese Yamato, the most powerful battleship ever built, was first turned back by light escort carrier aircraft and later sunk lacking its own air cover.
The US launched normally land-based bombers from carriers in a raid against Tokyo. Smaller carriers were built in large numbers to escort slow cargo convoys or supplement fast carriers. Aircraft for observation or light raids were also carried by battleships and cruisers, while blimps were used to search for attack submarines.
Experience showed that there was a need for widespread use of aircraft which could not be met quickly enough by building new fleet aircraft carriers. This was particularly true in the north Atlantic, where convoys were highly vulnerable to U-boat attack. The British authorities used unorthodox, temporary, but effective means of giving air protection such as CAM ships and merchant aircraft carriers, merchant ships modified to carry a small number of aircraft. The solution to the problem were large numbers of mass-produced merchant hulls converted into escort aircraft carriers (also known as "jeep carriers"). These basic vessels, unsuited to fleet action by their capacity, speed and vulnerability, nevertheless provided air cover where it was needed.
The Royal Navy had observed the impact of naval aviation and, obliged to prioritise their use of resources, abandoned battleships as the mainstay of the fleet. HMS Vanguard was therefore the last British battleship and her sisters were cancelled. The United States had already instigated a large construction programme (which was also cut short) but these large ships were mainly used as anti-aircraft batteries or for shore bombardment.
Other actions involving naval aviation included:
- Battle of the Atlantic, aircraft carried by low-cost escort carriers were used for antisubmarine patrol, defense, and attack.
- At the start of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese carrier-based aircraft sank many US warships at Pearl Harbor and land-based aircraft sank two large British warships. Engagements between Japanese and American naval fleets were then conducted largely or entirely by aircraft - examples include the battles of Coral Sea, Midway, Bismarck Sea and Philippine Sea.
- Battle of Leyte Gulf, with the first appearance of kamikazes, perhaps the largest naval battle in history. Japan's last carriers and pilots are deliberately sacrificed, a battleship is sunk by aircraft.
- Operation Ten-Go demonstrated U.S. air supremacy in the Pacific theater by this stage in the war and the vulnerability of surface ships without air cover to aerial attack.
Strategic projection
Carrier-based naval aviation provides a country's seagoing forces with air cover over areas that may not be reachable by land-based aircraft, giving them a considerable advantage over navies composed primarily of surface combatants.
In the case of the United States Navy during and after the Cold War, virtual command of the sea in many of the world's waterways allowed it to deploy aircraft carriers and project air power almost anywhere on the globe. By operating from international waters, U.S. carriers can bypass the need for conventional airbases or overflight rights, both of which can be politically difficult to acquire.
During the Cold War, the navies of NATO faced a significant threat from Soviet submarine forces, specifically Soviet Navy SSN and SSGN assets. This resulted in the development and deployment of light aircraft carriers with major anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities by European NATO navies. One of the most effective weapons against submarines is the ASW helicopter, several of which could be based on these light aircraft carriers. These light carriers were typically around 20,000 tons displacement and carried a mix of ASW helicopters and BAe Sea Harrier or Harrier II V/STOL aircraft.
- Argentine Naval Aviation
- Brazilian Naval Aviation
- Fleet Air Arm (RAN)
- Fleet Air Arm (Royal Navy)
- French Naval Aviation
- Indian Naval Air Arm
- Marineflieger (German navy)
- Mexican Naval Aviation
- Pakistan Naval Air Arm
- People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force
- Peruvian Naval Aviation
- Russian Naval Aviation
- United States Naval Aviator
See also
- Military aviation
- Aircraft carrier
- Escort carrier
- Carrier-based aircraft
- Flying boat
- Aerial warfare
- Modern US Navy carrier air operations
- Hellenic Air Force History - The first Steps
- Hellenic Air Force History - Balcan Wars
- Wakamiya is "credited with conducting the first successful carrier air raid in history"Source:GlobalSecurity.org, also "the first air raid in history to result in a success" (here)
- "Sabre et pinceau", Christian Polak, p92
- IJN Wakamiya Aircraft Carrier
- Boyne (2003), pp.227–8
- Clark G. Reynolds, The fast carriers: the forging of an air navy (1968; 1978; 1992)
- William F. Trimble, Hero of the Air: Glenn Curtiss and the Birth of Naval Aviation (2010) | <urn:uuid:dce24d4c-ba86-4eb1-8f8c-4d1458a66b64> | 2013-05-23T18:58:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2009)|
Bread crumbs or breadcrumbs (regional variants: breading, crispies) are small particles of dry bread, used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to meatloaves and similar foods, and making a crisp and crunchy coating for fried foods, especially breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel. The Japanese variety of bread crumbs is called panko.
Dry breadcrumbs are made from dry breads which have been baked or toasted to remove most remaining moisture, and may even have a sandy or even powdery texture. Bread crumbs are most easily produced by pulverizing slices of bread in a food processor, using a steel blade to make coarse crumbs, or a grating blade to make fine crumbs. A grater or similar tool will also do.
The breads used to make soft or fresh bread crumbs are not quite as dry, so the crumbs are larger and produce a softer coating, crust, or stuffing. The crumb of bread crumb is also a term that refers to the texture of the soft, inner part of a bread loaf, as distinguished from the crust, or "skin".
Different from croutons
They are not to be confused with croutons, though both are made of dried bread. Croutons are approximately cubic pieces typically 0.5 to 8 cubic centimeters in size while breadcrumbs are irregularly shaped and range in size from roughly 1 to 500 cubic millimeters. Both probably originated as a way to use stale bread and unwanted crust.
Panko (パン粉) is a variety of flaky bread crumb used in Japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as tonkatsu. Panko is made from bread baked by passing an electric current through the dough, yielding bread without crusts. It has a crisper, more airy texture than most types of breading found in Western cuisine and resists absorbing oil or grease when fried, resulting in a lighter coating. White panko is made from bread which has had the crusts removed while tan “panko” is made from the whole loaf of bread. Outside Japan, its use is becoming more popular in both Asian and non-Asian dishes: It is often used on fish and seafood and is often available in Asian markets, specialty stores, and, increasingly, in many large supermarkets.
Panko is produced worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Thailand, China, and Vietnam.In February 2012, the US fast-food chain Wendy's introduced a cod fillet sandwich that they advertised as having a panko breading.
The Japanese first learned to make bread from the Portuguese: The word panko is derived from pão (Portuguese for "bread") and -ko, a Japanese suffix indicating "flour", "crumb", or "powder" (as in komeko, "rice powder", sobako, "buckwheat flour", and komugiko, "wheat flour").
Breading (also known as crumbing) is a dry grain-derived food coating for a piece of food such as meat, vegetable, poultry, fish, shellfish, crustacean, seitan, or textured soy, made from bread crumbs or a breading mixture with seasonings. Breading can also refer to the process of applying a bread-like coating to a food. Breading is well suited for frying as it lends itself to creating a crisp coating around the food. Breading mixtures can be made of breadcrumb, flour, cornmeal, and seasoning that the item to be breaded is dredged in before cooking. If the item to be breaded is too dry for the coating to stick, the item may first be moistened with buttermilk, raw egg, or other liquid.
Breading contrasts with batter, which is a grain-based liquid coating for food that produces a smoother and finer texture, but which can be softer overall.
- "Panko Bread Crumbs: The Secrets Revealed". YouTube. 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- Marshall, Jo (2010-10-05). "COOKCABULARY: Panko is a crumby ingredient - Fall River, MA". The Herald News. Retrieved 2012-11-17. | <urn:uuid:cfe67f89-0181-42a0-ae76-d494b1004015> | 2013-05-23T18:51:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The slower time scales of the re-emission are associated with "forbidden" energy state transitions in quantum mechanics. As these transitions occur very slowly in certain materials, absorbed radiation may be re-emitted at a lower intensity for up to several hours after the original excitation.
Commonly seen examples of phosphorescent materials are the glow-in-the-dark toys, paint, and clock dials that glow for some time after being charged with a bright light such as in any normal reading or room light. Typically the glowing then slowly fades out within minutes (or up to a few hours) in a dark room.
The study of phosphorescent materials led to the discovery of radioactivity in 1896.
In simple terms, phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. This is in some cases the mechanism used for "glow-in-the-dark" materials which are "charged" by exposure to light. Unlike the relatively swift reactions in a common fluorescent tube, phosphorescent materials used for these materials absorb the energy and "store" it for a longer time as the processes required to re-emit the light occur less often.
Quantum mechanical
Most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re-emits a photon of light, are fast, on the order of 10 nanoseconds. Light is absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of the photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the substrate. In the special case of phosphorescence, the absorbed photon energy undergoes an unusual intersystem crossing into an energy state of higher spin multiplicity (see term symbol), usually a triplet state. As a result, the energy can become trapped in the triplet state with only classically "forbidden" transitions available to return to the lower energy state. These transitions, although "forbidden", will still occur in quantum mechanics but are kinetically unfavored and thus progress at significantly slower time scales. Most phosphorescent compounds are still relatively fast emitters, with triplet lifetimes on the order of milliseconds. However, some compounds have triplet lifetimes up to minutes or even hours, allowing these substances to effectively store light energy in the form of very slowly degrading excited electron states. If the phosphorescent quantum yield is high, these substances will release significant amounts of light over long time scales, creating so-called "glow-in-the-dark" materials.
where S is a singlet and T a triplet whose subscripts denote states (0 is the ground state, and 1 the excited state). Transitions can also occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity.
Some examples of "glow-in-the-dark" materials do not glow by phosphorescence. For example, "glow sticks" glow due to a chemiluminescent process which is commonly mistaken for phosphorescence. In chemiluminescence, an excited state is created via a chemical reaction. The light emission tracks the kinetic progress of the underlying chemical reaction. The excited state will then transfer to a "dye" molecule, also known as a sensitizer or fluorophor, and subsequently fluoresce back to the ground state
Common pigments used in phosphorescent materials include zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate. Use of zinc sulfide for safety related products dates back to the 1930s. However, the development of strontium aluminate, with a luminance approximately 10 times greater than zinc sulfide, has relegated most zinc sulfide based products to the novelty category. Strontium aluminate based pigments are now used in exit signs, pathway marking, and other safety related signage.
|This section requires expansion. (October 2008)|
See also
- Karl A. Franz, Wolfgang G. Kehr, Alfred Siggel, Jürgen Wieczoreck, and Waldemar Adam "Luminescent Materials" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_519
- Zitoun, D.; Bernaud, L.; Manteghetti, A. Microwave Synthesis of a Long-Lasting Phosphor. J. Chem. Ed. 2009, 86, 72-75.doi:10.1021/ed086p72
|Look up phosphorescence or glowing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.| | <urn:uuid:cbfeed37-69d9-4a8e-b3f9-0b5f8344ab1e> | 2013-05-23T18:44:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Pueblo people are a Native American people in the Southwestern United States. Their traditional economy is based on agriculture and trade. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they were living in villages that the Spanish called pueblos, meaning "towns". Of the 21 Pueblos that exist today, Taos, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are the best-known. The main Pueblos are located primarily in New Mexico and Arizona.
While there are numerous subdivisions of Pueblo People that have been published in the literature, Kirchhoff (1954) published a subdivision of the Pueblo People into two subareas: the group that includes Hopi, Zuñi, Keres, Jemez which share exogamous matrilineal clans, have multiple kivas, believe in emergence of people from the underground, have four or six directions beginning in the north, and have four and seven as ritual numbers. This group stands in contrast to the Tanoan-speaking Pueblos (other than Jemez) who have nonexogamous patrilineal clans, two kivas or two groups of kivas and a general belief in dualism, emergence of people from underwater, five directions beginning in the west, and ritual numbers based on multiples of three.
Eggan (1950) in contrast, posed a dichotomy between Eastern and Western Pueblos, based largely on subsistence differences with the Western or Desert Pueblos of Zuñi and Hopi dry-farmers and the Eastern or River Pueblos irrigation farmers.They mostly grew maize (corn).
Linguistic differences between the Pueblos point to their diverse origins. The Hopi language is Uto-Aztecan; Zuñi is a language isolate; Keresan is a dialect continuum that includes Acoma, Laguna, Santa Ana, Zia, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe. The Tanoan is an areal grouping of three branches consisting of 6 languages: Towa (Jemez), Tewa (San Juan, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Nambe, Pojoaque, and Hano); and the 3 Tiwa languages Taos, Picuris, and Southern Tiwa (Sandia, Isleta).
The Pueblos are believed to be descended from the three major cultures that dominated the region before European contact:
- Mogollon, an area near the Gila Wilderness
- Hohokam, archaeological term for a settlement in the Southwest
- Ancient Pueblo Peoples (or the Anasazi, a term coined by the Navajos).
Despite forced conversions to Catholicism (as evidenced by the establishment of a mission at each surviving pueblo) by the Spanish, the Pueblo tribes have been able to maintain much of their traditional lifestyle. There are now some 35,000 Pueblo Indians, living mostly in New Mexico and Arizona along the Rio Grande and Colorado River.
These peoples were the first to successfully revolt against the Spanish in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, which expelled the Spanish for 12 years. The code for the action was a knotted rope sent by a runner to each pueblo; the number of knots signified the number of days to wait before beginning the uprising. It began one day early, August 10, 1680; by August 21, Santa Fe fell to 2,500 warriors. On September 22, 2005, the statue of Po'pay, (Popé) the leader of the Pueblo Revolt, was unveiled in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington D.C. The statue was the second one from the state of New Mexico and the 100th and last to be added to the Statuary Hall collection. It was created by Cliff Fragua, a Puebloan from Jemez Pueblo, and it is the only statue in the collection created by a Native American.
Josiah Gregg describes the Pueblo people in Commerce of the Prairies: or, The journal of a Santa Fé trader, 1831–1839 as follows:
When these regions were first discovered it appears that the inhabitants lived in comfortable houses and cultivated the soil, as they have continued to do up to the present time. Indeed, they are now considered the best horticulturists in the country, furnishing most of the fruits and a large portion of the vegetable supplies that are to be found in the markets. They were until very lately the only people in New Mexico who cultivated the grape. They also maintain at the present time considerable herds of cattle, horses, etc. They are, in short, a remarkably sober and industrious race, conspicuous for morality and honesty, and very little given to quarrelling or dissipation...
Most of the Pueblos have annual ceremonies that are open to the public. One such ceremony is the Pueblo's feast day, held on the day sacred to its Roman Catholic patron saint. (These saints were assigned by the Spanish missionaries so that each Pueblo's feast day would coincide with a traditional ceremony.) Some Pueblos also have ceremonies around the Christmas and at other times of the year. The ceremonies usually feature traditional dances outdoors accompanied by singing and drumming, interspersed with non-public ceremonies in the kivas. They may also include a Roman Catholic Mass and processions.
Formerly, all outside visitors to a public dance would be offered a meal in a Pueblo home, but because of the large number of visitors, such meals are now by personal invitation only.
Pueblo prayer included substances as well as words; one common prayer material was ground-up maize—white cornmeal. Thus a man might bless his son, or some land, or the town by sprinkling a handful of meal as he uttered a blessing. Once, after the 1692 re-conquest, the Spanish were prevented from entering a town when they were met by a handful of men who uttered imprecations and cast a single pinch of a sacred substance.
The Puebloans employed prayer sticks, which were colorfully decorated with beads, fur, and feathers; these prayer sticks (or talking sticks) were also used by other nations.
By the 13th century, Puebloans used turkey feather blankets for warmth. Cloth and weaving were known to the Puebloans before the conquest, but it is not known whether they knew of weaving before or after the Aztecs. But since clothing was expensive, they did not always dress completely until after the conquest, and breechcloths were not uncommon.
Corn was a staple food for the Pueblo people. They were what was called "dry farmers". Because there was not a lot of water in New Mexico, they farmed using as little water as possible, which restricted what they could grow. Because of this, they mainly would farm many types of corn, beans and squash. They would use pottery to hold their food and water. (See also: Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest)
The most highly developed Native communities of the Southwest were large villages or pueblos at the top of the mesas, rocky tablelands typical to the region. The archetypal deities appear as visionary beings who bring blessings and receive love. A vast collection of myths defines the relationships between man, nature, plants and animals. Man depended on the blessings of children, who in turn depended on prayers and the goddess of Himura. Children led the religious ceremonies to create a more pure and holy ritual.
List of Pueblos
New Mexico
- Acoma Pueblo — Keres language speakers. One of the oldest continuously inhabited villages in the US. Access to mesa-top pueblo by guided tour only (available from visitors' center), except on Sept 2nd (feast day). Photography by $10 permit per camera only. Photographing of Acoma people allowed only with individual permission. No photography permitted in Mission San Esteban del Rey or of cemetery. Sketching prohibited. Video recording strictly prohibited. Video devices will be publicly destroyed if used.
- Cochiti Pueblo — Keres speakers.
- Isleta Pueblo — Tiwa language speakers. Established in the 14th century. Both Isleta and Ysleta were of Shoshonean stock. The isleta was originally Shiewhibak
- Jemez Pueblo — Towa language speakers. Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo, but welcomed at Red Rocks.
- Kewa Pueblo( Formerly Santo Domingo Pueblo) — Keres speakers. Known for turquoise work and the Corn Dance.
- Laguna Pueblo — Keres speakers. Ancestors 3000 BC, established before the 14th century. Church July 4, 1699. Photography and sketching prohibited on the land, but welcomed at San Jose Mission Church.
- Nambe Pueblo — Tewa language speakers. Established in the 14th century. Was an important trading center for the Northern Pueblos. Nambe is the original Tewa name, and means "People of the Round Earth". Feast Day of St. Francis October 4.
- Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo — Tewa speakers. Originally named O'ke Oweenge in Tewa. Headquarters of the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council. Home of the Popé, one of the leaders of the August 1680 Pueblo Revolt. Known as San Juan Pueblo until November 2005.
- Picuris Pueblo, Peñasco, New Mexico — Tiwa speakers.
- Pojoaque Pueblo, Santa Fe, New Mexico — Tewa speakers. Re-established in the 1930s.
- Sandia Pueblo, Bernalillo, New Mexico — Tiwa speakers. Originally named Nafiat. Established in the 14th century. On the northern outskirts of Albuquerque.
- San Felipe Pueblo — Keres speakers. 1706. Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo.
- San Ildefonso Pueblo, between Pojoaque and Los Alamos— Tewa speakers. Originally at Mesa Verde and Bandelier. The valuable black-on-black pottery was made famous here by Maria and Julian Martinez. Photography by $10 permit only. Sketching prohibited at pueblo. Heavily-visited destination.
- Santa Ana Pueblo — Keres speakers. Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo.
- Santa Clara Pueblo, Española, New Mexico — Tewa speakers. 1550. Originally inhabited Puyé Cliff Dwellings on Santa Clara Canyon.The valuable black-on-black pottery was developed here
- Taos Pueblo — Tiwa speakers. World Heritage Site. National Historic Landmark.
- Tesuque Pueblo Santa Fe— Tewa speakers. Originally named Te Tesugeh Oweengeh 1200. National Register of Historic Places. Pueblo closed to public. Camel Rock Casino and Camel Rock Suites as well as the actual Camel Rock are open.
- Zia Pueblo — Keres speakers. New Mexico's state flag uses the Zia symbol.
- Zuni Pueblo — Zuni language speakers. First visited 1540 by Spanish. Mission 1629
- Hopi Tribe Nevada-Kykotsmovi — Hopi language speakers. Area of present villages settled around 700 AD
- Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, El Paso, Texas —originally Tigua (Tiwa) speakers. Also spelled 'Isleta del Sur Pueblo'. This Pueblo was established in 1680 as a result of the Pueblo Revolt. Some 400 members of Isleta, Socorro and neighboring Pueblos were forced or accompanied the Spaniards to El Paso as they fled Northern New Mexico. Three missions (Ysleta, Socorro, and San Elizario) were established on the Camino Real to Santa Fe. The San Elizario mission was administrative (that is, non Puebloan).
- Some of the Piru Puebloans settled in Senecu, and then in Socorro, Texas, adjacent to Ysleta, Texas (which is now within El Paso city limits). When the Rio Grande would flood the valley or change course, these missions would lie variously on the north or south sides of the river. Although Socorro and San Elizario are still separate communities, Ysleta has been annexed into El Paso.
Feast days
- San Felipe Pueblo Feast Day: May 1
- Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo Feast Day: June 24
- Sandia Pueblo Feast Day: June 13.
- Ysleta / Isleta del Sur Pueblo Feast Day: June 13.
- Cochiti Pueblo Feast Day: July 14
- San Felipe Pueblo Feast Day: July 25
- Santa Ana Pueblo Feast Day: July 26
- Picuris Pueblo Feast Day: August 10
- Jemez Pueblo Feast Day: August 2
- Santo Domingo Pueblo Feast Day: August 4
- Santa Clara Pueblo Feast Day : August 12
- Zia Pueblo Feast Day: August 15
- Acoma Pueblo Feast Day of San Esteban del Rey: September 2
- Laguna Pueblo Feast Day: September 19
- Taos Pueblo Feast Day: September 30
- Nambe Pueblo Feast Day of St. Francis: October 4
- Pojoaque Pueblo Feast Day: December 12, January 6
- Isleta Pueblo Feast Days
There is a short history of creating pottery among the various Pueblo communities. Mera, in his discussion of the "Rain Bird" motif, a common and popular design element in pueblo pottery states that, "In tracing the ancestry of the "Rain Bird" design it will be necessary to go back to the very beginnings of decorated pottery in the Southwest to a ceramic type which as reckoned by present day archaeologists came into existence some time during the early centuries of the Christian era."
Bird effigy, pottery, Cochiti Pueblo. Field Museum
Pottery Bowl, Jemez Pueblo, Field Museum, Chicago
Ancestral Hopi bowl, ca. 1300 AD
See also
- Arizona Tewa
- Carol Jean Vigil
- Tanoan languages
- Navajo people
- Pueblo Revolt
- Tewa people
- Keresan languages
- Zuni people
- On June 2, 1924 these peoples were granted US citizenship. In 1948, they were granted the right to vote in New Mexico.
- Paul Kirchhoff, "Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification", American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 56, No. 4, Southwest Issue (Aug., 1954), pp. 529-550
- Fred Russell Eggan, Social Organization of the Western Pueblos, University of Chicago Press, 1950
- Cordell, Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ISBN 0-89599-038-5.
- Paul Horgan (1954), Great River vol. 1 p. 286. Library of Congress card number 54-9867
- Gregg, J. 1844. Commerce of the Prairies. New York: Henry G. Langley, Chpt.14, The Pueblos, p.55
- Paul Horgan, Great River p. 158
- Turkeys domesticated not once, but twice
- "Elk-Foot of the Taos Tribe by Eanger Irving Couse". Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- "Isleta Pueblo". Catholic Encyclopedia (1910) VIII
- Mera, H.P., Pueblo Designs: 176 Illustrations of the "Rain Bird, Dover Publications, Inc, 1970, first published by the Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1937 p. 1
- Fletcher, Richard A. (1984). Saint James' Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford University Press. (on-line text, ch. 1)
- Florence Hawley Ellis An Outline of Laguna Pueblo History and Social Organization Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Winter, 1959), pp. 325–347
- Indian Pueblo Cultural Center in Albuquerque, NM offers information from the Pueblo people about their history, culture, and visitor etiquette.
- Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History. Vol. 1, Indians and Spain. Vol. 2, Mexico and the United States. 2 Vols. in 1, 1038 pages - Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0-8195-6251-3
- Pueblo People, Ancient Traditions Modern Lives, Marica Keegan, Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1998, profusely illustrated hardback, ISBN 1-57416-000-1
- Elsie Clews Parsons, Pueblo Indian Religion (2 vols., Chicago, 1939).
- Ryan D, A. L. Kroeber Elsie Clews Parsons American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 45, No. 2, Centenary of the American Ethnological Society (Apr. - Jun., 1943), pp. 244–255
- Parthiv S, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 9, Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1976.
- Julia M. Keleher and Elsie Ruth Chant (2009). THE PADRE OF ISLETA The Story of Father Anton Docher. Sunstone press Publishing.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pueblo people|
|Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Pueblo Indians.|
- Kukadze'eta Towncrier, Pueblo of Laguna
- Pueblo of Isleta
- Pueblo of Laguna
- Pueblo of Sandia
- Pueblo of Santa Ana
- The SMU-in-Taos Research Publications digital collection contains nine anthropological and archaeological monographs and edited volumes representing the past several decades of research at the SMU-in-Taos (Fort Burgwin) campus near Taos, New Mexico, including Papers on Taos archaeology and Taos archeology | <urn:uuid:46a79a39-0765-49cf-9ce8-eea48d67a5df> | 2013-05-23T18:37:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Rotten and pocket boroughs
A rotten, decayed, or pocket borough was a parliamentary borough or constituency in the United Kingdom that had a very small electorate and could be used by a patron to gain undue and unrepresentative influence within the Unreformed House of Commons.
A rotten borough was an election borough with a very tiny population, often small enough that voters could be personally bribed. These boroughs had often been assigned representation when they were large cities, but the borough boundaries were never updated as the town's population declined. For example, in the 12th century Old Sarum had been a busy cathedral city but was abandoned when Salisbury was founded nearby; despite this, Old Sarum retained its two members. Many such rotten boroughs were controlled by peers who gave the seats to their sons, other relations or friends; they had additional influence in Parliament because they held seats themselves in the House of Lords.
Pocket boroughs were boroughs that could effectively be controlled by a single person who owned most of the land in the borough. As there was no secret ballot at the time, the landowner could evict residents who did not vote for the person he wanted.
By the 19th century there were moves toward reform and this political movement was eventually successful, culminating in the Reform Act 1832, which disfranchised the 57 rotten boroughs and redistributed representation in Parliament to new major population centres. The Ballot Act of 1872 enacted a secret ballot, making vote bribery impractical as there is no way of knowing for certain how an individual has voted.
Historical background
A "borough" was a town that possessed a Royal charter giving it the right to elect two members (known as burgesses) to the House of Commons. It was unusual for such a borough to change its boundaries as the town or city it was based on expanded, so that in time the borough and the town were no longer identical in area. The true rotten borough was a borough with a very small electorate.
Typically, rotten boroughs had gained representation in parliament when they were flourishing centres with a substantial population, but had become depopulated or even deserted over the centuries. Some had once been important places or had played a major role in England's history, but had fallen into insignificance.
For centuries, constituencies electing members to the House of Commons did not change to reflect population shifts, and in some places the number of electors became so few that they could be bribed. A member of Parliament for one borough might represent only a few people, whereas some large population centres were poorly represented. Manchester, for example, was part of the larger constituency of Lancashire and did not elect members separately until 1832. Examples of rotten boroughs include the following:
- Old Sarum in Wiltshire had 3 houses and 7 voters
- East Looe in Cornwall had 167 houses and 38 voters
- Dunwich in Suffolk had 44 houses and 32 voters (most of this formerly prosperous town having fallen into the sea)
- Plympton Erle in Devon had 182 houses and 40 voters
- Gatton in Surrey had 23 houses and 7 voters
- Newtown on the Isle of Wight had 14 houses and 23 voters
- Bramber in West Sussex had 35 houses and 20 voters
- Callington in Cornwall had 225 houses and 42 voters
Each of these boroughs could elect two members of the Commons. By the time of the 1831 general election, out of 406 elected members, 152 were chosen by fewer than 100 voters, and 88 by fewer than 50 voters each.
Many such rotten boroughs were controlled by peers who gave the seats to their sons, other relations, or friends, thus having influence in the House of Commons while also holding seats themselves in the House of Lords. Prior to being awarded a peerage, Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, served in the Irish House of Commons as a Member for the rotten borough of Trim in County Meath. A common expression referring to such a situation was that "Mr. So-and-so had been elected on Lord This-and-that's interest".
There were also boroughs who were dependent not on a particular patron but rather on the Treasury or Admiralty and thus returned the candidates nominated by the ministers in charge of those departments.
Such boroughs existed for centuries. The term rotten borough only came into usage in the 18th century, the qualification "rotten" suggesting both "corrupt" and "in decline for a very long time".
In the 19th century, there were moves toward reform, which broadly meant ending the over-representation of boroughs with few electors. This political movement had a major success in the Reform Act 1832, which disfranchised the 57 rotten boroughs listed below and redistributed representation in Parliament to new major population centres and to places with significant industries.
The Ballot Act of 1872 introduced the secret ballot, which greatly hindered patrons from controlling elections by preventing them from knowing how an elector had voted. At the same time, the practice of paying or entertaining voters ("treating") was outlawed, and election expenses fell dramatically.
Pocket boroughs
A closely related term for an undemocratic constituency is pocket borough – a constituency with a small enough electorate to be under the effective control (or in the pocket) of one major landowner.
In some boroughs, while not "rotten", parliamentary representation was in the control of one or more "patrons" who, by owning burgage tenements, had the power to decide elections, as their tenants had to vote publicly and dared not defy their landlords. Such patronage flourished before the mid-19th century, chiefly because there was no secret ballot. Some rich individuals controlled several boroughs–the Duke of Newcastle is said to have had seven boroughs "in his pocket". The representative of a pocket borough was often the same person who owned the land, and for this reason they were also referred to as proprietarial boroughs.
Pocket boroughs were seen by their 19th century owners as a valuable method of ensuring the representation of the landed interest in the House of Commons.
Pocket boroughs were finally abolished by the Reform Act of 1867. This considerably extended the borough franchise and established the principle that each parliamentary constituency should hold roughly the same number of electors. A Boundary Commission was set up by subsequent Acts of Parliament to maintain this principle as population movements continued.
Contemporary defences
Rotten boroughs were defended by the successive Tory governments of 1807-1830 – a substantial number of Tory constituencies lay in rotten and pocket boroughs. During this period they came under criticism from prominent figures such as Tom Paine and William Cobbett.
It was argued during the time period that rotten boroughs provided stability and were a means for promising young politicians to enter parliament, with William Pitt the Elder being cited as a key example. Members of Parliament (MPs), who were generally in favour of the boroughs, claimed they should be kept as Britain had undergone periods of prosperity under the system.
Because British colonists in the West Indies and on the Indian subcontinent were not represented at Westminster officially, these groups often claimed that rotten boroughs provided opportunities for virtual representation in parliament for colonial interest groups.
Modern usage
The magazine Private Eye has a column entitled 'Rotten Boroughs', which lists stories of municipal wrongdoing; borough is used here in its usual sense of a local district rather than a parliamentary constituency.
In his book The Age of Consent, George Monbiot compared small island states with one vote in the U.N. General Assembly to "rotten boroughs".
In the satirical novel Melincourt, or Sir Oran Haut-Ton (1817) by Thomas Love Peacock, an orang-utan named Sir Oran Haut-ton is elected to parliament by the "ancient and honourable borough of Onevote". The election of Sir Oran forms part of the hero's plan to persuade civilisation to share his belief that orang-utans are a race of human beings who merely lack the power of speech. "The borough of Onevote stood in the middle of a heath, and consisted of a solitary farm, of which the land was so poor and intractable, that it would not have been worth the while of any human being to cultivate it, had not the Duke of Rottenburgh found it very well worth his while to pay his tenant for living there, to keep the honourable borough in existence." The single voter of the borough is Mr Christopher Corporate, who elects two MPs, each of whom "can only be considered as the representative of half of him".
In Chapter 7 of the novel Vanity Fair, author William Makepeace Thackeray introduces the fictitious borough of "Queen's Crawley," so named in honor of a stopover in the small Hampshire town of Crawley by Queen Elizabeth I, who being delighted by the quality of the local beer instantly raised the small town of Crawley into a borough, giving it two members in Parliament. At the time of the story, in the early 19th century, the place had lost population, so that it was "come down to that condition of borough which used to be denominated rotten."
In Diana Wynne Jones' 2003 book "The Merlin Conspiracy" Old Sarum features as a character, with one line being "I'm a rotten borough, I am."
In the Aubrey–Maturin series of seafaring tales, the pocket borough of Milport (also known as Milford) is initially held by General Aubrey, the father of protagonist Jack Aubrey. In the twelfth novel in the series, The Letter of Marque, Jack's father dies and the seat is offered to Jack himself by his cousin Edward Norton, the "owner" of the borough. The borough has just seventeen electors, all of whom are tenants of Mr Norton.
In the first novel of George MacDonald Fraser's Flashman series, the eponymous antihero, Harry Flashman, mentions that his father, Sir Buckley Flashman, had been in Parliament, but "they did for him at Reform," implying that the elder Flashman's seat was in a rotten or pocket borough.
In the episode Dish and Dishonesty of the BBC television comedy Blackadder the Third, Edmund Blackadder attempts to bolster the support of the Prince Regent in Parliament by getting the incompetent Baldrick elected to the rotten borough of Dunny-on-the-Wold. This was easily accomplished with a result of 16,472 to nil, even though the constituency had only one voter (Blackadder himself).
In the video game, Assassin's Creed III pocket and rotten boroughs are briefly mentioned in a database entry entitled "Pocket Boroughs", and Old Sarum is mentioned as one of the worst examples of a pocket borough. In the game, shortly before the Boston Massacre an NPC can be heard speaking to a group of peolpe on the colonies lack of representation in Parliament and lists several rotten boroughs including Old Sarum.
- "[Borough representation is] the rotten part of the constitution." — William Pitt the Elder
- "The county of Yorkshire, which contains near a million souls, sends two county members; and so does the county of Rutland which contains not a hundredth part of that number. The town of Old Sarum, which contains not three houses, sends two members; and the town of Manchester, which contains upwards of sixty thousand souls, is not admitted to send any. Is there any principle in these things?" Tom Paine, from Rights of Man, 1791
- From H.M.S. Pinafore by Gilbert and Sullivan:
- Sir Joseph Porter: I grew so rich that I was sent
- By a pocket borough into Parliament.
- I always voted at my party's call,
- And I never thought of thinking for myself at all.
- Chorus: And he never thought of thinking for himself at all.
- Sir Joseph: I thought so little, they rewarded me
- By making me the Ruler of the Queen's Navee!
- Fairy Queen: Let me see. I've a borough or two at my disposal. Would you like to go into Parliament?
- From The Letter of Marque by Patrick O'Brian
- 'Could you not spend an afternoon at Milport, to meet the electors? There are not many of them, and those few are all my tenants, so it is no more than a formality; but there is a certain decency to be kept up. The writ will be issued very soon.'
- The Borough of Queen's Crawley in Thackeray's Vanity Fair is a rotten borough eliminated by the Reform Act of 1832:
- When Colonel Dobbin quitted the service, which he did immediately after his marriage, he rented a pretty country place in Hampshire, not far from Queen's Crawley, where, after the passing of the Reform Bill, Sir Pitt and his family constantly resided now. All idea of a peerage was out of the question, the baronet's two seats in Parliament being lost. He was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health, and prophesied the speedy ruin of the Empire.
See also
- Apportionment (politics)
- Reynolds v. Sims, a US Supreme Court case that ended a similar practice in the United States
- The people's book; comprising their chartered rights and practical wrongs [by W. Carpenter] at Google Books
- See Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
- Pearce, Robert and Stearn, Roger (2000). Access to History, Government and Reform: Britain 1815-1918 (Second Edition), page 14. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Pearce, Robert and Stearn, Roger (2000). Access to History, Government and Reform: Britain 1815-1918 (Second Edition). Hodder & Stoughton.
- Pearce, Robert and Stearn, Roger (2000). Access to History, Government and Reform: Britain 1815-1918 (Second Edition), page 22. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Taylor, M (2003). "Empire and Parliamentary Reform: The 1832 Reform Act Revisited." In Rethinking the Age of Reform: Britain 1780-1850, edited by A. Burns and J. Innes, 295-312. Cambridge University Press.
- Evans, Eric J. (1990). Liberal Democracies, page 104. Joint Matriculation Board.
- "Black Adder - Episode Guide: Dish and Dishonesty". BBC. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Further reading
- Spielvogel, Western Civilization — Volume II: Since 1500 (2003) p. 493
- Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, 1929. | <urn:uuid:030f38d7-fac8-4dcb-92ca-3d6a3de8da18> | 2013-05-23T18:52:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009)|
A semi-acoustic guitar or hollow-body electric is a type of electric guitar that originates from the 1930s. It has both a sound box and one or more electric pickups. This is not the same as an acoustic-electric guitar, which is an acoustic guitar with the addition of pickups or other means of amplification, either added by the manufacturer or the player.
In the 1930s guitar players and manufacturers were attempting to increase the overall volume of the guitar, which had a hard time competing with other instruments, specifically in large orchestras and jazz bands, due to its lack of volume. This created a series of experiments that focused on creating a guitar that could be amplified through electric currents and out through a speaker. In 1936, Gibson attempted to make their first production line of electric guitars. These guitars, known as ES-150’s (Electric Spanish Series) were the first manufactured semi-acoustic guitars.
They were based on a standard production archtop and had f holes on the face of the guitar which functioned as a soundbox. This model was used to resemble the traditional jazz box guitars that were popular at the time. The soundbox on the guitar allowed a limited amount of sound waves to emit from the hollow body of the guitar, which was customary of all full acoustic models before this guitar. The purpose of these guitars, however, was to be able to be amplified from electric sound waves. This was made possible by the Charlie Christian pickup, a magnetic single-coil pickup, which allowed the sound of the guitar to be amplified through electric currents. The clear sound produced by the pickups made the ES series immediately popular with jazz musicians. The first semi-acoustic guitars are often thought of as an evolutionary step in the progression from acoustic guitars to full electric models.
However, the ES-150 was made several years after the first solid body electric guitar, which was made by Rickenbacker. The ES series was merely an experiment by the Gibson company in order to test out the potential success of electric guitars. This experiment proved to be a successful financial venture and is often referred to as the first successful electric guitar. The ES-150 was followed by the ES-250 a year later, in what became a long line of semi acoustics for the Gibson company.
In 1949 Gibson released two new models (The ES-175 and ES-5). These guitars had built-in electric pickups that came standard in their design and can largely be considered as the first fully electric semi-acoustic guitars. Prior models were not built with pickups; rather, they came as attachments. As the production and popularity of solid body electric guitars increased, there was still a market of guitar players who wanted to have the traditional look associated with the semi-acoustic guitars of the 1930s but also wanted the versatility and comfort of new solid body guitars. Several models, including the ES-350T by Gibson, were made in the 1950s to accommodate this growing demand by including a more comfortable version of the archtop model.
These variations were followed by an entirely new type of guitar that featured a block of solid wood between the front and back sections of the guitars cutaway. This guitar was still acoustic but had a smaller open section inside of the guitar which makes less sound waves emit from the f hole sound boxes on the guitar. The variant was first manufactured in 1958 by Gibson and is commonly referred to as a semi-hollow body guitar because of the smaller body of the guitar. Rickenbacker also choose to pursue making semi-acoustic guitars in 1958. When the company changed ownership in 1954, they hired German guitar crafter, Roger Rossmiesl. He developed the 330 series for Rickenbacker, which was a wide semi-acoustic that did not use a traditional f hole. Rather its used a sleeker dash hole on one side of the guitar, the other side had a large pickguard. This model boasted a modern design with a unique Fireglo finish. It quickly became one of Rickenbacker's most popular series and became a strong competitor to Gibson's models.
In addition to the main model variants of the guitar, Gibson made several small changes to the guitar including a laminated top for the ES-175 model and mounted top pickups for general use on all their models, as opposed to Charlie Christian models from the 1930s. While Gibson provided many of the innovations in semi-acoustic guitars from the 1930s to the 1950s, there were also various makes by other companies including a hollow achtop by Gretsch. the 6120 model by Gretsch became very popular as a rockabilly model despite having almost no technical differences from Gibson models. Rickenbacker was also a prominent maker of the semi-hollow body guitar. Gibson, Gretsch, Rickenbacker, and other companies still make semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars, making slight variations on their yearly designs.
The semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars were generally praised for their clean and warm tones. This led to widespread use throughout the jazz communities in the 1930s. As new models came out with sleeker designs, the guitars began to make their way into popular circles. The guitar became used in pop, folk, and blues. The guitars made an extensive amount of feedback when played through an amplifier at a loud level, this made the guitars unpopular for bands playing in large stages who had to play loud enough to fill their venues. As rock became more experimental, towards the late 60s and 70s the guitar became more popular because of its feedback issues which led to "wilder" sounds.
Today, semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars are still popular in jazz, indie rock, and various other genres.[examples needed] Famous guitarists who have used semi acoustic guitars include John Lennon of The Beatles and B.B. King. Semi-acoustic guitars have also been valued as good practice guitars because, when played "unplugged," they are quieter than full acoustic guitars, but more audible than solid-body electric guitars because of their open cavity. This makes the guitar particularly useful when volume is an issue.
Some semi-acoustic models have a fully hollow body (for instance the Gibson ES-175 and Epiphone Casino), others may have a solid center block running the length and depth of the body, called semi hollow body (for instance the Gibson ES-335).
Other guitars are borderline between semi-acoustic and solid body. For example, some Telecaster guitars have chambers built in to an otherwise solid body to enrich the sound. This type of instrument can be referred to as a semi-hollow or a chambered body guitar. Exactly where the line is to be drawn between a constructed sound box and a solid wooden body, whose construction also affects the sound according to many players, is not generally agreed. Any of the following can be called semi-acoustic:
- Instruments starting from a solid body "blank" which has been routed out to make a chambered body guitar.
- Instruments with semi-hollow bodies constructed from plates of wood around a solid core, having no soundholes, such as the Gibson Lucille or Brian May Red Special.
- Instruments with a solid core but hollow bouts and soundholes (usually f-holes), such as the Gibson ES-335. In these, the bridge is fixed to a solid block of wood rather than to a sounding board, and the belly vibration is minimised much as in a solid body instrument.
- Thin-bodied archtop guitars, such as the Epiphone Casino. These possess both a sounding board and sound box, but the function of these is purely to modify the sound transmitted to the pickups. Such guitars are still intended purely as electric instruments, and while they do make some sound when the pickups are not used, the tone is weak and not normally considered musically useful.
- Full hollowbody semi-acoustic instruments, often called Jazz guitars, such as the Gibson ES-175; these have a full-size sound box, but are still intended to be played through an amplifier.
The Rickenbacker 330 JG
Some companies that have produced famous semi-acoustic guitars include: Gibson, Gretsch and Rickenbacker. A variety of manufacturers now produce semi-acoustic model guitars: D'Angelico, Epiphone, Ibanez, etc.
- Fully hollow body
- Thinline hollow body (thin body)
- Semi hollow body (with center block)
- Other semi hollow (solid-body with cavities)
- various types
- Archtop guitars. Guitars with a fully hollow or semi-hollow body, with or without pickups.
- Electro-acoustic guitars. Fully acoustic guitars with piezo pickups.
- Hybrid guitars. Guitars with both magnetic and piezo pickups. Can be solid, semi-hollow or hollow bodied.
- Silent guitars. Solid body guitars with a piezo pickups.
- Ingram, Adrian, A Concise History of the Electric Guitar, Melbay, 2001.
- Hunter, Dave, The Rough Guide to Guitar, Penguin Books, 2011.
- Miller, A.J., The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon, Baltimore, MD, Smithsonian Institute, 2004.
- Martin A. Darryl, Innovation and the Development of the Modern Six-String, The Galpin Society Journal (Vol. 51), 1998.
- Rogers, Dave, 1958 Rickenbacker 330, http://www.premierguitar.com/Magazine/Issue/2009/Aug/1958_Rickenbacker_330.aspx, accessed 11 December 2011.
- Carter, William, The Gibson Guitar Book: Seventy Years of Classic Guitar, New York, NY, Backbeatbooks, 2007. | <urn:uuid:12150663-89de-4741-a5c9-1d9896846aea> | 2013-05-23T18:52:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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London and Zurich Agreements
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2006)|
The London and Zurich Agreements for the constitution of Cyprus started with an agreement on the 19 February 1959 in Lancaster House in London, between Turkey, Greece, the United Kingdom and Cypriot community leaders (Archbishop Makarios III for Greek Cypriots and Dr. Fazıl Küçük for Turkish Cypriots). On that basis, a constitution was drafted and agreed together with two further Treaties of Alliance and Guarantee in Zurich on 11 February 1960.
Cyprus was accordingly proclaimed an independent state on 16 August 1960.
Following the failure of the Agreement in 1963 and subsequent de facto military partition of Cyprus into Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot regions, the larger Greek-Cypriot Region, controlled by the Cyprus Government, claims that the 1960 Constitution basically remains in force, whereas the Turkish-Cypriot region claims to have seceded by the Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983.
Constitutional provisions
||This section may contain original research. (July 2009)|
The Constitution provided for under the Agreements divided the Cypriot people into two communities on the basis of ethnic origin. The President had to be a Greek-Cypriot elected by the Greek-Cypriots, and the Vice-President a Turkish-Cypriot elected by the Turkish-Cypriots. The Vice-President was granted the right of a final veto on laws passed by the House of Representatives and on decisions of the Council of Ministers which was composed of ten ministers, three of whom had to be Turkish-Cypriots nominated by the Vice-President.
In the House of Representatives, the Turkish Cypriots were elected separately by their own community. The House had no power to modify the basic articles of the Constitution in any respect and any other modification required separate majorities of two thirds of both the Greek Cypriot and the Turkish Cypriot members. Any modification of the Electoral Law and the adoption of any law relating to municipalities or any fiscal laws required separate simple majorities of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot members of the House. It was thus impossible for representatives of one community alone to pass a bill.
The highest judicial organs, the Supreme Constitutional Court and the High Court of Justice, were presided over by neutral presidents - neither Greek-Cypriot nor Turkish-Cypriot - who by virtue of their casting votes were supposed to maintain the balance between the Greek and Turkish members of the Courts. Whereas under the previous regime Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot judges tried all cases irrespective of the origin of the litigants, the constitution provided that disputes among Turkish Cypriots be tried only by Turkish Cypriot judges, disputes among Greek Cypriots by Greek Cypriot judges only, and disputes between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots by mixed courts composed of both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot judges. Thus, to try the case of a petty offence which involved both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, two judges had to sit.
In addition, separate Greek and Turkish Communal Chambers were created with legislative and administrative powers in regard to educational, religious, cultural, sporting and charitable matters, cooperative and credit societies, and questions of personal status. Separate municipalities were envisaged for Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in the five largest towns of the island. As the population and properties were intermixed, the provisions were difficult and expensive for the small towns of Cyprus.
The United Nations Mediator on Cyprus, Dr. Galo Plaza, described the 1960 Constitution created by the Zürich and London Agreements as "a constitutional oddity", and that difficulties in implementing the treaties signed on the basis of those Agreements had begun almost immediately after independence.
Within three years the functioning of the legislature started to fail, and in 1963, when the fiscal laws under Article 78 of the Constitution expired, the House of Representatives split along straight communal lines and failed to renew the income tax upon which the public finances depended.
In November 1963, the (Greek-Cypriot) President of the Republic, Archbishop Makarios III, suggested amendments to the Constitution "to resolve constitutional deadlocks". The Turkish-Cypriot leadership, following the mainland Turkish government, said they were unacceptable. The Vice-President publicly declared that the Republic of Cyprus had ceased to exist, and along with the three Turkish-Cypriot Ministers, the Turkish-Cypriot members of the House withdrew, as did Turkish-Cypriot civil servants. President Makarios refused all suggestions which would have resulted in the partition of Cyprus, and negotiations over the problem have never yet succeeded.
De facto, Cyprus has remained partitioned for over forty years.
Treaty of Guarantee
Together with the Zürich and London Agreements, two other treaties were also agreed upon in Zurich.
The Treaty of Guarantee was designed to preserve Bi-communal consociationalism and independent state of the Republic of Cyprus. Cyprus and the guarantor powers (the United Kingdom, Turkey, and Greece) promised to prohibit the promotion of "either the union of the Republic of Cyprus with any other State, or the partition of the Island".
Article Three of the Treaty of Guarantee provides, "In so far as common or concerted action may prove impossible, each of the three guaranteeing Powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs (i.e. Bi-communal consociational state) established by the present Treaty."
In July 1974, there was briefly a Greek-backed coup d'état in Cyprus. Turkey claimed under the Treaty of Guarantee to intervene militarily. The legality of the invasion depends on whether common or concerted action between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey had proved impossible and whether the outcome of the invasion safeguarded the Bi-communal consociational, independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus. In 1983, Turkish Cypriots issued the Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. This has been recognized by Turkey only. The United Nations declared the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus legally invalid and asked for its withdrawal. The UN Security Council has issued multiple resolutions that all states should refrain from recognizing the protectorate of Turkey in Cyprus.
- para. 163 of Report to the U.N. Secretary-General in March 1965
- paragraph 129, ibid.
- Treaty of Guarantee of Republic of Cyprus | <urn:uuid:64dabf59-be97-4ab7-9e90-b341c6634dec> | 2013-05-23T18:47:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Quantum field theory|
||It has been suggested that this article be merged with Zero-point energy. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2012.|
In quantum field theory, the vacuum state (also called the vacuum) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy. Generally, it contains no physical particles. Zero-point field is sometimes used[by whom?] as a synonym for the vacuum state of an individual quantized field.
According to present-day understanding of what is called the vacuum state or the quantum vacuum, it is "by no means a simple empty space", and again: "it is a mistake to think of any physical vacuum as some absolutely empty void." According to quantum mechanics, the vacuum state is not truly empty but instead contains fleeting electromagnetic waves and particles that pop into and out of existence.
The QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics (or QED) was the first vacuum of quantum field theory to be developed. QED originated in the 1930s, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s it was reformulated by Feynman, Tomonaga and Schwinger, who jointly received the Nobel prize for this work in 1965. Today the electromagnetic interactions and the weak interactions are unified in the theory of the electroweak interaction.
The Standard Model is a generalization of the QED work to include all the known elementary particles and their interactions (except gravity). Quantum chromodynamics is the portion of the Standard Model that deals with strong interactions, and QCD vacuum is the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics. It is the object of study in the Large Hadron Collider and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, and is related to the so-called vacuum structure of strong interactions.
Non-zero expectation value
If the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator (or more accurately, the ground state of a QM problem). In this case the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of any field operator vanishes. For quantum field theories in which perturbation theory breaks down at low energies (for example, Quantum chromodynamics or the BCS theory of superconductivity) field operators may have non-vanishing vacuum expectation values called condensates. In the Standard Model, the non-zero vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field, arising from spontaneous symmetry breaking, is the mechanism by which the other fields in the theory acquire mass.
In many situations, the vacuum state can be defined to have zero energy, although the actual situation is considerably more subtle. The vacuum state is associated with a zero-point energy, and this zero-point energy has measurable effects. In the laboratory, it may be detected as the Casimir effect. In physical cosmology, the energy of the cosmological vacuum appears as the cosmological constant. In fact, the energy of a cubic centimeter of empty space has been calculated figuratively to be one trillionth of an erg. An outstanding requirement imposed on a potential Theory of Everything is that the energy of the quantum vacuum state must explain the physically observed cosmological constant.
For a relativistic field theory, the vacuum is Poincaré invariant, which follows from Wightman axioms. Poincaré invariance implies that only scalar combinations of field operators have non-vanishing VEV's. The VEV may break some of the internal symmetries of the Lagrangian of the field theory. In this case the vacuum has less symmetry than the theory allows, and one says that spontaneous symmetry breaking has occurred. See Higgs mechanism, standard model.
Electrical permittivity
In principle, quantum corrections to Maxwell's equations can cause the experimental electrical permittivity ε of the vacuum state to deviate from the defined scalar value ε0 of the electric constant. These theoretical developments are described, for example, in Dittrich and Gies. In particular, the theory of quantum electrodynamics predicts that the QED vacuum should exhibit nonlinear effects that will make it behave like a birefringent material with ε slightly greater than ε0 for extremely strong electric fields. Explanations for dichroism from particle physics, outside quantum electrodynamics, also have been proposed. Active attempts to measure such effects have been unsuccessful so far.
The vacuum state is written as or . The VEV of a field φ, which should be written as , is usually condensed to .
Virtual particles
The presence of virtual particles can be rigorously based upon the non-commutation of the quantized electromagnetic fields. Non-commutation means that although the average values of the fields vanish in a quantum vacuum, their variances do not. The term "vacuum fluctuations" refers to the variance of the field strength in the minimal energy state, and is described picturesquely as evidence of "virtual particles".
It is sometimes attempted to provide an intuitive picture of virtual particles based upon the Heisenberg energy-time uncertainty principle:
(with ΔE and Δt being the energy and time variations respectively; ΔE is the accuracy in the measurement of energy and Δt is the time taken in the measurement, and ħ is the Planck constant divided by 2π) arguing along the lines that the short lifetime of virtual particles allows the "borrowing" of large energies from the vacuum and thus permits particle generation for short times.
Although the phenomenon of virtual particles is accepted, this interpretation of the energy-time uncertainty relation is not universal. One issue is the use of an uncertainty relation limiting measurement accuracy as though a time uncertainty Δt determines a "budget" for borrowing energy ΔE. Another issue is the meaning of "time" in this relation, because energy and time (unlike position q and momentum p, for example) do not satisfy a canonical commutation relation (such as [q, p] = i ħ). Various schemes have been advanced to construct an observable that has some kind of time interpretation, and yet does satisfy a canonical commutation relation with energy. The very many approaches to the energy-time uncertainty principle are a long and continuing subject.
Physical nature of the quantum vacuum
According to Astrid Lambrecht (2002): "When one empties out a space of all matter and lowers the temperature to absolute zero, one produces in a Gedankenexperiment the quantum vacuum state."
Photon-photon interaction can occur only through interaction with the vacuum state of some other field, for example through the Dirac electron-positron vacuum field; this is associated with the concept of vacuum polarization.
According to Milonni (1994): "... all quantum fields have zero-point energies and vacuum fluctuations." This means that there is a component of the quantum vacuum respectively for each component field (considered in the conceptual absence of the other fields), such as the electromagnetic field, the Dirac electron-positron field, and so on.
According to Milonni (1994), some of the effects attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field can have several physical interpretations, some more conventional than others. The Casimir attraction between uncharged conductive plates is often proposed as an example of an effect of the vacuum electromagnetic field. Schwinger, DeRaad, and Milton (1978) are cited by Milonni (1994) as validly, though unconventionally, explaining the Casimir effect with a model in which "the vacuum is regarded as truly a state with all physical properties equal to zero." In this model, the observed phenomena are explained as the effects of the electron motions on the electromagnetic field, called the source field effect. Milonni writes: "The basic idea here will be that the Casimir force may be derived from the source fields alone even in completely conventional QED, ..." Milonni provides detailed argument that the measurable physical effects usually attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field cannot be explained by that field alone, but require in addition a contribution from the self-energy of the electrons, or their radiation reaction. He writes: "The radiation reaction and the vacuum fields are two aspects of the same thing when it comes to physical interpretations of various QED processes including the Lamb shift, van der Waals forces, and Casimir effects." This point of view is also stated by Jaffe (2005): "The Casimir force can be calculated without reference to vacuum fluctuations, and like all other observable effects in QED, it vanishes as the fine structure constant, α, goes to zero."
See also
References and notes
- Astrid Lambrecht (Hartmut Figger, Dieter Meschede, Claus Zimmermann Eds.) (2002). Observing mechanical dissipation in the quantum vacuum: an experimental challenge; in Laser physics at the limits. Berlin/New York: Springer. p. 197. ISBN 3-540-42418-0.
- Christopher Ray (1991). Time, space and philosophy. London/New York: Routledge. Chapter 10, p. 205. ISBN 0-415-03221-0.
- AIP Physics News Update,1996
- Physical Review Focus Dec. 1998
- Walter Dittrich & Gies H (2000). Probing the quantum vacuum: perturbative effective action approach. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-67428-4.
- For an historical discussion, see for example Ari Ben-Menaḥem, ed. (2009). "Quantum electrodynamics (QED)". Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 1 (5th ed.). Springer. pp. 4892 ff. ISBN 3-540-68831-5. For the Nobel prize details and the Nobel lectures by these authors see "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- Jean Letessier, Johann Rafelski (2002). Hadrons and Quark-Gluon Plasma. Cambridge University Press. p. 37 ff. ISBN 0-521-38536-9.
- Sean Carroll, Sr Research Associate - Physics, California Institute of Technology, June 22, 2006 C-SPAN broadcast of Cosmology at Yearly Kos Science Panel, Part 1
- David Delphenich (2006). "Nonlinear Electrodynamics and QED". arXiv:hep-th/0610088 [hep-th].
- Klein, James J. and B. P. Nigam, Birefringence of the vacuum, Physical Review vol. 135, p. B1279-B1280 (1964).
- Mourou, G. A., T. Tajima, and S. V. Bulanov, Optics in the relativistic regime; § XI Nonlinear QED, Reviews of Modern Physics vol. 78 (no. 2), 309-371 (2006) pdf file.
- Holger Gies; Joerg Jaeckel; Andreas Ringwald (2006). "Polarized Light Propagating in a Magnetic Field as a Probe of Millicharged Fermions". Physical Review Letters 97 (14). arXiv:hep-ph/0607118. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97n0402G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.140402.
- Davis; Joseph Harris; Gammon; Smolyaninov; Kyuman Cho (2007). "Experimental Challenges Involved in Searches for Axion-Like Particles and Nonlinear Quantum Electrodynamic Effects by Sensitive Optical Techniques". arXiv:0704.0748 [hep-th].
- Myron Wyn Evans, Stanisław Kielich (1994). Modern nonlinear optics, Volume 85, Part 3. John Wiley & Sons. p. 462. ISBN 0-471-57548-8. "For all field states that have classical analog the field quadrature variances are also greater than or equal to this commutator."
- David Nikolaevich Klyshko (1988). Photons and nonlinear optics. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. ISBN 2-88124-669-9.
- Milton K. Munitz (1990). Cosmic Understanding: Philosophy and Science of the Universe. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-691-02059-0. "The spontaneous, temporary emergence of particles from vacuum is called a "vacuum fluctuation"."
- For an example, see P. C. W. Davies (1982). The accidental universe. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-521-28692-1.
- A vaguer description is provided by Jonathan Allday (2002). Quarks, leptons and the big bang (2nd ed ed.). CRC Press. pp. 224 ff. ISBN 0-7503-0806-0. "The interaction will last for a certain duration Δt. This implies that the amplitude for the total energy involved in the interaction is spread over a range of energies ΔE."
- This "borrowing" idea has led to proposals for using the zero-point energy of vacuum as an infinite reservoir and a variety of "camps" about this interpretation. See, for example, Moray B. King (2001). Quest for zero point energy: engineering principles for 'free energy' inventions. Adventures Unlimited Press. pp. 124 ff. ISBN 0-932813-94-1.
- Quantities satisfying a canonical commutation rule are said to be noncompatible observables, by which is meant that they can both be measured simultaneously only with limited precision. See Kiyosi Itô (1993). "§ 351 (XX.23) C: Canonical commutation relations". Encyclopedic dictionary of mathematics (2nd ed ed.). MIT Press. p. 1303. ISBN 0-262-59020-4.
- Paul Busch, Marian Grabowski, Pekka J. Lahti (1995). "§III.4: Energy and time". Operational quantum physics. Springer. pp. 77 ff. ISBN 3-540-59358-6.
- For a review, see Paul Busch (2008). "Chapter 3: The Time–Energy Uncertainty Relation". In J.G. Muga, R. Sala Mayato and Í.L. Egusquiza, editors. Time in Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed ed.). Springer. pp. 73 ff. ISBN 3-540-73472-4.
- Fowler, R., Guggenheim, E.A. (1965). Statistical Thermodynamics. A Version of Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Chemistry, reprinted with corrections, Cambridge University Press, London, page 224.
- Partington, J.R. (1949). An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, volume 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, Longmans, Green and Co., London, page 220.
- Wilks, J. (1971). The Third Law of Thermodynamics, Chapter 6 in Thermodynamics, volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of H. Eyring, D. Henderson, W. Jost, Physical Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise, Academic Press, New York, page 477.
- Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, New York, ISBN 0–88318–797–3, page 342.
- Jauch, J.M., Rohrlich, F. (1955/1980). The Theory of Photons and Electrons. The Relativistic Quantum Field Theory of Charged Particles with Spin One-half, second expanded edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN 0–387–07295–0, pages 287–288.
- Milonni, P.W. (1994). The Quantum Vacuum. An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, ISBN 0–12–498080–5, page xv.
- Milonni, P.W. (1994). The Quantum Vacuum. An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, ISBN 0–12–498080–5, page 239.
- Schwinger, J., DeRaad, L.L., Milton, K.A. (1978). Casimir effect in dielectrics, Annals of Physics, 115: 1–23.
- Milonni, P.W. (1994). The Quantum Vacuum. An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, ISBN 0–12–498080–5, page 418.
- Jaffe, R.L. (2005). Casimir effect and the quantum vacuum, Phys. Rev. D 72: 021301(R), http://1–5.cua.mit.edu/8.422_s07/jaffe2005_casimir.pdf
Further reading
- Free pdf copy of The Structured Vacuum - thinking about nothing by Johann Rafelski and Berndt Muller (1985) ISBN 3-87144-889-3.
- M.E. Peskin and D.V. Schroeder, An introduction to Quantum Field Theory.
- H. Genz, Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space
- Maybe this should discuss Star Trek and/or Star Gate: Engineering the Zero-Point Field and Polarizable Vacuum for Interstellar Flight
- E. W. Davis, V. L. Teofilo, B. Haisch, H. E. Puthoff, L. J. Nickisch, A. Rueda and D. C. Cole(2006)"Review of Experimental Concepts for Studying the Quantum Vacuum Field" | <urn:uuid:b041aa3d-13d3-4cc3-b22e-63374d63dc70> | 2013-05-23T18:45:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Rio Ferdinand (born November 7, 1978) is an English footballer of mixed St Lucian and Anglo-Irish descent. He plays at centre-back for Manchester United in the FA Premier League and at the international level for the England national football team.
- Gary Neville is the club captain but has been injured for the best part of a year now - and Giggsy's taken on the mantlepiece.
- Rio Ferdinand commenting on the Manchester United club captaincy.[]
- My name was out there in the public arena for people to make assumptions on why I missed a drugs test. That stigma is something that may never go away. I go out there and play for the fans and for my family and for myself and to have that taken away from me in such a way was disheartening and something that really did shock me. I'm man enough to admit that I did cry.
- quoted in Rio Ferdinand player profile. Times Online. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
- It was wicked meeting Nelson Mandela.
- His temperament is always there to be questioned because he plays on the edge. That is just the way he plays.It is a cliche but if you took that edge away from Wayne he wouldn't be the same player and I would rather have the Wayne Rooney we have now.
- It hit me like a thunderbolt!
- Rio on how the drugs ban affected him[]
- Nobody wants to be associated with failing to qualify for the World Cup finals. I cannot imagine the shame of it.
- Rio Ferdinand's insight on how it would feel, not qualifying for World Cup finals[]
- I set myself high standards on the pitch and know I have not always lived up to them this season
- Rio Ferdinand on standards[]]
- Football is the most important thing in my life, but I do have a life outside football and this is one part. The TV, the music, the fashion - it all goes to make up Rio Ferdinand.
- Rio Ferdinand on his TV Show, "Rio's World Cup Wind Ups" []
Rio on Racism Sourced
- If you come out with racist comments, then I believe you shouldn’t be allowed to come to a football match. Don’t be so narrow minded, you’re bigger than that.
About Rio Ferdinand Sourced
- I was disappointed it wasn't reported that I said Rio Ferdinand was the best defender in the world. | <urn:uuid:e67f4713-313e-45e3-bf21-7193025273ee> | 2013-05-23T18:58:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Lindsay Lohan's father thinks her mother is a bad influence on the starlet.
Michael Lohan, spoke out after the release of a preview clip of Dina Lohan during an interview with Dr. Phil McGraw.
In the video Dina can be seen slurring her words and looks disheveled.
Now her ex-husband is saying she has been on the decline for seven years.
He told website Hollyscoop: ''Over the last seven years Dina has come to such a bad place!
''The people she surrounds herself with are no better [than Lindsay's], so what kind of an example is that?''
Michael has experienced his own public scandals, and is expecting a child with on-again-off-again girlfriend Kate Major after attempting to clean up his act.
He thinks that Dina needs to come clean about her problems for things to get better.
He said: ''[Dina] just needs to be honest with herself and others. Only then will her heart get right and our children will find peace!
''I haven't seen the full interview yet, but from what I have seen and Dina's comments that [the interview] was 'doctored,' I really think it's sad and I feel sorry for Dina!''
But Lindsay's parent and manager is adamant she was sober during the televised chat.
She told website TMZ.com: ''I don't care what it looks like. I'm fine and I don't care what anyone says.
''All people saw was two minutes edited of an hour long interview. Of course they cut it to make it interesting.''
Copyright © bangshowbiz.com 2012. | <urn:uuid:c3c318a1-e04c-4e75-a403-ee9b49f8fd7e> | 2013-05-23T18:44:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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-- Peter Higgs
"I didn't think they would find anything in my lifetime."
Looks like CERN found something.
I wonder if they will edit The Big Bang Theory episodes to update them?
For those catching up, CERN is the largest kaleidoscope ever built, and is expected to solve a few mysteries of the universe,
like where the missing socks go,
and how do cats know?
So obvious when you know how, isn't it? | <urn:uuid:0c70d7d2-265a-48ff-bfbe-56c0570dbfe5> | 2013-05-23T19:07:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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THE RELATIONSHIPS OF DENTAL HYGIENE STUDENT'S COGNITIVE STYLES AND INTERPERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND SATISFACTION
New and better predictors of college academic achievement and attitude can be of value initially for student selection and subsequently for individualization. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of cognitive style and interpersonal skill to achievement and attitude in two dental hygiene program components, science lecture courses and clinical courses. Participants were 167 students of Marquette University School of Dental Hygiene. Each completed a cognitive style scale and a program attitude scale. Instructors completed interpersonal rating scales. Grades and traditional predictor data were obtained from student records. Data were conceptualized within a regression equation approach for student selection, and a directional hypothesis approach for individualization. The directional hypothesis analysis employed MANOVAs, and a t test. The .05 significance level was applied for all statistical tests except the t test where the .025 level was used. The regression equation approach, including traditional predictors, resulted in cognitive style and interpersonal skill, contributing jointly as significant predictors of achievement in science lecture and clinical courses. Considered separately with traditional predictors, interpersonal skill significantly contributed to achievement prediction in both program components; cognitive style significantly contributed to achievement prediction in clinical courses only. Directional hypothesis results showed that: students with high interpersonal skill had significantly higher GPAs in and attitudes toward clinical courses than students with low skill (p < .001, .005, respectively); field-independent students with high interpersonal skill had significantly higher grades in science lecture and clinical courses than field-dependent students with low interpersonal skill (p < .001); field-independent students with high interpersonal skill had commensurate achievement in both program components. Descriptive statistics showed that participants were relatively field independent and had a preference and higher achievement for clinical courses compared to science lecture courses. Results were discussed; implications for student selection and individualization were examined. Recommendations for future research were presented.
MARCIA MARIE BOWERS,
"THE RELATIONSHIPS OF DENTAL HYGIENE STUDENT'S COGNITIVE STYLES AND INTERPERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND SATISFACTION"
(January 1, 1983).
Dissertations (1962 - 2010) Access via Proquest Digital Dissertations. | <urn:uuid:72a5292d-89cf-4956-9ce7-174fae5fd13e> | 2013-05-23T18:32:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Union War
By Gary W. Gallagher
Harvard University Press. $27.95
New York Times Book Review, May 1, 2011
Among the enduring mysteries of the American Civil War is why millions of Northerners were willing to fight to preserve the nation's unity. It is not difficult to understand why the Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861. As the Confederacy's founders explained ad infinitum, they feared that Abraham Lincoln's election as president placed the future of slavery in jeopardy. But why did so few Northerners echo the refrain of Horace Greeley, the editor of The New York Tribune: "Erring sisters, go in peace"?
The latest effort to explain this deep commitment to the nation's survival comes from Gary W. Gallagher, the author of several highly regarded works on Civil War military history. In "The Union War," Gallagher offers not so much a history of wartime patriotism as a series of meditations on the meaning of the Union to Northerners, the role of slavery in the conflict and how historians have interpreted (and in his view misinterpreted) these matters.
The Civil War, Gallagher announces at the outset, was "a war for Union that also killed slavery." Emancipation was an outcome (an "astounding" outcome, Lincoln remarked in his second Inaugural Address) but, Gallagher insists, it always "took a back seat" to the paramount goal of saving the Union. Most Northerners, he says, remained indifferent to the plight of the slaves. They embraced emancipation only when they concluded it had become necessary to win the war. They fought because they regarded the United States as a unique experiment in democracy that guaranteed political liberty and economic opportunity in a world overrun by tyranny. Saving the Union, in the words of Secretary of State William H. Seward, meant "the saving of popular government for the world."
At a time when only half the population bothers to vote and many Americans hold their elected representatives in contempt, Gallagher offers a salutary reminder of the power of democratic ideals not simply to Northerners in the era of the Civil War, but also to people in other nations, who celebrated the Union victory as a harbinger of greater rights for themselves. Imaginatively invoking sources neglected by other scholars — wartime songs, patriotic images on mailing envelopes and in illustrated publications, and regimental histories written during and immediately after the conflict — Gallagher gives a dramatic portrait of the power of wartime nationalism.
His emphasis on the preservation of democratic government and the opportunities of free labor as central to the patriotic outlook is hardly new — one need only read Lincoln's wartime speeches to find eloquent expression of these themes. But instead of celebrating the greatness of American democracy, Gallagher claims, too many historians dwell on its limitations, notably the exclusion from participation of nonwhites and women. Moreover, perhaps because of recent abuses of American power in the name of freedom, scholars seem uncomfortable with robust expressions of patriotic sentiment, especially when wedded to military might. According to Gallagher, they denigrate nationalism and suggest that the war had no real justification other than the abolition of slavery. (Gallagher ignores a different interpretation of the Union war effort, emanating from neo-Confederates and the libertarian right, which portrays Lincoln as a tyrant who presided over the destruction of American freedom through creation of the leviathan national state, not to mention the dreaded income tax.)
Gallagher devotes many pages — too many in a book of modest length — to critiques of recent Civil War scholars, whom he accuses of exaggerating the importance of slavery in the conflict and the contribution of black soldiers to Union victory. Often, his complaint seems to be that another historian did not write the book he would have written.
Thus, Gallagher criticizes Melinda Lawson, the author of "Patriot Fires," one of the most influential recent studies of wartime nationalism, for slighting the experiences of the soldiers. But Lawson was examining nation-building on the Northern home front. Her investigation of subjects as diverse as the marketing of war bonds, the dissemination of pro-Union propaganda and the organization of Sanitary Fairs, where goods were sold to raise money for soldiers' aid, illuminates how the nation state for the first time reached into the homes and daily lives of ordinary Americans.
Gallagher also criticizes recent studies of soldiers' letters and diaries, which find that an antislavery purpose emerged early in the war. These works, he argues, remain highly "impressionistic," allowing the historian "to marshal support for virtually any argument." Whereupon Gallagher embarks on his own equally impressionistic survey of these letters, finding that they emphasize devotion to the Union.
Ultimately, Gallagher's sharp dichotomy between the goals of Union and emancipation seems excessively schematic. It begs the question of what kind of Union the war was being fought to preserve. The evolution of Lincoln's own outlook illustrates the problem. On the one hand, as Gallagher notes, Lincoln always insisted that he devised his policies regarding slavery in order to win the war and preserve national unity. Yet years before the Civil War, Lincoln had argued that slavery fatally undermined the nation's ability to exemplify the superiority of free institutions. The Union to be saved, he said, must be "worthy of the saving." During the secession crisis, Lincoln could have preserved the Union by yielding to Southern demands. He adamantly refused to compromise on the crucial political issue — whether slavery should be allowed to expand into Western territories.
Gallagher maintains that only failure on the battlefield, notably Gen. George B. McClellan's inability to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital, in the spring of 1862, forced the administration to act against slavery. Yet the previous fall, before significant military encounters had taken place, Lincoln had already announced a plan for gradual emancipation. This hardly suggests that military necessity alone placed the slavery question on the national agenda. Early in the conflict, many Northerners, Lincoln included, realized that there was little point in fighting to restore a status quo that had produced war in the first place.
Many scholars have argued that the war brought into being a new conception of American nationhood. Gallagher argues, by contrast, that it solidified pre--existing patriotic values. Continuity, not change, marked Northern attitudes. Gallagher acknowledges that as the war progressed, "a struggle for a different kind of Union emerged." Yet his theme of continuity seems inadequate to encompass the vast changes Americans experienced during the Civil War. Surely, he is correct that racism survived the war. Yet he fails to account for the surge of egalitarian sentiment that inspired the rewriting of the laws and Constitution to create, for the first time, a national citizenship enjoying equal rights not limited by race.
Before the war, slavery powerfully affected the concept of self-government. Large numbers of Americans identified democratic citizenship as a privilege of whites alone — a position embraced by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision of 1857. Which is why the transformation wrought by the Civil War was so remarkable. As George William Curtis, the editor of Harper's Weekly, observed in 1865, the war transformed a government "for white men" into one "for mankind." That was something worth fighting for. | <urn:uuid:8f97fda0-e47c-415b-9dca-4894044d9e7a> | 2013-05-23T19:05:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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R14A can't cross-compile due to ssl certs examples
Wed Aug 25 07:28:00 CEST 2010
Cross-building the current dev branch of R14A fails due to the
lib/ssl/examples/certs directory. It tries to run the openssl command
based on the target architecture rather than the build architecture.
In erts/configure.in at line 3608, we have this:
if test "$cross_compiling" = "yes"; then
dnl Cannot test it; hope it is working...
which can't work if the openssl executable was built for the target
architecture and so can't execute on the build architecture.
IMO it would be nice if one could just override OPENSSL_CMD in the
xcomp file or even with an environment variable.
More information about the erlang-bugs | <urn:uuid:e61a1d76-43dc-4dda-b4cd-a0739c87e9cd> | 2013-05-23T19:05:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Don't be too hard on yourself, though. Everyone thinks he or she is a good person -- it's human nature.
But are you as charitable as you think? When the chips are on the table, do you think of others first?
There's one way to find out. Take our Greed vs. Charity quiz, and learn where you rank. | <urn:uuid:51bbe82c-e7de-4a7c-8073-812467237b83> | 2013-05-23T19:01:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Andy Murray cruises at Monte Carlo
Tsonga, who was serenaded with a brief rendition of "Happy Birthday" from the crowd, served five aces and broke his opponent three times.
Need the scores from any match played in today's tournaments? Results
"I had some worrying moments because I was almost broken several times," said Tsonga, who regularly used the drop shot to get out of trouble. "But I played well on the important points."
"Normally when I come here I usually find I need a few matches to get adjusted," said Murray, who lost to seven-time defending champion Rafael Nadal in last year's semifinals. "But I played very well, it was a very good first match."
Murray had spent a few days practicing on clay in Florida before heading to the Mediterranean.
"The sooner I can get on this surface for me the better," Murray said. "It was good that I stayed in the States and actually got sort of four or five days on the clay there before coming (here). I was sliding pretty well on the court. Normally that's the thing that takes time to get used to."
Murray didn't face a single break point in improving to 6-0 against Troicki.
Murray is being helped with his clay game by coach Ivan Lendl, who won three French Opens in eight Grand Slam titles plus two Monte Carlo Masters among his 94 career victories.
"He only arrived this morning so he's getting no credit for today," Murray said, joking. "But he'll help me the next five, six weeks."
Andujar had to rally from a set down to get past Federico Delbonis 3-6, 6-4, 6-2.
He was on the clay for several minutes, with Haase making a pillow for him with a towel. Monaco finished the fifth game but then had to quit.
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press
MORE TENNIS HEADLINES
- Canada teen Bouchard gains Strasbourg semis
- Querrey loses to Roger-Vasselin at Nice Open
- Qualifier Pella advances to Duesseldorf semis
- Del Potro, Fish, Baker out of French Open | <urn:uuid:2cee1b9e-5d61-4d31-9be6-6df4175892c5> | 2013-05-23T18:32:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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19-27-2. Contributions and other receipts. (a) Each treasurer shall maintain a complete record of all contributions as follows:
(1) A detailed account of all contributions, including tickets or admissions to testimonials or other political events, that includes the following:
(A) The full name and address of the person making the contribution;
(B) the occupation of each individual contributor who contributes more than $150 or, if the individual contributor is not employed, the occupation of the contributor's spouse;
(C) a description of the contribution as cash, check, in-kind, or loan, including the rate of interest, term, guarantor, and endorser;
(D) the date received;
(E) the amount; and
(F) the cumulative amount given by the contributor that is allocable to the primary or general election period;
(2) the date, the amount, and a description of each contribution of $10 or less for which the name and address of the contributor is not known, subject to the limitations of K.S.A. 25-4154 and amendments thereto; and
(3) the aggregate total of all contributions received as the proceeds from the sale of political materials and the date of each sale and a description of the materials sold.
(b) Each treasurer shall keep an account of all other receipts, including the following:
(1) The full name and mailing address of a person making the payment;
(2) a description of the other receipt indicating whether the receipt is a rebate, refund, or other miscellaneous receipt;
(3) the date received; and
(4) the amount of the receipt.
(c) Each treasurer shall perform one of the following:
(1) Photocopy each contribution or other receipt in the form of a check, money order, or similar instrument in the amount of $50 or more and keep all deposit slips with the photocopies of the checks to which the deposit slips relate; or
(2) at the request of the commission, arrange with a depository or other person to provide the commission with these photocopies at the treasurer's expense. In addition, when necessary, each treasurer shall arrange with the treasurer's depository to permit the commission access to the depository's records of any contributions or other receipt in the form of a check, money order, or similar instrument at the treasurer's expense.
(d) Cash and in-kind contributions and other cash and in-kind receipts in an amount of $10 or more shall be accounted for by written receipt, the original of which shall be kept by the treasurer. These receipts shall include the full name and address of the person making the contribution or payment, the date, and the amount. Each receipt shall be signed by the treasurer or the treasurer's agent. If the contribution is an in-kind contribution, a complete description shall be attached to the receipt.
(e) All treasurers or committees that use online merchant account providers or maintain a payroll deduction, dues, checkoff, or comparable system for political contributions shall keep sufficient supporting documentation to fully substantiate each contribution or transfer to the committee. (Authorized by K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 25-4119a; implementing K.S.A. 25-4147, K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 25-4148, and K.S.A. 25-4148a; effective, E-76-56, Nov. 26, 1975; effective, E-77-20, May 1, 1976; effective Feb. 15, 1977; amended, E-77-29, June 3, 1976; amended, E-77-47, Sept. 30, 1976; amended, E-79-24, Sept. 21, 1978; amended May 1, 1979; amended May 1, 1980; amended May 1, 1981; amended May 1, 1982; amended June 22, 1992; amended July 18, 2008.) | <urn:uuid:39051d52-7f80-444f-bf6a-2502986b5448> | 2013-05-23T18:37:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A great Czech composer, Bedrich Smetana had a significant influence on the creation of artistic and musical nationalism in his native country. Smetana was one of the founders of the Czech national opera. In his operas and symphonic poems Smetana used the national legends, history and ideas. Smetana’s style was very original and often very dramatic. Smetana became deaf, but continued to compose until the end of his life.
More Smetana sheet music download on EveryNote.com | <urn:uuid:b7914875-2d9b-4840-b673-122125ebb1b5> | 2013-05-23T18:51:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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As advertised in the Employment Wanted section of The Toronto Financial Post, Friday, February 23, 2001:
Having successfully completed a ten year sentence, incident-free, for importing 75 tons of marijuana into the United States, I am now seeking a legal and legitimate means to support myself and my family.
Business Experience: Owned and operated a successful fishing business--multi-vessel, one airplane, one island and processing facility. Simultaneously owned and operated a fleet of tractor-trailer trucks conducting business in the western United states. During this time I also co-owned and participated in the executive level management of 120 people worldwide in a successful pot smuggling venture with revenues in excess of US$100,000,000 annually. I took responsibility for my own actions, and received a ten year sentence in the United States while others walked free for their cooperation.
Attributes: I am an expert in all levels of security, I have extensive computer skills, am personable, outgoing, well-educated, reliable, clean and sober. I have spoken in schools to thousands of kids and parent groups over the past ten years on "the consequences of choice" and received public recognition from the RCMP for community service. I am well-traveled and speak English, French and Spanish. References available from friends, family, the U. S. District Attorney, etc.
Please direct replies to:
Box 375, National Post Classified
1450 Don Mills, ON M3B 3R5 | <urn:uuid:ea031a33-c91e-4d4a-986f-b6aced5dfcb7> | 2013-05-23T18:46:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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