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Far north within the Arctic Circle off the northern coast of Norway lies a small chain of islands known as Svalbard. These craggy islands have been scoured into shape by ice and sea. The effect of glacial activity can be seen in this image of the northern tip of the island of Spitsbergen. Here, glaciers have carved out a fjord, a U-shaped valley that has been flooded with sea water. Called Bockfjorden, the fjord is located at almost 80 degrees north, and it is still being affected by glaciers. The effect is most obvious in this image in the tan layer of silty freshwater that floats atop the denser blue water of the Arctic Ocean. The fresh water melts off land-bound glaciers and flows over the sandstone, collecting fine red-toned silt. In this image, the tan-colored fresh water flows northward up the fjord and is being pushed to the east side of the fjord by the rotation of the Earth.
Glaciers here and elsewhere on Spitsbergen are cold bottom glaciers, which means that they are frozen to the ground rather than floating on top of a thin layer of melt water. The glaciers are also land glaciers since their terminus (end) lies on land, rather than floating on the water (a tidewater glacier). Land glaciers grow and retreat slowly, balancing fresh snow with the melting and draining of old ice. Their rate of growth or retreat can be affected by global warming. In most cases, including the glaciers around Bockfjorden, global warming has caused glaciers to retreat from increased melting. On the eastern side of Svalbard, however, glaciers are growing from enhanced snowfall. The reason for this pattern remains only one of many intriguing unanswered questions of Arctic science in the islands.
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, (ASTER) on NASA's Terra satellite captured this false-color image on June 26, 2001. | <urn:uuid:16ea6476-5c8b-4b53-82e8-132f1d1b3ac1> | 2013-05-18T17:19:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Race Relations Act 1976
The act provides the basis of the law in Great Britain that defines and outlaws racial discrimination and gives individuals the right to seek legal redress for acts of racial discrimination. The RRA makes it unlawful to discriminate against a person directly or indirectly on racial grounds. It is unlawful to discriminate in either employment matters or in the provision of goods, facilities or services. The Act defines racial grounds as related to race, colour, ethnic origin, national origin or nationality (including citizenship). Everyone is protected and no one is exempt.
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Your daily news briefing with the video of the day, top news and quote of the day.
Quote of note
"Either the Senate is in session, or it is in recess. If it has broken for three days within an ongoing session, it is not in 'the Recess' described in the Constitution." - Chief Judge Dave Champelle. A federal appeals court declared President Barack Obama's recess appointments to the National Labor Board, made during a three-day break in Congress, violated the Constitution. The ruling has potentially invalidated hundreds of board decisions.
Hot video: Obama sings 'SexyBack' in dub-video
News to know
Scientists believe Earth may have been irradiated some time in the eigth century, CNN reports. Astonomers believe a collision of two "compact stellar remnants," possibly black holes or neutron stars, collided and became one, releasing a short burst of gamma radiation. Tree rings formed in approximately 775 A.D. show high levels of carbon-14 and beryllium-10, which indicate the presence of radiation.
People living at the time were probably unaware of the event, as the burst of radiation would have only lasted a view seconds and produced no visible light. As the Earth was protected from most of the radiation by the ozone layer, there were no noticeable effects on any life on Earth.
GateHouse News Service | <urn:uuid:cb916579-c4cc-4b1d-85de-0bbbd67be22a> | 2013-05-18T17:20:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Running barefoot has, of course, been around since the beginning of humankind. Running-specific shoes, on the other hand, are a much more recent phenomenon, but one that quickly dominated the running landscape.
Today, the barefoot running motion has suddenly become popular again. Why is this? And, are the barefoot-running motion and minimalist shoes right for you? This article gives you the background and tips to help you decide.
For information about minimalist footwear choices, see the REI Expert Advice article, How to Choose Minimalist Running Shoes.
You may be surprised to learn that running-specific shoes didn't really appear in the U.S. until the mid-1960s. That’s when a company called Blue Ribbon Sports began importing Tiger shoes from Japan. Blue Ribbon Sports—which in 1978 became Nike—eventually created a new running-shoe industry by beefing up cushioning, giving more stability and adding pronation control.
But after decades of wearing increasingly high-tech shoes, some runners began questioning their purpose and effectiveness. Their answer: Go back to basics and run barefoot, or use a minimalist shoe to imitate barefoot running but with a bit of protection.
So what led to this conclusion?
In January 2010, nature magazine published an article about a Harvard University study that focused on foot-strike patterns and the impact of running barefoot versus running with shoes. The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Runner's World and many others followed with articles on the study, and the "barefoot phenomenon" took off.
Some misinterpreted the Harvard study to mean barefoot runners were less likely to have injuries and could run faster. But the study merely showed that people "were able to land comfortably and safely when barefoot or in minimal footwear by landing with a flat foot (midfoot strike) or by landing on the ball of the foot before bringing down the heel (forefoot strike)."
Running shoes, on the other hand, feature cushioning, elevated heels and extra weight. These factors cause most runners to heel strike (heel hitting first). See the foot strike basics section of this article for a closer look at foot-strike patterns.
In this nature video, Dr. Daniel Lieberman, one of the leaders of the Harvard study, states that midfoot and forefoot striking (shod or barefoot) does not cause the sudden, large impacts that occur when you heel strike. The study deduced that barefoot (midfoot striking) runners can run on hard surfaces without discomfort from the landing.
Lieberman further states that when running barefoot, one lands on the fourth and fifth metatarsal and then the heel goes down. "That," he says, "converts energy into rotational energy." Heel striking, in contrast, results in the heel coming to a stop during the running motion. Lieberman cautions, however, that "no study has shown that heel striking contributes more to injury than forefoot striking."
For details, see the complete nature article (requires log in and a fee of $18). You can also read this update to the study published on the Harvard site.
When runner Christopher McDougall started asking, "Why does my foot hurt?" he ended up answering the question in the bestseller Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen.
The book examines running mechanics by focusing on the little-known Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Tarahumaras young and old can run 100 or more miles a day through rugged Copper Canyon in the state of Chihuahua wearing only thin-soled sandals made out of old tires and leather.
This book has inspired a small but growing group of runners to ditch their traditional running shoes to try running more naturally.
A number of runners over the years have achieved great success running barefoot. A few notables:
The heel hits the ground first and the lower leg comes to a stop during impact while the body continues to move across the knee. Most runners who wear traditional running shoes are heel strikers. Upon impact, the heel is absorbing 2 to 3 times of the body’s weight.
See this heel-strike demonstration video from the Harvard study.
The runner lands on the ball of the foot, landing below the hip, and the heel may or may not brush the ground. The impact on the larger foot surface reduces the force, and the knees also act as shock absorbers.
Here’s a helpful New Balance video about midfoot strike as part of an overall "good form" running strategy.
This is very similar to a midfoot strike. The ball of the foot strikes the ground below the fourth and fifth metatarsal and the heel may or may not brush the ground. Less of the body comes to a stop at impact, and there is more bounce and less impact radiating to the knees, hips and back than in heel striking.
See this forefoot-strike demonstration video from the Harvard study.
While anyone can try running barefoot or in minimalist running shoes, not everyone will be able to do so successfully. For instance, if you have plantar fasciitis, tendonitis, flat feet, bunions or hammertoes, it may not be for you. Check with your doctor first.
As noted earlier, the key to the barefoot transition is to start gradually.
First, acclimate your feet:
Practice your mechanics:
Gradually increase your distance:
Dr. Larry Maurer, a Seattle-area podiatrist and barefoot-running consultant for Brooks footwear, suggests making just one training change per month to isolate variables and changes to your body and running. For instance, one month you might work on changing your gait from heel striking to a midfoot striking; in subsequent months, you increase distance, add speed workouts or include hills.
In addition, Dr. Maurer says you may even want to consider a progression of shoe types. Depending on your running style, this could mean transitioning from a motion-control shoe to a stability shoe for a couple months, then a neutral shoe, then a minimalist shoe, then Vibram FiveFingers and lastly go barefoot.
Q: What exactly is a minimalist shoe?
A: There is an increasing range of minimalist offerings. The pioneering Vibram FiveFingers are characterized by a mere 2-3mm sole material and zero "heel drop" (i.e., height of heel compared to the height of the forefoot). Other styles have a low heel (from 4-8mm of "heel drop") and some cushioning in the rear and forefoot. The soles are not stiff and will twist easily from the center to the midfoot. This allows natural movement in the arch. See the REI Expert Advice article, How to Choose Barefoot/Minimalist Running Shoes.
Q: Will I get fewer injuries using a forefoot or midfoot strike?
A: Barefoot or minimalist running is a relatively new phenomenon in the U.S., and most claims of fewer injuries such as shin splints and knee problems are supported only through anecdotal evidence. Advocates claim that since forefoot or midfoot striking is shown to cause less impact on a runner’s body, it could prove to be the case. However, forefoot and midfoot striking put more strain on the Achilles tendon; depending on which kinds of injuries you are most susceptible to, altering your form may or may not be beneficial.
Q: Can I go barefoot running in cold weather?
A: Running barefoot is not recommended in very cold conditions when you could slip or get frostbite. A minimalist shoe would be the better choice since it offers more protection and warmth.
Q: Can I wear FiveFingers shoes if I have a latex allergy?
A: Vibram states there are trace amounts of latex used in the shoes and people with latex allergies should avoid wearing the shoe.
Q: Should I wear socks with minimalist shoes?
A: It’s largely personal preference, but socks can help to absorb sweat, reduce friction on hot spots and provide warmth. For Vibram FiveFingers shoes, choose socks with individual toe sleeves such as those from Injinji.
Q: I’ve heard about a couple of alternative running styles. What are they?
A: Two styles have become more popular. ChiRunning is based on tai chi and uses a midfoot strike and a nominally midfoot-cushioned shoe with a low-profile heel. Supporters believe it takes the strain off of knees and lower legs. Another style called the Pose Method features a forefoot-strike running technique using shoes that are light, thin-soled and have no cushioning. Advocates claim it reduces impact on the knees.
Q: Should I keep using my orthotics when wearing minimalist shoes?
A: Orthotics are designed to correct body mechanics or injury problems. "Minimalist runners," notes podiatrist Larry Maurer, "are by definition not going to want to add anything like an orthotic to a shoe. The idea is to get as close to running barefoot as possible." However, Dr. Maurer adds, "Runners interested in using minimalist shoes to reduce (shoe) weight may use an orthotic if they feel that the improvement in biomechanics offsets the extra weight of the orthotic."
Q: What about truly barefoot running—with no shoes at all?
A: Between the history, the athletes and the Harvard study, some people believe barefoot (no shoes) is the way to run. Of course, this means running with no protection other than your skin and its calluses. Some run barefoot regularly, some once a week and others just incorporate barefoot drills into their workout.
One problem with true barefoot running is what you might step in or on. The bottoms of your feet are susceptible to cuts, puncture wounds and infections. A track is a good place to try true barefoot running.
Tip: Start gradually. Do it in small doses, just as if you were beginning to run. Muscles in your feet, calves and hamstrings—as well as your plantar fascia and Achilles tendons—are not used to this method. You can injure yourself if you do too much too soon.
By Linda Ellingsen
Read Author Bio
Last updated: Wed Aug 01 17:17:36 PDT 2012
In This Article
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You can take sample tests here. Click on the "parents" link and it will give you a logon ID and password. Yes, it's password protected, but they give you the password. I refer to this as "the first sign of the problem."
You have to disable pop-up blockers for it to work. But the first 5 social studies questions for 7th graders are pasted below. Failure rates for 6th and 7th grade social studies ran upward of 70 percent.
Thanks to Julie Hubbard, our education reporter, for finding these sample tests online for me.
1. With the use of satellites and other new technologies, worldwide communication has improved. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY result of this communication revolution?
a. Business has become more international.
b. The need for air travel has been reduced.
c. The need for studying foreign languages has decreased.
d. Large companies have been split into many small companies.
This is a ridiculous freaking question. Both A and B are reasonable answers.
2. A major belief of the ancient Japanese Shinto religion was
a. the existence of a caste system.
b. worship of Allah.
c. reverence for ancestors.
d. a belief in reincarnation.
3. Which of the following is the most significant historical development in the Islamic world during the period from a.d. 700 to 1200?
a. Suez Canal was completed.
b. Major achievements were made in art and science.
c. Muslim influence spread as new lands were conquered.
d. Ethnic disagreements led to isolated tribal kingdoms.
Three questions in and all three have been, to some extent, subjective. They use the words "likely," "major" and, now, the worst: "most significant." Why would you ask a subjective multiple choice question?
4. Throughout African history, the search for fertile soil has led to many migrations. What has been an important result of these migrations?
a. changes in national boundaries
b. development of roads and transportation systems
c. establishment of cities and towns
d. mixing of ethnic groups and language forms
Another subjective question, turning on the word "important." These questions read like you can only find the answer in one history book. I suppose this is what's known as "teaching to the test." I remember questions like these when I was in school. They make me want to punch someone in the face.
5. If your teacher asks you to create a time line of important political events that occurred in Japan from 1880 to 1889, he or she is asking for a time line about a specific
A reasonable, if overly simple, question. Though I imagine the question writer meant "through 1889" and no "to 1889."
Now, on to 8th grade math, which something like 40 percent of students failed:
1. Tom has 4 blue shirts, 5 beige shirts, 6 white shirts, and 3 maroon shirts. His closet is not arranged in any order. If Tom reaches in and pulls out one shirt without looking, what is the probability of it being either a maroon or a blue shirt?
2. Lily and Mary took turns feeding the cat. During the first 60 days of the year, Lily fed the cat 3/5 of the time. How many days did Mary feed the cat during this period?
3. What is the positive square root of 16?
4. A novel is 144 pages long. If Jorge has read the first 36 pages, what percent of the book has he completed?
5. Which number is NOT between 21.8 and 21.9?
Those seem much fairer, though none of them seem particularly hard. They're clearly written to test a grasp of basic concepts. It's hard for me to believe so many kids failed a test with questions like these. But, then, I attended public schools in Cobb County, the best county in the world.
By the way, the math answers: c. 7/18, c. 36, c. 4, b. 25% and d. 21.91.
The social studies answers seem pretty irrelevant to me. | <urn:uuid:6b589d8e-b710-4c46-9711-e31ff1ced47c> | 2013-05-18T17:27:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Substrate channeling between the enzymatic steps in the (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by magnesium chelatase (BchI/ChlI, BchD/ChlD and BchH/ChlH subunits) and S-adenosyl-l-methionine:magnesium-protoporphyrin IX O-methyltransferase (BchM/ChlM) has been suggested. This involves delivery of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX from the BchH/ChlH subunit of magnesium chelatase to BchM/ChlM. Stimulation of BchM/ChlM activity by BchH/ChlH has previously been shown, and physical interaction of the two proteins has been demonstrated. In plants and cyanobacteria, there is an added layer of complexity, as Gun4 serves as a porphyrin (protoporphyrin IX and magnesium-protoporphyrin IX) carrier, but this protein does not exist in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. BchJ may play a similar role to Gun4 in Rhodobacter, as it has no currently assigned function in the established pathway. Purified recombinant Rhodobacter capsulatus BchJ and BchM were found to cause a shift in the equilibrium amount of Mg-protoporphyrin IX formed in a magnesium chelatase assay. Analysis of this shift revealed that it was always in a 1 : 1 ratio with either of these proteins and the BchH subunit of the magnesium chelatase. The establishment of the new equilibrium was faster with BchM than with BchJ in a coupled magnesium chelatase assay. BchJ bound magnesium-protoporphyrin IX or formed a ternary complex with BchH and magnesium-protoporphyrin IX. These results suggest that BchJ may play a role as a general magnesium porphyrin carrier, similar to one of the roles of GUN4 in oxygenic organisms. | <urn:uuid:8d3b84fd-bee3-48f7-81f2-8a0347f2ec51> | 2013-05-18T18:08:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Etta B. Degering
$9.99 - Price
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A top U.S. law firm's analysis of the trial of former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko has found that her defense was "compromised to a degree that is troubling under Western standards of due process."
But it said her conviction was supported by the evidence presented during her trial.
Ukraine's government paid for the report by the firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher, & Flom. Its lead author is Gregory Craig, U.S. President Barack Obama's former White House counsel.
The report, dated September 2012, was released on December 13.
The analysis says Tymoshenko was denied legal counsel at "critical stages" and her lawyers were prevented from calling key witnesses.
"The Daily Telegraph" newspaper quoted Craig as saying: "[Tymoshenko] was not allowed to present all the witnesses that we concluded were relevant and material. And prosecutorial evidence was presented during proceedings in court when she was not represented by counsel."
The report says that Tymoshenko's detention throughout her trial was "without adequate justification."
Such findings could help Tymoshenko's pending appeal before the European Court of Human Rights.
In August, the court in Strasbourg, France, held an initial public hearing on the appeal and is still studying the case behind closed doors.
In an interview with "The New York Times," Craig said others must judge if the decision to prosecute was politically motivated.
But the report's authors wrote, "We do not believe that Tymoshenko has provided specific evidence of political motivation that would be sufficient to overturn her [October 2011] conviction under American standards."
In response to a request for comment, the Washington office of the Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher, & Flom law firm told RFE/RL to contact FTI Consulting, which they described as a public relations firm retained by the Ukrainian Justice Ministry.
FTI told RFE/RL in an e-mail that it is not representing the Justice Ministry, but is aiding the U.S. law firm. It said, "The firm's position is that the report speaks for itself."
A statement on the Justice Ministry's website describes the report as "independent" and says it is "grateful" to the firm.
Taras Kuzio, an expert on Ukraine and nonresident fellow at Johns Hopkins University's Center for Transatlantic Relations, said the report will not affect the West's reading of the Tymoshenko case.
"I think the report will be quickly forgotten and it will become irrelevant,” Kuzio said. “Everywhere you travel in the Western world, throughout Europe [and] throughout North America, the overwhelming impression and conclusion reached by every government and international organization and human rights organization is that Yulia Tymoshenko and [former Ukrainian Interior Minister] Yury Lutsenko were both sentenced for political crimes."
Tymoshenko is serving a seven-year prison term in eastern Ukraine after being found guilty of abuse of office for brokering a disadvantageous gas deal with Russia in 2009.
"The Daily Telegraph" says the report's authors spent five hours interviewing her while gathering the information for their analysis.
Serhiy Vlasenko, a lawyer for Tymoshenko, told "The New York Times" that the report was biased.
He said the authors were paid by the Ukrainian government and they are not independent.
With reporting by Richard Solash in Washington, "The New York Times," and "The Daily Telegraph" | <urn:uuid:69ace080-a3bf-4a32-a88d-686885afe58a> | 2013-05-18T17:27:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- The games
- Organising Committee
- Rio de Janeiro
- Take part
The Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016 is in charge of Games planning and operation. For that, the Organizing Committee relies on a budget of R$ 5,6 billion that was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The organizing Committee intends to have the full budget funded by private organizations, but the three levels of government – federal, state and municipal - have assured to the IOC that they will cover any funding need the Organizing Committee may face.
The organizing Committee is not responsible for any works. The cost of venue and infrastructure works, adding up to R$ 23.2 billion, will be managed by the three government levels. | <urn:uuid:32c49920-4c24-4f16-915e-38ca1f37a811> | 2013-05-18T18:06:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Last month, we started a list of "hot astronomy links" for the net-surfers, and said that we'd continue the list this month. If I may beg off for another month, let me share with you a continuation of a story we were telling last year at this time.
January 6th is celebrated in most western churches as the Feast of the Epiphany, commemorating the arrival of the Magi in Bethlehem. Matthew's gospel tells us that they were led on their journey by a "star." Astronomers and other scholars have been trying to identify the "star" ever since, with theories ranging from a supernova blast to Halley's Comet.
Last year at this time, I suggested that a series of planetary conjunctions in 7-6 BC would have attracted the attention of Persian astrologers. Historians have traditionally placed the death of Herod in 4 BC, and suggest that a 4 year error by the monks who first counted back to the events surrounding the Nativity (essentially skipping the rule of Octavian before he became Augustus) would also place the Nativity in this time frame. We also mentioned a book by Ernest Martin, "The Star That Astonished the World," which argues for a 1 BC death of Herod, making a spectacular conjunction of Jupiter and Venus a likely candidate for the "Star of Bethlehem." His arguments are based on accounts by Jewish/Roman historian Flavius Josephus, which detail the events surrounding the death of Herod, and make the 4 BC scenario unlikely.
A 1999 book by astronomer Mark Kidger, "The Star of Bethlehem," presents a different argument, again suggesting 4 BC as the time of the star. Chinese and Korean court astrologers reported a "guest star" near the constellation Aquila on the same date in either 4 or 5 BC - one of the records is apparently a transcription error - which persisted for over 70 days visibility. As seen from Babylon or Persia, this guest star would have been first seen after midnight "in the East." If these astrologers had been primed by the conjunctions of 7 - 6 BC to look for a sign, this would have been something of which to take note. Perhaps it would be sufficiently noteworthy to pack up and go searching for a new King of the Jews, presaged by the planets and confirmed by this "new star."
An overland journey from Persia would be just possible in 70 days, if they were already primed to leave. Such a journey from Babylon would take less time, allowing for preparations after first sighting the star. By the time the Magi arrived at Jerusalem, the star would appear to the south, just because of the normal shift in constellations with the seasons. Bethlehem lies due south of Jerusalem, so they might think of the star going before them, and "stopping over the house where the Child was."
Which scenario is correct? I doubt that we'll ever know for sure. But, in a larger sense, does it really matter? The central story of Christmas and Epiphany is not about the star, but about the interaction between humanity and the transcendent - and the details of the story pale before that.
Lunar phases for January 2001: First Quarter on the 2nd, at 5:31 pm; Full Moon on the 9th, at 3:24 pm; Last Quarter at 7:35 am on the 16th; New Moon on the 24th, at 8:07 pm. The Full Moon will be accompanied by a total lunar eclipse, but the Moon will be directly overhead for observers in Oman, on the Arabian Peninsula. We won't see it from Virginia!
Evening twilight will find Venus very bright to the southwest, with Jupiter and Saturn high and to the southeast. Mercury will be hard to find, but will be below and to the right of Venus. Early risers can view Mars to the southeast before dawn.
Our midmonth overhead view at about 8:00 pm finds Jupiter and Saturn almost directly overhead, just a bit south of zenith. They're in the constellation Taurus, near the bright star Aldebaran, and the open cluster of the Pleiades. A line drawn straight to the southeast horizon from Aldebaran takes your line of sight through Orion to the bright star Sirius in Canis Major. Castor and Pollux, in Gemini, lie above the eastern horizon. Directly above the Twins, closer to zenith you will find Capella, in the constellation Auriga. Mirfak, in Perseus is just a bit higher. The wide, nearly-empty square of Pegasus is to the west, with the Andromeda Galaxy visible on a clear, moonless night just above. Deneb, the bright star at the tail of the Swan (Cygnus) is just off the northwest horizon. The sweep of the Milky Way runs almost directly from Deneb to Sirius, bisecting the sky from northwest to southeast.
George F. Spagna, Jr. | <urn:uuid:bf79a85a-fe64-4c6a-80c3-d9932135c6cd> | 2013-05-18T17:56:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(ARA) - When it comes to home improvement, you can spend money in two basic ways: on things that make your home look better and things that make it function better. Under the first category, you'll find all the things you want to do, like replacing narrow casement windows with a lovely bay window. Under the second, falls all the things you must do, like replacing those drafty windows with something more energy-efficient.
When "want to" and "have to" meet, they create the opportunity to make a smart buying decision - and choose an upgrade that will look good and improve the livability of your home. The key to making smart home improvement decisions is to recognize these opportunities and take full advantage of them.
Here are a few "have to" improvements that have the potential to turn into a good-looking, energy-efficient, enjoyment-enhancing "want to."
Replacing the hot water heater.
You probably don't care what a new hot water heater looks like sitting in your garage or basement - or wherever it resides in your home. But the right replacement water heater can help your house achieve a lovely shade of green. High energy-efficiency water heaters can help reduce energy usage, thereby trimming your energy bills and your home's environmental impact. Solar water heating systems take the beauty a step further by using the power of the sun, collected through low-profile solar panels on the roof, to heat water - at a monthly savings that's about 80 percent less than the cost of traditional heaters.
Getting some light in here.
Do you really need a bunch of scientific studies to tell you that a home filled with natural light just feels better? Probably not. Illuminating your home with natural light is a smart buying decision on multiple levels. First, you don't pay to power the sun. Second, natural light delivers a host of mood-enhancing benefits. If you have the wall space, by all means add some windows.
But for rooms where a window is impossible (like a powder room) or where you don't want to sacrifice privacy (like a master bathroom) a tubular skylight is a good alternative. Some, like Velux's Sun Tunnel products, are easy enough to install that a seasoned do-it-yourselfer could accomplish the task. They cost less than traditional skylights and bring natural light to hard-to-light areas like closets, hallways and other small spaces.
Getting some air in here.
Just as natural sun is good for your mood, ventilation can be good for your health. An Energy Star qualified venting skylight is a great way to passively vent stale, moist air from inside your home, especially from baths and kitchens. While some skylights are "fixed," those that do open can be controlled by a remote to open when you want fresh air and close when you want to retain warmth. They can also close automatically in case of rain. In addition, they introduce free light into your home. Adding blinds - also remote-controlled - can help you better control the amount of sun a skylight admits into your home. And blinds are not just functional - you can get them in colors and patterns to complement your decor while increasing energy efficiency. Compared to other venting solutions, a skylight is a relatively low-cost, great-looking way to address ventilation issues while adding drama to a space. Log on to www.veluxusa.com to learn more about skylights.
When one door opens ...
Beat up, weathered garage and front doors not only look bad, they can be a source of air leaks that make your heating, ventilation and cooling system work harder. Exterior doors aren't something you buy every day, but they can have a big impact on how your home looks and on its energy efficiency. They can definitely be a smart buying decision if you opt for doors that not only look good, but are also highly rated for energy efficiency. If you're not sure how to choose, look online, where you'll find guides for buying garage doors and front doors. | <urn:uuid:0f8c2277-3319-433a-a56d-6786f2ec5b37> | 2013-05-18T17:29:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Last winter I followed a basic periodized program. Now I want to take things further. I'm clear on the idea of breaking your training up into microcycles and prioritizing them toward either strength or endurance. Most people agree that you shouldn't follow the same program every year. Can you recommend some other structure tips?
—Tim Cook | Vancouver, Canada
The first step is to plan a macrocycle (a long-term program of three to six months, which consists of microcycles usually between three and six weeks each). Every macrocycle should start with high-volume endurance work, before moving on to strength training and then concluding with power-endurance to tie things together, presuming that you are training for sport climbing.
The next step is to lay down the critical relationship between intensity (move /route difficulty) and extent (number of moves/routes/problems) throughout the course of each microcycle. If a microcycle is prioritized toward strength, then you will conduct a training ratio of 2:1 or 3:1 strength-to-endurance workouts and vice versa for an endurance-prioritized microcycle. Whether it is a strength- or an endurance-prioritized microcycle, it should always commence with high-extent/low-intensity work and move toward high-intensity/low-extent work as the phase progresses. In the case of endurance microcycles, for example, you should always start with sets of triple laps on routes at the gym, or up-down-ups and long circuits of 70 to 100 moves. As the weeks progress, move on to double laps on routes and mid-length circuits of 40 to 70 moves, before hitting a climax for the phase on harder single routes and shorter circuits of 20 to 40 moves. This concept is well-known for endurance training but perhaps less commonly practiced when it comes to strength/power.
For strength work, your initial bouldering sessions should be mileage-based, where you will emphasize completing 20 or 30 mid-grade problems. Over the course of a few weeks, you then gradually reduce the number of problems and make them harder until you end the phase by working projects that are beyond your capability. This simple concept should also be reflected in your hangboard and campus sessions throughout the microcycle. Start with relatively high reps (e.g. 10 to 15) or long hang times (e.g. 10 to 15 secs.), then drop the extent and increase the intensity using a pyramid structure. Aim for 6 to 8 rep sets, or 6 to 8 sec. hangs, at the mid point in the microcycle, and finally 2 to 4 rep sets, or 2 to 4 sec. hangs at the climax of the phase. This approach will not only reduce the threat of injury by ensuring that your muscles and tendons are not pulling beyond their capability at the start of each phase, but it will ensure that healthy training stress increases progressively.
An alternative concept to experiment with is to increase the number of training days (or sessions) per week as each phase progresses. For example, the first week may only involve two light sessions; the second week, three sessions; the third week, four sessions; and the fourth week, five sessions. This way your training will move forward in waves, which gather momentum as you develop fitness to train, and the most demanding weeks are always followed by crucial recovery weeks.
This approach can be combined with the previous concept to great effect. However, be sure to allow sufficient time to progress, or you will simply fail to make your targets and be forced to spread the sessions out or ease up. | <urn:uuid:f16829df-33bd-48d5-8054-7409433088e4> | 2013-05-18T17:49:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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October 8, 2011. (Romereports.com)
The statue of “The Resurrection” located in the Vatican's Paul VI
Audience Hall is receiving some restoration work which is scheduled to
finish by December 9th. The statue can often be seen behind the pope
during his general audiences that are held in the hall.
October 3rd also marked the 34th anniversary since the statue was introduced to the hall by it's creator Pericle Fazzini.
When he created it in 1977, Fazzini explained that the statue shows Jesus rising from the crater of a nuclear bomb. “The Resurrection” is made from bronze and measures 66 feet tall and 23 feet wide. | <urn:uuid:cd980b02-fd5e-4b2a-af2f-47137d7d2d21> | 2013-05-18T17:19:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How do I decide whether or not to take part?
You need to feel you have been given enough information to help you decide whether or not to take part in a clinical trial.
The main benefits of taking part in a clinical trial include:
- you may receive a new treatment before it becomes widely available
- you will be closely monitored (patients on clinical trials often receive more attention)
- helping future patients with cancer.
The disadvantages of taking part in a clinical trial include:
- you may have more appointments at the hospital than if you weren’t in a clinical trial
- new treatments may have side effects or risks that doctors were not expecting
- participants in randomised trials will not be able to choose which treatment they receive.
The importance of information
Trials need to be a team effort to make sure they are successful. If you decide to take part, you are an essential member of this team. You must be given all the information you want, you must understand what will happen, and you must freely agree to take part.
Your doctor or researcher should discuss the following points with you:
- what type of trial it is, why it is being done and how it was planned
- an explanation of how the trial will affect you; for example, how long the trial will last or any extra tests or hospital visits
- the meaning of the words and phrases that are used
- the benefits, risks and all other treatment options available to you
- the safeguards which exist to protect you
- who you should contact if you have any concerns or problems
- how to find out the results of the research, if you want to do so.
See a list of other questions you should consider.
You may find it helpful to discuss the details of a trial with a research nurse. If you wish to know more or don’t understand what has been said, please ask. | <urn:uuid:056acb45-c792-49ea-9573-cf521c2c8ce2> | 2013-05-18T17:48:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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There will be no service on the E between Roosevelt Avenue and World Trade Center and no service on the F between Roosevelt Avenue and 21st Street-Queens bridge for four consecutive weeknights from March 18 March 22.
FASTRACK was introduced in January 2012, devoting four straight weeknights to perform maintenance work in tunnels, stations and on tracks, completely suspending service within a given line segment for a seven-hour period between. This gives free access to the system, allowing an army of maintenance workers to perform dozens of tasks without the concern of having to "clear up" to allow trains to pass.
The new FASTRACK corridors for 2013 include: the Broadway N, Q, and R south of Queensboro Plaza to Court Street; the A line between 168th Street and 207th Street in Upper Manhattan, the D Concourse Line between 161st and 205th Street and the Lexington Avenue 4, 5 and 6 local and express lines between Grand Central-42nd Street and 125th Street.
FASTRACK projects are also scheduled for the Sixth/Eighth Avenue Lines (A, B, C and D) between 59th Street-Columbus Circle and 168th Street-Broadway and 161st Street; Nassau Street-Broad Street-Essex Street on the J; the Fourth Avenue line (D, N and R) between 36th Street and 95th Street in Brooklyn and the 2 along Nostrand Avenue between Franklin and Flatbush Avenues.
The next FASTRACK overnight closure will be for the 4, 5 and 6 local service between Grand Central-42nd Street and 125th Street from March 25-29, 2013. | <urn:uuid:030af4c1-5eb5-40d1-8548-f4245d752ea4> | 2013-05-18T17:48:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Dec. 5, 2012 -- A breath test similar to the one used to determine when a driver has had too much to drink shows promise as a screening tool for cancer.
In a new study from Italy, researchers were able to identify patients with colorectal c"...
(Generic versions may still be available.)
(trimetrexate glucuronate) for Injection
NEUTREXIN (TRIMETREXATE GLUCURONATE FOR INJECTION) MUST BE USED WITH CONCURRENT LEUCOVORIN (LEUCOVORIN PROTECTION) TO AVOID POTENTIALLY SERIOUS OR LIFE-THREATENING TOXICITIES (SEE PRECAUTIONS AND DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Neutrexin is the brand name for trimetrexate glucuronate. Trimetrexate, a 2,4-diaminoquinazoline, non-classical folate antagonist, is a synthetic inhibitor of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Neutrexin (trimetrexate glucuronate inj) is available as a sterile lyophilized powder, containing trimetrexate glucuronate equivalent to either 200mg or 25mg of trimetrexate without any preservatives or excipients. The powder is reconstituted prior to intravenous infusion (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Reconstitution And Dilution).
Trimetrexate glucuronate is chemically known as 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)methyl] quinazoline mono-D-glucuronate, and has the following structure:
The empirical formula for trimetrexate glucuronate is C19H23N5O3•C6H10O7 with a molecular weight of 563.56. The active ingredient, trimetrexate free base, has an empirical formula of C19H23N5O3 with a molecular weight of 369.42. Trimetrexate glucuronate for injection is a pale greenish-yellow powder or cake. Trimetrexate glucuronate is soluble in water ( > 50 mg/mL), whereas trimetrexate free base is practically insoluble in water ( < 0.1 mg/mL). The pKa of trimetrexate free base in 50% methanol/water is 8.0. The logarithm10 of the partition coefficient of trimetrexate free base between octanol and water is 1.63.
Last reviewed on RxList: 4/20/2009
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Additional Neutrexin Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Get the latest treatment options. | <urn:uuid:9c0dff0e-2f97-48e9-a5d5-a4056504cee8> | 2013-05-18T18:07:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Definition of Pharmacologic stress test
Pharmacologic stress test: There are a diversity of pharmacologic stress tests. Here this refers specifically to a pharmacologic cardiac stress test in which certain medications are administered that stimulate the heart to mimic the physiologic effects of exercise.
One of the medications used in a pharmacologic stress test is dobutamine, which is similar to adrenaline. Dobutamine is carefully administered to gradually increase the heart rate and strength of the contractions of the heart muscle. Simultaneously, echocardiography or radionucleide imaging is performed.
Alternatively, a medicine called adenosine is administered, which simulates the physiology of the coronary artery circulation during exercise. Adenosine is combined with radionucleide isotope imaging to provide a very accurate test for the detection of significant coronary artery disease (CAD).
Pharmacological stress testing is commonly performed in patients who are thought to be at high risk for significant CAD and who are scheduled for major non-cardiac surgical procedures. These patients are often unable to perform exercise stress testing due to the underlying condition for which they require surgery. In this setting, pharmacological stress testing is invaluable in assessing the cardiac risk of patients prior to surgery.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Get the latest treatment options. | <urn:uuid:22857fc5-9876-4256-9521-505286e56c85> | 2013-05-18T17:28:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Biber, Heinrich Johann Franz von
1644 - He was born on the 12th of August in Wartenberg, Germany.
- He was first a violinist at the castle of Kromìøíž and the Salzburg court.
1660 - He entered the service of the Prince-Bishop of Olomouc who maintained an excellent Kapelle at his KromYíž castle.
1672 - He composed new music for large ceremonial events, and he felt secure enough to marry Maria Weiss, a member of one of Salzburg's prominent merchant families.
1684 - He became Kapellmeister in Salzburg.
- Biber wrote as the "Nightwatchman" Serenade and "Harmonia Artificiosa."
1904 - Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber died on the 3rd of May.
Page last updated: 4:11pm, 07th Aug '07 | <urn:uuid:352dbeae-810b-499f-82ef-b859f6ef925e> | 2013-05-18T17:19:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Bolkiah Mu'izzudin Waddaulah, Muda Hassanal
Born: Jul 15, 1946 AD
Currently alive, at 66 years of age.
1946 - Hassanal Bolkiah was born on the 15th of July in Brunei Town, Brunei, the eldest son of Omar Ali Saifuddin III, the previous sultan.
- Received high school education in Malaysia's premier school Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur.
1961 - He crown as prince.
1967 - He became sultan on the 5th of October, after his father abdicated voluntarily.
- He graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in October.
1968 - His coronation was held on the 1st of August.
Page last updated: 5:40pm, 17th Aug '07 | <urn:uuid:af6ef221-a636-41be-94f3-2de4284e92a2> | 2013-05-18T17:28:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|The Open Door Web Site|
Whigs and Tories
Gradually there emerged a group of MP's and Lords who wanted Parliament to be stronger than the king. They hated and feared Catholics and sympathised with Puritan Non-conformists. They began to call themselves the Country Party (opposed to the Court Party). Their enemies nicknamed them "Whigs" after some Scottish Puritan outlaws.
The other political group, the Court Party, were for the king and believed in Divine Rights. They were also in favour of the Church of England with all its ceremonies and bishops. They hated Non conformists. The Whigs suspected that they were pro-Catholic and nicknamed them after Irish Catholic outlaws : the "Tories".
The Whigs and Tories were the world's first political parties and over the years to come they were to share government and opposition in a dual party system. The Whigs became the Liberal Party in the 19th century and the Tories became the Conservative Party. Both still exist today, although the Liberal Party is now called the Social Democratic Party.
The Habeas Corpus Act
This Act, passed in May 1679, allowed a prisoner to demand that he should be brought before a court and have his case examined. It was passed during the reign of Charles II and meant that even a political prisoner, an opponent of the king, as well as a common criminal, could have a fair trial and not just be thrown into prison to be forgotten about. It provided a dramatic contrast to the notorious "lettres de cachet" of Louis XIV which existed in France at the same time and allowed the French king to imprison someone indefinitely, without any legal redress.
Habeas Corpus literally means "bringing the body of an individual before a court of justice". This right had existed in England in early Norman times. (Article 36 of the Magna Carta of 1215 says that this right should "not be refused". At that time it meant that an accused person could avoid a terrible trial by ordeal.) Once before a court, an accused person has his case examined and is then allowed bail (is freed on condition that he leaves a sum of money and promises to return for further hearings), or he is imprisoned again because the evidence against him is so great.
By the time of Charles I kings were saying that a simple royal order was sufficient to overrule a writ of Habeas Corpus. It was for this reason that, in the late 17th century, Parliament wanted the law clearly and irrevocably written down.
The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 was largely the work of Lord Shaftesbury, after whom it was named. Occasionally, it is suspended, for example in time of war or when there is a terrorist threat, but suspension of Habeas Corpus has to be voted by Parliament and for a limited period only.
All modern democracies have a law equivalent to Habeas Corpus written into their constitutions. | <urn:uuid:623b4ba6-b6d1-41d2-a8d6-430e0d3f2dbf> | 2013-05-18T17:48:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Notes on the Bible, by Albert Barnes, , at sacred-texts.com
Then came he - That is, Paul in company with Silas. Luke does not give us the history of Barnabas, but confines his narrative to the journey of Paul.
To Derbe and Lystra - See the notes on Act 14:6.
And behold, a certain disciple named Timotheus - It was to this disciple that Paul afterward addressed the two epistles which bear his name. It is evident that he was a native of one of these places, but whether of Derbe or Lystra it is impossible to determine.
The son of a certain woman ... - Her name was Eunice, Ti2 1:5.
And believed - And was a Christian. It is stated also that her mother was a woman of distinguished Christian piety, Ti2 1:5. It was not lawful for a Jew to marry a woman of another nation, or to give his daughter in marriage to a Gentile, Ezr 9:12. But it is probable that this law was not regarded very strictly by the Jews who lived in the midst of pagan nations. It is evident that Timothy, at this time, was very young; for when Paul besought him to abide at Ephesus, to take charge of the church there Ti1 1:3, he addressed him then as a young man, Ti1 4:12, "Let no man despise thy youth."
But his father was a Greek - Evidently, a man who had not been circumcised, for had he been Timothy would have been also.
Which - That is, Timothy. The connection requires us to understand this of him. Of the character of his father nothing is known.
Was well reported of - Was esteemed highly as a young man of piety and promise. Compare the notes on Act 6:3. Compare Ti1 5:10. Timothy had been religiously educated. He was carefully trained in the knowledge of the holy Scriptures, and was therefore the better qualified for his work, Ti2 3:15.
Him would Paul have ... - This was an instance of Paul's selecting young men of piety for the holy ministry. It shows:
(1) That he was disposed to look up and call forth the talent in the church that might be usefully employed. It is quite evident that Timothy would not have thought of this had it not been suggested by Paul. The same thing education societies are attempting now to accomplish.
(2) that Paul sought proper qualifications, and valued them. Those were:
(a) That he had a good reputation for piety, etc., Act 16:2. This he demanded as an indispensable qualification for a minister of the gospel Ti1 3:7, "Moreover he (a bishop) must have a good report of them which are without." Compare Act 22:12.
(b) Paul esteemed him to be a young man of talents and prudence. His admitting him to a partnership in his labors, and his entrusting to him the affairs of the church at Ephesus, prove this.
(c) He had been carefully trained in the holy Scriptures. A foundation was thus laid for usefulness. And this qualification seems to have been deemed by Paul of indispensable value for the right discharge of his duties in this holy office.
And took and circumcised him - This was evidently done to avoid the opposition and reproaches of the Jews. It was a measure not binding in itself (compare Act 15:1, Act 15:28-29), but the neglect of which would expose to contention and opposition among the Jews, and greatly retard or destroy his usefulness. It was an act of expediency for the sake of peace, and was in accordance with Paul's uniform and avowed principle of conduct, Co1 9:20, "And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews." Compare Act 21:23-26.
And as they went through the cities - The cities of Syria, Cilicia, etc.
They delivered them - Paul and Silas delivered to the Christians in those cities.
The decrees - τὰ δόγματα ta dogmata. The decrees in regard to the four things specified in Act 15:20, Act 15:29. The word translated "decrees" occurs in Luk 2:1, "A decree from Caesar Augustus"; in Act 17:7 "The decrees of Caesar"; in Eph 2:15; and in Col 2:14. It properly means a law or edict of a king or legislature. In this instance it Was the decision of the council in a case submitted to it, and implied an obligation on the Christians to submit to that decision, since they had submitted the matter to them. The same principles, also, would be applicable everywhere, and the decision, therefore, at Jerusalem became conclusive. It is probable that a correct and attested copy of the letter Act 15:23-29 would be sent to the various churches of the Gentiles.
To keep - To obey, or to observe.
That were ordained - Greek: that were adjudged or determined.
Established in the faith - Confirmed in the belief of the gospel The effect of the wise and conciliatory measure was to increase and strengthen the churches.
Throughout Phrygia - This was the largest province of Asia Minor. It had Bithynia north; Pisidia and Lycia south; Galatia and Cappadocia east; and Lydia and Mysia west.
And the region of Galatia - This province was directly east of Phrygia. The region was formerly conquered by the Gauls. They settled in it, and called it, after their own name, Galatia. The Gauls invaded the country at different times, and no less than three tribes or bodies of Gauls had possession of it. Many Jews were also settled there. It was from this cause that so many parties could be formed there, and that so much controversy would arise between the Jewish and Gentile converts. See the Epistle to the Galatians.
And were forbidden - Probably by a direct revelation. The reason of this was, doubtless, that it was the intention of God to extend the gospel further into the regions of Greece than would have been done if they had remained in Asia Minor. This prohibition was the means of the first introduction of the gospel into Europe.
In Asia - See the notes on Act 2:9. This was doubtless the region of proconsular Asia. It was also called Ionia. Of this region Ephesus was the capital; and here were situated also the cities of Smyrna, Thyatira, Philadelphia, etc., within which the seven churches mentioned in Rev. 1-3 were established. Cicero speaks of proconsular Asia as containing the provinces of Phrygia, Mysia, Carla, and Lydia. In all this region the gospel was afterward preached with great success. But now a more important and a wider field was opened before Paul and Barnabas in the extensive country of Macedonia.
Mysia - This was a province of Asia Minor, having Propontis on the north, Bithynia on the east, Lydia on the south, and the Aegean Sea on the west.
They assayed - They endeavored; they attempted.
Into Bithynia - A province of Asia Minor lying east of Mysia.
Came down to Troas - This was a city of Phrygia or Mysia, on the Hellespont, between Troy north, and Assos south. Sometimes the name Troas or Troad, is used to denote the whole country of the Trojans, the province where the ancient city of Troy had stood. This region was much celebrated in the early periods of Grecian history. It was here that the events recorded in the Iliad of Homer are supposed to have occurred. The city of Troy has long since been completely destroyed. Troas is several times mentioned in the New Testament, Co2 2:12; Ti2 4:13; Act 20:5.
And a vision - See the notes on Act 9:10.
There stood a man - etc. The appearance of a man who was known to be of Macedonia, probably by his dress and language. Whether this was in a dream, or whether it was a representation made to the senses while awake, it is impossible to tell. The will of God was at different times made known in both these ways. Compare Mat 2:12; note, Act 10:3. Grotius supposes that this was the guardian angel of Macedonia, and refers for illustration to Dan 10:12-13, Dan 10:20-21. But there seems to be no foundation for this opinion.
Of Macedonia - This was an extensive country of Greece, having Thrace on the north, Thessaly south, Epirus west, and the Aegean Sea east. It is supposed that it was populated by Kittim, son of Javan, Gen 10:4. The kingdom rose into celebrity chiefly under the reign of Philip and his son, Alexander the Great. It was the first region in Europe in which we have any record that the gospel was preached.
And help us - That is, by preaching the gospel. This was a call to preach the gospel in an extensive pagan land, amid many trials and dangers. To this call, notwithstanding all this prospect of danger, Paul and Silas cheerfully responded, and gave themselves to the work. Their conduct was thus an example to the church. From all portions of the earth a similar call is now coming to the churches. Openings of a similar character for the introduction of the gospel are presented in all lands. Appeals are coming from every quarter, and all that seems now necessary for the speedy conversion of the world is for the church to enter into these vast fields with the self-denial, the spirit, and the zeal which characterized the apostle Paul.
We endeavored - This is the first instance in which Luke refers to himself as being in company with Paul. It is hence probable that he joined Paul and Silas about this time, and it is evident that he attended Paul in his travels, as recorded throughout the remainder of the Acts .
Assuredly gathering - Being certainly convinced.
Loosing from Troas - Setting sail from this place.
To Samothracia - This was an island in the Aegean Sea not far from Thrace. It was populated by inhabitants from Samos and from Thrace, and hence called Samothracia. It was about 20 miles in circumference, and was an asylum for fugitives and criminals.
And the next day to Nepalese - This was a maritime city of Macedonia, near the borders of Thrace. It was about 10 miles from Philippi.
And from thence to Philippi - The former name of this city was Dathos. It was repaired and adorned by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, and after him was called Philippi. It was famous for having been the place where several battles were fought during the civil wars of the Romans, and, among others, for the decisive battle between Brutus and Antony. At this place Brutus killed himself. To the church in this place Paul afterward wrote the Epistle which bears its name.
Which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia - This whole region had been conquered by the Romans under Paulus Aemilius. By him it was divided into four parts or provinces (Livy). The Syriac version renders it "a city of the first part of Macedonia," and there is a medal extant which also describes this region by this name. It has been proposed, therefore, to alter the Greek text in accordance with this, since it is known that Amphipolis was made the chief city by Paulus Aemilius. But it may be remarked that, although Amphipolis was the chief city in the time of Paulus Aemilius, it may have happened that in the lapse of 220 years from that time Philippi might have become the most extensive and splendid city. The Greek here may also mean simply that this was the first city to which they arrived in their travels.
And a colony - This is a Latin word, and means that this was a Roman colony. The word denotes "a city or province" which was planted or occupied by Roman citizens. It is a strong confirmation of the fact here stated by Luke, that Philippi had the rank and dignity of a Roman colony, as coins are still extant, in which Philippi is distinctly referred to as a colony. Such coins exist from the reign of Augustus to the reign of Caracalla.
Certain days - Some days.
And on the sabbath - There is no doubt that in this city there were Jews; In the time of the apostles they were scattered extensively throughout the known world.
By a river side - What river this was is not known. It is known, however, that the Jews were accustomed to provide water, or to build their synagogues and oratories near water, for the convenience of the numerous washings before and during their religious services.
Where prayer - Where there was a place of prayer, or where prayer was commonly offered. The Greek will bear either, but the sense is the same. Places for prayer were erected by the Jews in the vicinity of cities and towns, and particularly where there were not Jewish families enough, or where they were forbidden by the magistrate to erect a synagogue. These proseuchoe, or places of prayer, were simple enclosures made of stones, in a grove or under a tree, where there would be a retired and convenient place for worship.
Was wont - Was accustomed to be offered, or where it was established by custom.
And spake unto the women ... - This was probably before the regular service of the place commenced.
A seller of purple - Purple was a most valuable color, obtained usually from shellfish. It was chiefly worn by princes and by the rich, and the traffic in it might be very profitable. Compare the Isa 1:18 note; Luk 16:19 note.
The city of Thyatira - This was a city of Lydia, in Asia Minor, now called Akhisar. The art of dyeing was early cultivated in the neighborhood of Thyatira, as we learn from Homer (Iliad, iv. 141), and as is confirmed by inscriptions found in that city - a circumstance which may be referred to as confirming the veracity of the statements of Luke even in his casual allusions. Several of these inscriptions have been published. See the Life and Epistles of Paul, i. 295.
Which worshipped God - A religious woman, a proselyte. See the note at Act 13:16.
Whose heart the Lord opened - See the note at Luk 24:45.
And when she was baptized - Apparently without any delay. Compare Act 2:41; Act 8:38. It was usual to be baptized immediately on believing.
And her household - Greek: her house ὁ οἶκος ἀυτῆς ho oikos autēs, her family. No mention is made of their having believed, and the case is one that affords a strong presumptive proof that this was an instance of household or infant baptism. Because:
(1) Her believing is particularly mentioned.
(2) it is not intimated that they believed.
(3) it is manifestly implied that they were baptized because she believed. It was the offering of her family to the Lord. It is just such an account as would now be given of a household or family that were baptized upon the faith of the parent.
If ye have judged me to be faithful - If you deem me a Christian or a believer.
And she constrained us - She urged us. This was an instance of great hospitality, and also an evidence of her desire for further instruction in the doctrines of religion.
As we went to prayer - Greek: as we were going to the proseuche, 'the place of prayer, Act 16:13. Whether this was on the same day in which the conversion of Lydia occurred, or at another time, is not mentioned by the historian.
A certain damsel - A maid, a young woman.
Possessed with a spirit of divination - Greek: Python. See the margin. Python, or Pythios, was one of the names of Apollo, the Grecian god of the fine arts, of music, poetry, medicine, and eloquence. Of these he was esteemed to have been the inventor. He was reputed to be the third son of Jupiter and Latona. He had a celebrated temple and oracle at Delphi, which was resorted to from all parts of the world, and which was perhaps the only oracle that was in universal repute. The name Python is said to have been given him because, as soon as he was born, he destroyed with arrows a serpent of that name, that had been sent by Juno to persecute Latona; hence, his common name was the Pythian Apollo. He had temples on Mount Parnassus, at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, etc., and his worship was almost universal. In the celebrated oracle at Delphi, the priestess of Apollo pretended to be inspired; became violently agitated during the periods of pretended inspiration; and during those periods gave such responses to inquirers as were regarded as the oracles of the god. Others, it is probable, would also make pretensions to such inspiration; and the art of fortune-telling, or of jugglery, was extensively practiced, and was the source of much gain. See the notes on Act 8:8-10. What was the cause of this extensive delusion in regard to the oracle at Delphi it is not necessary now to inquire. It is plain that Paul regarded this as a case of demoniacal possession, and treated it accordingly.
Her masters - Those in whose employ she was.
By soothsaying - Pretending to foretell future events.
The same followed Paul ... - Why she did this, or under what presence, the sacred writer has not informed us. It may have been:
(1) That as she prophesied for gain, she supposed that Paul and Silas would reward her if she publicly proclaimed that they were the servants of God. Or,
(2) Because she was conscious that an evil spirit possessed her, and she feared that Paul and Silas would expel that spirit, and by proclaiming them to be the servants of God she hoped to conciliate their favor. Or,
(3) More probably it was because she saw evident tokens of their being sent from God, and that their doctrine would prevail; and by proclaiming this she hoped to acquire more authority, and a higher reputation for being herself inspired. Compare Mar 5:7.
But Paul, being grieved - Being molested, troubled, offended. Paul was grieved, probably:
(1) Because her presence was troublesome to him;
(2) Because it might be said that he was in alliance with her, and that his pretensions were just like hers;
(3) Because what she did was for the sake of gain, and was a base imposition;
(4) Because her state was one of bondage and delusion, and it was proper to free her from this demoniacal possession; and,
(5) Because the system under which she was acting was a part of a scheme of delusion and imposture, which had spread over a large portion of the pagan world, and which was then holding it in bondage.
Throughout the Roman empire the inspiration of the priestesses of Apollo was believed in, and temples were everywhere reared to perpetuate and celebrate the delusion. Against this extensive system of imposture and fraud Christianity must oppose itself; and this was a favorable instance to expose the delusion, and to show the power of the Christian religion over all the arts and powers of imposture. The mere fact that in a very few instances - of which this was one - they spoke the truth, did not make it improper for Paul to interpose. That fact would only tend to perpetuate the delusion, and to make his interposition more proper and necessary. The expulsion of the evil spirit would also afford a signal proof of the fact that the apostles were really from God a far better proof than her noisy and troublesome proclamation of it would furnish.
In the name of Jesus Christ - Or, by the authority of Jesus Christ. See the notes on Act 3:6.
The hope of their gains was gone - It was this that troubled and enraged them. Instead of regarding the act as proof of divine power, they were intent only on their profits. Their indignation furnishes a remarkable illustration of the fixedness with which people will regard wealth; of the fact that the love of it will blind them to all the truths of religion, and all the proofs of the power and presence of God; and of the fact that any interposition of divine power that destroys their hopes of gain, fills them with wrath, and hatred, and complaining. Many a man has been opposed to God and his gospel because, if religion should be extensively prevalent, his hopes of gain would be gone. Many a slave-dealer, and many a trafficker in ardent spirits, and many a man engaged in other unlawful modes of gain, has been unwilling to abandon his employments simply because his hopes of gain would be destroyed. No small part of the opposition to the gospel arises from the fact that, if embraced, it would strike at so much of the dishonorable employments of people, and make them honest and conscientious.
The market-place - The court or forum. The market-place was a place of concourse, and the courts were often held in or near those places.
The rulers - The term used here refers commonly to civil magistrates.
And brought them to the magistrates - To the military rulers στρατηγοῖς stratēgois or praetors. Philippi was a Roman colony, and it is probable that the officers of the army exercised the double function of civil and military rulers.
Do exceedingly trouble our city - In what way they did it they specify in the next verse. The charge which they wished to substantiate was that of being disturbers of the public peace. All at once they became conscientious. They forgot the subject of their gains, and were greatly distressed about the violation of the laws. There is nothing that will make people more hypocritically conscientious than to denounce, and detect, and destroy their unlawful and dishonest practices. People who are thus exposed become suddenly filled with reverence for the Law or for religion, and they who have heretofore cared nothing for either become greatly alarmed lest the public peace should be disturbed. People slumber quietly in sin, and pursue their wicked gains; they hate or despise all law and all forms of religion; but the moment their course of life is attacked and exposed, they become full of zeal for laws that they Would not themselves hesitate to violate, and for the customs of religion which in their hearts they thoroughly despise. Worldly-minded people often thus complain that their neighborhoods are disturbed by revivals of religion; and the preaching of the truth, and the attacking of their vices, often arouses this hypocritical conscientiousness, and makes them alarmed for the laws, and for religion, and for order, which they at other times are the first to disturb and disregard.
And teach customs - The word "customs" here ἔθη ethē refers to "religious rites or forms of worship." See the notes on Act 6:14. They meant to charge the apostles with introducing a new religion which was unauthorized by the Roman laws. This was a cunning and artful accusation. It is perfectly evident that they cared nothing either for the religion of the Romans or of the Jews. Nor were they really concerned about any change of religion. Paul had destroyed their hopes of gain; and as they Could not prevent that except by securing his punishment or expulsion, and as they had no way of revenge except by endeavoring to excite indignation against him and Silas for violating the laws, they endeavored to convict thorn of such violation. This is one among many instances, Where wicked and unprincipled people will endeavor to make religion the means of promoting their own interest. If they can make money by it, they will become its professed friends or if they can annoy Christians, they will at once have remarkable zeal for the laws and for the purity of religion. Many a man opposes revivals of religion, and the real progress of evangelical piety from professed zeal for truth and order.
Which are not lawful for us to receive - There were laws of the Roman empire under which they might shield themselves in this charge, though it is evident that their zeal was; not because they loved the laws more, but because they loved Christianity less. Thus, Servius on Virgil, Aeneid, viii. 187, says, "care was taken among the Athenians and the Romans that no one should introduce new religions. It was on this account that Socrates was condemned, and the Chaldeans or Jews were banished from the city." Cicero ("DeLegibus," ii. 8) says, "No person shall have any separate gods, or new ones; nor shall he privately worship any strange gods, unless they be publicly allowed." Wetstein (in loco) says, "The Romans would indeed allow foreigners to worship their own god, but not unless it were done secretly, so that the Worship of foreign gods would not interfere with the allowed worship of the Romans, and so that occasion for dissension and controversy might be avoided. Neither was it lawful among the Romans to recommend a new religion to the citizens, contrary to what was confirmed and established by the public authority, and to call off the people from that. It was on this account that there was such a hatred of the Romans against the Jews" (Kuinoel). Tertullian says that "there was a decree that no god should be consecrated unless approved by the senate" (Grotius). See many other authorities quoted in Dr. Watson's "Apology (Defense) for Christianity."
To observe - To do.
Being Romans - Having the privileges of Roman citizens. See the notes on Act 16:12.
And the multitude ... - It is evident that this was done in a popular tumult, and without even the form of law. Of this Paul afterward justly complained, as it was a violation of the privileges of a Roman citizen, and contrary to the laws. See the notes on Act 16:37. It was one instance in which people affect great zeal for the honor of the Law, and yet are among the first to disregard it.
And the magistrates - Act 16:20. They who should have been their protectors until they had had a fair trial according to law.
Rent off their clothes - This was always done when one was to be scourged or whipped. The criminal was usually stripped entirely naked. Livy says (ii. 5), "The lictors, being sent to inflict punishment, beat them with rods, being naked." Cicero, against Verres, says, "He commanded the man to be seized, and to be stripped naked in the midst of the forum, and to be bound, and rods to be brought."
And commanded to beat them - ῥαβδίζειν rabdizein. To beat them with rods. This was done by lictors, whose office it was, and was a common mode of punishment among the Romans. Probably Paul alludes to this as one of the instances which occurred in his life of his being publicly scourged, when he says Co2 11:25, "Thrice was I beaten with rods."
And when they had laid many stripes on them - The Jews were by law prohibited from inflicting more than 40 stripes, and usually inflicted but 39, Co2 11:24. But there was no such law among the Romans. They were unrestricted in regard to the number of lashes, and probably inflicted many more. Perhaps Paul refers to this when he says Co2 11:23, "In stripes above measure." that is, beyond the usual measure among the Jews, or beyond moderation.
They cast them into prison - The magistrates did this partly as a punishment, and partly with a view hereafter of taking vengeance on them more according to the forms of law.
Thrust them into the inner prison - Into the most retired and secure part of the prison. The cells in the interior of the prison would be regarded as more safe, being doubtless more protected, and the difficulty of escape would be greater.
And made their feet fast in the stocks - Greek: and made their feet secure to wood. The word "stocks," with us, denotes a machine made of two pieces of timber between which the feet of criminals are placed, and in which they are thus made secure. The account here does not imply necessarily that they were secured precisely in this way, but that they were fastened or secured by the feet, probably by cords, to a piece or beam of wood, so that they could not escape. It is probable that the legs of the prisoners were bound to large pieces of wood which not only encumbered them, but which were so placed as to extend their feet to a considerable distance. In this condition it might be necessary for them to lie on their backs; and if this, as is probable, was on the cold ground, after their severe scourging, their sufferings must have been very great. Yet in the midst of this they sang praises to God.
And at midnight - Probably their painful posture, and the sufferings of their recent scourging, prevented their. sleeping. Yet, though they had no repose, they had a quiet conscience, and the supports of religion.
Prayed - Though they had suffered much, yet they had reason to apprehend more. They sought, therefore, the sustaining grace of God.
And sang praises - Compare the notes on Job 35:10. Nothing but religion would have enabled them to do this. They had endured much, but they had cause still for gratitude. The Christian may find more true joy in a prison than the monarch on his throne.
And the prisoners heard them - And doubtless with astonishment. Prayer and praise are not common in a prison. The song of rejoicing and the language of praise is not usual among men lying bound in a dungeon. From this narrative we may learn:
(1) That the Christian has the sources of his happiness within him. External circumstances cannot destroy his peace and joy. In a dungeon he may find as real happiness as on a throne. On the cold earth, beaten and bruised, he may be as truly happy as on a bed of down.
(2) the enemies of Christians cannot destroy their peace. They may incarcerate the body, but they cannot bind the spirit, They may exclude from earthly comforts, but they cannot shut them out from the presence and sustaining grace of God.
(3) we see the value of a good conscience. Nothing else can give peace; and amidst the wakeful hours of the night, whether in a dungeon or on a bed of sickness, it is of more value than all the wealth of the world.
(4) we see the inestimable worth of the religion of Christ. It fits for all scenes; supports in all trials; upholds by day or by night; inspires the soul with confidence in God; and puts into the lips the songs of praise and thanksgiving.
(5) we have here a sublime and holy scene which sin and infidelity could never furnish. What more sublime spectacle has the earth witnessed than that of scourged and incarcerated men, suffering from unjust and cruel inflictions, and anticipating still greater sorrows; yet, with a calm mind, a pure conscience, a holy joy, pouring forth their desires and praises at midnight, into the ear of the God who always hears prayer! The darkness, the stillness, the loneliness, all gave sublimity to the scene, and teach us how invaluable is the privilege of access to the throne of mercy in this suffering world.
And suddenly - While they were praying and singing.
A great earthquake - Mat 28:2. An earthquake, in such circumstances, was regarded as a symbol of the presence of God, and as an answer to prayer. See the notes on Act 4:31. The design of this was, doubtless, to furnish them proof of the presence and protection of God, and to provide a way for them to escape. It was one among the series of wonders by which the gospel was established, and the early Christians protected amidst their dangers.
And immediately all the doors were opened - An effect that would naturally follow from the violent concussion of the earthquake. Compare Act 5:19.
Everyone's bands were loosed - This was evidently a miracle. Some have supposed that their chains were dissolved by electric fluid; but the narrative gives no account of any such fluid, even supposing such an effect to be possible. It was evidently a direct interposition of divine power. But for what purpose it was done is not recorded. Grotius supposes that it was that they might know that the apostles might be useful to them and to others, and that by them their spiritual bonds might be loosed. Probably the design was to impress all the prisoners with the conviction of the presence and power of God, and thus to prepare them to receive the message of life from the lips of his servants Paul and Silas. They had just before heard them singing and praying; they were aware, doubtless, of the cause for which they were imprisoned; they saw evident tokens that they were the servants of the Most High, and under his protection; and their own minds were impressed and awed by the terrors of the earthquake, and by the fact of their own liberation. It renders this scene the more remarkable, that though the doors were opened, and the prisoners loosed, yet no one made any attempt to escape.
Would have killed himself - This was done in the midst of agitation and alarm. He supposed that the prisoners had fled. He presumed that their escape would be charged on him. It was customary to hold a jailor responsible for the safe keeping of prisoners, and to subject him to the punishment due them if he suffered them to escape. See Act 12:19. It should be added that it was common and approved among the Greeks and Romans for a man to commit suicide when he was encompassed with dangers from which he could not escape. Thus, Cato was guilty of self-murder in Utica; and thus, at this very place - Philippi - Brutus and Cassius, and many of their friends, fell on their own swords, and ended their lives by suicide. The custom was thus sanctioned by the authority and example of the great; and we are not to wonder that the jailor, in a moment of alarm, should also attempt to destroy his own life. It is not one of the least benefits of Christianity that it has proclaimed the evil of self-murder, and has done so much to drive it from the world.
Do thyself no harm - This is the solemn command of religion in his case, and in all others. It enjoins upon people to do themselves no harm by self-murder, whether by the sword, the pistol, the halter; by intemperance, by lust, or by dissipation. In all cases, Christianity seeks the true welfare of man. In all cases, if it were obeyed, people would do themselves no harm. They would promote their own best interests here, and their eternal welfare hereafter.
Then he called for a light - Greek: lights, in the plural. Probably several torches were brought by his attendants.
And came trembling - Alarmed at the earthquake; amazed that the prisoners were still there; confounded at the calmness of Paul and Silas and overwhelmed at the proof of the presence of God. Compare Jer 5:22, "Fear ye not me, saith the Lord? will ye not tremble at my presence? etc."
And fell down - This was an act of profound reverence. See the notes on Mat 2:11. It is evident that he regarded them as the favorites of God, and was con strained to recognize them as religious teachers.
And brought them out - From the prison.
Sirs - Greek: κύριοι kurioi, lords - an address of respect; a title usually given to masters or owners of slaves.
What must I do to be saved? - Never was a more important question asked than this. It is clear that by the question he did not refer to any danger to which he might be exposed from what had happened. For:
(1) The apostles evidently understood him as referring to his eternal salvation, as is manifest from their answer, since to believe on the Lord Jesus Christ would have no effect in saving him from any danger of punishment to which he might be exposed from what had occurred.
(2) he could scarcely now consider himself as exposed to punishment by the Romans. The prisoners were all safe; none had escaped, or showed any disposition to escape; and besides, for the earthquake and its effects he could not be held responsible. It is not improbable that there was much confusion in his mind. There would be a rush of many thoughts; a state of agitation, alarm, and fear; and in view of all, he would naturally ask those whom he now saw to be men sent by God, and under his protection, what he should do to obtain the favor of that great Being under whose protection he saw that they manifestly were. Perhaps the following thoughts might have tended to produce this state of agitation and alarm:
(1) They had been designated by the Pythoness Act 16:17 as religious teachers sent from God, and appointed to "show the way of salvation," and in her testimony he might have been disposed to put confidence, or it might now be brought fresh to his recollection.
(2) he manifestly saw that they were under the protection of God. A remarkable interposition - an earthquake - an event which all the pagan regarded as ominous of the presence of the divinity - had showed this.
(3) the guilt of their imprisonment might rush upon his mind; and he might suppose that he, the agent of the imprisonment of the servants of God, would be exposed to his displeasure.
(4) his guilt in attempting his own life might overwhelm him with alarm.
(5) the whole scene was suited to show him the need of the protection and friendship of the God that had thus interposed. In this state of agitation and alarm, the apostles directed him to the only source of peace and safety - the blood of the atonement. The feelings of an awakened sinner are often strikingly similar to those of this jailor. He is agitated, alarmed, and fearful; he sees that he is a sinner, and trembles; the sins of his life rush over his memory, and fill him with deep anxiety, and he inquires what he must do to be saved. Often too, as here, the providence of God is the means of awakening the sinner, and of leading to this inquiry. Some alarming dispensation convinces him that God is near, and that the soul is in danger. The loss of health, or property, or of a friend, may thus alarm the soul; the ravages of the pestilence, or any fearful judgment, may arrest the attention, and lead to the inquiry, "What must I do to be saved?" Reader, have you ever made this inquiry? Have you ever, like the pagan jailor at Philippi, seen yourself to be a lost sinner, and been willing to ask the way to life?
In this narrative we see the contrast which exists in periods of distress and alarm between Christians and sinners. The guilty jailor was all agitation, fear, distress, and terror; the apostles, all peace, calmness, joy. The one was filled with thoughts of self-murder; the others, intent on saving life and doing good. This difference is to be traced to religion. It was confidence in God that gave peace to them; it was the want of what led to agitation and alarm in him It is so still. In the trying scenes of this life the same difference is seen. In bereavement, in sickness, in times of pestilence, in death, it is still so. The Christian is calm; the sinner is agitated and alarmed. The Christian can pass through such scenes with peace and joy; to the sinner, they are scenes of terror and of dread. And thus it will be beyond the grave. In the morning of the resurrection, the Christian will rise with joy and triumph; the sinner, with fear and horror. And thus at the judgment seat. Calm and serene, the saint shall witness the solemnities of that day, and triumphantly hail the Judge as his friend; fearful and trembling, the sinner shall look on these solemnities with a soul filled with horror as he listens to the sentence that consigns him to eternal woe! With what solicitude, then, should we seek, without delay, an interest in that religion which alone can give peace to the soul!
Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ - This was a simple, a plain, and an effectual direction. They did not direct him to use the means of grace, to pray, or to continue to seek for salvation. They did not advise him to delay, or to wait for the mercy of God. They told him to believe at once; to commit his agitated, and guilty, and troubled spirit to the Saviour, with the assurance that he should find peace. They presumed that he would understand what it was to believe, and they commanded him to do the thing. And this was the uniform direction which the early preachers gave to those inquiring the way to life. See the notes on Mat 16:16. Compare the notes on Act 8:22.
And thy house - And thy family. That is, the same salvation is equally adapted to, and offered to your family. It does not mean that his family would be saved simply by his believing, but that the offers had reference to them as well as to himself; that they might be saved as well as he. His attention was thus called at once, as every man's should be, to his family. He was reminded that they needed salvation, and he was presented with the assurance that they might unite with him in the peace and joy of redeeming mercy. Compare the notes on Act 2:39. It may be implied here that the faith of a father may be expected to be the means of the salvation of his family. It often is so in fact; but the direct meaning is, that salvation was offered to his family as well as himself, implying that if they believed they should also be saved.
To all that were in his house - Old and young. They instructed them in the doctrines of religion, and doubtless in the nature of the ordinances of the gospel, and then baptized the entire family.
And he took them - To a convenient place for washing. It is evident from this that, though the apostles had the gift of miracles, they did not exercise it in regard to their own sufferings or to heal their own wounds. They restored others to health, not themselves.
And washed their stripes - The wounds which had been inflicted by the severe scourging which they had received the night before. We have here a remarkable instance of the effect of religion in producing humanity and tenderness. This same man, a few hours before, had thrust them into the inner prison, and made them fast in the stocks. He evidently had then no concern about their stripes or their wounds. But no sooner was he converted than one of his first acts was an act of humanity. He saw them suffering; he pitied them, and hastened to minister to them and to heal their wounds. Until the time of Christianity there never had been a hospital or an almshouse. Nearly all the hospitals for the sick since have been reared by Christians. They who are most ready to minister to the sick and dying are Christians. They who are most willing to encounter the pestilential damps of dungeons to aid the prisoner are, like Howard, Christians. Who ever saw an infidel attending a dying bed if he could help it? and where has infidelity ever reared a hospital or an almshouse, or made provision for the widow and the fatherless? Often one of the most striking changes that occurs in conversion is seen in the disposition to be kind and humane to the suffering. Compare Jam 1:27.
And was baptized - This was done straightway; that is, immediately. As it is altogether improbable that either in his house or in the prison there would be water sufficient for immersing them, there is every reason to suppose that this was performed in some other mode. All the circumstances lead us to suppose that it was not by immersion. It was at the dead of night; in a prison; amidst much agitation; and was evidently performed in haste.
He set meat before them - Food. Greek: "he placed a table." The word "meat" formerly meant "food" of all kinds.
And rejoiced - This was the effect of believing. Religion produces joy. See the notes on Act 8:8. He was free from danger and alarm; he had evidence that his sins were forgiven, and that he was now the friend of God. The agitating and alarming scenes of the night had passed away; the prisoners were safe; and religion, with its peace, and pardon, and rejoicings, had visited himself and his family. What a change to be produced in one night! What a difference between the family when Paul was thrust into prison, and when he was brought out and received as an honored guest at the very table of the renovated jailor! Such a change would Christianity produce in every family, and such joy would it diffuse through every household.
With all his house - With all his family. Whether they believed before they were baptized or after is not declared. But the whole narrative would lead us to suppose that, as soon as the jailor believed, he and all his family were baptized. It is subsequently added that they believed also. The joy arose from the fact that they all believed the gospel; the baptism appears to have been performed on account of the faith of the head of the family.
And when it was day ... - It is evident from the narrative that it was not contemplated at first to release them so soon, Act 16:22-24. But it is not known what produced this change of purpose in the magistrates. It is probable, however, that they had been brought to reflection, somewhat as the jailor had, by the earthquake, and that their consciences had been troubled by the fact, that in order to please the multitude, they had caused strangers to be beaten and imprisoned without trial and contrary to the Roman laws. An earthquake is always suited to alarm the guilty; and among the Romans it was regarded as an omen of the anger of the gods, and was therefore adapted to produce agitation and remorse. The agitation and alarm of the magistrates were shown by the fact that they sent the officers as soon as it was day. The judgments of God are eminently suited to alarm sinners. Two ancient mss. read this, "The magistrates who were alarmed by the earthquake, sent, etc." (Doddridge). Whether this reading be genuine or not, it doubtless expresses the true cause of their sending to release the apostles.
The serjeants - ῥαβδούχους rabdouchous. Literally, those having rods; the lictors. These were public officers who walked before magistrates with the emblems of authority. In Rome they bore before the senators the fasces; that is, a bundle of rods with an axe in its center, as a symbol of office. They performed somewhat the same office as a beadle in England, or as a constable in our courts (America).
They have beaten us openly uncondemned - There are three aggravating circumstances mentioned, of which Paul complains:
(1) That they had been beaten contrary to the Roman laws.
(2) that it had been public; the disgrace had been in the presence of the people, and the reparation ought to be as public.
(3) that it had been done without a trial, and while they were uncondemned, and therefore the magistrates ought themselves to come and release them, and thus publicly acknowledge their error. Paul knew the privileges of a Roman citizen, and at proper times, when the interests of justice and religion required it, he did not hesitate to assert them. In all this, he understood and accorded with the Roman laws. The Valerian law declared that if a citizen appealed from the magistrate to the people, it should not be lawful for magistrate to beat him with rods, or to behead him (Plutarch, Life of P. Valerius Publicola; Livy, ii. 8). By the Porcian law it was expressly forbidden that a citizen should be beaten (Livy, iv. 9). Cicero says that the body of every Roman citizen was inviolable. "The Porcian law," he adds, "has removed the rod from the body of every Roman citizen." And in his celebrated oration against Verres, he says, A Roman citizen was beaten with rods in the forum, O judges; where, in the meantime, no groan, no other voice of this unhappy man, was heard except the cry, 'I am a Roman citizen'! Take away this hope," he says, "take away this defense from the Roman citizens, let there be no protection in the cry I am a Roman citizen, and the praetor can with impunity inflict any punishment on him who declares himself a citizen of Rome, etc."
Being Romans - Being Romans, or having the privilege of Roman citizens. They were born Jews, but they claimed that they were Roman citizens, and had a right to the privileges of citizenship. On the ground of this claim, and the reason why Paul claimed to be a Roman citizen, see the notes on Act 22:28.
Privily - Privately. The release should be as public as the unjust act of imprisonment. As they have publicly attempted to disgrace us, so they should as publicly acquit us. This was a matter of mere justice; and as it was of great importance to their character and success, they insisted on it.
Nay, verily; but let them come ... - It was proper that they should be required to do this:
(1) Because they had been illegally imprisoned, and the injustice of the magistrates should be acknowledged.
(2) because the Roman laws had been violated, and the majesty of the Roman people insulted, and honor should be done to the laws.
(3) because injustice had been done to Paul and Silas, and they had a right to demand just treatment and protection.
(4) because such a public act on the part of the magistrates would strengthen the young converts, and show them that the apostles were not guilty of a violation of the laws.
(5) because it would tend to the honor and to the furtherance of religion. It would be a public acknowledgement of their innocence, and would go far toward lending to them the sanction of the laws as religious teachers. We may learn from this also:
(1) That though Christianity requires meekness in the reception of injuries, yet that there are occasions on which Christians may insist on their rights according to the laws. Compare Joh 18:23.
(2) that this is to be done particularly where the honor of religion is concerned, and where by it the gospel will be promoted. A Christian may bear much as a man in a private capacity, and may submit, without any effort to seek reparation; but where the honor of the gospel is concerned; where submission, without any effort to obtain justice, might be followed by disgrace to the cause of religion, a higher obligation may require him to seek a vindication of his character, and to claim the protection of the laws. His name, and character, and influence belong to the church. The laws are designed as a protection to an injured name, or of violated property and rights, and of an endangered life. And when that protection can be had only by an appeal to the laws, such an appeal, as in the case of Paul and Silas, is neither vindictive nor improper. My private interests I may sacrifice, if I choose; my public name, and character, and principles belong to the church and the world, and the laws, if necessary, may be called in for their protection.
They feared when they heard ... - They were apprehensive of punishment for having imprisoned them in violation of the laws of the empire. To punish unjustly a Roman citizen was deemed an offence to the majesty of the Roman people, and was severely punished by the laws. Dionysius Hal. (Ant. Rom., ii.) says, "The punishment appointed for those who abrogated or transgressed the Valerian law was death, and the confiscation of his property." The emperor Claudius deprived the inhabitants of Rhodes of freedom for having crucified some Roman citizens (Dio Cass., lib. 60). See Kuinoel and Grotius.
And they came and besought them - A most humiliating act for Roman magistrates, but in this case it was unavoidable. The apostles had them completely in their power, and could easily effect their disgrace and ruin. Probably they besought them by declaring them innocent; by affirming that they were ignorant that they were Roman citizens, etc.
And desired them to depart ... - Probably:
(1) To save their own character, and be secure from their taking any further steps to convict the magistrates of violating the laws; and,
(2) To evade any further popular tumult on their account. This advice Paul and Silas saw fit to comply with, after they had seen and comforted the brethren, Act 16:40. They had accomplished their main purpose in going to Philippi; they had preached the gospel; they had laid the foundation of a flourishing church (compare the Epistle to the Philippians); and they were now prepared to prosecute the purpose of their agency into surrounding regions. Thus, the opposition of the people and the magistrates at Philippi was the occasion of the founding of the church there, and thus their unkind and inhospitable request that they should leave them was the means of the extension of the gospel into adjacent regions.
They comforted them - They exhorted them, and encouraged them to persevere, notwithstanding the opposition and persecution which they might meet with.
And departed - That is, Paul and Silas departed. It would appear probable that Luke and Timothy remained in Philippi, or, at least, did not attend Paul and Silas. For Luke, who, in Act 16:10, uses the first person, and speaks of himself as with Paul and Silas, speaks of them now in the third person, implying that he was not with them until Paul had arrived at Troas, where Luke joined him from Philippi, Act 20:5-6. In Act 17:14, also, Timothy is mentioned as being at Berea in company with Silas, from which it appears that he did not accompany Paul and Silas to Thessalonica. Compare Act 17:1, Act 17:4. Paul and Silas, when they departed from Philippi, went to Thessalonica, Act 17:1. | <urn:uuid:be360f66-a765-482f-b467-5afabe67d785> | 2013-05-18T17:20:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Sanjaya said, 'Then, O lord, thy troops, with Shalya at their head, once more rushed against the Parthas in that battle with great impetuosity. Although afflicted, still these troops of thine, who were fierce in battle, rushing against the Parthas, very soon agitated them in consequence of their superior numbers. Struck by the Kurus, the Pandava troops, in the very sight of the two Krishnas, stayed not on the field, though sought to be checked by Bhimasena. Filled with rage at this, Dhananjaya covered Kripa and his followers, as also Kritavarma, with showers of shafts. Sahadeva checked Shakuni with all his forces. Nakula cast his glances on the ruler of the Madras from one of his flanks. The (five) sons of Draupadi checked numerous kings (of the Kuru army). The Pancala prince Shikhandi resisted the son of Drona. Armed with his mace, Bhimasena held the king in check, and Kunti's son Yudhishthira resisted Shalya at the head of his forces. The battle then commenced once more between those pairs as they stood, among thy warriors and those of the enemy, none of whom had ever retreated from fight. We then beheld the highly wonderful feat that Shalya achieved, since, alone, he fought with the whole Pandava army. Shalya then, as he stayed in the vicinity of Yudhishthira in that battle, looked like the planet Saturn in the vicinity of the Moon. Afflicting the king with shafts that resembled snakes of virulent poison, Shalya rushed against Bhima, covering him with showers of arrows. Beholding that lightness of hand and that mastery over weapons displayed by Shalya the troops of both the armies applauded him highly. Afflicted by Shalya the Pandavas, exceedingly mangled, fled away, leaving the battle, and disregarding the cries of Yudhishthira commanding them to stop. While his troops were thus being slaughtered by the ruler of the Madras, Pandu's son, king Yudhishthira the just, became filled with rage. Relying upon his prowess, that mighty car-warrior began to afflict the ruler of the Madras, resolved to either win the battle or meet with death. Summoning all his brothers and also Krishna of Madhu's race, he said unto them, "Bhishma, and Drona, and Karna, and the other kings, that put forth their prowess for the sake of the Kauravas, have all perished in battle. You all have exerted your valour according to your courage and in respect of the shares allotted to you. Only one share--mine--that is constituted by the mighty car-warrior Shalya, remains. I desire to vanquish that ruler of the Madras today in battle. Whatever wishes I have regarding the accomplishment of that task I will now tell you. These two heroes, the two sons of Madravati, will become the protectors of my wheels. They are counted as heroes incapable of being vanquished by Vasava himself. Keeping the duties of a Kshatriya before them, these two that are deserving of every honour and are firm in their vows, will fight with their maternal uncle. Either Shalya will slay me in battle or I will slay him. Blessed be ye. Listen to these true words, you foremost of heroes in the world. Observant of Kshatriya duties, I will fight with my maternal uncle, you lords of Earth, firmly resolved to either obtain victory or be slain. Let them that furnish cars quickly supply my vehicle, according to the rules of science, with weapons and all kinds of implements in a larger measure than Shalya's. The grandson of Sini will protect my right wheel, and Dhrishtadyumna my left. Let Pritha's son Dhananjaya guard my rear today. And let Bhima, that foremost of all wielders of weapons, fight in my front. I shall thus be superior to Shalya in the great battle that will occur." Thus addressed by the king, all his well-wishers did as they were requested. Then the Pandava troops once more became filled with joy, especially the Pancalas, the Somakas and the Matsyas. Having made that vow, the king proceeded against the ruler of the Madras. The Pancalas then blew and beat innumerable conchs and drums and uttered leonine roars. Endued with great activity and filled with rage, they rushed, with loud shouts of joy, against the ruler of the Madras, that bull among the Kurus. And they caused the Earth to resound with the noise of the elephants' bells, and the loud blare of conchs and trumpets. Then thy son and the valiant ruler of the Madras, like the Udaya and the Asta hills, received those assailants. Boasting of his prowess in battle, Shalya poured a shower of arrows on that chastiser of foes, king Yudhishthira the just, like Maghavat pouring rain. The high-souled king of the Kurus also having taken up his beautiful bow displayed those diverse kinds of lessons that Drona had taught him. And he poured successive showers of arrows beautifully, quickly, and with great skill. As he careered in battle, none could mark any lapses in him. Shalya and Yudhishthira, both endued with great prowess in battle, mangled each other, like a couple of tigers fighting for a piece of meat. Bhima was engaged with thy son, that delighter in battle. The Pancala prince (Dhrishtadyumna), Satyaki, and the two sons of Madri by Pandu, received Shakuni and the other Kuru heroes around. In consequence of thy evil policy, O king, there again occurred in that spot an awful battle between thy warriors and those of the foe, all of whom were inspired with the desire of victory. Duryodhana then, with a straight shaft, aiming at the gold-decked standard of Bhima, cut off in that battle. The beautiful standard of Bhimasena, adorned with many bells, fell down, O giver of honours. Once more the king, with a sharp razor-faced arrow, cut off the beautiful bow of Bhima that looked like the trunk of an elephant. Endued with great energy, the bowless Bhima then, putting forth his prowess pierced the chest of thy son with a dart. At this, thy son sat down on the terrace of his car. When Duryodhana swooned away, Vrikodara once more, with razor-faced shaft, cut off the head of his driver from his trunk. The steeds of Duryodhana's car, deprived of their driver, ran wildly on all sides, O Bharata, dragging the car after them, at which loud wails arose (in the Kuru army). Then the mighty car-warrior Ashvatthama, and Kripa and Kritavarma, followed that car, desirous of rescuing thy son. The (Kaurava) troops (at sight of this) became exceedingly agitated. The followers of Duryodhana became terrified. At that time, the wielder of Gandiva, drawing his bow, began to slay them with his arrows. Then Yudhishthira, excited with rage, rushed against the ruler of the Madras, himself urging his steeds white as ivory and fleet as thought. We then saw something that was wonderful in Yudhishthira, the son of Kunti, for though very mild and soft, he then became exceedingly fierce. With eyes opened wide and body trembling in rage, the son of Kunti cut off hostile warriors in hundreds and thousands by means of his sharp shafts. Those amongst the soldiers against whom the eldest Pandava proceeded, were overthrown by him, O king, like mountain summits riven with thunder. Felling cars with steeds and drivers and standards and throwing down car-warriors in large numbers, Yudhishthira, without any assistance, began to sport there like a mighty wind destroying masses of clouds. Filled with rage, he destroyed steeds with riders and steeds without riders and foot-soldiers by thousands in that battle, like Rudra destroying living creatures (at the time of the universal dissolution). Having made the field empty by shooting his shafts on all sides, Yudhishthira rushed against the ruler of the Madras and said, "Wait, Wait!" Beholding the feats then of that hero of terrible deeds, all thy warriors became inspired with fear. Shalya, however, proceeded against him. Both of them filled with rage, blew their conchs. Returning and challenging each other, each then encountered the other. Then Shalya covered Yudhishthira with showers of arrows. Similarly, the son of Kunti covered the ruler of the Madras with showers of arrows. Then those two heroes, the ruler of the Madras and Yudhishthira, mangled in that battle with each other's arrows and bathed in blood, looked like a Salmali and a Kinsuka tree decked with flowers. Both possessed of splendour and both invincible in battle, those two illustrious warriors uttered loud roars. Beholding them both, the soldiers could not conclude which of them would be victorious. Whether the son of Pritha would enjoy the Earth, having slain Shalya, or whether Shalya having slain the son of Pandu would bestow the Earth on Duryodhana, could not be ascertained, O Bharata, by the warriors present there. King Yudhishthira, in course of that battle, placed his foes to his right. Then Shalya shot a hundred foremost of arrows at Yudhishthira. With another arrow of great sharpness, he cut off the latter's bow. Taking up another bow, Yudhishthira pierced Shalya with three hundred shafts and cut off the latter's bow with a razor-faced arrow. The son of Pandu then slew the four steeds of his antagonist with some straight arrows. With two other very sharp shafts, he then cut off the two Parshni drivers of Shalya. Then with another blazing, well-tempered and sharp shaft, he cut off the standard of Shalya staying in his front. Then, O chastiser of foes, the army of Duryodhana broke. The son of Drona, at this time, speedily proceeded towards the ruler of the Madras who had been reduced to that plight, and quickly taking him up on his own car, fled away quickly. After the two had proceeded for a moment, they heard Yudhishthira roar aloud. Stopping, the ruler of the Madras then ascended another car that had been equipped duly. That best of cars had a rattle deep as the roar of the clouds. Well furnished with weapons and instruments and all kinds of utensils, that vehicle made the hair of foes stand on end.'" | <urn:uuid:5ee29de5-c0fb-437a-914e-26c199d1b8de> | 2013-05-18T17:48:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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SHREE SHOOKDEO JEE said,--Raja! when Shree Krishnù removed his delusion, Bruhmù acquired a knowledge of his own body (that is, recovered his former intelligence.) Reflecting he went to Bhugwan, and implored him most earnestly: falling at his feet, soliciting and standing before him with joined hands, he began to say, "O lord! you have done me a great kindness in having removed my pride, by which I had been blinded; who has understanding sufficient to comprehend your actions, unless you take compassion upon him? Your illusory power has fascinated all; who is there with powers to fascinate you? You are the god of all; in every hair of your body there are many Bruhmùs like me: in what reckoning am I? O kind to the poor! be pleased now compassionately to forgive my offence, and take not thought of my fault."
Having heard thus much, Shree Krishnù smiled: Bruhmù then brought all the cowherds' children and the calves in a state of sleep: and being ashamed, and offering praises to Krishnù, went to his own abode. The assembly was formed exactly as it was before: although a year had passed, no one was aware of it. When the cowherds' children awoke, Krishnù collected the calves. Upon this, some of the children said,
[paragraph continues] "Brother! you have brought the calves quickly; we have not had time to eat our food."
Hearing this, Krishnù said laughing, "I was anxious on your account--I found the calves, grazing near in one place; let us now go home, having come here very early in the morning." Conversing thus, and taking the calves with them, they all came home, laughing and playing. | <urn:uuid:4d6071fb-5f9d-4e31-be23-927683a81e3e> | 2013-05-18T17:49:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Narrated 'Abdul 'Aziz:Anas said, 'When Allah's Apostle invaded Khaibar, we offered the Fajr prayer there yearly in the morning) when it was still dark. The Prophet rode and Abu Talha rode too and I was riding behind Abu Talha. The Prophet passed through the lane of Khaibar quickly and my knee was touching the thigh of the Prophet . He uncovered his thigh and I saw the whiteness of the thigh of the Prophet. When he entered the town, he said, 'Allahu Akbar! Khalbar is ruined. Whenever we approach near a (hostile) nation (to fight) then evil will be the morning of those who have been warned.' He repeated this thrice. The people came out for their jobs and some of them said, 'Muhammad (has come).' (Some of our companions added, "With his army.") We conquered Khaibar, took the captives, and the booty was collected. Dihya came and said, 'O Allah's Prophet! Give me a slave girl from the captives.' The Prophet said, 'Go and take any slave girl.' He took Safiya bint Huyai. A man came to the Prophet and said, 'O Allah's Apostles! You gave Safiya bint Huyai to Dihya and she is the chief mistress of the tribes of Quraiza and An-Nadir and she befits none but you.' So the Prophet said, 'Bring him along with her.' So Dihya came with her and when the Prophet saw her, he said to Dihya, 'Take any slave girl other than her from the captives.' Anas added: The Prophet then manumitted her and married her."
Thabit asked Anas, "O Abu Hamza! What did the Prophet pay her (as Mahr)?" He said, "Her self was her Mahr for he manumitted her and then married her." Anas added, "While on the way, Um Sulaim dressed her for marriage (ceremony) and at night she sent her as a bride to the Prophet . So the Prophet was a bridegroom and he said, 'Whoever has anything (food) should bring it.' He spread out a leather sheet (for the food) and some brought dates and others cooking butter. (I think he (Anas) mentioned As-SawTq). So they prepared a dish of Hais (a kind of meal). And that was Walrma (the marriage banquet) of Allah's Apostle ." | <urn:uuid:1cd1e985-9e13-48ce-b6b1-f2638e306228> | 2013-05-18T17:29:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Qur'ân, Rodwell edition ; at sacred-texts.com
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful
BLESSED be He who hath sent down AL FURKAN 1 (the illumination) on his servant, that to all creatures he may be a warner.
His the Kingdom of the Heavens and of the Earth! No son hath He begotten! No partner hath He in his Empire! All things hath He created, and decreeing hath decreed their destinies.
Yet have they adopted gods beside Him which have created nothing, but were themselves created:
And no power have they over themselves for evil or for good, nor have they power of death, or of life, or of raising the dead.
And the infidels say, "This Koran is a mere fraud of his own devising, and others have helped him with it, 2 who had come hither by outrage and lie." 3
And they say, "Tales of the ancients that he hath put in writing! and they were dictated to him morn and even."
SAY: He hath sent it down who knoweth the secrets of the Heavens and of the Earth. He truly is the Gracious, the Merciful.
And they say, "What sort of apostle is this? He eateth food and he walketh the streets! Unless an angel be sent down and take part in his warnings,
Or a treasure be thrown down to him, or he have a garden that supplieth him with food . . ." 4 and those unjust persons say, "Ye follow but a man enchanted."
See what likenesses they strike out for thee! But they err, and cannot find their way.
Blessed be He who if he please can give thee better than that of which they speak--Gardens, 'neath which the rivers flow: and pavilions will He assign thee.
Aye, they have treated the coming of "the Hour" as a lie. But a flaming fire have we got ready for those who treat the coming of the Hour as a lie.
When it shall see them from afar, they shall hear its raging and roaring,--
And when they shall be flung into a narrow space thereof bound together, they shall invoke destruction on the spot:
--"Call not this day for one destruction, but call for destructions many."
SAY: Is this, or the Paradise of Eternity which was promised to the God- fearing, best? Their recompense shall it be and their retreat;
Abiding therein for ever, they shall have in it all that they desire! It is a promise to be claimed of thy Lord.
And on the day when he shall gather them together, and those whom they worshipped beside God, he will say, "Was it ye who led these my servants astray, or of themselves strayed they from the path?"
They will say, "Glory be to thee! It beseemed not us to take other lords than thee. But thou gavest them and their fathers their fill of good things, till they forgat the remembrance of thee, and became a lost people."
Then will God say to the Idolaters, "Now have they made you liars in what ye say, 5 and they have no power to avert your doom, or to succour you."
And whosoever of you thus offendeth, we will make him taste a great punishment.
Never have we sent Apostles before thee who ate not common food, and walked not the streets. And we test you by means of each other. Will ye be steadfast? Thy Lord is looking on!
They who look not forward to meet Us say, "If the angels be not sent down to us, or unless we behold our Lord. . . .” Ah! they are proud of heart, and exceed with great excess!
On the day when they shall see the angels, no good news shall there be for the guilty ones, and they shall cry out, "A barrier that cannot be passed!" 6
Then will we proceed to the works which they have wrought, and make them as scattered dust.
Happier, on that day, the inmates of the Garden as to abode, and better off as to place of noontide slumber!
On that day shall the heaven with its clouds be cleft, and the angels shall be sent down, descending:
On that day shall all empire be in very deed with the God of Mercy, and a hard day shall it be for the Infidels.
And on that day shall the wicked one 7 bite his hands, and say, "Oh! would that I had taken the same path with the Apostle!
"Oh! woe is me! would that I had not taken such an one 8 for my friend!
It was he who led me astray from the Warning which had reached me! and Satan is man's betrayer." 9
Then said the Apostle, "O my Lord! truly my people have esteemed this Koran to be vain babbling."
Thus have we given to every Prophet an enemy from among the wicked ones--But thy Lord is a sufficient guide and helper.
And the infidels say, "Unless the Koran be sent down to him all at once. . . ." But in this way would we stablish thy heart by it; in parcels have we parcelled it out to thee; 10
Nor shall they come to thee with puzzling questions, 11 but we will come to thee with the truth, and their best solution.
They who shall be gathered upon their faces into hell, shall have the worst place, and be farthest from the path of happiness.
Heretofore we gave the law to Moses, and appointed his brother Aaron to be his counsellor: 12
And we said, "Go ye to the people who treat our signs as lies." And them destroyed we with utter destruction.
And as to the people of Noah! when they treated their Apostles as impostors, we drowned them; and we made them a sign to mankind:--A grievous chastisement have we prepared for the wicked!
And Ad and Themoud, and the men of Rass, 13 and divers generations between them:
Unto each of them did we set forth parables for warnings, and each of them did we utterly exterminate.
Oft are this have the unbelieving Meccans passed by the city on which was rained a fatal rain. What! Have they not seen it? Yet have they no hope of a resurrection!
And when they see thee, they do but take thee as the subject of their railleries. "What! Is this he whom God has sent as an Apostle?
Indeed he had well nigh led us astray from our gods, had we not persevered steadfastly in their service." But in the end they shall know, when they shall see the punishment, who hath most strayed from the path.
What thinkest thou? He who hath taken his passions as a god--wilt thou be a guardian over him?
Thinkest thou that the greater part of them hear or understand? They are just like the brutes! Yes! they stray even further from the right way.
Hast thou not seen how thy Lord lengtheneth out the shadow? 14 Had He pleased he had made it motionless. 15 But we made the sun to be its guide;
Then draw it in unto Us with easy indrawing.
He it is who ordaineth the night as a garment, and sleep for rest, and ordaineth the day for waking up to life:
He it is who sendeth the winds as the forerunner of his mercy (rain); and pure water send we down from Heaven,
That we may revive by it a dead land: and we give it for drink to our creation, beasts and men in numbers;
And we distribute it among them on all sides, that they may reflect: but most men refuse to be aught but thankless.
Had we pleased, we had raised up a warner in every city.
Give not way therefore to the Infidels, but by means of this Koran strive against them with a mighty strife.
And He it is who hath let loose the two seas, 16 the one sweet, fresh; and the other salt, bitter; and hath put an interspace between them, and a barrier that cannot be passed.
And it is He who hath created man of water, 17 and established between them the ties of kindred and affinity: and potent is thy Lord.
Yet beside God do they worship what can neither help nor hurt them: and the Infidel is Satan's helper against his Lord:
Still we have sent thee only as a herald and a warner.
SAY: I ask of you no recompense for it, 18 except from him who is willing to take the way to his Lord.
And put thou thy trust in Him that liveth and dieth not, and celebrate his praise; (He fully knoweth the faults of his servants) who in six days created the Heavens and the Earth, and whatever is between them, then mounted his Throne: the God of Mercy! Ask now of the Wise concerning Him.
But when it is said to them, "Bow down before the God of Mercy," they say, "Who is the God of Mercy? Shall we bow down to what thou biddest?" And they fly from thee the more.
Blessed be He who hath placed in the Heaven the sign of the Zodiac! 19 who hath placed in it the Lamp of the Sun, and the light-giving Moon!
And it is He who hath ordained the night and the day to succeed one another for those who desire to think on God or desire to be thankful.
And the servants of the God of Mercy are they who walk upon the Earth softly; and when the ignorant 20 address them, they reply, "Peace!"
They that pass the night in the worship of their lord prostrate and standing:--
And that say, "O our Lord! turn away from us the torment of Hell, for its torment is endless: it is indeed an ill abode and resting place!
Those who when they spend are neither lavish nor niggard, but keep the mean:--
Those who call on no other gods with God, nor slay whom God hath forbidden to be slain, except for a just cause, and who commit not fornication (for he who doth this shall meet the reward of his wickedness:
Doubled to him shall be the torment on the day of Resurrection; and in it shall he remain, disgraced, for ever:--
Save those who shall repent and believe and do righteous works--for them God will change their evil things into good things, for God is Gracious, Merciful--
And whose turneth to God and doeth what is right, he verily will convert with a true conversion):
And they who bear not witness to that which is false, and when they pass by frivolous sport, pass on with dignity:--
And they who, when monished by the signs of their Lord, fall not down thereat, as if deaf and blind:--
And who say, "O our Lord! give us in our wives and offspring the joy of our eyes, and make us examples to those who fear thee:"
These shall be rewarded with the High Places of Paradise for their steadfast endurance, and they shall meet therein with--Welcome and Salutation:--
For ever shall they remain therein: a fair abode and resting-place!
SAY: Not on your account doth my Lord care if ye call not on Him! ye have treated his Apostle as an impostor: but bye and bye a punishment shall cleave to them.
1 See Sura [lxv.] xxi. 49.
2 Comp. Sura [lxxiii.] xvi. 105. The frequency with which Muhammad feels it necessary to rebut this charge by mere denial is strongly indicative of its truth.
3 "The meaning may possibly be that the teachers of Muhammad were persons who had taken refuge in Arabia for offences and heresies." Sprenger, Life of M. p. 96, n. Or, but they utter an injustice and a falsehood. Nöldeke combats Dr. Sprenger's supposition that "Tales of the ancients" (verse 6) is a book. Hist. of Qoran, p. 13.
4 Supply, we will not believe.
5 In your ascriptions of divinity to them. Beidh.
6 Or, far, far be they removed. The same words occur at the end of verse 55. The Commentators doubt whether they are spoken by the wicked of the impossibility of their attaining Paradise, or by the angels to the wicked.
7 Said by Beidh. to be the polytheist Okbeh, the son of Abu Mo'eyt, who by Muhammad's persuasion professed Islam, but afterwards retracted to please Ubei ben Khalaf. See Gagnier's Vie de Mahom. i. 362.
8 Ar. fulani (whence the Spanish fulano) identical with the Heb. p. 155, used of a person only in Ruth iv. 1, but by the Rabbinic writers, constantly.
9 Or, abandoner.
10 This verse shews that the Koran was of gradual growth in the time of Muhammad himself.
11 Lit. parables.
12 Lit. vizier.
13 It is uncertain whether Rass is the name of a city in Yemama; or merely, as some interpret it, of a well near Midian; or, according to others, in the territory of Hadramont.
14 Geiger is mistaken in supposing that this passage alludes to 2 Kings xx. 9 12, and his translation is inaccurate.
15 Lit. quiescent, i.e. always the same.
16 According to some commentators, Muhammad here speaks of the waters of the Tigris, which do not mingle with the salt water of the sea till they have reached a considerable distance from the river-mouth. See Zech. xiv. 8.
17 See Sura [cv.] xxiv. 44, n.
18 "Thou art taught that whoever would make a profit by the Law depriveth himself of life." Pirke Aboth, i. 4. This precept is of frequent occurrence in the Talmud.
19 Comp. Sura [xc.] xiii. 29; and the following Sura xvii. 109, n.
20 The idolaters. | <urn:uuid:0216b75e-5fe4-4596-9cd7-f5fc89ebd208> | 2013-05-18T17:30:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Jewish Fairy Tales and Legends, by Aunt Naomi (pseud. Gertrude Landa), , at sacred-texts.com
Click to enlarge
The gates opened from within and the Arab stood before them. (P.185).
Ibrahim, the most learned and pious man of the city, whom everybody held in esteem, fell on troubled days. To none did he speak of his sufferings, for he was proud and would have been compelled to refuse the help which he knew would have been offered to him. His noble wife and five faithful sons suffered in silence, but Ibrahim was sorely troubled when he saw their clothes wearing away to rags and their bodies wasting with hunger.
One day Ibrahim was seated in front of the Holy Book, but he saw not the words on its pages. His eyes were dimmed with tears and his thoughts were far away. He was day-dreaming of a region where hunger and thirst and lack of clothes and shelter were unknown. He sighed heavily and his wife heard.
"My dear husband," she said to him gently, "we are starving. You must go forth to seek work for the sake of our five little sons."
"Yes, yes," he replied, sadly, "and for you, too, my devoted wife, but"--and he pointed to his tattered garments--"how can I go out in these? Who will employ a man so miserably clad?"
"I will ask our kind neighbors to lend you some raiment," said his wife, and although he made some demur at first, she did so and was successful in obtaining the loan of a cloak which completely covered Ibrahim and restored to him his dignified appearance.
His good wife cheered him with brave words. He took his staff and set out with head erect and his heart filled with a great hope. All people saluted the learned Ibrahim, for it was not often he was seen abroad in the busy streets of the city. He returned their greetings with kindly smiles, but halted not in his walk. He had no wish to make any claims upon his fellow citizens, who would no doubt have gladly assisted him. He desired to go among strangers and work so that he should not be beholden to anyone.
Beyond the city gates, where the palm trees grew and the camels trudged lazily toward the distant desert, he was suddenly accosted by a stranger dressed as an Arab.
"O learned and holy man of the city," he said, "command me, for I am thy slave." At the same time he made a low bow before Ibrahim.
"My slave!" returned Ibrahim, in surprise. "You mock me, stranger. I am wretchedly poor. I seek but the opportunity to sell myself, even as a slave, to any man who will provide food and clothing for my wife and children."
"Sell not thyself," said the Arab. "Offer me for sale instead. I am a marvelous builder. Behold these plans and models, specimens of my skill and handiwork."
From beneath the folds of his ample robes, the Arab produced a scroll and a box and held them out to Ibrahim. The latter took them, wonderingly. On the scroll were traced designs of stately buildings. Within the box was an exquisite model of a palace, a marvelous piece of work, perfect in detail and workmanship. Ibrahim examined it with great care.
"I have never seen anything so beautiful," he admitted. "It is wrought and fashioned with exceeding good taste. It is in itself a work of art. You must indeed be a wondrous craftsman. Whence come you?"
"What matters that?" replied the Arab. "I
am thy slave. Is there not in this city some rich merchant or nobleman who needs the services of such talents as I possess? Seek him out and dispose of me to him. To thee he will give ear; to me he will not listen."
Ibrahim pondered over this strange request for a while.
"Agreed!" he said, at length.
Together they returned to the city. There Ibrahim made inquiries in the bazaar where the wealthy traders met to discuss their affairs, and soon learned of a rich dealer in precious stones, a man of a multitude of charitable deeds, who was anxious to erect an imposing residence. He called upon the jeweler.
"Noble sir," he said, "I hear that it is thy intention to erect a palace the like of which this city has not yet seen, an edifice that will be an everlasting joy to its possessor, a delight to all who gaze upon it, and which will bring renown to this city."
"That is so," said the merchant. "You have interpreted the desire of my heart as if you had read its secret. I would fain dedicate to the uses of the ruler of this city a palace that will shed luster on his name."
"It is well," returned Ibrahim. "I have brought
thee an architect and builder of genius. Examine his plans and designs. If they please thee, as assuredly they will, purchase the man from me, for he is my slave."
The jeweler could not understand the plans on the scroll, but on the model in the box he feasted his eyes for several minutes in speechless amazement.
"It is indeed remarkable," he said at last. "I will give thee eighty thousand gold pieces for thy slave, who must build for me just such a palace."
Ibrahim immediately informed the Arab, who at once consented to perform the task, and then the pious man hastened home to his wife and children with the good news and the money, which made him rich for the rest of his days.
To the Arab the jeweler said, "Thou wilt regain thy liberty if thou wilt succeed in thy under-taking. Begin at once. I will forthwith engage the workmen."
"I need no workmen," was the Arab's singular reply. "Take me to the land whereon I must build, and to-morrow thy palace shall be complete."
"Even as I say," answered the Arab.
The sun was setting in golden glory when they reached the ground, and pointing to the sky the Arab said: "Tomorrow, when the great orb of light rises above the distant hills, its rays will strike the minarets and domes and towers of thy palace, noble sir. Leave me now. I must pray."
In perfect bewilderment, the merchant left the stranger. From a distance he watched the man devoutly praying. He had made up his mind to watch all the night; but when the moon rose, deep sleep overcame him and he dreamed. He dreamed that he saw myriads of men swarming about strange machines and scaffolding which grew higher and higher, hiding a vast structure.
Ibrahim dreamed, too, but in his vision one figure, that of the Arab, stood out above all other things. Ibrahim scanned the features of the stranger closely; he followed, as it were, the man's every movement. He noticed how all the workmen and particularly the supervisors did the stranger great honor, showing him the deference due to one of the highest position. And with grave and dignified mien, the Arab responded kindly. From the heavens a bright light shone upon the scene, the radiance being softest wherever the Arab stood.
In his dream, it so appeared to Ibrahim, he
rose from his bed, went out into the night, and approached the palace magically rising from the waste ground beyond the city. Nearer and nearer his footsteps took him, until he stood beside the Arab again. One of the chief workmen approached and addressed the stranger--by name!
Then it was Ibrahim understood--and he awoke. The sun was streaming in through the lattice of his bedroom. He sprang from his bed and looked out upon a magnificent spectacle. Beyond the city the sun's rays were reflected by a dazzling array of gilded cupolas and glittering spires, the towers of the palace of marble that he had seen builded in his dream. Instantly he went out and made haste to the palace to assure himself that his dream was really over. Ibrahim and the jeweler arrived before the gates at the same moment. They stood speechless with amazement and admiration before the model of the Arab grown to immense proportions.
Almost at the same moment, the gates, ornamented with beaten gold, opened from within and the Arab stood before them. Ibrahim bent low his head.
The Arab addressed the merchant.
"Have I fulfilled my promise and earned my freedom?" he asked.
"Verily thou hast," answered the merchant.
"Then farewell, and may blessings rest on thee and the good Ibrahim and on all your works."
Thus spoke the Arab, raising his hands in benediction. Then he disappeared within the golden doors.
The jeweler and Ibrahim followed quickly, but though they hastened through the halls and corridors of many colored marbles, in and out of rooms lighted by windows of clearest crystal, and up and down staircases of burnished metal, they could find no one. Emerging into the open again, they saw a huge crowd standing in wonderment before the gates.
"Tell me," said the jeweler, "who was the builder of this magic palace."
"Elijah, the Prophet," said Ibrahim, "the benefactor of mankind, who revisits the earth to assist in their distress those deemed worthy. Blessed am I, and blessed art thou for thy good deeds, for we have been truly honored."
To show his gratitude, the merchant gave a banquet in his palace to all the people in the city and scattered gold and silver pieces among the crowds that thronged the streets. | <urn:uuid:aa01c487-4cc7-459c-90fa-f0db04e838bd> | 2013-05-18T17:39:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Keep it simple - Best results are often obtained if you enter just one or two key words from the title of a DVD, CD, game or book. Try using the least common words. (Don't use words like 'the', 'and', 'a', etc. which will produce many results.)
Don't worry about punctuation - Adding punctuation is not necessary when searching. The Sainsbury's Entertainment search engine will reveal the same results 'proper punctuation' or not.
Try a different search category - If you can't find a film searching by title try searching by actor or director instead. For example, searching DVDs by actor for 'Russell Crowe' - or just 'Crowe' - will produce a list of all films we stock starring that actor.
Perform a wildcard search - If you can't remember the correct spelling of an artist or a title, the search engine supports character wildcard searches. To perform a single character wildcard search use the '?' symbol. A multiple character wildcard search can be performed by using the symbol '*'. For example, searching for 'miss*' will produce a list of available products containing terms that start with 'miss' (e.g. 'mission' or 'missing'). Please note that '*' and '?' are not allowed as a first character in a query. | <urn:uuid:b5dc29f0-248c-4bec-8a53-d5139729790e> | 2013-05-18T17:38:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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© Mamoun Sakkal 2000/2008
There have been many attempts to modify the Arabic script in the 20th century.
The purposes of these attempts were usually stated to be:
1. To make reading Arabic easier by fixing in the written text all vowels and sounds of the spoken language.
2. To make writing Arabic easier by reducing the number of letter form variations. This always referred to letter form variations based on the letter position in the word, but also referred sometimes to the different styles of Arabic calligraphy.
3. To make typesetting Arabic easier by reducing the number of letter form variations. Different solutions were sought for different technologies.
4. To make Arabic more responsive to expressing new words resulting from inventions, products, and technologies.
5. To make Arabic more contemporary and modern. This usually included vague notions of what is modern or contemporary, and in many cases did not include any notions of these concepts at all, as if they were defined and accepted in the minds of the writers and readers of such proposals.
Some of the early attempts were initiated by the Academy of Arabic Language in Egypt (Majmaa al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah, Cairo) in 1938 in its desire to solve the problem of typesetting Arabic in an efficient way, that would also allow for accurate rendering and reading of the language. Proposals by Ali al-Jarem, Mahmoud Taimour, and Elias Akkawi, among others, focused on devising a method to incorporate the tashkeel vowel marks into the writing of the words on a consistent basis, and reducing the number of letter forms to a minimum, which meant getting rid of the different forms of each letter based on its location in the word. Abdul Aziz Fahmi suggested replacing the Arabic script with the Latin script as was done in Turkey a few years earlier. This proposal to use the Latin script to write Arabic has been already advanced in Egypt in 1880 by Wilhelm Spitta [An Egyptian 2], in 1890 by Karl Vollers, both directors of the Egyptian National Library (Dar Al-kutub al-misriyya).
In 1947 the Lebanese-born architect and artist Nasri
Khattar designed a simplified script for printing he named the Unified Arabic
(al abjadiah al muwahhadah). His work on this project for more than thirty years was supported by a Ford Foundation grant to promote his proposal. Khattar described
his project as follows:
Unified alphabet is not a new alphabet. It may be described as a new style, which as such does not exhibit any greater differences than those found among the traditional and current Arabic styles in use... It does not alter or replace, but complements the styles of handwriting and the beautiful art of calligraphy, which remain in their present form. Arabic, like English, will now have a method of writing in which the letters of a word are attached to each other, and a different method for printing in which the letters of a word appear disconnected... For the non-Arab, as well as for the child or the illiterate, the greatest obstacle in learning Arabic has been the complicated script.
The work of Ahmad Lakhdar Ghazal also started in
the 1950s in Morocco. With the support of the Moroccan government he developed
a Standard alphabet where each letter has one form that can be modified by simple
endings, but remained very close to the forms of traditional Naskh used for
typesetting Arabic books and magazines. Lakhdar Ghazal believes that part of
the problems of Arabic stem from misunderstanding the printing requirements,
and the difference between written and typeset text. His work in adapting the
Arabic script to printing demands was based on four principles:
1. No major changes to the form of traditional Arabic letters.
2. Use of only one shape for each letter in the different positions of the word.
3. Allowing tashkeel (vocalization) marks to be an essential part of the typeset text.
4. Adapting this reform to all printing technologies from typesetting, to typing, to wire transfers. [Tarabieh 77].
A somewhat similar approach was proposed by Roberto Hamm in 1975 where the letters have two forms each instead of the typical four, and connected to each other with Kashida extensions to allow for the presentation of connected text. These connections also carry the tashkeel vowel marks and are used as tails to indicate final or isolated letter forms. [Hamm]. However, the font designs proposed by Hamm were foreign looking and not very successful, consequently his proposal did not did not have a lasting impact.
Mohammrd Said al Saggar from Baghdad and my own work in Aleppo, Syria, in the 1970s also aimed at producing simplified typefaces with a limited number of letter forms. Saggars work retained many qualities of the traditional scripts both in Kufi and Naskhi, and continued to develop his typeface designs until the 1990s with Diwan of London. My own work started in a minimalist way where all the letters have uniform shapes, the same height, large x-height, separate rather than connected letters. This work developed into my typeface Shilia which is more traditional.
Murad Boutros published an article about his Arabic Simplified Typeface in Apple Magazine in Nov. 1993. Again using one form for each letter, and allowing for either connecting or separating the letters when typeset. His font has a traditional Naskhi character.
In recent years, a number of proposals connected one way or another with computers
have also been advanced. Abdelmalek Bouhadjera,
an Algerian engineer, used Square Kufi to design a printing alphabet with separate
letters he named El-Abdjadia El-Mouwahada which means Standardised or Unified
Alphabet. Although his early work deviated substantially from traditional forms,
his later proposal comes very close to the typical shapes of letters in Square
Kufi calligraphy used mostly to decorate buildings.
Other proposals include Dawud Chalabis invitation to use separated letters in Iraq in 1885, a book published using separated letters in London in 1890 by the Ambassador of Iran to England, and Ibrahim al Yaziji and Kamel Marwas work on simplifying letter shapes. Albashir Bin Salamah presented a proposal in his book Arabic Language and Writing Problems in 1971, Afif Bahnasi presented another proposal in his book Arabic Calligraphy: its Origins, Rise, and Spread in 1984, still another proposal was made in a book titled Arabic Calligraphy.
Other work related to simplification of Arabic script include:
A proposal to use the Latin script by the Lebanese Sa'eed Aql in his book Yara published in Beirut in 1961. He published his book "Al-Khumasiyyat" using his proposal, Qadmus Publishing, Beirut, 1978.
A proposal to write vowels as letters included always in written text by Abdul Almajeed Al-Taji Al-Farouki published in his book "Tatawuru dabti al-kitabati al-Arabiyati" (The Evolution of Regulating Arabic Writing), Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 1962. The same author published another book on the same proposal in 1959 mentioned in Sabri book below.
A proposal to use Latin script by Uthman Sabri published in his book "Nahwa Abjadiyaten Jadida" (Towards a New Alphabet), 1964.
Proceedings of 8th conference for Standards in the Middle East, Cairo 1/30/1961. Reference from Zain al Din, Naji: Badaii al-Khatt al-Arabi (The Beauties of Arabic Calligraphy), Baghdad 1971.
Final report on the experiment to simplify Arabic writing by The Arab League Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization published in October, 1978 in Cairo.
"The Mutamathil Script" a proposal by Saad Abulhab for symmetrical Arabic letters that can be typed from right to left of left to right.1998. http://arabetics.com/mutamathil/
Although the list above may give the impression that Arabic typography indeed needs reform, the fact that most of the proposals above did not meet with users' acceptance for the past seventy years clearly indicates that none produced a better way of writing than the system already in place. Some simplification of the script is adapted in various modern printing and computer fonts, however, much of the arguments about the technical difficulties of typesetting Arabic are now irrelevant due to the developments in contemporary type technology including the adaptation of OpenType standards. Most of the above proposals are reviewed and critiqued by Imil Ya'qub in his excellent book: "Al-khatt al-Arabi: nash'atuhu, tatawuruhu, mushkilatutu, da'awat islahihi" (Arabic Script: Origin, Development, Problems, and Solutions), Jarus Press, Tripoli, Lebanon, 1986.
For relevant articles please see:
Modern Arabic Typography: Challenges and Opportunities
OpenType for Fine Arabic Typography
| Bibliography |
| Arabic Calligraphy |
Dr. Mamoun Sakkal is a calligrapher and type designer. He lived and worked in Aleppo, Syria, and now resides in the State of Washington, USA. He taught courses on Islamic art and architecture at the University of Washington.
SAKKAL DESIGN 1523 175th Place SE, Bothell, WA 98012,USA Updated 10/23/2008 | <urn:uuid:27f1a275-b84a-4d62-83d5-de8fd7bd4674> | 2013-05-18T17:27:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The " Generale Verenigde Geoktrooijeerde Nedelandse Oos - Indiese Compagnie " later called the " V O C " ( Verenigde Oos-Indiese Compagnie ) was formed in Amsterdam in 1602. It was managed by 17 directors known as Here XVII. Their achieved aim was the gain of political, cultural and economic influence in the Indian Ocean Areas from the Cape to Japan. They were very successful and gathered enormous riches.
During 1651, the VOC decided to start an outpost at the Kaap de Goeie Hoop resulting in Jan van Riebeeck arriving at Table Bay on 6 April 1652, with his three sail ships - Dromedaris, de Rijger and de Goede Hoop . The outpost was successful and they became aware of the mineral riches of AFRICA and subsequently decided to extend their domain.
On 25 July 1719, a decision was made in Amsterdam to take occupation of Delagoa Bay. Two ships the Gouda and Zeelandia were sent of and arrived at the now Maputo bay on 21 March 1721, loaded with whatever they thought that may be required for establishing a base at Monomotapa for the treasure trade, of gold and ivory.
A suitable site was selected and the building of a earth and wood fort commenced. Fort de Lagoa later renamed to Fort Lijdzaamheid was completed within a few months, in the meantime treaties were agreed upon and signed with the local native leaders.
With the fort completed, the gardens flourishing, the plans for an inland expedition started taking shape.
The first group to move inland was under the leadership of Sergeant J.C. Steffler and 19 other soldiers. They moved to the Lebombo Mountains bordering Swaziland. While crossing, the group was attacked by a Swazi Impi and in the skirmish Steffler and another NCO were killed. The survivors withdrew to Fort de Lagoa.
The de Cuiper Expedition - Part 1
Jan van de Capelle was appointed Comander of the Fort de Lagoa base in 1725, being ambitious and very patriotic he made plans for an expedition into the interior which was put to the Here XVII, to investigate the mineral riches of Monomotapa.
The proposal was accepted and preparations commenced, 31 men were selected, the expedition under comand of Frans de Cuiper, set off on 27 June 1725. The supplies packed onto oxen. Eight natives who would act as interpreters also joined the group.
They moved in a northwesterly direction along the Matola River, through the sandy hot East African soil. after about four days, they reached the Inkomati River at Moamba. The expedition reached the now Rezano Garcia on 4 July 1725 where camp was pitched.
A small group was sent out on 5 July 1725 - the first Europeans to enter the Transvaal, to make contact with of the local native chiefs .
The expedition struck camp and set off on 6 July 1725, the Inkomati was crossed the same day. They soon realised that they were not welcome. They tried to get a local guide, but were not successful as Chief Coupanne had given strict instructions that no assistance may be rendered.
On 9 July the expedition arrived at a big kraal consisting of about 100 huts. After long negotiations with Chief Sweni, the latter appointed a guide to accompany the expedition. A second was recruited from the kraal of Alari Motsari ( chief Coupanne's father ) on the Moetji River, a branch of the Monganje ( now Crocodile ) River south of Komati Poort.
The expedition crossed the Monganje River on 10 July 1725 about 3 km east of the now Crocodile Bridge Rest Camp in the KRUGER NATIONAL PARK - the first Europeans to put foot to the now KRUGER NATIONAL PARK. Here on the northern banks the expedition met Chief Pande.
Very soon an Impi of about five hundred warriors, shouting war cries and drumming on their shields, surrounded the little group, claiming that the guides be relieved of their duties. De Cuiper realised that trouble was brooding and agreed that the guides could return, the Impi then dispersed.
The expedition then set off, soon a native approached them, offering to guide them to the kraal of Chief Dawano on the banks of the Vurhami River.
They camped and rested on 11 July, here one of their oxen died of a mysterious disease. They questioned the locals about the route to Ciremandelle ( Phalaborwa ) and Thowelle ( Zimbabwe ), everyone questioned, had a different story and it was then realised that they either did not know or were deliberately trying to mislead them.
That evening an old man came to the encampment and informed de Cuiper that he knew the two routes and explained that a day's trek would bring them to the Sabe ( River of Fear ) River, a further day would bring them to the kraal of Massawane, a further day to Matonie and a further two days to Ciramandelle where there was no gold but plenty of copper to exchange. There was plenty of gold, copper and ivory for exchange at Simangale in the Thowelle Area.
He explained that Thowele was about eight days of hard trekking from the kraal of Dawano and that many traders came up the Great Zambezi River, to barter the riches in the land of Tsouke.
Of the Rivers mentioned were the Sabe, Matintonde ( Nwasintsontso - river that flows into the sand ), Matiwati ( Timbavati - Bitter water ), Moutomme ( Ntomene - Jackalberry), Imbaloele ( Balule - faraway river, now the Olifants ) .
Frans de Kuiper now realised that they were not sufficiently equiped for an expedition to either Ciremandelle or Thowelle.
Suddenly on 12 July the group was surrounded by an aggressive mass of shouting, horn blowing natives, from Chief Dawano, comand was given to form a battle formation and defend themselves. The Impi attacked with their assegais, during the initial onslaught, two of de Cuiper's men were wounded, while six of the Impi were killed and ten wounded. All their cattle had been killed. The expedition realised that they had better retreat, they were followed up to sunset while many more of the Impi were shot and killed. De Cuiper ordered that they were to retreat untill they had crossed the Lebombo Mountains. A commemorative plaque has been erected at Gomondwane on the site of this battle, and is still to be viewed.
The Following morning 13 July the troops were again confronted by an Impi threatening to kill them ,for moving through their land. In the ensueing battle a few more members of the Impi were wounded and killed. Eventually the troops reached and crossed the Inkomati River ( estimated at the now Incomati station in Mozambique ), while being followed by a threatening Impi.
I participate because I care - CUSTOS NATURAE
Convenor of the AIKONA Group.
No to Hotels in and commercialization of our National Parks.
Done 141 visits to National Parks.
What a wonderful privilege.
Last edited by gmlsmit on Thu Apr 16, 2009 5:12 pm, edited 3 times in total. | <urn:uuid:5e6dd0fa-3e55-46e8-b0a2-b6e3c10a6d68> | 2013-05-18T17:38:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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THE HISTORY OF THE AREA
Before the Park’s inception.
Of the first black tribes to penetrate the northern Kalahari were the Kgalagadi who lived in comparative peace with the San. They were eventually out but the name gave the area was to remain. (Kalahari is derived from the Kgalagadi work Makgadikgadi, meaning saltpans or the great thirstland). The first white people entering the area came to trade with the Kalahari people, usually paying for their goods with livestock.
In 1891, the Park area as well as the area to the southwest presently known as The Mier, was annexed to British Bechuanaland. Approximately ten years later, just across the border, the Hottentots rebelled against the German colonial rule in South West Africa (Present-day Namibia). Although well inside British territory, German troops had set up a station at Groot Kolk to transmit messages to South West Africa. An enormous camel thorn tree served as an ideal lookout post but despite the Hottentots, under leader Captain Dirk Filander, attacked at daybreak killing the Germans as they rose from their beds. Unfortunately, the tree, still bearing horseshoes, which the Germans nailed to the trunk as a ladder, burnt down in a large veldfire in 1976. After World War 1 was over, Scottish born Rodger “Malkop” Jackson surveyed the region and a theoretical subdivision was made into farms of 10 200 and 12 800 hectares. Jackson named many of the farms after landmarks in homeland Scotland, most of which are still in use today as boreholes in the Park. Several white farmers settled as borehole caretakers along the Auob River and they stayed rent-free as long as the boreholes were kept in good repair.
Additional farms were allocated to more white farmers along the Auob and along the Nossob River. However, this is a harsh environment and neither these farmers nor their coloured counterparts, to whom the land was eventually given, could make a comfortable living. If not for the tsama melons, an essential plant in this semi-arid ecosystem, which in dry times are the principle source of water, many would not have survived. Under very dry conditions, even the tsamas disappear and only animals that are well adapted to the harsh conditions survive.
They therefore took to hunting and they, and biltong hunters from further a field, gradually denuded the game.
Only in the more remote reaches of the upper Nossob River was the balance of nature maintained, for here the San lived in harmony with animals and plants.
If this remarkable eco-system was to survive a conservation plan of action had to come into play……
A short history of the Park
A short history would give some perspective on the sequence of events that relate to the history of the farms. It is necessary to briefly underline the historic events and dates leading up to the proclamation of the park (in 1931) and the events that happened after the Park’s proclamation. These events had bearing on time frames and may suggest the origins of the structures along the Auob River, artefacts and ruins in the Park.
Before White settlements, or exploitation, of the Area now included in the Park, the land was part of the San people’s domain for hunting and gathering food. During the 19th century, explorers discovered that the riverbeds of the Auob and Nossob were easier to follow by wagon, than trying to cross the sand dunes. For years, no government claimed the land and the San were the only people residing here. One of the last and oldest sources on the times relating to that era is Regopstaan Kruiper who died in 1996 at the age of 96. Eventually the land became attached to the Cape Colony. The government, from 1897, began to survey the land and subdividing it into farms for White settlers.
In 1904, the authorities in German South West Africa (Namibia) sent soldiers to blockade the water holes in the Nossob and force Khoikhoi rebels into submission. Unfortunately for them, at Grootkolk, an entire German patrol was slaughtered. The White settlers were slow to take advantage of the newly surveyed farms and the Cape Government decided to give them to Coloured (“Basters”) farmers instead. The farms had names like KoKo, Kameelsleep, Kaspers Draai en Kwang.
In 1884, the Germans occupied South West Africa and it was during these years that Stoffel (Christoffel) le Riche first ventured into the Kalahari. In 1899, he and his wife Martie moved from Rietfontein, just south of the existing Park. In 1899 there first son Johannes and in 1904 their second son Joseph (Later known as Joep) was born.
With the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914, the (Union of) South Africa (n) Government drilled a series of boreholes along the Auob to provide their troops with water in case South Africa wanted to use corridor to invade South West Africa. Guards were recruited mainly from the local community and hired to protect and maintain the boreholes. They were permitted to settle next to the holes with their families and livestock. It was expected that they would live of the veld (with dire consequences to the environment). Because of lack of firewood and appropriate clay
To make bricks they erected timber frame structures as dwellings and stock shelters. Dwellings that are more permanent were erected with the locally abundant calcrete stone. None of the timber frame shelters were recorded and nothing remained. The only evidence of these times are the calcrete walls of circular cattle kraals, the foundations of square and rectangular huts and some larger multi roomed dwellings.
This corridor was never used to invade South West Africa and the borehole guards stayed on, largely forgotten by the authorities. Instead, the Government appointed a Scottish land surveyor Rodger “Malkop” Duke Jackson to survey the area and divide it into farms. About this time, six farms were purchased by the South African Government, but were not occupied before the Government decided that Coloured people should rather settle the region. The British Government, then already in control of Bechuanaland, had already settled Coulred people on the east bank of the Nossob between Rooiputs and its confluence with the Auob River (the ruins of an old dwelling is still located at Rooiputs).
Biltong hunters penetrated the area and by the late 1920s, several species were in danger of becoming extinct. Two conservationists invited the then Minister of Lands, Piet Grobler to inspect the region. Grobler piloted the National Parks Act through parliament and played a major role in the proclamation of Kruger National Park in 1926. By 1931, Piet Grobler had decided to proclaim the area between the Nossob River and the Auob River and the SWA Border a national park. Land was purchased south of the Park to resettle “Coloured” people and the borehole structures were abandoned. All but a few farms that had been sold by the Government were brought back and the Park was finally proclaimed in 1931.
Johannes le Riche (the son of a local trader Christoffel, Francois, Albertyn Le Riche), the first warden of the Park (and his family), settled at Gemsbok Plain (later referred to as Gemsbok plein) in a house, which had been abandoned by a borehole guard. From this point, onwards Le Riche and his assistant Gert Januarie became involved in the protection of wildlife in the area. For three years, they patrolled the Park on horseback. In 1934, the park experienced an exceptional rainy season and both the Nossob and Auob came down in flood. This was followed by an epidemic of malaria and both Le Riche and Januarie died of this illness. A few days later after their death Le Riche’s brother Joep was appointed ranger in his place.
In 1935, a row of farms along the southern bank of the Auob River was purchased by the Union Government to ensure that both banks of the river would have national conservation protection. Twee Rivieren was also bought to include the confluence of the rivers into the Park. The resulting jagged boundary was straightened through “give-and-take” between the Government and neighbouring farmers.
In 1935, a corrugated iron house was built for the Warden at Samevloeiing and shortly afterwards a brick house built at Twee Rivieren. Joep le Riche who was supposed to be appointed temporarily eventually stayed in the post for 36 years. He and his assistant Gert Mouton re-commissioned the old boreholes in the riverbeds in order to “persuade” the animals to remain in the Park instead of leaving the unfenced boundaries where they were poached and killed.
In 1938 the British Government proclaimed a new game reserve across the Nossob in what is today Botswana. Joep le Riche was put in charge. During World War 11
Poachers were short of bullets and game numbers increased dramatically. After the War, game fences were erected along the Park’s western and southern boundaries. The eastern boundary remained unfenced leaving this border open to animals that needed to migrate from east to west. From the 1950s, more emphasis was put in 1940 near the confluence of the Nossob and Auob.
The Botswana Gemsbok National Park was proclaimed in 1938 by what was then called Bechuanaland. Mabuasehube Game Reserve was added in 1971 and was incorporated into Gembok National Park in 1992.
Head: Field Guiding
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GOLDFIELD, Nev. — The Esmeralda County School District has adopted a policy that allows students to speak Spanish while riding the school bus, revoking a ban that was approved by its school board in October.
The prohibition on speaking Spanish had affected about a dozen students from a farming and ranching community in Esmeralda County, who are bused by the district to a high school in neighboring Nye County.
The district implemented the new policy — which states, “There is no general rule prohibiting Spanish on any of our buses” — after it received a letter from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
“The school district understands that students have a constitutional right to free speech,” said Gary Peck, executive director of the ACLU of Nevada. “Once the superintendent was informed that prohibiting students from speaking Spanish violated their rights, the school district was very willing to work out a policy that both encourages students to practice their English skills and allows them to speak their native language.”
On the bus ride that the students take to return to Esmeralda County, there is an academic period for the first 45 minutes in which the students are required to do homework, study or read. During this period, the district asks that all students practice their English skills.
Students who are more proficient in English may speak Spanish while assisting those whose English is more limited. Students who are developing their English skills will work with a tutor who rides with them.
The second 45-minute period of the evening ride is considered free time, and students may speak to one another in any language they choose. Students may also speak to each other in the language of their choice during the morning bus ride.
When communicating with the bus driver and tutors, the district asks that students speak in English or ask another student to interpret if necessary, because the bus driver and the tutors don't speak Spanish. | <urn:uuid:cdd845fc-faa1-4c94-b722-52b91072d418> | 2013-05-18T17:18:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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May 24, 2004 PROVIDENCE, R.I. -- Male bullfrogs communicate with other bullfrogs through calls made up of a series of croaks, some of which contain stutters, according to a new Brown University study which describes a pattern not previously identified in scientific literature.
Researchers recorded 2,536 calls from 32 male bullfrogs in natural chorus and analyzed the number of croaks in each call and the number of stutters in each croak. It is known that the male bullfrog's call attracts females for mating, maintains territorial boundaries with other males, and indicates that the frog is healthy and aggressive.
"Some animals have evolved large, complex vocabularies to communicate, while others say a lot with very limited numbers of calls," said Andrea Simmons, professor of psychology, who presented the findings at 75th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America Monday, May 24, 2004. "A fundamental question in the study of communication by sound is 'how much information can a sender convey in a single sound'?"
Within a single vocalization, the frogs exhibited a pattern of croaks with and without stutters that appeared to have a communication function and did not simply represent that a male was getting tired, Simmons said.
An acoustic analysis showed the stutters followed certain rules: 100 percent of the recorded calls began with a croak containing no stutters; when the frogs started stuttering they generally did so within a croak that contained one stutter only; when they increased or decreased stutters from croak-to-croak, they did so by only a single stutter.
Stuttering did not occur because a frog was "running out of breath," said the researchers. If that were the case, a less structured pattern of stutters would occur. More likely, the frog inserted stutters in the call to extend the length of his individual calls while reducing the amount of air exchange needed, similar to what occurs when opera singers insert vibrato in extended notes.
To determine how the frog's calls were perceived, researchers played pre-recorded stuttering and non-stuttering calls through a loudspeaker to individual males. The frogs appeared to use non-stuttered calls for aggressive or territorial purposes. Males produced the stuttered calls more frequently at certain points during the breeding season, indicating the stuttering may be involved in attracting a mate.
Simmons conducted the study with Dianne Suggs, a graduating senior in psychology, who used it as the basis of her undergraduate honors thesis. Suggs was supported by a grant through the Undergraduate Teaching and Research Assistantship (UTRA) program. Simmons' laboratory is supported by a research grant from the National Institutes of Health.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | <urn:uuid:248372b7-1fa4-431a-b427-6ed9beaee5a7> | 2013-05-18T17:52:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Antimatter came about as a solution to the fact that the equation describing a free particle in motion (the relativistic relation between energy, momentum and mass) has not only positive energy solutions, but negative ones as well! If this were true, nothing would stop a particle from falling down to infinite negative energy states, emitting an infinite amount of energy in the process--something which does not happen. In 1928, Paul Dirac postulated the existence of positively charged electrons. The result was an equation describing both matter and antimatter in terms of quantum fields. This work was a truly historic triumph, because it was experimentally confirmed and it inaugurated a new way of thinking about particles and fields.
In 1932, Carl Anderson discovered the positron while measuring cosmic rays in a Wilson chamber experiment. In 1955 at the Berkeley Bevatron, Emilio Segre, Owen Chamberlain, Clyde Wiegand and Thomas Ypsilantis discovered the antiproton. And in 1995 at CERN, scientists synthesized anti-hydrogen atoms for the first time.
When a particle and its anti-particle collide, they annihilate into energy, which is carried by "force messenger" particles that can subsequently decay into other particles. For example, when a proton and anti-proton annihilate at high energies, a top-anti-top quark pair can be created!
An intriguing puzzle arises when we consider that the laws of physics treat matter and antimatter almost symmetrically. Why then don't we have encounters with anti-people made of anti-atoms? Why is it that the stars, dust and everything else we observe is made of matter? If the cosmos began with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, where is the antimatter?
Experimentally, the absence of annihilation radiation from the Virgo cluster shows that little antimatter can be found within ~20 Megaparsecs (Mpc), the typical size of galactic clusters. Even so, a rich program of searches for antimatter in cosmic radiation exists. Among others, results form the High-Energy Antimatter Telescope, a balloon cosmic ray experiment, as well as those from 100 hours worth of data from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer aboard NASA's Space Shuttle, support the matter dominance in our Universe. Results from NASA's orbiting Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , however, are uncovering what might be clouds and fountains of antimatter in the Galactic Center.
We stated that there is an approximate symmetry between matter and antimatter. The small asymmetry is thought to be at least partly responsible for the fact that matter outlives antimatter in our universe. Recently both the NA48 experiment at CERN and the KTeV experiment at Fermilab have directly measured this asymmetry with enough precision to establish it. And a number of experiments, including the BaBar experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Belle at KEK in Japan, will confront the same question in different particle systems.
Antimatter at lower energies is used in Positron Emission Tomography (see this PET image of the brain).
But antimatter has captured public interest mainly as fuel for the fictional starship Enterprise on Star Trek.
In fact, NASA is paying attention to antimatter as a possible fuel for interstellar propulsion. At Penn State
University, the Antimatter Space Propulsion group is addressing the challenge of using antimatter
annihilation as source of energy for propulsion. See you on Mars?
Answer originally posted October 18, 1999 | <urn:uuid:0ee63bec-49ee-4e62-a8f7-6b79d5db4f5b> | 2013-05-18T18:09:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Re-create the evolution of New York City 's skyline over the last 200 years with this innovative puzzle. Build and deconstruct the modern marvels of skyscrapers, streets, and more. All New York's neighborhoods are identified and the streets glow in the dark. Build the street level puzzle and then insert 126 plastic molded replicas of the New York skyline as they're assembled from oldest to today. A fun family project, this puzzle provides a historical look at the architectural evolution of Manhattan. Recommended ages 12 years and up. | <urn:uuid:02da814d-b2bb-445d-93c8-9d47285fbefa> | 2013-05-18T17:52:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This statutory database is current through the 2005 Regular Session of the South Carolina General Assembly. Changes to the statutes enacted by the 2006 General Assembly, which will convene in January 2006, will be incorporated as soon as possible. Some changes enacted by the 2006 General Assembly may take immediate effect. The State of South Carolina and the South Carolina Legislative Council make no warranty as to the accuracy of the data, or changes which may have been enacted since the 2005 Regular Session or which took effect after this database was prepared and users rely on the data entirely at their own risk.
Title 5 - Municipal Corporations
SECTION 5-1-10. Certified municipalities and established townships declared perpetual bodies politic and corporate.
(A) A municipality having a certificate of incorporation issued by the Secretary of State and a township established by act of the General Assembly are declared to be perpetual bodies, politic and corporate, entitled to exercise all the powers and privileges provided for municipal corporations in this State, and subject to all the limitations and liabilities provided for municipal corporations in this State.
(B) The incorporation or corporate capacity of a municipality or township established by act of the General Assembly must not be attacked in any court in this State except as provided by statute.
SECTION 5-1-20. Definitions.
As used in Chapters 1 through 17 of this title, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
(1) "Municipality" means a city or town issued a certificate of incorporation, or township created by act of the General Assembly.
(2) "Publicly-owned property" means any federally-owned, state-owned, or county-owned land or water area.
SECTION 5-1-22. Public policy for incorporation of publicly-owned property established.
The General Assembly finds and declares the following to be the public policy of the State of South Carolina:
(1) publicly-owned property may be incorporated or annexed by a municipality as provided by the state's statutory law; however, publicly-owned property is for the benefit of all citizens of the State and is not the exclusive territory of any one municipality; and
(2) incorporation or annexation of publicly-owned property does not confer or convey to a municipality control over the publicly-owned property that in any way:
(a) interferes with the superior authority of the federal, state, or county government; or
(b) prevents an area seeking to be incorporated from using the publicly- owned property to establish contiguity as provided in Section 5-1-30(A)(4).
SECTION 5-1-24. Application for incorporation; contents; review.
(A) After June 30, 2005, citizens of an area seeking municipal incorporation shall file an application for incorporation with the Secretary of State's office containing:
(1) a petition setting out the corporate limits proposed for the municipality and the number of inhabitants residing within the proposed corporate limits, and signed by fifteen percent of the qualified electors who reside within the proposed municipality; and
(2) documentation concerning the minimum service standard incorporation requirements as provided in Section 5-1-30.
(B) Upon receipt of a filing for a proposed municipal incorporation, the Secretary of State shall transfer a copy of the filing to the Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation for review.
SECTION 5-1-26. Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation created; membership; terms; chairman; committee staff.
(A) The Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation is created to review the petition and documentation submitted by an area seeking municipal incorporation and to make a recommendation to the Secretary of State whether the area meets the minimum service standard incorporation requirements as provided in Section 5-1-30.
(B) The committee consists of seven members:
(1) two Senators appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate;
(2) two members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives;
(3) one person appointed by the Governor;
(4) one city manager or elected city official appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate from a list of three persons recommended by the Municipal Association of South Carolina; and
(5) one county council member or county manager or administrator appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives from a list of three persons recommended by the South Carolina Association of Counties.
(C) The members are appointed to serve terms of two years, initially beginning on July 1, 2005, and until their successors are appointed and qualify. A vacancy must be filled in the same manner as the original appointment for the unexpired term.
(D) The committee shall elect a chairman from its membership for a one-year term. The position of chairman rotates among the members.
(E) The committee meets at times and places as it may determine.
(F) Staff for the committee must be provided by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives.
SECTION 5-1-30. Prerequisites to issuance of corporate certificate to proposed municipality.
(A) Before issuing a corporate certificate to a proposed municipality, the Secretary of State shall determine based on the filing submitted and the recommendation of the Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation whether the proposed municipality meets the following requirements:
(1) the area seeking to be incorporated has a population density of at least three hundred persons a square mile according to the latest official United States Census, except as provided in subsections (B) through (E);
(2) no part of the area is within five miles of the boundary of an active incorporated municipality, except as provided in subsections (B) through (E);
(3) the area seeking to be incorporated has filed a service feasibility study that has been reviewed by the Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation and approved by the Secretary of State;
(4) the area proposed to be incorporated is contiguous as defined and as described in this item. "Contiguous" means adjacent properties that share a continuous border. If a publicly-owned property intervenes between two areas proposed to be incorporated together, which but for the intervening publicly-owned property would be adjacent and share a continuous border, the intervening publicly-owned property does not destroy contiguity;
(5) the area seeking to be incorporated has filed a proposal for providing either directly or by contract a minimum level of law enforcement services as required in regulations promulgated by the State Law Enforcement Division. If law enforcement services are by contract, the proposal must indicate which governmental entity provides the service and the estimated compensation for the service; and
(6) the area seeking to be incorporated has filed a proposal demonstrating that at least three of the following services, either directly or by contract, will be provided to the incorporated area no later than the first day of the third fiscal year following the effective date of incorporation:
(a) fire protection at a minimum service level required in regulations promulgated by the South Carolina Fire Marshal;
(b) solid waste collection and disposal;
(c) water supply, water distribution, or both;
(d) wastewater collection and treatment;
(e) storm water collection and disposal;
(f) enforcement of building, housing, plumbing, and electrical codes;
(g) planning and zoning;
(h) recreational facilities and programs; or
(i) street lighting.
(B)(1) When an area seeking incorporation has petitioned pursuant to Chapter 17 the nearest incorporated municipality to be annexed to the municipality, and has been refused annexation by the municipality for six months, or when the population of the area seeking incorporation exceeds seven thousand persons, then the provision of the five-mile limitation of this section does not apply to the area.
(2) For purposes of item (1) of this subsection, a refusal to annex the area by the municipality includes a statement from the municipality that the area does not meet the statutory requirements for annexation.
(C) The five-mile limit does not apply when the boundaries of the area seeking incorporation are within five miles of the boundaries of two different incorporated municipalities in two separate counties other than the county within which the area seeking incorporation lies, and when the boundaries of the proposed municipality are more than five miles from the boundaries of the nearest incorporated municipality that lies within the same county within which the proposed municipality lies, and when the land area of the territory seeking incorporation exceeds one-fourth of the land area of the nearest incorporated municipality.
(D) The population requirements do not apply to areas bordering on and being within two miles of the Atlantic Ocean and to all sea islands bounded on at least one side by the Atlantic Ocean, both of which have a minimum of one hundred fifty dwelling units and at least an average of one dwelling unit for each three acres of land within the area and for which petitions for incorporation contain the signatures of at least fifteen percent of the qualified electors of the respective areas seeking incorporation.
(E) The five-mile limit does not apply to counties with a population according to the latest official United States Census of less than fifty-one thousand.
SECTION 5-1-40. Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation recommendation; submission of subsequent application.
(A) The Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation shall return the copy of filing to the Secretary of State with a written decision of its recommendation concerning the application for municipal incorporation.
(B) The Secretary of State shall provide the applicant with a copy of the committee's written decision.
(C) A recommendation by the committee or a determination by the Secretary of State that the requirements of Section 5-1-30 have not been met does not preclude the area seeking from submitting a subsequent application.
SECTION 5-1-50. Issuance of commission by Secretary of State authorizing incorporation election; questions to be voted on; initial governing body.
(A)(1) After receipt of a recommendation from the Joint Legislative Committee on Municipal Incorporation, the Secretary of State shall determine whether the requirements of Section 5-1-30 have been met. If the Secretary of State determines that the requirements of Section 5-1-30 have been met, he shall issue to three or more persons residing in the area of the proposed municipality, a commission empowering them to:
(a) hold an election not less than twenty days nor more than ninety days after the issuance of the commission; and
(b) appoint three managers of election who shall conduct the election.
(2) Notice of the election must be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the community or by posting in three public places within the area sought to be incorporated which contains detailed information concerning the election. The notice must be published or posted not less than five nor more than fifteen days before the date of the election.
(B)(1) At such election, all registered electors living in the area sought to be incorporated must be allowed to vote on the following questions:
(b) name of the municipality;
(c) the form of government;
(d) method of election as prescribed in Section 5-15-20;
(e) whether the election is partisan or nonpartisan; and
(f) the terms of the mayor and council members.
(2) When any of the above questions proposed in an election contain more than two options, the option receiving the highest number of votes will prevail.
(3) If a community votes in favor of incorporation pursuant to this section and selects a form of government in an election, notwithstanding the results of the selections made by the voters as to questions (d), (e), and (f) in item (1) of this subsection, the initial governing body of the incorporated municipality consists of four council members and a mayor, all elected at large in a nonpartisan election for terms of two years.
(C) The managers of election shall conduct the election, unless otherwise provided for in this chapter, according to the general law governing the conduct of special elections mutatis mutandi.
SECTION 5-1-60. Election managers' sworn returns of election results.
The managers of the election shall make their sworn returns of the result of the election to the commissioners. The returns must show the total number of those voting in the election, together with the number of those voting on each question proposed.
SECTION 5-1-70. Certification of results by commissioners; issuance of certificate of incorporation by Secretary of State.
The commissioners shall certify the result of the election under oath to the Secretary of State, and if the result is in favor of incorporation, the Secretary of State shall issue a certificate of incorporation to the municipality and the municipality has all the privileges, powers, and immunities and are subject to the limitations provided by law.
SECTION 5-1-80. Incorporation fees.
Before delivery of a certificate of incorporation, the Secretary of State shall require the production of a receipt from the State Treasurer for the payment of the following incorporation fees for municipalities with a population:
(1) of one thousand or less, one hundred dollars;
(2) between one thousand and five thousand, three hundred dollars;
(3) over five thousand, six hundred dollars.
SECTION 5-1-90. Certificate of incorporation effective upon election of municipal officers.
The certificate of incorporation must be issued to the commissioners who immediately shall provide for the election of municipal officers pursuant to Chapter 15 and in accordance with the certificate as to form of government. Until the municipal officers are elected and qualify, the certificate of incorporation does not become effective and the powers of the municipality must be exercised only by the municipal council when the municipal council is created by election.
SECTION 5-1-100. Forfeiture, surrender or cancellation of certificate.
(A) When following its incorporation a municipality's population has decreased to less than fifty inhabitants, the certificate of the municipality must be automatically forfeited and void. If a majority of the registered electors of a municipality files a petition requesting the municipal certificate be surrendered with the municipal council, the council shall order an election to determine the question, at which election all qualified electors of the municipality must be permitted to vote, and if two-thirds of those voting vote in favor of surrendering the certificate, the council shall certify the result to the Secretary of State, who shall cancel the certificate issued to the municipality.
(B) If the Secretary of State determines that any previously incorporated municipality is neither performing municipal services nor collecting taxes or other revenues and has not held an election during the past four years, he shall cancel the certificate of the municipality.
SECTION 5-1-110. Time limit for bringing suit challenging incorporation procedures of municipal corporation.
A suit to challenge the incorporation procedures of a municipal corporation pursuant to the provisions of Chapters 1 through 17 must be brought within sixty days after the issuance of the certificate of incorporation. | <urn:uuid:35d0fdd9-d883-4f2f-b83c-0e0797264cf8> | 2013-05-18T17:56:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Measure it and solve it
Would you like to become a special consultant in a large bank, or would you rather make the optimisation models that control electricity production in Scandinavia?
Are you considering a career in research, developing mathematical optimisation models that measure the productivity of the Danish health sector, or would you rather participate in designing computing systems that control the price determination of options?
Then the Mathematics-Economics programme is right for you.
Mathematics-Economics educates economists who use mathematics, computer science and statistics to analyse economic problems. The relations between the two fields are good. Mathematics makes great use of economics and vice versa. Also, you learn how to solve several types of complex problems and to think analytically and logically. | <urn:uuid:7ad7c7d4-b77f-481d-8cb0-086a824eb28f> | 2013-05-18T17:57:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Does TAM Airlines have online check-in?
Yes, TAM Airlines offers Web Check-in for all passengers boarding TAM's domestic flights as well as a few select international destinations.
What are the requirements for using Web Check-in?
- Check-in 1-24 hours before your flight is scheduled to depart.
- Web Check-In is available for all passengers boarding TAM's domestic and on flights to Caracas, Venezuela; Santiago, Chile; Cochabamba, Bolivia; Cordoba, Argentina; and Asuncion and Ciudad del Este, Paraguay.
- According to Brazilian Airport Regulation, your web check-in may be cancel if:
- You don't arrive at the boarding gate 40 minutes before aircraft departure with your boarding pass (printed during web check-in).
- You chose not to print your boarding pass at home or you don't print your boarding pass 40 minutes before aircraft departure at one of the TAM's Easy Check-In Kiosks or any check-in counter located at the airports
- You must present a valid photo ID when solicited. Click here for the list of valid photo IDs.
- Passengers who check-in online but don't board their flight will be assessed a fee of R$100,00. Change flight fees may also apply.
- You may cancel your web check-in until 1 hour before your flight departure. To cancel it, go to TAM's web site, click on "Easy Web Check-In" then on "Cancel Web Check-in" and fill in all applicable information.
Make sure you leave enough time at the airport to get through security, check your bags etc.
Can I use Web Check-in if I have bags to check?
If you need to check luggage, arrive at the airport early and proceed to one of TAM's check-in counters to check your luggage. In some airports, you can find check-in counters that are exclusive to passengers who checked in online and are checking luggage. Look for one or ask one of TAM's airport employees to make your check-in procedure faster.
Can I change/select my seat with Web Check-in?
Yes, when you use Web Check-in you can change/select your seat.
If I plan to check in at the airport, how much time should I allot?
Check-in at least 60 minutes before your flight's departure time. If flying to/from Manaus, arrive 2 hours before the scheduled departure time. | <urn:uuid:e1c99a40-768f-4319-8a1c-3e3eb80d2199> | 2013-05-18T17:37:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I've been hanging out with this girl for about a month now. We've spent the night together quite a few times without ever having s*ex. However, we've done just about everything else we could do, without actually having s*ex. This last time we spent the night together (we seem to go farther and farther each time we hang out) we're making out and then she asks when the last time I had s*ex was.
Now I know that this is one of those questions that I'm not suppose to answer so I try to blow it off but she wouldn't let me. So I answer it really vaguely "Oh, it was a while ago" is what I said. But that didn't seem to be good enough for her, and she kept pressing.
Now I didn't want to come off like I was totally trying to dodge the question, so eventually I said it's been 2 months(and really it's been about 3 weeks). She then said "well that's not a long time". It didn't stop things from going the way they've been going, and I can tell she's still really into me, but we still haven't had s*ex yet.
In a way I feel like she's asking valid questions, not because she's asking them, but because of all of the nasty stuff out there one could catch. Will you help me know how to handle this type of situation next time it comes up, and she's really pressing for an answer about my past.
Let's start out that it's good that you've been able to put this together
Hmmm... my first diagnosis of this situation is that you're in troubled territory...
Why do I say this?
First, let's look at what's really happening:
You're not moving in fast and strong enough with the right dynamic to keep her lust and attraction moving. You see, if she has time to step back and think about "where this is going," (and she must be thinking this in some way if she's more concerned about trust than excited about possibility) then you need to step up the attack a little.
You see, you're also starting to sympathize with her questions. You're right, she does have valid questions, but that doesn't make them ones you need to deal with. The simple solution to her questions: Wear a condom. That will take care of 99% of those pesky problems. But don't get caught up in defensive mode.
She's asking questions because she reached a point where she thought "Uh-oh! If I keep going, I'm going to sleep with him." She now needs to know she isn't a slut to keep going.
Now, she WANTS to sleep with you, but she's losing that lovin' "feeling." Familiarity is starting to creep in, and she's now putting up defensive obstacles to getting together with you. Women who are "hot" for a man don't stomp on the brakes like this unless they're having doubts.
Either about you, or whether or not she's being "easy."
What you need to do is step back away from HER. Show HER some doubts. Don't talk to her for a couple days. Chill and get yourself a few new numbers.
You have to be willing to risk a little tension between you two, because right now it's starting to go south. If you don't seal this deal soon, she's going to tell you about needing space, or she'll just start avoiding you altogether. I've seen these signs before. Everything looks "great" between you, but it will come out of nowhere.
To handle this question in the future, you need to put HER on the defensive instead of letting yourself get put there. You can say: "Why do you ask? Are you afraid there's another hen in my barnyard? Are you -- (poke her in the
ribs) -- JEALOUS?" And start tickling her.
Get the tension up again.
Joke with her about asking. "Wow, you're moving pretty fast there, aren't you? One minute you're kissing me, the next you're about to attack me. I'm not sure I'm ready... you see, (pretend you're getting all soft and
sensitive) I grew my cherry back, so now I'm a virgin again. I have to trust you to let you have your way with me."
Remember, she's not looking for logical and rational answers. She just wants to feel trust and attraction.
(And no more nights together unless it's going all the way. That's a rule. You only stay over if you're getting some, chum.)
I've got to tell you that the information in your news letters are great. My success has sky rocketed. I just started college not to long ago and because of the information in the news letters alone I haven't found a women who has turned me down with getting her email or phone number so far.
When I walk down the halls I notice that more and more women smile and notice me and im able to get email's or phone numbers with ease.
With my newfound success I have a minor flaw you might be able to fix.
You see, as I said before I get a girls email with ease, but writing an effective email is a different story.
In a past news letter I remember you saying that you should keep the first email short. I think my problem is I tend to try a little too much to make something reply worthy. This may be why I'm not getting as much replys from the emails I sent as I would like.
I sent [an] email out on friday and I still haven't gotten a reply. Oh well, I'll see her in class again in a few days.
Could you give me a good example of what a first time email should be like? I"d like some basic rules I can go by so my email success could be a little better then I can break the ice better and start getting more dates.
Here are a couple of rules to the first email:
- Be SHORT (no more than a couple sentences)
- Be VERY short - (I really mean this one.)
- Be FUNNY (give her a little chuckle, but don't try too hard.)
When I say short, I mean SHORT. Keep it to just a short sentence or two. Guys who are in demand don't have time to write long emails. And for every sentence over two or three, she's wondering why you're spending so much time on this girl you hardly even know. It's a bit creepy.
Be funny, because you want to revive that sense of fun that you two had together when you met, and you want her to remember it enough to want more.
And lastly, always ask a question that she will HAVE to answer. Something that she won't be able to RESIST answering ....
"I have a guy that is interested in taking you out to tea this week. Give me a call and I'll tell you about him..." (And then when she calls, tell her it's you...)
"You know, I think you might have dropped something when we were talking... give me a call..." (And then when she calls, tell her she dropped a hint that she wanted to talk to you again...)
"I just talked to someone who knows you... You better call me about this - what he said is really unbelievable..." (And then when she calls, you tease her FOREVER about it. Make her REALLY wonder. And the only way you will tell her is if she meets you at the coffee place on Wednesday...)
Yeah, it's tricky. But hey, whatever gets results, guys.
Life is tough. Wear a cup.
(By the way, the other rules for handling first time emails will be coming up in a future Audio Coaching Session.)
And for gosh sakes, get my e-books. I gave you some great free information, and now you need to get the real deal to fill in all the missing pieces.
You see, most guys kiss up to a woman and work too hard to get her attention, not knowing that they need to get her ATTRACTION.
And you can't do it with a soft, nice guy attitude.
Can you do it? Do you have the balls to challenge women?
Or are you going to break down and treat her ... NICE.
How many times have you heard this:
"Nice Guys just don't get laid."
The Nice Guy SEEMS like what women want, but he's not. And now we are going to show you the reasons why, and help you get rid of the "Nice Guy" forever.
Are you ready to start learning how to dramatically improve your self-confidence?
Are you ready to drop that lame "Nice Guy" routine and start being a real Alpha Man?
Well, the Secrets are here.
I've just completed a brand-new e-book and CD audio program that you have been waiting for. We've even got a new site at: www.datingdynamics.com/ebookstore.htm
This book covers all aspects of overcoming your shyness, fears, and insecurities with women (and with life) and gets you on the path to total self-confidence.
Here's just a small sample of what you're going to learn in this program:
- How impatience is your #1 killer of seductions and opportunity in your life
- The number one factor that determines your success in life, and with women
- How to drive up your social value
- What you're communicating that you don't even realize - and how it's scaring off women
- How to avoid obsession - the dysfunctional thinking that sabotages you and drives off women
- How to use your voice to interest a woman - including exercises to develop your speech power
- What an Alpha Man's lifestyle is, and how to live like you want to
- Male emotional strength - why women need your strength and coping skills
- How to socialize and network to increase your social circle
- How to re-write your mental scripts to get rid of fear and hesitance
- How to use emotional intelligence to unlock your hidden power with women
- How to use organic problem solving to increase your ability to solve problems "on-the-fly" in any situation
This new e-book and audio will guide you through exercises, tips, and strategies for changing your life RIGHT NOW. It's not just about getting more women (even though that's a really great side-effect of this program), but we show you the way to a more successful LIFE - business, family, social, financial... everything!
Here's more of what you'll find in the Secrets of the Alpha Man program:
- How to utilize the power of PASSION in your life to attract anyone to you
- Alpha Self-Confidence - a complete section on developing the kind of self-confidence that enables your achievement and gets you the s*ex life you want - including specific exercises and concepts to drive up your confidence immediately
- How to verbally "spar" with women
- POWER - the most influential trait of the Alpha Man - how to find your power, develop it, and use it to give you success in any interactions (with men or women)
- How to exercise complete emotional self-control and what this communicates to women
- The specific "Nice Guy" behaviors you need to rid yourself of to get women
- How to use "peacocking"
- How to actually make compliments work for you
- How my sure-fire opening line for any woman will work in any situation
- How to open up a conversation with multiple women at once - and even handle the guys that are with them
- How to tell when a woman is lying to you
- How a woman views s*ex, and how to use this to your advantage
- How to develop your sense of humor - one of the most valuable Alpha Man tools
- How to develop RAPPORT - the critical success element of ALL seductions
- How to diagnose your game with women, including each step from meeting her to the bedroom
- How to de-fuse the "cockblockers" - guys and girls who try to trip up your game with women
- What to say to the woman that you really want
And MUCH much more than I can list here. I've even thrown in a few extra bonuses that you're going to want to grab with this offer, too. I've spent the last year creating this great program, including the best of our Advanced Audio Coaching Sessions, all new tracks specifically aimed at this topic, and hundreds of pages of new advice on how to get your game together with women.
You can see the complete list of contents here at: www.datingdynamics.com/ebookstore.htm
If you order today, I'll send you the 393 page e-book RIGHT AWAY so you can get started.
I'm accepting pre-orders now for this program, which will likely be shipped by the end of this month - 9/30 (September 30th.)
You need to get your order in now, because the first printing is limited and will likely sell out quickly. This price is also subject to increase depending on the demand for the first run. Order now and you'll be assured your copy.
And don't forget my e-book -THE DATING BLACK BOOK- will also help you get all of that ... and then some.
Just remember: Every man is self-made, but only the SUCCESSFUL admit it.
Where do you go for the information you need?
THE DATING BLACK BOOK has the complete breakdown of the dating scene, and it's ready for download right now, no matter where you are or what time it is in the world.
Download it here:
Use the Advanced Audio Coaching to help you build on that knowledge and take your success to the extreme. Imagine having a coach giving you tips, strategies, and a complete breakdown on how to improve your technique and success with women - first hand.
You can listen to this audio RIGHT NOW on your PC or Mac, and you can even use your MP3 player to take the learning and go mobile. Put it on your i-pod!
The monthly audio series is over 100 minutes of advice and explosive tips, and it's available for download at: www.datingdynamics.com/ebookstore.htm
Is there ANYTHING else worth learning more than how to be successful with women?
Carlos Xuma is a dating and seduction advisor, as well as a motivational and life counselor. He's the author of The Dating Black Book, Secrets of the Alpha Man, the Advanced Audio Coaching Series, and too many other articles to mention.
Each week, the Dating Dynamics newsletter gives advice to men across the world on topics related to dating, relationships, and sex. Carlos Xuma helps men get more confidence and success with women ... After all, every man has the right to a healthy dating life. Dating Dynamics provide advice, articles, books, audio, and all the resources a mand needs for success.
Carlos has also been a guest advisor and author on numerous sites and respected dating publications, such as:
- Maxim Radio
- Utopia Radio
- Bikini Hangout
- Seduction Insider
- Don Juan Center
- Dating Newsletter
- Single Again
- Cliff's List
- Dating Class
- The Dating Insider Book
- Man Mindset
- Summum Magazine
- Savvy Insider - the art of single living
- Carlos Xuma
Get the "Secrets of the Alpha Man program ... "
The Thin Line of Love and Posture
How To Contact Her
The Confidence Treadmill
The Dating Truth for Men
The Dating Truth for Men 2
Have You Busted Her Balls Today?
How Do You Feel About Workplace Romances?
Top Dog Gets The Upper Hand
Win Her Back!
Bling Bling To The Boyfriend
Watch Out For Her Block
Dating Truth - Know When She's Messing With You
Don't Talk Yourself Out Of It
Where's The Courage?
All Cuddles And Nothing Else
Questions, Motivation, Quantity
Valentine's Day Is Here Again
Are You Getting A Lot Of Dates?
Seduce Her Because It's What She Wants
It's Big And Blue
Flaky Chicks and Dumb Dudes
How To Get Past Her Shields
How To Play Her Hot And Cold Game
More Human Than Human
What To Do If She Has A Boyfriend
Women Want To Be Conquered
No More Cuddling
Dating Advice That Works
Your Attitude Determines Your Altitude
How Many Times Do You Fail?
The Bomb Is Dropped
This Is Tough Love, Man
Beware The Alfie
Don't Wimp Out When Meeting Women
The Art Of The Alpha Man
Can You Be Firm And Controlled?
How To Talk To Her | <urn:uuid:ae365a60-2cbe-4b65-80ae-afbb7f7e5a9d> | 2013-05-18T17:49:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Thermo Scientific IonPac® AS25 Column is ideally suited for the analysis of multivalent anions, including polarizable anions (iodide and perchlorate) and sulfur species (sulfite, sulfate, thiosulfate and thiocyanate) in complex sample matrices. The AS25 column simplifies the determination of polarizable anions, including thiosulfate, iodide, thiocyanate, and perchlorate by using an isocratic hydroxide eluent with no solvent required for the separation.
Separate hydrophobic anions (iodide, thiocyanate, and thiosulfate) in approximately 25 min without the use of solvent
Ideal for polyvalent anions, including polysulfates, polyphosphates and polycarboxylates
Analyze complex matrices including wastewater effluents from chemical industries and foods and beverages
Ultralow hydrophobicity allows fast analysis of polarizable anions
The AS25 is a high-capacity, hydroxide-selective column for the determination of polarizable anions in a variety of sample matrices. Multivalent anions and sulfur species in complex sample matrices including wastewater effluents, scrubber solutions and food and beverage samples can be easily separated on the IonPacAS25 without the use of solvent. The AS25 column is available in 0.4 × 250 mm , 2 × 250 mm, 4 × 250 mm formats supporting flow rates from 0.010 to 3 mL/min. | <urn:uuid:4ac60e76-6085-4a30-a84f-ec51cb045b59> | 2013-05-18T17:23:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Why does the Almighty not set times for judgment?
Why must those who know him look in vain for such days?
There are those who move boundary stones;
they pasture flocks they have stolen.
They drive away the orphan's donkey
and take the widow's ox in pledge.
They thrust the needy from the path
and force all the poor of the land into hiding.
Like wild donkeys in the desert,
the poor go about their labor of foraging food;
the wasteland provides food for their children.
They gather fodder in the fields
and glean in the vineyards of the wicked.
Lacking clothes, they spend the night naked;
they have nothing to cover themselves in the cold.
They are drenched by mountain rains
and hug the rocks for lack of shelter.
The fatherless child is snatched from the breast;
the infant of the poor is seized for a debt.
Lacking clothes, they go about naked;
they carry the sheaves, but still go hungry.
They crush olives among the terraces;
they tread the winepresses, yet suffer thirst.
The groans of the dying rise from the city,
and the souls of the wounded cry out for help.
But God charges no one with wrongdoing.
"There are those who rebel against the light,
who do not know its ways
or stay in its paths.
When daylight is gone, the murderer rises up,
kills the poor and needy,
and in the night steals forth like a thief.
The eye of the adulterer watches for dusk;
he thinks, 'No eye will see me,'
and he keeps his face concealed.
In the dark, thieves break into houses,
but by day they shut themselves in;
they want nothing to do with the light.
For all of them, midnight is their morning;
they make friends with the terrors of darkness.
"Yet they are foam on the surface of the water;
their portion of the land is cursed,
so that no one goes to the vineyards.
As heat and drought snatch away the melted snow,
so the grave snatches away those who have sinned.
The womb forgets them,
the worm feasts on them;
the wicked are no longer remembered
but are broken like a tree.
They prey on the barren and childless woman,
and to the widow show no kindness.
But God drags away the mighty by his power;
though they become established, they have no assurance of life.
He may let them rest in a feeling of security,
but his eyes are on their ways.
For a little while they are exalted, and then they are gone;
they are brought low and gathered up like all others;
they are cut off like heads of grain.
"If this is not so, who can prove me false
and reduce my words to nothing?" | <urn:uuid:436c2ec2-2530-43ba-8747-74aa2c61cb6a> | 2013-05-18T17:17:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Henri MatisseFrench (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, France, 1869 - 1954, Nice, France)
Along with Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse was one of the pillars of the Parisian avant-garde, whose formal innovations in painting would dominate much of modern art. Matisse initially worked in law, but discovered a passion for art when he began painting as an amateur. He went on to study traditional academic painting. In the early years of the twentieth century, however, he rejected the idea that painting had to imitate the appearance of nature. His characteristic innovations were the use of vibrant, arbitrary colors; bold, autonomous brushstrokes; and a flattening of spatial depth. This anti-naturalistic style inspired the critical name "fauves," or "wild beasts," for the group of painters around Matisse.
Ironically, Matisse often applied his thoroughly modern style to traditional subjects such as still lifes, landscapes, and portraits. Such works express a sense of timeless joy and stillness that runs counter to the frenetic, technologically inspired compositions of many of his contemporaries. Although primarily dedicated to painting, Matisse was also active as a sculptor and printmaker. In the 1940s, in failing health, he embarked on a well-known group of cut-paper collages. | <urn:uuid:7e985f30-8f6b-4310-945c-71148b9fc48c> | 2013-05-18T18:07:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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New prenatal test may show inherited diseases
Blood sample from mother less invasive than current screening procedures
Doctors may soon be able to diagnose inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis, thalassaemia and sickle cell anemia in fetuses by simply testing a blood sample taken from the mother.
Until now, prenatal diagnoses of such disorders have been possible only through invasive procedures like amniocentesis, which carry a risk of fetal miscarriage.
Amniocentesis is the extraction of a small amount of fluid from the sac surrounding a developing fetus.
But scientists in Hong Kong and Thailand may have found a way to diagnose in fetuses such "monogenic" diseases, which are caused by a single error in a single gene in the human DNA.
Such diseases can be diagnosed by a simple blood test (taken from the mother) ... and by counting the relative ratio of the mutant genes against the normal genes.
This is only possible because fetal DNA circulates in maternal blood, a discovery Lo and his colleagues made several years ago.
Many scientists have since been trying to find the best way to differentiate fetal DNA from maternal DNA, before they can even get down to looking for any anomalies in the fetal DNA. But these efforts have not met with much success.
In an article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Lo and his colleagues said they had devised a counting system that could "bring non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of monogenic diseases closer to reality."
Using highly precise digital blood testing technology, both mutant and normal DNA sequences are counted in maternal plasma and that is then used to calculate the number of mutant genes inherited by the fetus and to determine the probability of the fetus developing any monogenic disease. | <urn:uuid:9bf5c5a4-5353-413e-ab25-ec152029c959> | 2013-05-18T17:48:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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VMM Basic have intern motion detection commands to make interactive games for your webcam, intern sprite commands based on DirectX to make any 2d game with blend, rotation, color key, animations, deformation, color layer effects, and more, network commands to make online games.
Create stand-alone executables.
Up to 5 types of variables.
Arrays up to 4 types and 16 dimensions.
If - Else - EndIf, Repeat - Until, While - Wend, For - Next flow control commands.
Procedures with full recurrence, up to 16 parameters.
Local and global variables.
STDCALL and CDECL dynamic link libraries supported.
Motion detection engine based on VFW.
Creation of Windows GUI's easily.
Easy sprite engine based on DirectDraw and Direct3D.
Sprite animation engine based on DirectDraw and Direct3D.
278 native commands, 6488 API commands, and 6112 constants.
2D Drawing - Drawing circles, lines, boxes, images, ...
Animation - Sprite animations with effects.
AVI - Play AVI files.
Console - Create applications based on console.
D3D Sprite - Sprites through Direct3D 7.0.
File - Create and read files.
Image - Load and use Bmp and Ico images.
INI - Create and read INI config files.
Joystick - Examine joystick state.
Keyboard - Examine keyboard state.
Library - Use external DLL libraries.
Math - Math functions.
Memory - Allocate and use memory.
Menu - Create window menus.
MIDI - Load and play MIDI files.
Misc - Misc commands.
Mouse - Mouse information.
Network - Create network TCP/IP server and client.
Requester - Show requester windows for open/save files, ...
Sound - Load and play Wav files.
Sprite - Sprites through DirectDraw 7.0.
String - String manipulation functions.
System - General system commands.
Timer - Timer counters.
Webcam - Video device library with motion detection commands.
Window - Create windows and control.
Free download from Shareware Connection - VMM Basic have intern motion detection commands to make interactive games for your webcam, intern sprite commands based on DirectX to make any 2d game, network commands to make online games and more.
Euphoria Programming Language
USB Monitor Pro
Virtual Null Modem
Visual Build Professional
BBC BASIC for Windows
Apex SQL Log
Syndikut - Quick Download
Syndikut - 5 Five Star Rating
Virtual Serial Port Kit
C & C++
Components & Libraries
Databases & Networks
Editors, IDEs & Coding Utilities
Help File Tools
Languages - Others
Basic Odbc Dark
Basic Prog Dark
Visual Basic Nfs
Visual Basic Pdf
Webcam Motion Detector - Motion detection and webcam monitoring. Video surveillance with multiple IP cameras and video capture devices. Security system for your house, office or store.
Motion Hunter - Motion Detection Software. Take the advantage of being informed! Be sure!
Make your personal Video Security and Surveillance System at home using your computer, web cam and new motion detection software MotionHunter!
VISCOM Motion Detection SDK ActiveX - support IP cam, web cam mixing, zoom in, motion detection, zoom out effects.
Visual Terrain Maker - Visual Terrain Maker allows visually create 3D landscapes for game development
Motion Detection - Motion Detection is an application that saves still pictures and/or makes .avi files when anything in motion is detected in front of the selected webcam. The pictures and the frames of the movies are timestamped.
Shareware Connection periodically updates pricing and software information of 'VMM Basic' from company source 'Balrog Software' , so some information may be slightly out-of-date. You should confirm all information before relying on it. Software piracy is theft, Using 'VMM Basic' crack, password, serial numbers, registration codes, key generators is illegal and prevent future development of VMM Basic. | <urn:uuid:f82c457a-b0b6-4b4f-9120-9d83653b9f5a> | 2013-05-18T17:49:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Prep: 5 hr 15 min
- Cook Time: –
- Total: 5 hr 15 min
- Serving: 8 Servings
This sangria beverage, made with white wine, makes a beautiful presentation with its myriad of colors similar to that of a summer sunset.
- 1 pint raspberries
- 2 oranges, sliced into 1/4-inch-thick rings
- 2 lemons, sliced into 1/4-inch-thick rings
- 3 peaches, pitted and cut into 8 wedges
- 3 bottles white wine, such as Pinot Grigio or Chardonnay
- 1 liter sparkling water
- Put the raspberries, orange slices, lemon slices and peach wedges into a large pitcher, and then add the wine.
- Let the sangria stand for at least 5 hours at room temperature.
- Before serving, pour in the sparkling water and add the ice. | <urn:uuid:7c8deb93-6391-45db-8090-c83ed6161d75> | 2013-05-18T17:20:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This Week's Parsha | Previous issues | Welcome
- Please Read!
G-d took the man and placed him in the Garden of Eden, to work it and to guard it… G-d commanded the man saying: 'You may freely eat of every tree in the garden. But you must not eat of the Tree of Knowledge of good and bad, for on the day that you eat from it you shall surely die' (2:15-17).
The narrative relates how Adam nevertheless came to eat from the Tree of Knowledge. He was expelled from the Garden of Eden, and he was condemned to toil the remainder of his life to grow his own food as an agricultural laborer.
Several questions present themselves on the above:
1. Adam was warned that he would die on the day that he ate from the tree. How come, therefore, that the Torah records that he lived the very long life span of nine hundred and thirty years (5:5)?
2. Why was he punished at all? He claimed that Eve gave him the forbidden fruit: 'The woman whom You gave to be with me - she gave me from the tree and I ate' (2:12). There is no statement in the text that suggests that Adam knew what he was actually eating in the first place.
3. The Torah emphasizes that his sin in eating from the fruit was 'because he listened to the voice of his wife' (3:17). Why was in not sufficient to say that he was to be punished for simply eating from the forbidden fruit?
4. Adam and Eve were both expelled from Garden of Eden. Why did G-d not warn him that this would happen to him if he ate from the Tree of Knowledge?
A key towards resolving these difficulties may be found in the following sentence:
G-d took the man and placed him in the Garden of Eden to work it and to guard it (2:15).
This verse suggests that G-d did not create the Garden of Eden to be a paradise for Adam - so that he would be its guest and spend his life enjoying the largesse of his 'host'. Rather his role was to fit in with the Creation and get to know every plant and creature of the garden, work with them and develop the potential of the symbiotic relationships that would make the Garden an even greater place to be in. For nowhere in the text does it say that the Garden of Eden was created as a perfect place.
Indeed the Talmud holds that a person must work to reach his potential and to function as a useful member of society:
Shemaya said: 'Love work' (Avot 1:10).
Avot de R. Natan develops this further stating that work is essential for anyone - even someone who has enough for all his needs:
What should a person who has no work do? If he has… many fields, he should occupy himself with them. For just as the Torah was given with a Covenant, similarly work was given with a Covenant: 'Six days shall you work... and the seventh is a Sabbath to the L-rd your G-d'. Indeed, Adam did not taste anything until he did work, as it states 'He placed him in the Garden of Eden to work it and to guard it' and only afterwards 'You may eat freely from every tree in the Garden' (Avot de R. Natan 11).
One may go even further. In order for a person to feel close to G-d, he has to give to Him, as it were. Adam was required to do this by working on the land. A person who puts in effort, and is closely involved in a worthy and productive project sees his own self in it. If he is honest with himself, he will also see the Hand of G-d in his success. He will be grateful to Him, and come closer to Him. As Rabbi E. E. Dessler (Michtav Mi-Eliyahu, vol. 3) writes, when a person feels gratitude to Him for all the good he receives every day in his life, he will naturally express his gratitude by sacrifice (in Temple times) or through prayer - offered in sincerity. By doing this, a person becomes a 'giver' to G-d. This is the relationship that causes the 'giver' (Man) to love the 'receiver' (G-d). And by loving G-d, a person wishes to serve Him to the very best of his ability.
It seems that this was Adam's failing. He did not work on the land sufficiently. He did not experience the personal development and closeness with G-d that came with 'working on the land' - developing the potential within the Garden that would improve it still further. For that reason he was expelled from Eden and he had to work harder on the land - not out of wealth, but out of sheer necessity.
This may be derived from the text. Adam may well not have known that the fruit he ate had come from the Tree of Knowledge. Thus he did not willfully disobey G-d's command. (Nor did Eve fully transgress the prohibition that was given to Adam in the singular before she was created - even though she correctly understood it applied to her through inference.) So he did not deserve to die. (Nor did she deserve to die.) However had he worked properly, he would have known the flora of the Garden of Eden well enough to know which fruit belonged to each tree - ask any gardener! His having been led into accidentally eating the forbidden fruit revealed that he did not sufficiently perform the tasks for which G-d created him - 'to work on the land' - and, through honest work, spiritually develop into the great personality that would become the Father of Mankind.
This is a lesson for everyone. Like Adam, each individual must find out his or her potential and develop it, serving G-d and Mankind, and thus endeavor to leave the Earth a better place.
Written by Jacob Solomon. Tel 02 673 7998. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org for any points you wish to raise and/or to join those that receive this Parasha sheet every week.
This article is provided as part of Shema Yisrael Torah Network
For information on subscriptions, archives, and | <urn:uuid:ab49d86a-2b83-45f4-985d-6b767b1871f5> | 2013-05-18T17:57:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Born September 4, 1924, Entered Active duty in 1943 after serving at boot camp in Camp Pendleton. Shipped to Marshall Islands, Maui, Mariana Islands and Saipan. Shot on assault of Saipan in June 1944, hospitalized at Naval Hospital in SF Cal, returned to active duty in Washington DC. Came to Sheridan WY in 1969. Married to Margaret (1949) 4 children and 6 grandchildren. | <urn:uuid:1918b195-22b7-4ce6-9cc7-ab7586950881> | 2013-05-18T17:28:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Longstreet Highroad Guide to the North Georgia Mountains
The Chickamauga Valley lies between the Cumberland Plateau's Lookout Mountain to the west and the Armuchee Ridges to the east. Where it divides the "thumb" of Pigeon Mountain from Lookout Mountain is the famed McLemore Cove. The Chickamauga Valley forms a natural passageway between the high ridges on either side. Because it gives access to both Chattanooga and the Tennessee River and contains a few low ridges, it was the site of much movement and conflict during the Civil War.
The Chickamauga Valley is not just one valley but a series of northeast-southwest trending valleys with limestone floors and ridges some 200 to 300 feet high, capped with more weather-resistant rock. Down through these valleys and across the ridges between Chattanooga and Atlanta, Union army forces under General William Sherman pursued Confederate troops during the fighting which led to the Battle of Atlanta near the end of the Civil War. Visitors to the military parks at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Orchard Knob, as well as other areas such as the lovely and serene McLemore Cove, will come away with a clearer understanding of how the natural geology of the region has helped shape recent human history.
From the Chickamauga Valley, especially GA 337, one can reach a variety of natural features lying at the base of the Pigeon Mountain escarpment. These include giant, dry, forest sinkholes; Blue Hole; and the entrances to the enchanting Dickson and McWhorter gulfs, deeply eroded into Pigeon Mountain's east wall.
[Fig. 5(13)] A postcard-pretty valley nestled in the V formed by Lookout Mountain and Pigeon Mountain, the McLemore Cove Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The steep limestone and sandstone walls of the mountains form a dramatic backdrop for a scenic drive through the cove. The area is almost exclusively agricultural, with small dairy farms taking up most of the land. At the southwest end of the cove is a portion of the picturesque 11,500-acre Mountain Cove Farm. Red cedars which thrive on the limestone soil here are profuse throughout the cove, particularly along West Cove Road, as indicated by the names of the natural features and landmarks: Cedar Grove Creek, Cedar Grove community, and Cedar Grove Church and Cemetery. Perhaps nowhere else in Georgia are so many cedars concentrated in such a small area.
The cove, which was named for Robert and John McLemore, sons of a white trader and a Cherokee mother, is just south of Chickamauga Battlefield. One of the Civil War battles took place at Davis Crossroads.
Near Cedar Grove Methodist Church, a large number of Union soldiers spent the night of September 17, 1863, immediately prior to the historic Battle of Chickamauga. Another antebellum structure is the 130-year-old, plantation-plain style farmhouse where the Hise family has lived for generations. It is located .5 mile south of Mt. Hermon Church on Hog Jowl Road. Most of the other old houses and buildings in the cove are not antebellum but date from the 1890s, when the railroad was built through the northern part of the cove.
This park is comprised of four separate battlefield sitesChickamauga, Point Park, Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge. The park became the first of four military parks established by Congress between 1890 and 1899, the others being Shiloh, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg.
CHICKAMAUGA. [Fig. 5(7)] The Civil War battle of Chickamauga, in the northwest corner of Georgia, was the first of a series of decisive battles that culminated in the fall of Atlanta and brought the Civil War to a close. A Union force of about 58,000 men and a Confederate force of about 66,000 men clashed on the battlefield at Chickamauga September 1920, 1863. The result, after 34,000 casualties (3,969 dead), was that the Union army retreated north to Chattanooga, then a town of about 2,500 people, and the Southern forces occupied Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, which bordered the town. Troops from 29 of the 33 states east of the Rockies engaged in the campaign; four states had troops on both sides.
The Chickamauga Battlefield visitor center has an excellent small museum containing artifacts related to the Civil War. It also houses the Fuller Gun Collection, which consists of 355 weapons dating from the Revolutionary War period through World War II. A 26-minute, multimedia show is presented daily. Books on Civil War history and four rental audiocassettes are available.
The major points of interest on the Chickamauga Battlefield, which when the battle was fought consisted of small fields, dense woods, and thick underbrush, can be reached by following a 7-mile driving tour. Monuments and markers along the road indicate the locations of units and batteries engaged in the battle.
Chickamauga contains remarkable natural environments. In the eastern portion is Georgia's best example of the remarkable cedar glades, where red cedars dominate an open forest community. The thin soil over a limestone outcrop supports rare and unique prairie plants, some found nowhere else in the state. There are late-summer displays of showy coneflowers and black-eyed susans. The only year-round stream, Cave Springs Creek, has rich aquatic fauna; large shell-bark hickories grow along it. Two quarry ponds lie just east of US 27 near its junction with Viniard Road. Several limesinks, or sagponds, occur. The most historic is Bloody Pond, near the southwestern corner of the park. The largest and most interesting limesink is just north of Alexander's Bridge over Chickamauga Creek in the southeast corner of the park. It contains huge, 36-inch-diameter willow oaks buttressed at the base. Staff is not available to assist in nature tours.
POINT PARK. [Fig. 5(3)] Point Park, although located in the Cumberland Plateau, is more conveniently discussed here, in the Chickamauga Valley section. After the Battle of Chickamauga, the Union army retreated to Chattanooga, and the Confederate army reformed battle lines around the city with the intention of starving and freezing the Union troops into submission. Point Park, strategically positioned on top of Lookout Mountain, was the location of one of those battle lines. The dominance of the location over the city below cannot be fully grasped until one stands on the edge of Point Park and looks down on Chattanooga.
A visit to this park is an opportunity to visualize the grand strategy of a major Civil War battle. During the Battle of Lookout Mountain, termed the "Battle Above the Clouds" because during the fighting a band of mist and fog hung around the middle of the mountain, the Union army drove the Confederates from their position and effectively gained control of the city.
Point Park is on the northeastern tip of Lookout Mountain. The welcome center contains a fine 13-foot-by-30-foot mural painted by James Walker, an eyewitness to the battle. A tape recording provides a narrative that describes the scene and effectively draws the visitor into the action. The small Ochs Museum in the park has an observation deck which affords a commanding view of the area.
ORCHARD KNOB. [Fig. 5(4)] This hill in front of Missionary Ridge was initially the forward position of the Confederate defense line. It was taken by Union forces, and from here General Ulysses Grant commanded the assault on Missionary Ridge. On November 25, 1863, six cannon shot from this hill signaled the beginning of the battle for the ridge. Visitors will find a half dozen state monuments and a number of cannon, but the real reason to visit Orchard Knob is the geographical perspective it gives to the fighting between Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.
MISSIONARY RIDGE. [Fig. 5(5)] Missionary Ridge was occupied by the Confederate forces after the Battle of Chickamauga and was part of the battle line around Chattanooga. During the battle for the city, Union troops attacked and captured the ridge. Along the ridge are remarkable views of Orchard Knob, Chattanooga, and Lookout Mountain. Markers, plaques, and gun positions give details of troop positions and describe the action in which various units participated. The historical markers are dispersed among elegant houses.
Read and add comments about this page | <urn:uuid:f77ad756-f6fd-4577-8c77-2f209883f603> | 2013-05-18T17:27:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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“Surely, one must ask why the United States demands that its ‘European allies’ act contrary to their own national interests, pay a higher price for oil by boycotting Iranian oil and running the risk of Iran blocking the passage of other oil-tankers destined for them?” Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich, a public diplomacy scholar and independent researcher, wrote on the Global Research website.
Iranian lawmaker Ebrahim Aqa-Mohammadi announced Monday that Majlis (parliament) is planning to codify a double-urgency bill aimed at closing the Strait of Hormuz in response to the US-led EU embargo on the country’s oil industry.
The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway which connects the Persian Gulf on the west to the Sea of Oman.
Statistically, the passageway is one of the world's most important shipping lanes, with a daily flow of about 15 million barrels of oil.
Sepahpour said the bill gives Tehran “the upper hand” and makes clear that “the heavy cost associated with the embargo will not be borne by Iran alone.”
Even if Iran simply chooses “to merely delay” the passage of tankers “by exercising its right to inspect every oil tanker” that passes through the Strait of Hormuz, these inspections and subsequent delays would maintain or contribute to higher oil prices, she said.
“While higher oil prices would benefit Iran and other oil-producing countries, they would further destabilize the European economy which is already in crisis.”
The US has imposed and engineered an array of sanctions against Iran to pressure the country over its nuclear energy program, which Washington, Israel and some of their allies claim may include a military aspect.
Iran dismisses such allegations, arguing that as a committed signatory to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency, it has the right to use the nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
“Demonstrably, although Europe is a major trade partner of the United States, the US does not concern itself with Europe’s well-being when it comes to executing its foreign policy,” Sepahpour said.
“This should come as no surprise, especially since the United States sacrifices its own national interest to promote the Israeli agenda and that of the military industrial complex. But this does not explain why Europe would shoot itself in the foot at a time when its economical woes have passed the crisis point,” the author concluded. | <urn:uuid:63fde3eb-4f93-4d70-b250-eafed9c58998> | 2013-05-18T18:06:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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An instantly refreshing gel with an irresistible cooling sensation that helps combat signs of skin fatigue. Leaves skin feeling invigorated and lightly moisturized.
- Formulated with Damage Defense Complex to replenish moisture and increase the skin's protective barrier function.
- Minimizes signs of skin fatigue and dullness.
- Contains Thiotaurine and Green Tea Extract to help skin fight the disruptive influence of environmental factors and excess oil. | <urn:uuid:d46c6c51-95e8-40bf-b9ae-da4030670c38> | 2013-05-18T17:18:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The second part of the short story features an attempted murder. The banker, skulking through the shadows, creeps up on the lawyer fully intending to kill him and make it look like an accident.
What do we assume the writing of this scene would sound like? Suspense! Thrills! Chills! Gasps of anticipation! But what do we get instead? A writing style that extinguishes all our excitement like a bucket of water:
Going to the spot where the lodge stood, he twice called the watchman. No answer followed. Evidently the watchman had sought shelter from the weather, and was now asleep somewhere either in the kitchen or in the greenhouse. […] He felt in the darkness for the steps and the door, and went into the entry of the lodge. Then he groped his way into a little passage and lighted a match. There was not a soul there. There was a bedstead with no bedding on it, and in the corner there was a dark cast-iron stove. The seals on the door leading to the prisoner's rooms were intact. (2.6-7)
Check out how even when the action is at its most tense, there are almost no adjectives or adverbs to give any flavor to the steady narration of "first he did this, then he did that." How does he call the watchman—with fear in the voice? Quietly, then louder? Trying to seem normal? Worried about getting found out? We have no idea.
And then inside the guesthouse, we get the same thing. How is he moving—carefully? Quickly? Resolutely? It doesn't really matter to the narrative, since it's just not about this guy's feelings. The style of the writing underscores that by driving the plot forward without too much concern for the emotions of the characters or of the reader. | <urn:uuid:4da4fd11-5044-44e1-8b80-75d36bba1610> | 2013-05-18T17:57:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Patti Smith Tickets
Patti Smith (born December 30, 1946) is an American musician, singer,
and poet. She came to prominence during the punk movement with her 1975
debut album Horses. Called "punk rock's poet laureate", she brought a
feminist and intellectual take to punk music and became one of rock and
roll's most influential female musicians.
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Smith's first album Horses fused rock and roll, proto-punk rock with spoken poetry and is widely considered one of rock's greatest debuts. The album begins with a cover of Van Morrison's "Gloria".
Easter (1978) was her most commercially successful record, containing the hit single "Because the Night" - co-written with Bruce Springsteen - which rose to #13 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Smith is regarded as one of the most influential and important artists in rock history. Rolling Stone magazine recently placed her at #47 in its list of "The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time." | <urn:uuid:8eb3dbcf-ac89-4cad-b33e-72cde5e6731c> | 2013-05-18T17:18:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of food-borne illness. Although a natural reservoir of the pathogen is domestic poultry, the degree of genomic diversity exhibited by the species limits the application of epidemiological methods to trace specific infection sources. Bacteriophage predation is a common burden placed upon C. jejuni populations in the avian gut, and we show that amongst C. jejuni that survive bacteriophage predation in broiler chickens are bacteriophage-resistant types that display clear evidence of genomic rearrangements. These rearrangements were identified as intra-genomic inversions between Mu-like prophage DNA sequences to invert genomic segments up to 590 kb in size, the equivalent of one-third of the genome. The resulting strains exhibit three clear phenotypes: resistance to infection by virulent bacteriophage, inefficient colonisation of the broiler chicken intestine, and the production of infectious bacteriophage CampMu. These genotypes were recovered from chickens in the presence of virulent bacteriophage but not in vitro. Reintroduction of these strains into chickens in the absence of bacteriophage results in further genomic rearrangements at the same locations, leading to reversion to bacteriophage sensitivity and colonisation proficiency. These findings indicate a previously unsuspected method by which C. jejuni can generate genomic diversity associated with selective phenotypes. Genomic instability of C. jejuni in the avian gut has been adopted as a mechanism to temporarily survive bacteriophage predation and subsequent competition for resources, and would suggest that C. jejuni exists in vivo as families of related meta-genomes generated to survive local environmental pressures. | <urn:uuid:43635e6e-6f74-460c-abfc-8ce372aa0481> | 2013-05-18T17:58:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How to Measure: For best results, take measurements in your underwear.
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Hip: Measure around the fullest part of your hip above your legs.
Do you have a question about this product?
Get answers from the community and our staff experts!Ask a Question | <urn:uuid:f063c4f1-f09e-4fff-a8cd-3c3168d70f93> | 2013-05-18T17:29:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Parkinson's disease is one of the most common nervous system disorders affecting the elderly.
Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make a checmical called dopamine are slowly destroyed. Dopamine helps control muscle movement. Without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. This leads to the loss of muscle function. The damage gets worse with time. Exactly why these brain cells waste away is unknown.
Secondary parkinsonism may be caused by health problems, including:
There have been cases of secondary parkinsonism among IV drug users who injected a substance called MPTP, which can be produced when making a form of heroin. These cases are rare and have mostly affected long-term drug users.
The health care provider may be able to diagnose secondary parkinsonism after performing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history and symptoms. However, the symptoms may be difficult to assess, particularly in the elderly.
Examination may show:
Difficulty starting or stopping voluntary movements
Increased muscle tone
Problems with posture
Slow, shuffling walk
Reflexes are usually normal.
Tests may be used to confirm or rule out other disorders that can cause similar symptoms.
If the condition is caused by a medication, your doctor may recommend changing or stopping the medicine. However, the benefits of the medication should be weighed against the severity of symptoms. Medications should be stopped or changed if the risks outweigh the benefits.
Treating underlying conditions such as stroke or infections can reduce symptoms.
If your symptoms make it hard to do everyday activities, your doctor may recommend medication. Many of the medications used to treat this condition can cause severe side effects. It is important that you see your doctor for check-ups. Secondary parkinsonism tends to be less responsive to medical therapy than Parkinson's disease. However, medications are worth trying if the cause of the condition is not treatable.
Discuss the situation with your health care provider if you are unable to care for the person at home (after treatment begins).
Treating conditions that cause secondary parkinsonism may decrease the risk.
People with conditions that require long-term use of antipsychotics should be carefully monitored to prevent the development of secondary parkinsonism. Newer antipsychotic medications are less likely to cause secondary parkinsonism.
Lang A. Parkinsonism. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 433.
Lang AE. When and how should treatment be started in Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2009;72(7 Suppl):S39-43.
Lewitt PA. Levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(23):2468-76.
Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. | <urn:uuid:c08c0331-0c97-4786-9444-f9ec2b8936a9> | 2013-05-18T17:49:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hydrate, hydrate, hydrate! Or so goes the mantra when it comes to taking care of our skin. The skin is our body's largest organ, and as such, deserves our undivided attention when it comes to proper care. Our skin protects our bodies from the elements and is susceptible to potentially damaging factors such as weather, water and pollutants in the environment. Remember, moisturizers do their job best when applied to clean skin that is periodically exfoliated to remove dead skin cells. Body moisturizers can be classified in two groups: humectants, which draw water from inner layers toward the surface of the skin, and occlusives, which block water from evaporating from skin cells. Many formulas now also contain antioxidants—which protect your skin cells from damage-inducing free radicals—and collagen-enriched formulas and yeast extracts designed to smooth wrinkles. Other moisturizers are specially formulated to prevent and treat stretch marks. Opt for a two-in-one moisturizing formula that contains added sunscreen to protect your skin from damage caused by UV rays. Whatever you choose, be sure to use a body moisturizer that's right for your skin type, whether you have dry, oily or combination skin. | <urn:uuid:bc67fc8c-c47b-42e1-b54c-235e5d93983b> | 2013-05-18T17:31:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Lonely Night in Georgia
The Bush administration's feckless response to the Russian invasion.
It is impossible to think about the Russian assault on Georgia without feeling like a heartless bastard or a romantic fool. Should we just let Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev roll their tanks into Tbilisi in recognition of Moscow's sphere of influence—and let a fledgling democracy die? Or should we rally sanctions, send arms, and mobilize troops—none of which is likely to have any effect? Is there some third way, involving a level of diplomatic shrewdness that the Bush administration has rarely mustered and, in this case, might not have the legitimacy to pursue?
Regardless of what happens next, it is worth asking what the Bush people were thinking when they egged on Mikheil Saakashvili, Georgia's young, Western-educated president, to apply for NATO membership, send 2,000 of his troops to Iraq as a full-fledged U.S. ally, and receive tactical training and weapons from our military. Did they really think Putin would sit by and see another border state (and former province of the Russian empire) slip away to the West? If they thought that Putin might not, what did they plan to do about it, and how firmly did they warn Saakashvili not to get too brash or provoke an outburst?
It's heartbreaking, but even more infuriating, to read so many Georgians quoted in the New York Times—officials, soldiers, and citizens—wondering when the United States is coming to their rescue. It's infuriating because it's clear that Bush did everything to encourage them to believe that he would. When Bush (properly) pushed for Kosovo's independence from Serbia, Putin warned that he would do the same for pro-Russian secessionists elsewhere, by which he could only have meant Georgia's separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Putin had taken drastic steps in earlier disputes over those regions—for instance, embargoing all trade with Georgia—with an implicit threat that he could inflict far greater punishment. Yet Bush continued to entice Saakashvili with weapons, training, and talk of entry into NATO. Of course the Georgians believed that if they got into a firefight with Russia, the Americans would bail them out.
Bush pressed the other NATO powers to place Georgia's application for membership on the fast track. The Europeans rejected the idea, understanding the geo-strategic implications of pushing NATO's boundaries right up to Russia's border. If the Europeans had let Bush have his way, we would now be obligated by treaty to send troops in Georgia's defense. That is to say, we would now be in a shooting war with the Russians. Those who might oppose entering such a war would be accused of "weakening our credibility" and "destroying the unity of the Western alliance."
This is where the heartless bastard part of the argument comes in: Is Georgia's continued control of Abkhazia and South Ossetia really worth war with Russia? Is its continued independence from Moscow's domination, if it comes to that, worth our going to war?
At this point, the neocons would enter the debate—in fact some, like Robert Kagan, already have—by invoking the West's appeasement of Hitler's annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938. ("A quarrel in a faraway country between people of whom we know nothing," is how Neville Chamberlain famously, and catastrophically, brushed away the aggression.)
A few counterquestions for those who rise to compare every nasty leader to Hitler and every act of aggression to the onset of World War III: Do you really believe that Russia's move against Georgia is not an assertion of control over "the near abroad" (as the Russians call their border regions), but rather the first step of a campaign to restore the Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe and, from there, bring back the Cold War's Continental standoff? If so—if this really is the start of a new war of civilizations—why aren't you devoting every waking hour to pressing for the revival of military conscription, for a war surtax to triple the military budget, and—here's a twist—for getting out of Iraq in order to send a few divisions right away to fight in the larger battle? If not, what exactly are you proposing?
The same question can be asked of the Bush administration. Vice President Dick Cheney reportedly called Saakashvili on Sunday to assure him that "Russian aggression must not go unanswered." We should all be interested to know what answer he is preparing or whether he was just dangling the Georgians on another few inches of string. The U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Zalmay Khalilzad, told the Security Council, "This is completely unacceptable and crosses a line." Talk like that demands action. What's the plan, and how does he hope to get the Security Council—on which Russia has veto power—to approve it?
Fred Kaplan is Slate's "War Stories" columnist and author of the book, The Insurgents: David Petraeus and the Plot to Change the American Way of War. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow him on Twitter.
Photograph of the Georgian soldiers by Uriel Sinai/Getty Images. | <urn:uuid:c861cd7e-a5e3-4755-bfa6-04ab5e40db07> | 2013-05-18T17:19:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Harbhajan sorry he started the rot for Hayden
Dismissed: Matthew Hayden during Australia's tour to India last year.
Photo: Getty Images
Indian off spinner Harbhajan Singh yesterday claimed credit for starting Matthew Hayden's form slump - then lamented the fact that by doing so he had cost himself the chance of seeing the Australian opener in full flight this summer.
Hayden, who believes India's stifling tactics late last year triggered his batting woes, received a further endorsement from Australian captain Ricky Ponting yesterday as selectors deliberated over whether to axe him from the one-day finals series, which begin at the MCG today.
And while ecstatic to have contained Hayden throughout Australia's tour of India, Harbhajan expressed disappointment that his success - and the ensuing damage to the Australian's confidence - had effectively denied him the opportunity to watch the left-hander dismantle the New Zealand and Pakistan Test attacks this summer with his usual power and grace.
"I am disappointed because I love watching him against other teams, with his body language and the way he bats, and I hope he finds his form again soon," Harbhajan told the Herald last night from India. "We had very good plans against him, about where to place our fielders and how to bowl to him. We were successful, but I do miss watching him bat now.
"He is a stroke-player, and we tried to take away his boundary shots. I bowled to him a lot of the time. We all learned our lesson from his last tour here. But now I am disappointed because he is one of the best batsmen I have ever bowled to, and you love watching someone like that in good form - when it's not against you."
Harbhajan dismissed Hayden three times during a tour in which the opener was limited to 244 runs at 30.5 in four Tests last year. On his previous visit to India, Hayden plundered 549 at 109.8, and during India's tour of Australia in 2003-04 he amassed 451 runs at 64.4.
Since returning from India, Hayden's form has barely plateaued, averaging 37.14 in five Tests against New Zealand and Pakistan, then returning scores of 6, 27, 3 and 6 in one-day matches against Pakistan and West Indies.
"Maybe those teams watched us and have their own plans against him now," Harbhajan said. "Now maybe everyone knows where to bowl to him. But at the end of the day, he is a great player and I hope he comes out of this stronger. I would like to watch him score over 350 again in a Test - just not against us."
If Hayden is left out of Australia's best XI to play Pakistan in the first final today, then Ponting will have been rolled at the selection table.
The Australian captain again vowed to argue for Hayden's inclusion despite his ordinary form in the triangular one-day series, but acknowledged the decision may be taken out of his hands when the team is finalised this morning.
The decision will be made by selection chairman Trevor Hohns in consultation with Ponting and coach John Buchanan, who this week said Hayden's excellent record in big games should count in his favour.
Ponting could not guarantee Hayden would retain his spot, which has been placed in extra jeopardy because of Michael Clarke's irresistible form as an opener, but it would be a brave and dramatic call to drop the Queenslander for the final.
"I'm not going to say definitely but I've got some time to spend with the selectors in the coming hours and before the game to finalise it. It's going to be a tough selection, and as far as I'm concerned Matthew is our best opener when he's at his best," Ponting said. "I've had a look at his record and he averages over 40 in one-day cricket. He's a very good slips fielder and a good outfielder. He's a very complete player at his best, and I saw glimpses of that coming back in Perth."
However, the captain said the selection panel of Hohns, Allan Border, David Boon and Andrew Hilditch was entitled to the final say.
Another intriguing selection choice is whether to play Brett Lee, who has added fire to the Australian attack during the series, or Michael Kasprowicz, whose performances in both forms of the game over the past year were described by Ponting as exceptional.
Meanwhile, Pakistan's in-form fast bowler Rana Naved-ul-Hasan is likely to remain in Australia for the rest of the series at the insistence of his grieving family after the death of his father. | <urn:uuid:20965042-cb2e-46a0-8859-a7b9039ed598> | 2013-05-18T17:53:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Wrong time, wrong everything
I love sports. He prefers grooming himself.
I play sports in the snow, in the mud, in the rain. He's concerned the SPF would hurt his eyes.
I love beer. He hates it when I belch.
I cannot stop swearing like a sailor. He thinks he's a saint.
I like a quiet afternoon with my favorite book. He thinks HE is my favorite book.
I am willing to drive five hours across two states to see my team play. He thinks I am wasting my weekend away.
I love my friends. He forces me to choose him over them.
I love to travel. He thinks his hometown is the only place he needs to be at.
I need my independence. He needs me to be dependent on him.
I am not willing to settle down. Yet. He has already bought a ring. | <urn:uuid:a782ca25-4e34-483a-865d-3addc5680f46> | 2013-05-18T18:09:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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2012 has rolled around, and The Smog is still printing strong. Is printing the right word? I don't even know, but life goes on. Here's hoping you all enjoyed Christmas and New Year's! Well, here we are, back to the same routine. As always, let the show go on!
I must be honest and say that I was a tad disappointed at the number of submissions this time around. In fact, it was so low, that after counting the scores, only two people were eligible for prizes, out of the three available. Jalmont and Lady Salamence have earned their prize. As always, Mekkah will be happy to set your custom title.
As convoluted as last issue's questions were, the answers aren't as subjective as may seem. As a result, not all questions will be listed, but here is what can be solidly defined to be right or wrong.
- Name all the badges currently in existence (excluding Generation 5 and the Orange League) that are currently not used to represent contributions/authority within the forums.
- The Mineral Badge, The Glacier Badge, The Rising Badge, The Knuckle Badge, The Zephyr Badge, The Mind Badge, The Coal Badge, The Forest Badge, The Cobble Badge, The Fen Badge, The Relic Badge, The Mine badge, The Icicle Badge, and The Beacon Badge.
- Including the StrategyDex, how many features and tools does Smogon as a site offer its users?
- In terms of number of posts, and excluding Thread Cryonics and Ruins of Alph (due to the presence of Stark Mountain), which three sub-forums are most active?
- Dragonspiral Tower, Tournaments, and Rate My Team.
- What does the name "Smogon" mean, and what relevance does it have on the site's aesthetics?
- Smogon is the German name for Koffing, and the site's primary mascot is a Koffing as a result.
- Currently, how many total subforums are there? Note that "Smeargle's Studio" and "Thread Cryonics" are subforums under the "Socialization in the Empire" forum, with "Thread Cryonics" having its own subforums.
- Name all Administrators of Smogon, past and present.
- Aeolus, Articuno64, Blue Kirby, Brain, Cathy, chaos, DougJustDoug, Jumpman16, Justin8649, Jshadias, Mekkah, mingot, Misty, Philip7086, skarm, Surgo, Vineon, X-Act. Since the time of publishing, Bloo, Haunter, and Synre are now also Administrators.
- Which was the first program to be backed by Smogon officially?
- Which was established first: the Quality Control group, or the Grammar-Prose team?
- Quality Control.
- In which year did the site remodel to its current layout and format?
- Name the year that The Smog was founded, and the original editorial team.
- 2009, with TAY, Jimbo, Tangerine, and jumpluff.
- What were the main socialization forums before "a forum"?
- Firebot Development Lab and Congregration of the Masses.
- There are six official Smogon tournaments. Name the most recent winners of each.
- WCOP - Oceania, VGC 2011 - Tyler, Smogon Frontier V - Bloo, Smogon Tour Season 11 - Golden Sun, Smogon Tournament 7 - imperfectluck, and Smogon Premier League - Stark Sharks.
- What is meant by Smogon's motto?
- Nil Sine Pokemon translates as "Nothing without Pokemon."
Sigh. The years have caught up to me. I'm no longer as sharp as I once was. Doesn't mean I can't catch the lot of you out, though! We're back to basics with simple Pokemon, 10 questions, straight up quick-fire. Here we go!
- 1. Of the trio of Thunderbolt, Ice Beam, and Flamethrower, which one has the smallest distribution?
- 2. Ignoring level up, which is the most common evolution method?
- 3. Name one of the typing combinations new to Black and White.
- 4. Which legendary trios have been Box Mascots?
- 5. For evolution from Stage 1 to Stage 2, ignoring non-level up evolutions, what is the mean average evolution level?
- 6. Name all the Normal/Flying-type Pokemon ever released.
- 7. Barring the use of Sacred Ash and Pokémon Centers, what is the cheapest way you could restore the following party of 6 to full health?
- Poisoned and 20/200
- Paralyzed and 20/300
- Paralyzed and 2/404
- In the next questions, assume all Pokemon are neutral nature, flawless, no item, and have zero EV investment unless stated otherwise. These questions are also theoretical, even if they are impossible in reality.
- 8. If Tyranitar uses Mean Look as Terrakion uses Agility, if Terrakion tries to U-turn next turn, would Tyranitar's incoming Pursuit hit before or after?
- 9. If Gliscor uses Agility, but then Baton Passes to a Jolly Venonat as the opposing Choice Scarf Vanillite Bulldoze hits and triggers, who will be faster on the next turn?
- 10. What would happen if Wobbuffet used Conversion to become Steel-type as the opponent switches in Magnezone?
Good luck, one and all! Remember, it's "Issue (X) Trivia", directed to The Smog. | <urn:uuid:fe0e40bb-9862-4aff-8be2-7688ca9822e3> | 2013-05-18T17:41:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Real Madrid's signing of Dutch midfielder Rafael van der Vaart from German side Hamburg SV in a $20 million transfer deal could spell the end of the Spanish champion's protracted pursuit of Portuguese international Cristiano Ronaldo.
Earlier in the summer, Real Madrid coach Bernd Schuster put van der Vaart at the top of his transfer list and made it clear that the acquisition of the Dutchman would not be a step down from Ronaldo.
"Ronaldo is the best in the world at the moment," said Schuster, "but if we cannot sign him, then I would be just as happy with Van der Vaart."
Those are lofty words from Schuster, and the 25-year-old van der Vaart may have to immediately back them up by jumping into the lineup to replace international teammate Wesley Sneijder, who injured his knee in a preseason friendly against Arsenal and will miss the first two months of the Spanish season.
Van der Vaart appears to be relishing such a challenge.
"I have always wanted to move to Spain because I have a strong bond with that country," he said referring to his Spanish mother. "Now I'm going to play for Real Madrid. It's a dream come true."
Van der Vaart grew up playing in the Ajax youth academy and spent five years in the club's first team before moving to Hamburg in 2005. In 74 Bundesliga appearances with HSV, he scored 29 goals.
The attacking midfielder led Hamburg to fourth place in the 2007-08 German league season and was also a key figure in his country's dominant victories over France and Italy during Euro 2008.
Van der Vaart will be joining four Dutchmen at Madrid. In addition to Sneijder, he will be teaming up with Ruud van Nistelrooy, Arjen Robben and Royston Drenthe.
Despite the ever-present transfer rumors swirling around the Bernabeu, van der Vaart is only the second player to join Real Madrid during the off-season. Argentine defender Ezequiel Garay signed for the club earlier in the summer. | <urn:uuid:807a3c26-81da-49ef-ade2-3bdf2bc6c0f0> | 2013-05-18T17:49:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Plan your solar installation - simply and fast
This program helps you to calculate your solar plant for weekend homes, cottages,
mobile homes and many more applications without any other power supply available.
Note: Ideally, solar modules should be mounted southward, with an inclination of 20° to 60° (best 30°). A south-aberrancy of +/- 90° is feasible. | <urn:uuid:7150aba5-1c9d-467f-b343-c7f538880f8c> | 2013-05-18T18:06:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- The Enterprise
- The Recorder
Christopher S. Honig, 32, of Lusby was found not guilty Friday by a Calvert County Circuit Court jury of inappropriately touching and soliciting sexual favors from a then-15-year-old girl between August and December of 2011.
Honig was initially charged in August 2012, one year after the initial alleged incident, and later indicted on one count of fourth-degree sex offense and sexual solicitation of a minor.
The girl, now 16, was the first witness to testify during the trial, which began Wednesday, Feb. 6. She testified she has known Honig since she was in about the eighth grade and considered him a father figure. Honig used to give her rides to her friend’s house, the girl testified, and he never made her feel uncomfortable until June 2011 when “he got really weird.”
The witness testified that during the fall of 2011, Honig was giving her a ride to a friend’s house and she began talking to him about her then-boyfriend. She said she was worried her then-boyfriend was interested in another girl, who she said was prettier than her. At that time, she testified, Honig told her to “let me be the judge of that” and told her to pull her tank top straps down. Honig pulled off onto the side of the road and started touching her, the girl said. She said Honig told her she could not tell anyone because he would go to jail.
When Assistant State’s Attorney Kathryn Marsh asked the girl why she pulled her tank top down when Honig asked her to, the girl said she had never been in a situation like that before and did not know how to say no.
On another occasion in the fall of 2011, Honig had driven the girl to his mother’s house to pick up a credit card to go get food, the girl said, when he asked her to take her sweatshirt off and pull her tank top down. Honig asked her to perform a sexual act if he paid her, and she said no, the witness testified.
When Marsh again asked her why she did what Honig asked her to do, the girl said, “He’s a big guy. I didn’t want to make him angry.”
The girl also testified about an incident in St. Mary’s County and an incident that occurred in June 2012, for which Honig was not charged but was allowed as evidence in the trial.
She said at a home in St. Mary’s County, she was sitting on a bed with Honig when he asked her to sit in between his legs and unbutton her pants, and he then began touching her inappropriately. The girl then testified that in June 2012, Honig was giving her a driving lesson when he asked her to perform a sexual act if he purchased her learner’s permit for her.
Several weeks after the June 2012 incident, the girl testified, she told Douglas Lawrence about the incidents with Honig.
During the trial, Lawrence testified that the girl asked him not to tell anyone, but later told the girl’s mother after she overheard Lawrence and the girl talking about Honig. The mother testified that after she found out about what Honig allegedly had done, she took her daughter to the Maryland State Police Prince Frederick barrack July 10, 2012, and filed a police report.
Tfc. West, of the MSP Prince Frederick barrack, testified he took the initial report from the girl and her mother and then forwarded the information to Det. Jernigan of the Calvert Investigative Team. Once she was assigned to the case, Jernigan contacted the girl and interviewed her.
Jernigan testified she and Det. Sgt. Naughton with the sheriff’s office went to Honig’s mother’s house after interviewing the girl, but he was not there. Jernigan said Naughton called Honig’s cellphone and left a voicemail asking him to contact them, which he later did. Honig agreed to meet Jernigan and Naughton at the sheriff’s office for an interview, which was recorded.
An edited version of the recording of the interview was played during the trial for the jury to hear. Retired judge Warren Krug told the jury the interview was lengthy and had “extraneous” or “inadmissible” information, which is why the recording was edited.
In the beginning of the interview, which was recorded at 2 p.m. Aug. 1, 2012, Honig denied touching the girl inappropriately or asking the girl to perform a sexual act. Naughton, who conducted the interview, then told Honig the original complaint was made immediately after the incident happened and they had “discernible male DNA” from a DNA swab they took from the girl’s skin where she alleged he touched her.
Naughton asked how he would explain it if it was his DNA on the girl, and Honig said it may have been from when he was looking at a bug bite under her armpit she had showed him or from when they were wrestling. When Naughton asked whether he had asked the girl to perform a sexual act, Honig said he often jokes about things like that with the girl.
“You remember everything about everything, but you stop short about” touching the girl or asking her for sexual favors, Naughton said on the recorded interview to Honig. Naughton then asked whether “it was a lawful or unlawful groping,” to which Honig replied, “It was lawful.” Honig, during the recorded interview, told Naughton he was tickling the girl when she “moved my hands lower and lower” and Honig told her to stop.
At one point during the recorded interview, Honig told Naughton and Jernigan he had trouble understanding and comprehending things and had been in special education classes in school.
Jernigan testified there was not actual DNA in the case, but Honig was told there was to see if his story would change.
Defense attorney Robyn Riddle called Honig as a witness and asked if he ever touched the girl inappropriately in the fall of 2011, to which Honig responded, “I did not touch her at all.” When Riddle asked him if he had asked her to perform a sexual act while at his mother’s house in the fall of 2011, Honig said he did not.
Although Honig was not charged for the alleged incident in St. Mary’s County, Riddle asked him to explain what happened. Honig testified the girl was upset about something so they went into the bedroom to talk.
“I’m a giant kid,” Honig said, so he started tickling her to try to cheer her up. He said he did not tell her to unbutton her pants and did not touch her inappropriately.
Honig testified he took the girl out for a driving lesson in June 2012 and offered to purchase her learner’s permit for her, but did not ask her to perform a sexual act in return.
Riddle said that during the recorded interview, Naughton told Honig he could choose either lawful or unlawful groping to describe the events that took place with the girl and “you said, ‘I’ll take the lawful groping.’ Why?” Honig said he thought he had to choose between the two and thought “groping” meant “horseplay.” At the end of the interview, Honig testified, he “was scared” and felt like he needed to tell the police what they wanted to hear so he could leave.
Honig is scheduled Feb. 27 for another jury trial for similar allegations from another 16-year-old girl. In that case, Honig is charged with sexual abuse of a minor and fourth-degree sex offense. | <urn:uuid:a5f32dbd-eead-4522-a0bb-6c5a40ea6190> | 2013-05-18T17:21:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Murderous, Zionist piece of shit!
Tired of Crazy Train
Submitted by Katherine C.
Finally, a question as ancient and enduring as the universe itself has been answered: "What if Star Trek was about drugs, apple juice and Led Zeppelin?"
The answer, of course, is "it would own, possibly even harder than it does now." | <urn:uuid:1a128019-816a-4f9a-8a78-96d3e43b07d0> | 2013-05-18T17:38:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Columbia Shuttle Disaster's Tough Lesson: Spaceflight Still Dangerous
Space shuttle Columbia launches on mission STS-107, January 16, 2003.
The tragic destruction of the space shuttle Columbia 10 years ago today (Feb. 1) taught NASA and the nation a tough lesson: Despite the strides that have been made over the years, human spaceflight remains a dangerous proposition.
Columbia broke apart upon re-entering Earth's atmosphere on Feb. 1, 2003, destroying the orbiter and killing all seven astronauts on board. The accident jolted NASA out of a complacency that had developed in the 17 years since the other major shuttle disaster, the 1986 disintegration of Challenger shortly after liftoff, experts say.
"We thought we were better than we were," Wayne Hale, who served as a flight director for 40 shuttle missions at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston before becoming manager of the shuttle program in 2005, said of the Columbia tragedy.
"We became overconfident," Hale told SPACE.com. "We thought we had a mature vehicle flying in a well-understood environment, and nothing could have been further from the truth than that." [Columbia Shuttle Disaster Explained (Infographic)]
A tragic anniversary
Columbia blasted off for the final time on Jan. 16, 2003, carrying more than 80 scientific experiments on a 16-day research mission known as STS-107.
Though Columbia roared into space successfully that day, it suffered a mortal wound during liftoff. A chunk of foam broke off the orbiter's external fuel tank and struck the leading edge of Columbia's left wing, punching a hole in the shuttle's protective heat shield.
When Columbia tried to come home on Feb. 1, 2003, hot atmospheric gases infiltrated the wing through this weak spot, causing the orbiter to break apart high over Texas.
All seven STS-107 astronauts — commander Rick Husband, pilot Willie McCool and mission specialists Michael Anderson, Kalpana Chawla, David Brown, Laurel Clark and Ilan Ramon, who was Israel's first spaceflyer — were lost.
The Columbia accident also led to the end of the space shuttle program, whose end was announced in 2004 and finally became official in July 2011.
NASA will honor the memories of the Columbia astronauts, as well as those killed in the agency's two other spaceflight disasters — the Challenger accident, which also claimed seven lives, and the 1967 Apollo fire, which killed three — today during a Day of Remembrance ceremony.
You can watch the NASA ceremony on SPACE.com here beginning at 10 a.m. EST (1500 GMT).
"NASA's Day of Remembrance honors members of the NASA family who lost their lives while furthering the cause of exploration and discovery," agency officials wrote in a statement. "Flags across the agency will be flown at half-staff in their memory."
A wake-up call
In the early days of the shuttle program, the vehicle's advocates claimed it would make human spaceflight routine, taking much of the risk and cost out of the endeavor.
The long run of success after the Challenger tragedy led some within NASA to buy into this notion, Hale said. But the Columbia accident once again drove home the dangers of spaceflight — the tremendous energies required to lift a vehicle into orbit, for example, and the inhospitable environment far from Earth's surface.
"Space exporation is a very difficult business," Hale said. "You cannot ever assume that you've got it down to a regular travel system like an airline or a bus or something. It's just that much more difficult and takes a great deal of attention to detail."
NASA, other national space agencies and private spaceflight companies are working hard to make spaceflight as safe as possible. But as with many activities — driving a car, for example — the dangers can only ever be minimized and managed, not eliminated.
"I think there always will be risk in going to space," Dustin Gohmert, NASA Crew Survival Engineering Team Lead at Johnson Space Center, told SPACE.com. "I think it's an inherently risky endeavor."
SPACE.com assistant managing editor Clara Moskowitz (@ClaraMoskowitz) contributed to this story. Follow SPACE.com senior writer Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall or SPACE.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
MORE FROM SPACE.com | <urn:uuid:d82905ed-0c8f-44fc-893e-558b54977d2d> | 2013-05-18T17:18:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Census Finds Unknown Young Stars of Orion
Amateur stargazers may spot the Orion Nebula as a fuzzy patch in the constellation Orion, but they cannot see an interstellar birthing ground that spans the region of sky from above Orion's head to below his feet.
Now astronomers have completed the most wide-ranging census of baby stars in and around the Orion nebula, and found a stellar nursery that's both chaotic and crowded. The work represents the first complete study of young stars, their gaseous clouds of dust and supersonic jets of hydrogen molecules shooting out from the poles of each star.
Jets arise as young stars are born from a rotating cloud of gas and dust, but usually die out once a star has fully ignited and stopped consuming the surrounding material. In this case, the jets became signals that pinpointed the location of baby stars hidden within the stellar birthing grounds.
"With such a large number of young stars, we can study the 'demographics' of star birth," said Tom Megeath, an astronomer at the University of Toledo in Ohio. "This study will give us an idea of how long it takes baby stars to bulk up by pulling in gas from the surrounding cloud, what ultimately stops a star from growing bigger, and how a star's birth is influenced by other stars in the stellar nursery."
The Orion nebula represents just a blister on the surface of the much larger cloud. Astronomers turned to the United Kingdom Infra-Red Telescope (UKIRT) and the Spitzer Space Telescope to peer through the cloud using infrared vision, and also used the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique radio telescope in France to see beyond infrared at short radio wavelengths.
Such international collaboration allowed astronomers to match up powerful gas jets with their young star origins, and find the cradles within the clouds where stars were created.
"Each jet is travelling at tens or even hundreds of miles per second; the jets extend across many trillions of miles of interstellar space," said Chris Davis, an astronomer for UKIRT in Hawaii.
UKIRT's wide field camera alone found more than 110 individual jets from the one region of the Milky Way. The results were presented on April 20 at the European Week of Astronomy and Space Science at the University of Hertfordshire, UK.
- Top 10 Star Mysteries
- Video - When Stars Collide
- Vote - The Strangest Things in Space
MORE FROM SPACE.com | <urn:uuid:e15f671d-6de4-4dc9-91d1-f14117870231> | 2013-05-18T17:49:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Injections for Pain
Pain Management: A Patient's Guide to Injections for Pain
Injections, as part of the evaluation and treatment of pain, are commonly recommended by pain specialists. There many different types of injections that are used both to help diagnose the painful condition and to help treat the painful condition.
This guide will help you understand
- the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections
- what the common medications injected are intended to do
- the risks and benefits of injections for pain
What is the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections?
Diagnostic injections are intended to help your doctor arrive at an accurate diagnosis of where the pain is originating. There is a concept in pain medicine called the "pain generator". This idea is perhaps explained most clearly by asking the question that the pain medicine specialist asks: "What is causing - or generating - the pain?" Diagnostic injections are intended to determine the pain generator by a process of elimination.
During the process of trying to determine what is causing your pain, your physician will perform a history and physical examination. This may lead to a differential diagnosis. The differential diagnosis is a list of all the possibilities that the physician can think of that best fit with the findings from the initial history and physical examination. Once the differential diagnosis list has been determined, the goal is to figure out which item on the list is actually causing your symptoms.
The next step may be to obtain x-rays, MRI scan or CT scan. Each of these radiological tests give your doctor information about the structure of the body part being examined. It shows if there are abnormalities present in the structure that may account for your pain. For example, a spine x-ray may show arthritis of the joints of the spine that could be causing the pain that you are experiencing. But, simply because the structural abnormality could be causing your pain does not mean that it is. Many structural abnormalities are seen on radiological tests that are not causing any pain. By injecting the facet joint with a medication to temporarily numb the joint and eliminate the pain, your physician can determine if this structural abnormality is actually causing any pain.
Another possibility is that you may have several abnormalities and it is unclear which abnormality is the cause of the symptoms. For example, you may have several intervertebral discs that appear worn out on the MRI scan of your lumbar spine. It could be that all of the discs are causing your pain - or it could be that there is only one disc causing your pain. If you are considering surgery, you would want to be sure which disc is causing the pain so that you did not undergo any additional, unnecessary surgery.
Finally, sometimes the pain is confusing and may actually be coming from somewhere else in the body altogether. For example, it is not uncommon for a patient to have a worn out hip joint and a worn out lower back. When a patient with this combination of problems has hip and thigh pain, it is not always obvious whether the pain is coming from the hip joint or the lower spine - or both. By injecting the hip joint with a medication to temporarily numb the hip joint and eliminate the pain that is coming only from the hip, the physician can determine what portion is coming from the hip joint - if any. This helps to diagnose the problem accurately and prevent any unnecessary procedures.
Some injections are done with the help of fluoroscopic guidance. The fluoroscope is an x-ray machine that allows the doctor to actually see an x-ray image while doing the procedure. This allows the doctor to watch where the needle goes as it is inserted. This makes the injection much safer and much more accurate. Once the needle is in the right location, a small amount of radiographic dye is injected. This liquid dye shows up on the x-ray image, and the doctor can watch where it goes. The anesthetic medication and the cortisone will go in the same place. The doctor wants to make sure the injection will put the medication where it can do the most good. Once the correct position is confirmed, the anesthetic and cortisone are injected, and the needle is removed.
Almost all diagnostic injections follow a similar strategy. First, determine what could be causing the pain. Next, inject the structure that is most likely the cause of the pain - the pain generator - with a medication that should reduce or eliminate the pain temporarily. If the pain is eliminated, then the structure injected is almost surely the cause of the pain.
Therapeutic injections are intended to treat your problem. This means that therapeutic injections should be expected to reduce, or eliminate, your symptoms for some period of time. Injections rarely eliminate pain permanently. Some injections may last weeks to months.
The medications that are normally injected during a therapeutic pain injection include an anesthetic and cortisone. An anesthetic medication (such as novocaine, lidocaine or bupivicaine) is the same medication that is used numb the area when you are having dental work or having minor surgery, such as a cut sewn up. The medication causes temporary numbness lasting 1 hour to 6 hours, depending on which type of anesthetic is used.
Cortisone is an extremely powerful anti-inflammatory medication. When this medication is injected around inflamed, swollen nerves and connective tissues, it can reduce the inflammation and swelling. Decreasing inflammation reduces pain in joints. Reduced swelling can allow the nerves to function better, reducing numbness and weakness.
What might go wrong?
There are several complications that may occur during or after these injection procedures. Injections are safe and unlikely to result in a complication, but no procedure is 100% foolproof. This document doesn't provide a complete list of the possible complications, but it does highlight some of the most common problems. Complications are uncommon, but you should know what to watch for if they occur.
Like most procedures where medications are injected, there is always a risk of allergic reaction. The medications that are commonly injected include lidocaine, bupivicaine, radiographic dye, and cortisone. Allergic reactions can be as simple as developing hives or a rash. They can also be life threatening and restrict breathing. Most allergic reactions will happen immediately while you are in the procedure room, so that help is available immediately. Most reactions are treated and cause no permanent harm. You should alert your doctor if you have known allergies to any of these medications.
There are several other rare complications of spinal injections. These include epidural hematoma, epidural abscess and nerve damage. The epidural hematoma occurs when one of the small blood vessels around the spinal sac continues to bleed after the procedure. The bleeding can cause a large pocket of blood to form around the nerves and cause too much pressure on the nerves. If this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the blood and remove the pressure from the nerves.
Several types of infections are possible complications of pain injections. Any time a needle is inserted through the skin, there is a possibility of infection. Before any injection is done the skin is cleansed with a disinfectant and the health care provider doing the injection uses what is called sterile technique. This means that the needle and the area where the needle is inserted remains untouched by anything that is not sterile. The provider may also use sterile gloves.
Infections may occur just underneath the skin, in a muscle, in a joint or in the spinal canal itself. You should watch for signs of increasing redness, swelling, pain and fever. Almost all infections will need to be treated with antibiotics. If an abscess forms, then a surgical procedure may be necessary to drain the pus in the abscess.
When the injection is placed in the spinal canal, the infection may be more serious. A condition called an epidural abscess may form inside the spinal canal. This infection can cause a large pocket of pus to form around the nerves putting too much pressure on the nerves. If this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the infection and remove the pressure from the nerves. Antibiotics will also be necessary to treat the infection.
Many pain injections are done close to nerves. The needle used to do the injection may accidently puncture the nerve itself. This can cause damage to the nerve and result in increased pain. Numbness and weakness may also result. Nerves that have been punctured with a needle will usually recover and not require any additional surgical procedures.
Not all injections work as expected. Sometimes, injections cause more pain. This may be due to increased spasm in the muscles around the injection. This may happen following a trigger point injection. The increased pain is usually temporary, lasting a few hours or a few days. Once the medication has a chance to work, the injection may actually work as expected and reduce your pain. The pressure from injecting the liquid medication may increase pressure on nerves. This may irritate the nerves and cause increased pain. The increased pain is usually temporary. Increased pain that begins several days after the injection may be a sign of infection. You should alert your doctor if this occurs.
Spinal Fluid Leak
Probably the most common complication of injections that enter the spinal canal is a wet tap. This occurs when the needle penetrates the spinal sac and enters the spinal fluid. This is the same thing that happens when your doctor performs a spinal tap or a spinal anesthetic. In itself, it is not dangerous. Because the epidural needle is larger than the spinal needle, the hole in the spinal sack may continue to leak and not seal itself off immediately. This causes a spinal fluid leak - or wet tap and a very bad headache. The headache is worse when you are sitting or standing upright. It may cause nausea and vomiting. It will go away if you lie flat or with your head a bit lower that your feet.
The headache occurs because the spinal fluid pressure in the skull decreases. That is why the headache goes away when you lie down - the spinal fluid pressure goes back to normal in your skull. Most spinal headaches go away in a few days when the hole in the spinal sac heals and closes. You may be instructed to stay flat for a couple of days until this occurs.
There are ways to speed up the healing of the puncture in the spinal sac. The most common treatment for a spinal headache that does not go away on its own is a blood patch. This may be done at the time of the ESI if the doctor sees that the spinal sac has been punctured before he removes the needle. If not it may be done several days later if the headache has not gone away. This procedure involves taking a small amount of blood from a vein in your arm and injecting it into your back in the epidural space. The blood clots and "patches" the hole.
What happens after the procedure?
If everything goes as planned, you will be able to go home soon after the injection, probably within one hour. After most types of pain injections, you will probably not have any restrictions on activity or diet following the procedure.
When the pain injection is a diagnostic injection, your doctor will be interested in how much the pain is reduced while the anesthetic (numbing medication) is working. You may be given a pain diary to record what you feel for the next several hours. This is important for making decisions - keep track of your pain.
Most doctors will arrange a follow-up appointment, or phone consult, within one or two weeks after the procedure to see how you are doing and what effect the procedure had on your symptoms.
*Disclaimer:*The information contained herein is compiled from a variety of sources. It may not be complete or timely. It does not cover all diseases, physical conditions, ailments or treatments. The information should NOT be used in place of visit with your healthcare provider, nor should you disregard the advice of your health care provider because of any information you read in this topic.
|All content provided by eORTHOPOD® is a registered trademark of Medical Multimedia Group, L.L.C.. Content is the sole property of Medical Multimedia Group, LLC and used herein by permission.| | <urn:uuid:81978837-d349-47d7-8bd8-afc1f3f54a2a> | 2013-05-18T18:06:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In college football it refers to a player who is not playing on a scholarship. In the NFL it refers to a player signed from open try outs in which the player signed was not scouted in some way.
When NFL football teams hold try outs that are open to the public a player who is signed that was not scouted in some way is known as a walk on. However, it must be noted that open try outs for walk on players are rare in the NFL. The Washington Redskins did try open try outs in the 1970s. The Philadelphia Eagles also tried open try outs in 1976 and ended up signing 30 year old school teacher and bartender Vince Papale. For the most part players who are not drafted are still scouted in some way and invited to a work out in which the skills of the recruit are tested. | <urn:uuid:29c5cacb-693a-4d9f-9218-14de55edde54> | 2013-05-18T17:48:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Andrew Hore banned for five weeks
New Zealand hooker Andrew Hore was banned for five weeks - but just two competitive matches - for striking Wales lock Bradley Davies.
- Related Content
Hore's suspension rules him out of Saturday's Test against England and it includes the first game of the Highlanders' 2013 Super Rugby season, against the Chiefs on February 22.
But judicial officer Professor Lorne Crerar has come under fire for including three pre-season matches in the ban after being convinced they "all had significant and meaningful consequences" for Hore.
Davies was knocked unconscious after he was hit from behind by Hore's swinging arm, just 30 seconds into the All Blacks' 33-10 win at the Millennium Stadium.
Professor Lorne Crerar deemed the incident to be "inherantly dangerous" and a top-end offence but he accepted Hore had not intended to strike Davies in the head.
Hore was initially hit with an eight-week ban but that was reduced to five when Professor Crerar took into account a number of mitigating factors, including his daily contact with Davies.
Hore told the New Zealand Herald: "I want to say how bad I feel and how embarrassed I am to be in this situation.
"It is not the All Black way and I have let myself down and the team and probably the whole country is pretty proud of what we do.
"I hope Bradley Davies does recover and get back up and running and play in the Heineken Cup as soon as he can.
"I have been on the phone and talked to him on Sunday about the incident and obviously the All Black management and the leader group that I am a part of has been pretty stern on me for getting us into this situation and I have to take what I have got and go back and start building a reputation as a good, clean, hard footy player and hopefully I can do that in the next Super Rugby competition when I get back playing."
But Professor Crerar has come under fire for counting the Highlanders' three pre-season fixtures as part of the final suspension.
The disciplinary statement said: "The judicial officer heard submissions in detail as to when the suspension should end given that the player was entering the close season.
"The judicial officer received unreserved assurances from Ian Foster, assistant coach, New Zealand, the player and his legal representative that the pre-season matches to be played by the Highlanders during the weekends of 1st, 8th and 15th February all had significant and meaningful consequences for the player.
"The player is accordingly suspended up to and including Sunday 24 February 2013 and has the right of appeal."
Hore's king hit, which was not seen by referee Craig Joubert or his assistants, left Davies with concussion that has ruled him and out of Wales' final autumn Test against Australia.
Professor Crerar ruled the swinging-arm offence was unprovoked and "inherently dangerous being a deliberate swinging of the arm delivered with significant force, causing serious injury to the victim player, Bradley Davies, who was unsighted".
But Hore was cleared of deliberately targeting Davies' head and the judgement found there were no aggravating factors.
The statement read: "In categorising the seriousness of the offence the judicial officer held that it was worthy of a top end entry point under the IRB's sanctions table, and that the entry point should be eight weeks.
"The judicial officer held that there were no aggravating factors.
"The judicial officer acknowledged the mitigating factors of acceptance of guilt by the player, his genuine remorse, as evidenced by his daily contact with the injured player, his exemplary disciplinary record, and his conduct throughout the hearing and imposed a suspension of five weeks."
With Hore out of the Twickenham clash with England, New Zealand coach Steve Hansen may have to award Dane Coles his first Test start if veteran hooker Keven Mealamu fails to recover from a calf injury. | <urn:uuid:5cefbb26-a0f5-4f7a-ab6a-1c8d8bbda84e> | 2013-05-18T17:53:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Host City: Vancouver, Canada
Venue(s): Whistler Creekside, Whistler
Date Started: February 19, 2010
Date Finished: February 19, 2010
|Gold:||Aksel Lund Svindal|
The fourth Alpine skiing race of the Vancouver Olympics was held on Friday, 19 February, as scheduled. The favorites were Michael Walchhofer (leader of the current Super G World Cup), Aksel Lund Svindal (second in the 2009-10 Super G World Cup, winner of the 2008-09 Super G World Cup, and bronze medalist at the 2009 World Championships), Didier Cuche (2009 World Champion and winner at Kitzbühel in 2010), and Manuel Osborne-Paradis (recent winner at Lake Louise). But Didier Défago and Bode Miller were also highly considered after winning gold and bronze in the downhill four days earlier. The 2006 medalists Kjetil André Aamodt (gold) retired shortly after Torino, Hermann Maier (silver) retired just before the 2009-10 season, and Ambrosi Hoffmann (bronze) raced only in the downhill in 2010. The only World Cup Super G held on this course was won by Christoph Gruber on 21 February 2008.
The race started at 11:30 AM with perfect sunny weather and temperatures between 3.5° (start) and 9° (finish). With number 3 the American Andrew Weibrecht set an early quick time. The first of the favorites was Miller in start position 11. He took the lead from the first split to the finish, but he lost time in the second part of the course, and topped the time of his fellow countryman by only 0.03 seconds. Svindal, who turned 28 on the closing day of the Vancouver Olympics, did not start well, as in the downhill, and at the first intermediate split was 0.3 seconds behind Miller, but he finished quickly to lead by 0.28 seconds at the finish line and take the gold medal. The oldest competitor in the field, Patrik Järbyn, hooked a gate and fell in the last section of the course and landed hard on his back and head and was unconscious. He was flown to hospital by helicopter, but luckily was not hurt badly and was able to leave the hospital the next day.
When Svindal came to the leaders area, Miller was laughing and joked with him with some profanity which was broadcast around the world. Svindal won the race with an average speed of 87.67 km/hr by 0.28 seconds or 6.8 metres in front of Miller. The sensation of the race was bronze medalist Weibrecht who had never previously placed better than 10th in a World Cup race. Svindal won the first gold medal for Atomic at this Olympics. Miller, on the same skis as in the downhill and the only one of the top racers on downhill skis, won silver with Head, while Weibrecht took bronze using Rossignol.
|1||Aksel Lund Svindal||27||Norway||NOR||Gold||1:30.34|
|2||Bode Miller||32||United States||USA||Silver||1:30.62|
|3||Andrew Weibrecht||24||United States||USA||Bronze||1:30.65|
|19||Ted Ligety||25||United States||USA||1:31.70|
|23||Marco Sullivan||29||United States||USA||1:32.09|
|31||Gauthier de Tessières||28||France||FRA||1:33.17|
|32||Ed Drake||24||Great Britain||GBR||1:33.20|
|34||Petr Záhrobský||29||Czech Republic||CZE||1:33.83|
|35||Paul de la Cuesta||21||Spain||ESP||1:34.03|
|38||Tim Cafe||22||New Zealand||NZL||1:35.55|
|39||Kevin Esteve Rigail||20||Andorra||AND||1:35.67|
|45||Stefán Jón Sigurgeirsson||20||Iceland||ISL||1:39.12|
|AC||Ben Griffin||23||New Zealand||NZL||DNF|
|AC||Truls Ove Karlsen||34||Norway||NOR||DNF|
|AC||Martin Vráblík||27||Czech Republic||CZE||DQ| | <urn:uuid:91fd757f-7eb0-4191-8679-0bdc0aa9158c> | 2013-05-18T17:59:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How to Buy a Digital Camcorder
Recording your own movies has never been easier than it is today with the latest models of digital camcorders. Make high quality videos with these lightweight, easy-to-use multimedia devices that capture digital video, but can also do so much more.
How Digital Camcorders Work
Digital camcorders, also known as digital video (DV) cameras, record dramatically sharper images and better sound than analog video cameras. Analog cameras record data magnetically, while digital cameras store data on chips, like a computer. Using digital video also makes it much easier to edit your movies on a computer, where you can add a music soundtrack or rearrange the order of events. Some digital camcorders also offer a digital still function that allows you to take digital still pictures like you would with a digital camera.
Mini Digital Video (MiniDV) cameras are compact in size and offer high-quality digital video that should retain its quality when copied. Mini-DV cassettes run on lightweight lithium-ion batteries and can record up to 3 hours of footage in SP mode. You must connect the camcorder directly to the VCR or TV for playback. MiniDV cameras can also be connected directly to your computer with an IEEE 1394 port (also known as FireWire).
- Most camcorders come with an LCD viewfinder that lets you review your tape or see what you're filming without looking through the eyepiece.
- They come in either Black and White or Color
- LCD screens range in size from 2.5 to 3.5 inches. Keep in mind that larger screens are easier to use but are more expensive.
- Most cameras offer some form of image stabilization-which helps minimize the shakiness that results from recording with a handheld camera.
- High-end models offer advanced stabilization features which work extremely well.
- Most camcorders come with a zoom lens that lets you get closer to the action without actually moving.
- You can get an idea of how powerful the camera's zoom is from its magnification rating: the larger the number, the closer you can zoom in. For example, a camera with an 18x zoom can create an image that appears to be 18 times closer than if you weren't using a zoom lens.
- Be careful to distinguish between optical zoom and a digital zoom: Optical zoom lets you change this focal length, so you can move from one magnification to a closer magnification. Digital zoom uses electronics to enlarge a small portion of the entire image, which can lead to fuzzy pictures.
Special Effects and Scene Transitions
- Special Effects can enhance your videos with options such as animation, classic film effects, and many other fun features.
- Scene Transitions can be used to add effects between your video scenes. Various wipes and fades are the most commonly used transitions.
Capturing Still Photos
- Many digital camcorders offer a digital camera feature that can capture and store still photos that you can download to your computer.
- The resolution is usually the same as a decent quality digital camera, between 1 and 3 megapixels.
- Also look for how many megabytes (MB) of memory comes with the camcorder - this will determine how many photos you can save at once. Some camcorders also have memory card slots that let you add more memory.
Size and Design
- Vertical - Slim and long, generally with a built-in eyepiece
- Horizontal - generally longer than it is taller with the eyepiece sticking out upward like old VHS camcorders, but smaller.
- Compact - The smallest camcorders available don't exceed 5 inches in any dimension and weigh only a few ounces.
When purchasing a digital camcorder, you may also want to consider what accessories you will need:
- Digital/Mini Digital video cassettes - record, store, and create a collection of movies from 60 to 180 minute lengths.
- Camcorder bag - keep your digital camcorder safe, along with having pockets to store cables and tapes.
- Tripod - for keeping the camera perfectly still while recording movies.
Return to Top | <urn:uuid:7db60240-0790-4f18-ae1a-82c4ae5f2a33> | 2013-05-18T18:01:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How to Buy Men's Swimsuits
For competitive swimming as well as aquatic fitness activities, such as lap swimming and water aerobics, a
good swimsuit will increase your efficiency in the water, keep you feeling comfortable during your activity,
and stand up better to the deteriorating effects of chlorinated water than most fashion swimsuits.
Determine Your Size
To determine your swimsuit size, you'll need to measure yourself using a tape measure.
- Take your measurements while wearing only your underwear
- Stand in front of a mirror
- While measuring, make sure that the tape measure is straight, not twisted
- To get an accurate measurement, the tape measure should be snug, but not pinching or tight
Step-by-Step Measuring Guide
- Find your natural waistline by bending to one side. While standing straight,
measure around your waistline
- Men should measure just above the hipbone (or about an inch below your natural waistline) to determine
the appropriate swimsuit size
Find Your Size
- If you are between sizes, choose the smaller size in a racing/competition suit and the larger size in
an aquatic fitness suit
- Most men's suits are sized based on waist measurement. Men should choose the size that corresponds
with their waist measurements.
Determining Your Suit Size
Return To Top
Determine How You'll Use Your Suit
To select the right suit, first determine the activity for which you'll be wearing the suit most often:
Racing/Competitive swimming which includes both practicing and racing at
either the school or club level
Aquatic Fitness which includes activities such as lap swimming and water
- For both training and competition, competitive swimmers need high-performance suits that maximize
speed in the water and improve glide times by reducing drag and increasing water
- Many swimmers buy separate suits for training and competition. For both training and competition,
compression, resulting in a tight fit, is the key.
- For training, buy your normal size, but realize that the fit will be snugger than that of a regular
- For competition, consider buying a suit at least one size smaller than your training suit
- Swimsuits for both training and competition support through compression
- Suits for top-level competition are not lined, since reducing drag is a priority. However, many
men's suits for training are front-lined.
- A suit with lining will generally last longer, and hold its shape and color better than an
- Men's competition and training suits have moderately cut leg openings, drawcords in the interior of the
waistband, and side seams of about 3-inches
- For men wanting more coverage, training suits with lower leg openings and side seams up to
seven-inches are available, but they are not the norm for training or competition
- Although there are many hybrid fabrics for racing/competitive swimming available, most swimsuits for
this sport are done in blends of nylon/spandex. (Lycra is a specific brand of spandex
made by DuPont and is found in many swimsuits.)
- Improvements in fiber engineering have resulted in swimsuit materials that are more resistant to
chlorine than ever. Suits for racing/competitive swimming typically use these more durable versions of
nylon and spandex.
- For lap swimming and water aerobics, you will need a suit that provides comfort and freedom of
movement, plus coverage and support
- Men will find training suits designed for the competitive swimmer to be most appropriate for lap
swimming for fitness
- Fit should be snug but not tight. A good fitting suit will stay in place during vigorous movement, but
not pinch, bind or ride up in the seat.
Return To Top
When to Replace Your Swimsuit
- Despite the advances in fiber technology, chlorine will eventually deteriorate swimsuit fabrics. When
your suit begins to bag or feels looser than when it was new, it is time to replace your suit.
Return To Top | <urn:uuid:6d49374d-e9f3-44b6-b33c-6f638c860498> | 2013-05-18T17:40:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Learning causality in a complex world : understandings of consequence
Source:Rowman & Littlefield Education, Lanham, Maryland (2012)
Call Number:Cubb BD591 .G765 2012
Contents: Introduction -- Simple linear causality : one thing makes another happen -- The cognitive science of simple causality : why do we get stuck? -- Domino causality : effects that become causes -- Cyclic causality : loops and feedback -- Spiraling causality : escalation and de-escalation -- Mutual causality : symbiosis and bi-directionality -- Relational causality : balances and differentials -- Across time and distance : detecting delayed and distant effects -- "What happened?" vs. "what's going on?" : thinking about steady states -- What you can't see does matter : attending to obvious and non-obvious causes -- It's not always a case of who did it : minding passive and unintentional causality -- Step by step, or not : the mind-bending concept of simultaneous causality -- Figuring out what to count on : dealing with stochastic causality -- Isn't anybody in charge around here? : attending to distributed causality and emergence -- Summing up : the implications for helping a new generation understand causal complexity -- Putting it all together : teaching for causal complexity. | <urn:uuid:9603a02d-4003-4388-9185-19dd8cd92da7> | 2013-05-18T17:18:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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POSTED: 05:40 p.m. HST, Jan 29, 2013
Chris McLachlin, 66, is a stroke survivor and proud of it.
While best known as the television color commentator for University of Hawaii volleyball games, McLachlin also gives his time to advocate for the American Heart Association of Hawaii, which will celebrate Heart Month in February. His connection to the nonprofit organization is a personal one: McLachlin suffered a stroke in 2008.
There was nothing in his medical history to suggest he was a likely candidate for heart problems. McLachlin was in good health and enjoying retirement after 37 years at Punahou School, where he racked up a string of championship titles in a 14-year coaching career in boys volleyball and basketball.
Six months into retirement, McLachlin went on a monthlong visit to California to see his grown children and take in son Spencer's volleyball match at Stanford University. But five days into the trip, while watching a basketball game on TV, "suddenly, the right side of my body got paralyzed, and I fell over on the couch," McLachlin said. "I tried to speak but I couldn't. My friend immediately told her husband, ‘Bob, he's having a stroke!'
"Luckily, she recognized what was happening to me, and within seconds they called 911. Two minutes later the paramedics were at the house."
A CAT scan revealed a blood clot in McLachlin's brain, and he was treated with t-PA, or tissue plasminogen activator, a drug that works best to dissolve brain clots when administered within three hours of a stroke.
"In a few hours my paralysis disappeared and my speech was back," he said.
Doctors told McLachlin he had suffered a "severe" stroke (types are mild, moderate, severe and massive) and would have to stay for a month at Stanford Hospital. "My neurologist told me it would be a year before I felt right, but I didn't believe him," he said.
And that was before he suffered a second, but mild, stroke while still in treatment after feeling claustrophobic when he was placed in an MRI scanner.
THROUGH all of this, McLachlin said he feels he's has angels on his side, and he was able to meet one who was directly responsible for saving his life.
When he brought some chocolate-covered macadamia nuts to his Stanford neurologist, the physician told McLachlin there was "a person in a lab coat who works at (biotechnology company) Genentech 20 miles away who should get that box."
A year would pass before he met that person in the lab coat. After relocating to Northern California to help with the Stanford men's volleyball team in 2009, McLachlin got a call from someone at the Genentech complex in South San Francisco asking if he would like to meet the scientist behind the genetic engineering methods used to produce the t-PA enzyme that improved therapy for dissolving blood clots.
"On the spur of the moment, I said, ‘Yes.' So instead of what I thought would be a private meeting, I'm led into this large conference room filled with people and TV cameras. I found out it was a gathering to honor Diane Pennica, my benefactor, a woman who worked mostly 17-hour days for two years straight without taking time off before successfully cloning t-PA. It was announced that because of her passion and dedication to her work, she had helped save 1.6 million stroke and 600,000 heart attack victims."
The two have stayed in touch, and McLachlin promised Pennica that one day he would bring her out to Hawaii. That will finally happen Feb. 5, on the eve of the International Stroke Conference to be held here, for the first time, at the Hawai‘i Convention Center. Approximately 4,000 medical professionals are expected to attend, and McLachlin and Pennica will be helping with conference registration.
It won't be the first time he has helped the cause. In 2009, McLachlin represented Hawaii at the American Heart Association's Lobby Day in Washington, D.C. He jokingly said he was treated like a rock star by attendees when a former basketball player he coached and mentored back in 1979 at Punahou asked to see him — at the White House.
While it was mostly a social visit to ask about his health, McLachlin used the opportunity to remind President Barack Obama about the need to support cardiovascular disease research by the National Institutes of Health.
<t0>"I also learned while in D.C. of the classic, day- to-day work volunteers were doing in the trenches — the real passion they had about fighting heart disease," he said.<t$>
McLachlin underwent a year of rigorous physical therapy and is able to walk about a half-hour every day for exercise.
"Because of the prescription drugs I take, I sometimes have issues with balance, and I try to avoid the midday sun," he said. "I have my moments of aphasia (difficulty forming language), and I notice I have to concentrate more on the homework I do before each volleyball broadcast.
"But I also still do sports psychology with individuals and team-building with both high school and college teams, much like what I did when I was at Stanford," he said.
STROKE WARNING SIGNS
>> Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body
HEART ATTACK WARNING SIGNS
Remembering the acronym FAST can also help you recognize stroke symptoms and what to do: | <urn:uuid:de9a616d-ad7d-4b4f-b330-7af7d9bd6426> | 2013-05-18T17:57:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Are You Being Discriminated Against?
Carolina Human Affairs Commission is a state government agency which
enforces the South Carolina Fair Housing Law. If you think you have been
discriminated against in housing, you should contact the Commission. The
Commission will investigate your complaint to see if the law was broken.
If there was a violation, the commission can
help you get certain legal remedies to which you may be entitled. Most of the time, the commission can settle housing discrimination complaints quickly and easily. If it is necessary, the Commission may take discrimination cases to a hearing or to court.
Discrimination can be very subtle. Often people may suspect they have been discriminated against, but they are not sure they can prove it. If this happens to you, call the Commission anyway. Our investigators can often uncover discrimination the average person cannot detect. If you do not contact the Commission, you may never know if there was something that could have been done about it.
Sometimes people worry about what might happen if, after an investigation, it turns out there is no proof of discrimination. The answer is nothing! If you believe that you are being discriminated against, you have the right to file a complaint. No one can take any action against you for doing so, even if it turns out there was no discrimination.
If you think you have been discriminated against, we want to hear from you. | <urn:uuid:0f81bdbb-dc98-425a-bf87-832b61190227> | 2013-05-18T17:38:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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November 3, 2012
Runners come down Amethyst Drive during the Girls on the Run 5-kilometer running event Saturday. The run started at Steamboat Springs Middle School.
Stories this photo appears in:
Steamboat Springs hosted Saturday's Girls on the Run event, which drew about 900 participants and is part of a program designed to empower girls. | <urn:uuid:9a07dee4-00b3-4d08-95a4-ae6f5c4df3b6> | 2013-05-18T18:06:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In Step 7, "shortcomings" is the "character defects" from Step 4.
Which column, or list in the 4th Step did we make a list of "shortcomings" IF they are different? We weren't instructed to make one.
Bill W. was attempting to write more eloquently -- by not repeating the same words redundantly. I'll see if I can find the supporting reference for this, for you.
I have heard AA speakers who've added some spin to it that would indicate to them, that shortcomings are a "lack of" something -- for them. It makes for an interesting talk -- but it's twisting the meaning to mean something that it doesn't mean.
The idea that "shortcomings" to be a "lack of" something -- would best fit into Step 10. Not Step 7.
Steps 1-9 is the "personal housecleaning." We're cleaning house. We're bagging up the garbage and taking it out to the corner and asking the trashman to take it away. "Removing" the defects of character.
In Step 10 -- now, with a clean house -- we begin to "re-create" something different in the house. So, we make a list -- and it can be a list of things that "we lack". Something good that we want to acquire to fill the void of what was removed during housecleaning.
What's the purpose of Step 10?
a. To keep the house clean.
b. To "grow in understanding and effectiveness."
How might I become more effective? I might start by "not being tardy to my appointments -- or on my job" (a lack of commitment and discipline).
And, Bill mentions Discipline on pg 88.
"We alcoholics are undisciplined. So we let God discipline
us in the simple way we have just outlined.
But this is not all. There is action and more action." | <urn:uuid:ae1d3b8b-c11d-4340-b2bf-d131650dcb51> | 2013-05-18T17:58:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This section of the site covers the theory and background behind the application of stigmergy and other biological strategies to information technology
Biological systems have evolved ingenious solutions to the same kind of problems encountered in information technology.
Understanding how nature solves these problems allows us to use these solutions ourselves, to create highly efficient Web sites that cost little to develop and maintain.
Stigmergy as a strategy
Stigmergy is not like a product, a service or an application. It isn't even like a computer program. It is a very clever strategy used by nature to get colonies of insects to self-organize, tell each other where to find food, create sophisticated messaging systems and build complex architectural structures.
We can use this same clever strategy on the Web, to get people to collaborate in the exchange and sharing of information. The strategy works well for brainless insects, but it works infinitely better for intelligent humans equipped with computers.
What are stigmergic systems?
Stigmergic systems combine information technology with stigmergy and other ingenious computing structures found in nature - to create self-organizing Web sites and low cost knowledge management systems.
Reproduction as a strategy
Nature has learned how to create organisms that grow and self-organize without planning. We can copy these methods to create Web based systems that grow and self-organize themselves, drastically reducing development and maintenance costs.
Nature creates organisms that can quickly adapt to changing conditions. We can build this same adaptability into information systems, enabling them to automatically adjust to user needs and responses. Nature has found a way to overcome the problem of critical mass. We can use this same strategy to make changes to a web site so that it increasingly attracts visitors.
What's the secret of nature's success? She uses a technique of continuous reproduction and selection. This is the technique we can copy.
We don't start by building a Web site, the first step is to create a program that can build a system. By arranging for this program to be responsive to the way users respond to a site, the program can continually rebuild the system until it is working successfully.
Short summaries of the main elements of stigmergic and biological strategies are provided in the menu 'Summary of a stigmergic system' (top left). More detailed explanations and theory can be found in the 'References' and 'Technical notes' sections of this site.
To provide a 'proof of concept' demonstration of a stigmergic system, the SEO project was started in October 2003. This aims to create a distributed, collaborative information source for people interested in the subject of 'Search Engine Optimization of a website'. | <urn:uuid:86ed7b44-3b90-412c-a8ed-49a58a13221a> | 2013-05-18T17:57:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Puma AG Rudolf Dassler Sport, officially branded as PUMA, is a major German company that produces high-end athletic shoes, lifestyle footwear and other sportswear. Formed in 1924 as Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik by Adolf and Rudolf Dassler, relationships between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948, forming two separate entities, Adidas and Puma. The company is known for its football shoes and has sponsored acclaimed footballers, including Pelé, Johan Cruyff, Diego Maradona, and many more. Puma is also the sponsor of the Jamaican track athlete Usain Bolt.
Christopher Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, while his wife Pauline ran a small laundry Their son Rudolf Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory, and was then called up to fight in World War 1. Upon his return, Rudolf received a management position at a porcelain factory, and later in a leather wholesale business in Nuremberg. After tiring of working for others and away from home, Rudolf returned in 1924 to join his younger brother Adolf nicknamed Adi, who had his own shoe factory. The pair started their venture in their mother’s laundry but at the time, electricity supplies in the town were unreliable, and the brothers sometimes had to use pedal power from a stationary bicycle to run their equipment. By the 1936 Summer Olympics Adi Dassler drove from Bavaria to the Olympic village with a suitcase full of spikes and persuaded United States sprinter Jesse Owens to use them, the first sponsorship for an African American.
After Owens won four gold medals, his success cemented the good reputation of Dassler shoes among the world’s most famous sportsmen. Letters from around the world landed on the brothers’ desks, and the trainers of other national teams were all interested in their shoes. Both brothers joined the Nazi Party, but Rudolf was slightly closer to the party. During the war, a growing rift between the pair reached a breaking point after an Allied bomb attack in 1943. After Rudolf was later picked up by American soldiers and accused of being a member of the Waffen SS, he was convinced that his brother had turned him in. In 1948, the brothers split their business. Rudolf left to start his own company. It was from this split that Adolf started his own sportswear company with the name he formed using his nickname ‘Adi’ and the first three letters of his last name ‘Das’, to establish Adidas. Rudolf created a new firm that he called Ruda – from ‘Ru’ in Rudolf and ‘Da’ in Dassler. Rudolf’s company would later change its name to Puma in 1948.
The brothers earlier split led to a divided town. Brand loyalty became supreme for residents; several stores, bakeries and bars were unofficially known as either loyal to Rudolf’s Puma, or to Adolf’s Adidas. Even the town’s two football clubs were also divided: AVS Herzogenaurach club supported the three stripes, while FC Herzogenaurach endorsed Rudolf’s footwear. When handymen were called to Rudolf’s home, they would wear Adidas shoes deliberately so that when Rudolf would see their footwear, he would tell them to go to the basement and pick out a pair of free Puma shoes. The two brothers never reconciled, and although both are buried in the same cemetery they are spaced apart as far as possible. Following the split, Puma and Adidas initiated a fierce and bitter rivalry with each other. The enmity split the town into two, leading to the nickname ‘the town of bent necks’ people looked down to see which shoes strangers wore.
In 1948, the first football match after World War II, several members of the West German national football team wore Puma boots, including the scorer of West Germany’s first post-war goal, Herbert Burdenski Four years later, at the 1952 Summer Olympics 1500 metres runner Josy Barthel of Luxembourg won Puma‘s first Olympic gold in, Finland.
At the 1960 Summer Olympics Puma paid German sprinter Armin Hary to wear Pumas in the 100 metres sprint final. Hary had worn Adidas before and asked Adolf for payment, but Adidas rejected this request. The German won gold in Pumas, but then laced up Adidas for the medals ceremony – to the shock of the two Dassler brothers. Hary hoped to cash in from both with the trick, but Adi was so enraged he banned the Olympic champion. Following the split from his brother, Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda, but later changed to Puma. Puma’s earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D, which was registered, along with the company’s name, in 1948. Puma’s shoe designs feature the distinctive Formstripe with clothing and other products having the logo printed on them.
A few months prior to the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Armin Dassler and his cousin, , sealed an agreement which was dubbed “The Pelé pact”. This agreement dictated that Pelé, a Brazilian midfielder, would be out of bounds for both Adidas and Puma. However, Armin found the potential financial and marketing advantage of sponsoring the superstar irresistible. Pelé complied with a request by Puma’s representative to increase the awareness and profile of the German sports shoe company after he paid to wear the Formstripes. At the opening whistle of a 1970 World Cup finals match, Pelé stopped the referee with a last-second request to tie his shoelaces before kneeling down to give millions of television viewers a close-up of his Puma’s. This greatly outraged Horst Dassler and future peace agreements were called off.
In 1974, Rudolph Dassler died of lung cancer and passed his legacy onto his son Armin. Armin introduced some new ranges to their ever growing library of designs, including Puma Duoflex soles. In 1985, Boris Becker wore Puma clothing, shoes and tennis racket at the Wimbledon and won. Puma’s success continued through to the present day. It is still a very popular brand with football players and fans alike. Collectors of the brand are mainly outside the US and fans of the break dancing era. There are many styles to Puma’s vast catalogue of designs and are among vintage collectors’ favourite choice in sportswear. Puma’s history resonates with the echoes of great athletes and legendary performances, their shoes, trainers and clothing all help bring contenders closer to their goals.
Puma signs UK rap star for social role.
Puma has appointed Professor Green as its first “social ambassador”, in a role that will set the UK rap star to work on the sport brand’s press, retail and social media campaigns.
Puma RS1 New Navy Shoe: Towards the end of 2010, rumours started surfacing that the 80′s era Puma RS1 would be returning the shoe game as part of the 2011 Spring Collection. The shoes rock an upper comprised of a mixture of both suede and mesh utilizing different shades of navy and royal blue accented by white and grey. A sharp relic of the 60s this eye-catching, low cut shoe, it was first seen in 1968, created to honour the Italian team and its success in the European Championship, also held in Italy. The new version has been slightly reworked, offering up a blue and yellow leather upper, a suede toe piece, rubber mudguard and some nice vintage detailing. £59.99
Puma Roma 68 Vintage Introduced back in 1968, the Puma Roma 68 was designed to honour the National Italian Football Team winning the European Cup in 1968. For 2010 PUMA have re-worked it and have given us this vintage version with a spectra blue and yellow leather upper and has a suede toe piece, a rubber mudguard and an embroidered Puma logo on the tongue finished off with a rubber herringbone design sole. £49.99 | <urn:uuid:e7d4310d-22fe-4cb6-8742-b03794c70a81> | 2013-05-18T17:56:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Minister of Finance, Ali Mahmoud Abdul-Rasoul, has affirmed the availability of funding for expanding the cultivation of wheat, cotton and groundnut and sunflower for production of edible oil in the context of the three-year economic program.
This came during his meeting yesterday with the committee for implementation of the three-year economic program.
Abdul-Rasoul said that a sum of 60 million dollars was assigned to make available fertilizers and insecticides to boost the cultivation, besides a sum of 50 million dollars from the general budget for rehabilitation of the irrigation infrastructures
The Minister of Finance said that 50 million dollars were allocated for expanding the cultivation of wheat
Meanwhile, the Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Abdul-Halim Ismail Al-Muaafi, said that the plan of his ministry in the framework of the three-year economic program aims for cultivating cotton at an area of 650,000 feddans in the country, 300,000 of which is in Gezira Scheme, 200,000 at Rahad, New Halfa and Suki Schemes and 100,000 feddans in Sennar and the Blue Nile States
He also referred to plans for expanding the edible oil production through the use of modern technology and special fertilizing programs
Dr. Al-Muaafi also referred to plans for increasing the poultry and fodder production for reducing the livestock meat consumption to support the livestock exports | <urn:uuid:8ce11a38-3e07-41c0-9c5d-13ce5f23a643> | 2013-05-18T17:28:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Passed my 5th SCNA (Sun Certified Network Administrator for Solaris 8) exam yesterday so my cv has been updated. In with the new and out with the old: I took off the old Solaris 2.4/2.5 certificates and put XHTML on instead. The plan is to go XHTML 1.1 Strict for the whole site and then maybe try to create an even more (? sic!) minimal design utilising a simpler stylesheet.
I came across this a trying to find out what a "jabber" was (preparing for a network exam). The answer to this and the question in the title is found in the comp.dcom.lans.ethernet FAQ:
In the following table, c refers to the speed of light in a vacuum, or 300,000 kilometers per second. Medium Propagation Speed ------ ----------------- Thick Coax .77c (231,000 km/sec) Thin Coax .65c (195,000 km/sec) Twisted Pair .59c (177,000 km/sec) Fiber .66c (198,000 km/sec) AUI Cable .65c (195,000 km/sec) From these values, the size of a bit on 10BaseT can be calculated. 10BaseT is twisted pair, which has a propagation delay of 177,000 km/sec. 177,000 km/sec divided by 10 million bits per second is 17.7 meters, or the size of a single bit on a 10BaseT network. | <urn:uuid:8c87f843-77c8-4445-bb07-2af11f6e25fd> | 2013-05-18T17:18:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The hay diet involves avoiding foods that so called 'fight' with each other,
it is a food combining type of diet, which means that you avoid eating certain
foods together because it is supposedly bad for your digestion. Protein is not
eaten with starch, they can both be eaten but at separate meal occasions.
Scientifically this is impossible to achieve since most starchy foods such
as bread and potatoes contain some protein anyway. The body is well adapted
to digest both proteins and starch, and the enzymes necessary to digest them
are secreted in response to the food being in the stomach.
The diet first gained credence as a method of weight loss since most dietary
restrictions usually mean consuming less calories than the body needs. It is
not better than any other diet that is low in calories, any weight loss should
only be achieved through a sensible diet. This diet should always be avoided
by anyone who has diabetes since carbohydrate should be spread evenly throughout
the day and not kept to one meal only.
Description of the Hay System
The Hay System is primarily a normalising system. To put it in its simplest
- 70% of the food intake should be fresh fruits and vegetables, as much as
possible in their raw state.
- The remaining 30% should be made up of proteins (Meats, fish, eggs, etc)
and starches (carbohydrates, e.g., pasta, bread, etc). These two categories
of foods should be kept apart, i.e. eaten at different meals.
Generally, the effect of not eating 'foods that fight' at the same meal gives
improved digestion. Proteins 'fight' starch', and citrus fruits 'fight' carbohydrates.
You eat your fill at every meal (not over-eating, as with any sensible system)
, then you wait about four hours before taking anything else, or until your
Each day you need to aim for:
- One protein meal (lunch is best)
- One starch meal (last meal of the day is best for this)
- One purely 'alkaline forming' meal
This regime seems to suit the human digestion, and you should find your digestive
system feels much more comfortable as a result.
The Hay System will regulate body weight up or down, to a suitable healthy
weight for your body. You can do this without feeling 'starving': you should
never go hungry, yet your weight will stabilise to suit you best.
The diet is in no way 'punitive', and is based on sound nutrition. It encourages
a delight in , respect for, and greater enjoyment of good food.
While organic foods are preferred, it still works out as good value, because
your body makes full use of what you give it, and you should find there is no
need to spend large sums in order to eat well.
'Everything in moderation' is a key phrase. Very few items are discouraged,
except the obvious cakes and biscuits, etc. Even alcohol in moderation is o.k.
- gin, whiskey, beer, wine, cider, etc. All are allowed, if used in correct
combinations with other items from the correct category of meal. For example,
sweet liquors come in the category of 'starches', as you might expect, because
they have a lot of sugar in them. At the other end of the spectrum, dry white
wine, for example, goes with the 'protein' category, because it will not 'fight'
with protein, as sweet sugary substances do. This may sound a little baffling
at first, but it all makes sense, as you should find if you read more about
how to choose foods and drinks that complement each other. It comes as second
nature after a little while, and is not difficult to understand.
There have been reports of previously very stubborn medical conditions that
have unexpectedly responded to correct food combining. Widely occurring conditions | <urn:uuid:98271032-75a9-405c-a756-a6b867e39bad> | 2013-05-18T17:49:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Medical History and Physical Exam for a Fast Heart Rate
A medical history and physical exam are routinely used to evaluate an illness or disease. A medical history and physical exam can often reveal as much or more than many diagnostic lab tests because they help uncover important clues about your illness. The medical history and physical exam will often direct further testing.
The doctor may ask questions similar to the following:
- What Reference symptoms have you experienced?
- Have you ever lost consciousness?
- How long did the symptoms last?
- Have the symptoms ever occurred before?
- Did anything make the symptoms better or worse (such as slow, deep breathing or holding your breath)?
- What were you doing when you first noticed the symptoms?
- Does physical activity bring on your symptoms or make them worse?
- Did you take your pulse when you had the symptoms? If you did, how fast or slow was your heart beating? Was it beating regularly?
- What medicines are you currently taking?
- Do you have any history of thyroid problems?
- Do you have a Reference family history Opens New Window of heart disease?
- Do you drink alcohol or smoke? Do you use any illegal drugs? If so, how much?
- Do you exercise?
During a physical exam, the doctor will:
- Take your blood pressure.
- Check your pulse to see how fast your heart is beating and whether your heart rhythm is regular.
- Listen to your heart through a stethoscope.
- Check your lung sounds by listening through a stethoscope.
- Check the veins in your neck for different types of pulsations.
Why It Is Done
A medical history and physical exam are important ways to evaluate any heart problem.
Normal findings include the following:
- Blood pressure and pulse rate are normal.
- Breathing and heart rhythm and rate are normal.
Abnormal findings that may suggest a problem from a fast heart rate include:
- Low blood pressure.
- Fast or irregular pulse.
If physical findings and your medical history strongly suggest a very irregular heartbeat, further testing will be done.
What To Think About
It is important to provide your doctor with detailed information about your symptoms, past medical history, and lifestyle.
Other Works Consulted
Blomström-Lunqvist C, et al. (2003). ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias—Executive summary: A report of the ACC/AHA/ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 108(15): 1871–1909.
|By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: August 9, 2012|
|Medical Review:||Reference Rakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology
Reference John M. Miller, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology | <urn:uuid:1209047c-233b-4499-bbf6-68a5c21bda9a> | 2013-05-18T17:19:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Chipset coolers, or northbridge
and southbridge coolers are increasingly becoming a popular upgrade for computer
enthusiasts. Overclocking requires increasing
the front side bus (FSB) speed on your motherboard. This increases the clock
frequency of the CPU, but also increases the clock frequencies of your northbridge
& southbridge chipsets, and memory. More powerful chipset coolers can increase system
stability allowing higher overclocking potential.
When overclocking is not your
main concern, many motherboards now come with loud, active chipset coolers.
Replacing the chipset cooler on your motherboard can drastically change the
overall noise output of your computer when building a quiet PC. | <urn:uuid:0f9a48a9-6b39-42bd-bca1-3ee30a8d84db> | 2013-05-18T18:00:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Prvi sklop besedišča
"Prvi sklop besedišča"
1) to draw up
Definicija: v. - to write a legal document
Primer rabe: I have asked the lawyer to draw up draft contracts.
Prevod: sestaviti, napisati
2) standard (contract)
Definicija: adj. - typical, normal (of a contract)
Primer rabe: Our lawyer has drawn up a standard contract which we use for our private customers.
Prevod: standardna (pogodba)
3) to enter into a contract
Definicija: v. - to sign a contract
Primer rabe: According to our records, ABC Limited entered into this contract on 5 June 1995.
Prevod: skeniti pogodbo
Definicija: n. - a statement which excludes liability for a specified action
Primer rabe: Official emails from ABC Limited include a legal disclaimer at the bottom.
Prevod: zavrnitev, zavrnitev pravice ali odgovornost
Definicija: n. - the person(s) or organisation(s) forming one side of an agreement
Primer rabe: Primer rabe: The contractual parties may terminate the contract at any time with three month's notice.
6) small print
Definicija: n. - detailed provisions of a contract, often in standardised consumer contracts and written in small print; implication that potentially unfavourable terms and conditions are 'hidden away in the small print' to discourage people from reading them
Primer rabe: Consumers are advised to read the small print before signing the contract.
Prevod: droben tisk
7) terms (often also terms and conditions)
Definicija: n. - conditions or stipulations
Primer rabe: The terms and conditions governing use of our software can be found our website at www.abc-software.com
Prevod:pogoji (pogosto tudi pogoji in določila)
8) to obligate
Definicija: v. - to bind legally or morally
Primer rabe: ABC Limited is obligated to deliver the goods within 7 days of payment being received.
Definicija: n. - something that a person or organisation must do, often a contractual obligation
Primer rabe: The contractual obligations on ABC Limited are onerous.
10) to stipulate
Definicija: v. - to specify as an essential condition; n. - stipulation
Primer rabe: The contract does not stipulate the deadline by which the works must be completed.
Definicija: n. - powers or privileges given by an agreement or law
Primer rabe: The rights and duties of both parties are set out in detail in the contract. | <urn:uuid:6760b048-dc22-461a-923b-2470b4182b03> | 2013-05-18T17:57:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Bhakta began losing interest in staying at home. He had set
his mind on leaving home and becoming a sadhu. He wasn't much
attached to his relatives. It was hard for him to keep away
from the contact of the saints. Whenever he went to Vadtal on
the full-moon day, he stayed there for two or three days and
heard religious discourses from the saints. His visits to Vadtal
became more frequent and the relatives began to worry whether
he would leave home. Dungar Bhakta was in search of a learned
guru (preceptor) who was a real Brahmadarshi (one who perceives
Brahman). He was determined to leave home like a snake forsaking
its outer skin, once such a guru was found.
At this juncture, on full-moon day of Chaitra of Samvat year
1937, groups of saints from all corners of the country began
to pour in for the festival in Vadtal. The group of Vignanagnand
Swami attracted the attention of all. Vignananand Swami had
lived with Shriji Maharaj for twelve years. Having pleased Shriji
Maharaj, he was fully equipped with dharma (righteousness),
jnana (knowledge), vairagya (detachment), bhakti (devotion)
and other virtues. Besides, he was an eminent scholar of all
the scriptures and was also a connoisseur of music. After meeting
one saint after another, Dungar Bhakta at last came up to the
seat of Vignananand Swami. After Swamiji's darshan and listening
to his talks, Dungar Bhakta experienced peace within. He was
confident that all his aspirations would be fulfilled by sitting
at the feet of this saint. He immediately decided to accept
Vignananand Swami as his guru,
Having seen in him such an ardent yearning for liberation, Vignananand
Swami felt: "If this boy becomes a sadhu, he can be my
appropriate successor." So he put a question to him : "Do
you wish to become a sadhu, my dear boy?
"Yes," Dungar Bhakta put that expression on his lips
which was uppermost in his heart.
Thus was created the strong bond of affection between the guru
and his disciple. Both were richer by reaching each other. Dungar
Bhakta longed to go along with Swamiji soon after the festival
was over, but apprehending that his father might impede his
way, he returned to Mahelav with his father for the time being.
On the day Swamiji was to leave for Surat, he proceeded to Vadtal.
But as Swamiji's departure for Surat was delayed by a day, his
father caught up with him in Vadtal and took him back home. | <urn:uuid:7e9f1684-ebae-4b7b-a865-4c33c2e51d2f> | 2013-05-18T18:05:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Coordination Module Reference Manual OpenSwitch 15.1 This book is for developers creating coordination modules for OpenSwitch version 15.1. It describes user-built applications that connect to the OpenSwitch server and control client logins and failover patterns within OpenSwitch.
Installation Guide OpenSwitch 15.1 for UNIX This guide has chapters on "Requirements", "Installation", "Post-installation", "Configuration" and "Troubleshooting" of OpenSwitch 15.1 on UNIX platforms. For more information, please see "About this Book".
Installation Guide for Windows OpenSwitch 15.1 This book is for anyone responsible for installing and configuring the OpenSwitch runtime environment. It describes how to install OpenSwitch. For chapter details, please see "How to use this book."
Administration Guide OpenSwitch 15.1 This book explains how to start and stop OpenSwitch and RCMs, use the Configuration File and Mutually-aware OpenSwitch Servers, and information about Registered and Notification Procedures.
Administration Guide OpenSwitch 15.0 This book explains how to start and stop OpenSwitch and RCMs, use the Configuration File and Mutuallly-aware OpenSwitch Servers, and information about Registered and Notification Procedures. | <urn:uuid:e517109c-c5f9-482a-a1b8-933fd512a6c5> | 2013-05-18T17:28:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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President Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁), following advice from the four-member economic advisory panel headed by Vincent Siew (蕭萬長), said yesterday that he will offer government-guaranteed loans to small and medium-sized busin-esses while deregulating the banking sector's credit policies in order to help traditional industries raise loans.
"The government plans to allocate NT$50 billion for the next five years to back loans for small and medium-sized businesses," Chen said at the committee meeting yesterday morning.
According to Siew, the five-year government-backed lending plan is expected to help finance 25,000 emerging small-size and medium-size businesses.
The plan is expected to use innovative business models, and analyst expect it could create a total of approximately 125,000 job opportunities.
"The current credit crunch has increased difficulty in obtaining loans for small and medium-size businesses, which account for 20 percent of the nation's total lending -- down from 40 percent previously," Siew told a press conference after yesterday's meeting.
A special rating agency will also be founded to come up with new rating standards that examine small and medium-sized business credit issues, said Chen Tain-jy (
The president's economic advisory panel yesterday also proposed pushing forward urban renovation projects in order to reinvigorate construction of the nation's infrastructure and boost private investment by inviting the private sector to take part.
Siew said that a NT$50 billion joint-venture fund between the government and the private sector will be set up to induce at least 20 public projects each year
Such public-private projects are expected to generate NT$86.6 billion in tax revenue annually, create 20,000 job opportunities and add NT$580 billion to the nation's GDP.
Siew, who had previously advocated cross-strait direct links, nevertheless, yesterday failed to touch on the thorny issue.
"Taiwan-China trade relations should be both competitive and cooperative while Taiwan should maintain its competitive edge," he said, without elaborating. | <urn:uuid:a80f4848-9085-440c-8b79-24d7a6c6198b> | 2013-05-18T18:05:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) unveiled its draft "normal country resolution" yesterday, in which it highlights the need for the nation to change its name to "Taiwan" to differentiate it from China.
The draft stipulates that changing the national title to "Taiwan" is a means to prevent China from exploiting the nation's current title -- Republic of China (ROC) -- for propaganda purposes.
"Our old title has harmed our sovereignty. When it comes to conducting constitutional reform and the need to participate in international [organizations], we believe it is necessary [to change the national title]," DPP Secretary-General Lin Chia-lung (
Although it does not represent a finalized version, the draft specifically stipulates that "Taiwan and China are not under the jurisdiction of each other."
It also says that the government should join the UN, the WHO and other international organizations using the name "Taiwan."
The draft also states that the government should write a new Taiwanese constitution as soon as possible, which should "specify the national title and its territory to conform with Taiwan's sovereignty and rid [the country] of the remnants of the ROC system as well as the problematic `one China' framework enshrined in the existing Constitution."
"Pushing for Taiwan's independence and its international recognition are part of the party's core values," DPP Chairman Yu Shyi-kun said.
"Many people in the party, including me, believe we have to state clearly where we are taking Taiwan. We need to have a vision and normalization of the country is Taiwan's vision," Yu said.
Asked if the draft resolution violated President Chen Shui-bian's (陳水扁) "four noes" pledge to the US, Yu said the pledge was the product of a specific time and place.
"They are promises between the president and the US government, not a DPP resolution or the consensus of the nation's people," Yu said.
"We shouldn't just be concerned about the interests of the US while ignoring Taiwan's interests," he said.
As per party procedures, the draft will be the subject of further deliberation before it is submitted to the party's Central Executive Committee for approval by the end of this month.
A final resolution will be passed in the party's national congress on Sept. 30. | <urn:uuid:dd81fd54-a300-40a8-9875-d19513fc2be3> | 2013-05-18T17:50:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Taiwan's presidential elections
- Referendum versus China's missiles
- Who is responsible for the tension?
- President Chen Shui-bian pulling ahead
- Lien Chan and James Soong on the defense
- Kowtow to China
- Mr. Bush opposes change of the status quo
- What was US policy, again?
- What is the status quo?
- Wrong side blamed, by professor Lin Tsung-kuang | <urn:uuid:e9cbf3c6-c61f-419b-8184-0943cb7420ed> | 2013-05-18T17:57:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Post By tahnak
Ludwig Van Beethoven's Opus 117, written in 1811.
Today, I heard the entire incidental music for the first time in my life played brilliantly by Herbert Von Karajan and the Berliner Philharmoniker with the choir.
August Von Kotzebue wrote the text for the incidental music that was written to commemorate the opening of a German language theater in Pest, Hungary.
The falling fourths in the overture are superb with a dolce theme in the woodwinds introducing Hungary's national hero. The Presto theme is also delightful. Beethoven uses a juxtaposition theme before the recapitulation that is a precursor to one of the themes used in the opening movement of his Choral Symphony.
This is good music and should be performed more frequently all over the world.
Last edited by tahnak; Jul-11-2011 at 08:34.
I own a recording by Michael Tilson Thomas and the London Symphony, late analog/early digital (I don't thinsk it's complete, but almost complete - may be wrong about that). Also has some good "late choral works" including Beethoven's setting of Gioethe's Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage.
Agree this is good stuff!
Thanks for bringing this up. So far I have acquainted myself with overture - great, it's not much far from Coriolan or Egmont quality. As soon as I'll find complete recording I'm going to dig the rest.
Tags for this Thread | <urn:uuid:90bbb9ad-dcce-4e99-a3e9-3f12ee75fcd1> | 2013-05-18T17:57:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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PRESS RELEASE: THE 2003 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
7 October 2003
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics
for 2003 "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Alexei A. Abrikosov
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA,
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia, and
Anthony J. Leggett
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Flow without resistance
This year's Nobel Prize in Physics is
awarded to three physicists who have made decisive contributions
concerning two phenomena in quantum physics: superconductivity
and superfluidity. Superconducting material is used, for example,
in magnetic resonance imaging for medical examinations and particle
accelerators in physics. Knowledge about superfluid liquids can
give us deeper insight into the ways in which matter behaves in
its lowest and most ordered state.
At low temperatures (a few degrees above absolute zero) certain metals allow
an electric current to pass without resistance. Such superconducting materials
also have the property of being able to displace magnetic flows completely or
partly. Those that displace magnetic flows completely are called type-I superconductors
and a theory explaining them was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972.
This theory, which is based on the fact that pairs of electrons are formed proved,
however, to be inadequate for explaining superconductivity in the technically
most important materials. These type-II superconductors allow superconductivity
and magnetism to exist at the same time and remain superconductive in high magnetic
Alexei Abrikosov succeeded in explaining this phenomenon theoretically.
His starting point was a theory that had been formulated for type-I superconductors
by Vitaly Ginzburg and others, but which proved to be so comprehensive
that it was also valid for the new type. Although these theories were formulated
in the 1950s, they have gained renewed importance in the rapid development of
materials with completely new properties. Materials can now be made superconductive
at increasingly high temperatures and strong magnetic fields.
Liquid helium can become superfluid, that is, its viscosity vanishes at low temperatures.
Atoms of the rare isotope 3He have to form pairs analogous with pairs of
electrons in metallic superconductors. The decisive theory explaining how the atoms
interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by
Anthony Leggett. Recent studies show how this order passes into chaos or
turbulence, which is one of the unsolved problems of classical physics.
Alexei A. Abrikosov, born 1928 (75 years)
in Moscow, the former Soviet Union, American (and Russian) citizen.
Doctor's degree in physics in 1951 at the Institute for Physical
Problems, Moscow. Distinguished Argonne Scientist, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.
Vitaly L. Ginzburg, born 1916 (87 years) in Moscow, Russia
(Russian citizen). Doctor's degree in physics at the University of Moscow. Former
Head of the Theory Group at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia.
Anthony J. Leggett, born 1938 (65 years) in London, England
(British and American citizen). Doctor's degree in physics in 1964 at the University
of Oxford. MacArthur Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Prize amount: SEK 10 million, will be shared equally among the Laureates.
Science Editor, phone +46 8 673 95 44,
+46 703 27 72 00, email@example.com and Eva Krutmeijer,
Head of Information, phone +46 8 673 95 95, +46 709 84 66 38, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:dc77417a-ab59-43a0-bce9-1ebf75ad8aed> | 2013-05-18T17:48:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Eleanor Worrell knew something was wrong. Her daughter, April, would get up at night and wander around the house in a twilight state of sleep. It was getting harder to wake her in the morning.
"It was taking me a good 20 minutes to get her out of bed,'' says the Tampa woman. "She would come home from school and say, 'I'm so tired, Mom.' ''
All that ended about three years ago, when April, now 13, started using a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine. It pushes air into her nose when she sleeps at night, allowing her to breathe freely.
She was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, a condition in which the throat closes during sleep and obstructs the air passageway. Sufferers wake frequently to catch a breath, spending the night in a restless sleep that leaves them exhausted. For adults, apnea is defined as 10 seconds without breathing; for children, it's an interruption of two cycles of inhaling and exhaling, says sleep specialist Dr. William Kohler, April's physician.
Sleep apnea seems to be on the rise in children. For those with the usual causes, such as large tonsils and adenoids or, as in April's case, simply the way their airways are configured, doctors aren't sure if more kids have it these days or it's being diagnosed more often.
A weighty issue
In other children, apnea clearly is getting more common "because of the epidemic of obesity we have in our children,'' says Kohler, director of pediatric sleep services at University Community Hospital in Tampa.
Obese children may breathe normally while awake, but when they sleep, the muscles relax and the fat deposits in the throat constrict the airway.
Sleep apnea can lead to elevated blood pressure and heart problems in adults. In children, it often results in behavioral problems and the inability to think clearly or pay attention in school.
Paradoxically, the condition also may put normal-weight children at risk of becoming obese, just as lack of sleep in adults is associated with weight gain.
Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in kids is a "vicious cycle,'' says Dr. Bruce Schnapf, director of pediatric pulmonology at the University of South Florida College of Medicine. Some kids who lose weight and return to the normal range still have sleep apnea.
And apnea can inhibit growth, he says.
"Once you fix kids' apnea, growth picks up like crazy,'' Schnapf says.
Sleep and performance
For some kids diagnosed with attention-deficit (hyperactivity) disorder, the underlying problem may be lack of restful sleep. Kohler says studies have shown that 50 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD have a sleep disorder, whether it's apnea, insomnia or something else.
April takes medicine for ADHD, but she was diagnosed with the problem before symptoms of sleep apnea appeared, Worrell says. "Being hyperactive, she was wearing out faster.''
Now, April sleeps through the night, is a lot calmer, and her schoolwork has improved, says her mom. "She used to struggle a lot, getting passing grades but very low grades. Now she's maintaining A's and B's.
April says she no longer feels like her nose is stuffy when she sleeps, and she's more refreshed when she gets up in the morning.
Doctors say parents may want to have their children checked for sleep apnea if they see they aren't performing in school and seem to be more irritable, hostile or depressed.
For many, sleep apnea is worse when they sleep on their backs, "but it really is variable,'' Schnapf says. Some have more problems sleeping on their stomachs. And, for some, it's the level of sleep; many experience apnea during deep dream sleep.
Snoring, which isn't normal in children, may be a real clue. Unchecked, it can lead to additional trouble.
"If you follow them for four or five years,'' Kohler says, referring to studies on the subject, "they are more likely to be at the bottom of the class and have behavior problems compared to children who don't snore.''
Diagnosis starts with a detailed examination of the upper airway, Schnapf says. Often, removing the tonsils and adenoids solves the problem. Beyond that, he says, the most successful treatment for kids is the CPAP machine.
Controlling the problem of sleep apnea often improves the child's behavior and school work, Schnapf says.
"The outcomes are very good, very positive.''
Philip Morgan is a St. Petersburg writer. He can be reached at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:b542a9b7-14ca-46c7-8dc8-e9291e0d24ec> | 2013-05-18T17:20:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Madea's Family Reunion"
Join Claud as he pays homage to Tyler Perry and teaches Janet and Paul how to make his sweet and savory "Multiple Rolls."
- 2 envelopes bread machine or instant yeast
- 2/3 cup lukewarm (105-115-degree) water
- 2 cups whole milk
- 1/3 cup butter
- 1/2 cup sugar
- 2 teaspoon salt
- 8-9 cups all-purpose flour
- 3 beaten eggs
1. Combine water and a pinch of sugar in a small bowl. Sprinkle yeast over the top and let yeast mixture stand until yeast dissolves and the mixture is slightly foamy, about 10 minutes.
2. Combine the milk, butter, sugar and salt in a small saucepan over low heat. As soon as the butter melts pour the warm mixture into a large mixing bowl. Using a wooden spoon beat 4 cups of the flour into the milk and butter mixture. Beat in the yeast mixture and the eggs and then beat in another 4 cups of the flour.
3. Scrape the dough out onto a clean, floured surface and knead in enough of the remaining flour to form smooth, elastic and still slightly sticky dough. (A good tip is to rub your hands with a little salad oil to keep the dough from sticking to them).
4. Transfer dough to a lightly oiled bowl, cover with plastic wrap and place in a warm spot until doubled in bulk, about an hour. (At this point you could also refrigerate the dough up to 2 days before continuing).
5. Turn dough out onto a lightly floured surface and make either:
A) Seed rolls
Divide into 12 equal pieces; roll each into a ball and place side-by-side in a baking dish. Cover with a cloth and let rise until doubled in size. Brush with melted butter, sprinkle with your favorite seeds (poppy, sesame, pumpkin, etc.) and bake at 375F for 15-20 minutes in the center of the oven until golden and irresistible.
B) Herb Cheese Rolls
Roll out dough into a large thin sheet and sprinkle evenly with a mixture of fresh herbs like dill, parsley, rosemary or chives and some grated or crumbled cheese. Knead a few times to incorporate the cheese and herbs and then divide into 36 pieces, rolling each piece into a ball. Place 3 balls together in a muffin tin. Cover and let rise until doubled and bake as above.
C) Cinnamon Rolls
Roll out dough into a 16" x 18" rectangle and brush with melted butter. Sprinkle brown sugar, raisins and cinnamon over the top and roll up tightly, jellyroll style, to form an 18" long log. Cut into 12 even pieces cover and set in a warm spot to rise for 20 minutes. Brush with melted butter and bake as above. After the cinnamon rolls have cooled, drizzle with orange glaze if desired. (For the glaze, whisk together 1 cup powdered sugar, 1/4 teaspoon vanilla, 2 tablespoons milk and 1 teaspoon finely grated orange zest).
Makes 1 1/2 dozen | <urn:uuid:2147d128-ac1e-4afe-8227-1bfa994fe731> | 2013-05-18T17:27:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Re: draw sprite doesn't work when inside VS (executable works fine)
Date: 28 Dec 2004 14:28:38 -0800
all the objects are created, as you can see there is no error handling,
there are no errors in the code...
as I say, the actual generated executable works as expected, it shows
the sprite just as you would expect | <urn:uuid:56e5c601-faad-4806-baa5-239b699f14c6> | 2013-05-18T18:07:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Originally Posted by BondExtreme
Before the Storm? I think. I have to go to this guys house and get 'help' from him.
If you chose to go with Ralof from the storm cloaks you'll need to chat with them near the mill and the big wood cutting shed across the river bed of the village.
If you chose to go with the Imperial dude, you'll have to go into the house right next to the blacksmith forge. | <urn:uuid:cc5599fb-dd6d-4ce9-9199-59540811f59e> | 2013-05-18T17:41:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as “the study and design of intelligent agents” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.”
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism, but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.
AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.General intelligence (or “strong AI”) is still among the field’s long term goals. | <urn:uuid:0f627a22-bcbe-43ef-b95e-432ec08bc10c> | 2013-05-18T17:36:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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TomaSoft TomaTray 4.1i (Windows)
Source: Tomasoft Corporation
From the developer: ""TomaSoft TomaTray is a great utility that runs in your system tray and is used for monitoring your Windows PC workstation or server. It monitors your computers four most important system parameters while it is active. It monitors the amount of hard disk space used, the real memory used and, the CPU usage (or utilization), and network traffic. TomaTray uses a great analogy that many people can relate to for displaying these parameters. It displays the information in gauges similar to a car's dashboard. When the needle approaches the red zone of the gauge, there is more cause for concern."" | <urn:uuid:e63ac3d0-f460-40ff-bc5c-55b9d17c990b> | 2013-05-18T17:48:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Secrecy Capacity of the Gaussian Wire-Tap Channel With Finite Complex Constellation Input
Source: Indian Institute of Science
The secrecy capacity of a discrete memoryless Gaussian Wire-Tap Channel when the input is from a finite complex constellation is studied. It is shown that the secrecy capacity curves of a finite constellation plotted against the SNR, for a fixed noise variance of the eavesdropper's channel has a global maximum at an internal point. This is in contrast to what is known in the case of Gaussian codebook input where the secrecy capacity curve is a bounded, monotonically increasing function of SNR. | <urn:uuid:7a76a1c0-7066-469a-826a-a7e8c86c6679> | 2013-05-18T18:00:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A teenage athlete has overcome a campaign of intimidation including death threats to become the only female member of the team to represent Afghanistan at the Beijing Olympics.
- Telegraph TV: Afghan athletes' Olympic odyssey
- Full coverage of the build-up to the Beijing Olympics
Mehboba Ahdyar, a shy 19-year-old from Kabul, will face the worlds best 1,500-metre runners in August wearing a veil and a baggy tracksuit.
While she is unlikely to mount the winner's podium, few of her opponents will have endured such a perilous training regime to get them to the Games.
Training for Mehboba begins after nightfall. At 8.30pm, when Kabul residents are transfixed by the daily episode of the country's most popular soap opera, a racy Indian drama named Because a Mother-in-Law was Once a Daughter-in-Law Too, Mehboba slips out of her house in a poor suburb and starts running.
She runs up and down the streets for the duration of the programme. It is the only time when, as a woman, she can supplement her official training sessions without threats or harassment.
She recently had to destroy the Sim card on her mobile phone because the number had become known to fundamentalists who bombarded her with death threats.
"They say that they will not leave me alive," she said, with a shrug.
Mehboba, whose father scrapes a living as a carpenter, is a devout Muslim and insists that if she is forced to wear the sort of figure-hugging kit favoured by other international athletes she will not take part.
But such dedication to her faith has not prevented further intimidation. After a Western journalist visited her house this week a rumour spread that she was entertaining foreign men as a prostitute.
Mehboba received a visit from the police, while her family were warned that they might have to leave their house.
In spite of the taunts and death threats, she insists she will run for national pride.
"I will compete against heroes," she said, although she could not name any of the world's leading middle-distance runners. "We have trained for three years. I hope for a medal or at least to break Afghanistan's record."
Her personal best is a full minute outside the 1,500-metre world record, but she has beaten all comers in national competitions.
Three times a week she and her fellow Olympian, Masood Azizi, a 20-year-old sprinter, train for three hours at the national stadium, a concrete track around the field where the Taliban used to perform public executions.
Mehboba and Azizi, along with a wrestler and a Taekwondo competitor will today fly to Malaysia for five months of intensive training to give the four-athlete team their best shot at Olympic glory.
Mehboba was excited and nervous. "I have never left the country," she said, "except for a refugee camp in Pakistan." | <urn:uuid:515c3229-1729-49cb-8e3a-14862d623be6> | 2013-05-18T17:30:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A scene at Parker household reveals that Jesse's mother works as a church secretary and that his father is kind of a jerk who doesn't get along very well with him. Dad tries to keep Jesse from heading off to the Kramer household to check on Christina, but Jesse leaves anyway. The power of Christina compels him!
Now that the Satan Spawn is awake, Judy must hand over her possessions. She stares while Christina goes through them, though. Christina looks at a picture of a church that is labeled "St. Martin's, Ocean Grove, 1974." There is also an amber ball with some kind of insect embedded in it. She and Judy chat about how much their lives suck. Judy's is bad because everyone is in each other's business all the time in a small town -- oh, and because her sister died three years ago and her mom is a wackjob because of it. Christina's not specific about her own life's suckitude, but I can't imagine I'd be all that thrilled if my dad had horns and a tail. She doesn't know this consciously yet, but come on. She has to realize on some level.
Enter Jesse. He stares obsessively at Christina, and she stares right back. He claims he's just interested in the fact that she looks so good after almost dying in the ocean. She smiles modestly as Judy makes fun of Jesse and his staring problem.
Paula is sitting by the pool behind her giant monster home when Ribcage walks up with a six-pack. Of beer, that is. He asks why she invited him over, and she starts getting all abstract and weird about how the air feels "electric." They discuss how her mom likes the "bad boys," and Ribcage wonders if Paula feels the same way and that's why she asked him over. Instead of really answering that question, she strips and jumps into the pool. Ribcage sets a new land speed record stripping and jumping in after her. He asks her, "Why now? Why tonight?" She answers, "I'm in a mood," as they start making out.
Meg Kramer is standing at the door of what looks like someone's bedroom. Are you thinking it's her dead daughter's room? Yeah, me too. Dr. Ben interrupts her fun to tell her he'd feel better if Christina were back with her father. Meg disagrees, saying she feels "good" about her being there. Ugh, when she starts dyeing and styling Christina's hair to match her dead daughter's and makes her wear the dead chick's clothes, you're going to be sorry you didn't put your foot down, Dr. Ben! | <urn:uuid:b2abb976-b1fa-46ab-aa3b-8f82cb6c68c9> | 2013-05-18T17:31:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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