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Council members voted unanimously to allocate the funding. Councilman John Nolte did not participate in the vote or discussion of the matter because he is president of the center's board of directors.
The funds, which were set aside and included in the city's 2012-2013 fiscal year budget, will come from the general fund's general services division budget which is used for expenses such as dues for government associations, for some contract services and contingencies.
Resident M. Joyce Bakersmith told council members the center should not rely on city assistance to operate and added the money could be used to fund the Pomona Public Library.
Councilwoman Paula Lantz said she would support allocating the funds since they've been included in the budget.
"I feel it's an obligation we need to keep," Lantz said.
However, "this will be the last time I support it because the money comes from a fund that could go to the library," she said.
Councilwoman Cristina Carrizosa asked that city administrators work with the center, often referred to as the Pomona Day Labor Center, and develop a partnership to assist the city in handling duties such as cleaning up areas where trash or other debris is dumped.
"We have to come up with a plan where they can help up," she said.
City administrators recommended half of the money be released as soon as
The second half will be paid within 30 days of the release of the first payment, the staff report said. | <urn:uuid:8dd6a972-fc0c-4c05-abe7-b06568065934> | 2013-05-21T17:09:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A study led by researchers at the University of Colorado has determined that the pace of planet warming in the first decade of this century was slowed by volcanic activity, and not by industrial activity in Asia, as was previously believed.
Previous research in 2009 had suggested that an increase in stratospheric aerosols tied to a 60 percent increase in sulfur dioxide emissions over China and India had negated about 25 percent of the global warming that scientists attribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
That cooling effect occurs when sulfur dioxide emissions rise 12 to 20 miles to the stratospheric aerosol layer of the atmosphere. There, chemical reactions create sulfuric acid and water particles that reflect sunlight back into space.
Now, research led by study author Ryan Neely, conducted as part of his doctoral thesis at CU, has shown that global warming from 2000 to 2010 was tamped down by sulfur dioxide from volcanic eruptions, not industrial emissions in China and India, where such activity has greatly increased in recent years.
"It's good to know this is coming from volcanoes; its a natural thing, and it's not something we're doing as a planet," said Neely, who is now a post-doctoral fellow in the advanced study program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
The 10-year window addressed by the study did not see massive activity on the scale of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, which erupted in 1991 in the second-largest volcanic event of the 20th century. Still, there was sufficient volcanic activity in the 2000s from the tropics to Alaska that made an impact in the stratosphere.
The new research piggybacks on a 2011 study led by Susan Solomon, a former scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration who is now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which showed that stratospheric aerosols -- without isolating their source -- offset about one-quarter of the greenhouse-effect warming of Earth in the past 10 years.
To determine what was contributing to that, Neely said he realized, "You couldn't do it from observations alone. It's all intermingled, and you can't separate the two sources easily. It was going to take a very specialized model that no one has done before."
CU's Janus supercomputer was pressed into service to conduct seven computer runs, each of them simulating 10 years of atmospheric activity linked to both coal-burning activities in Asia and to volcanic emissions around the world.
Each run required about a week of computer time, utilizing 192 processors, enabling the team to isolate coal-burning pollution in Asia from aerosol contributions tied to volcanic eruptions.
Neely said the work would have taken a single computer about 25 years to complete.
The fact that the emissions from industrial activity on the other side of the planet is not affecting temperature fluctuations tied to particulates in the stratosphere, Neely said, does not mean that all those human-caused emissions are good for the environment.
"A lot of people would take it that way," he said, "but it's bad for other reasons -- for acid rain reasons, and just for putting pollution into the atmosphere, and not to mention all the carbon dioxide they're emitting, when they burn all the coal," he said.
In a news release, study co-author and CU professor Brian Toon said, "The biggest implication here is that scientists need to pay more attention to small and moderate volcanic eruptions, when trying to understand changes in Earth's climate.
"But overall, these eruptions are not going to counter the greenhouse effect. Emissions of volcanic gases go up and down, helping to cool or heat the planet, while greenhouse gas emissions from human activity just continue to go up."
Contact Camera Staff Writer Charlie Brennan at 303-473-1327 or email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:8694d936-0085-4edd-a6e6-c8493988c285> | 2013-05-21T17:10:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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AUSTIN, Texas - A person familiar with the situation says Lance Armstrong has completed his interview with Oprah Winfrey and that it was "emotional at times."
The person spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity and would neither confirm nor deny that the disgraced cyclist confessed to using performance-enhancing drugs during the taping, scheduled to be broadcast Thursday night.
A group of about 10 close friends and advisers to Armstrong left a downtown Austin hotel about three hours after they arrived Monday afternoon.
Earlier Monday, Armstrong stopped at his Livestrong Foundation and delivered a heartfelt apology to staff members, some of whom broke down in tears. A person with knowledge of that meeting says Armstrong said he was sorry for letting the staff down and putting Livestrong at risk but he did not make a direct confession to the group about using banned drugs.
Armstrong was stripped of seven Tour de France titles last year for running what officials described as a sophisticated doping operation. | <urn:uuid:f616f2c4-fafe-49ad-b2a4-944c442c7737> | 2013-05-21T17:37:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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KELLAN LUTZ OPENS UP ABOUT WACKY INVENTIONS
TWILIGHT star KELLAN LUTZ is a budding inventor who has a plan to foil cops chasing bank robbers.
The actor has been working on the idea since he was a science nerd growing up in Iowa and he made a pitch for a billionaire to invest in his idea during an appearance on U.S. late night show Conan on Thursday (15Nov12).
He told the host, "As a kid I wanted to rob a bank - I still want to... It was more to get away with it... I was like, 'Why don't the guys getting chased by the cops have a trapdoor under their car; you should plan ahead.
"My idea was... I'd have a getaway vehicle and I'd go down an alleyway... so there's only one lead vehicle chasing me... I'd have, like, a Pokemon ball... and I'm obsessed with (engineer and physicist Nikola) Tesla... so there's Tesla coils in there and I've a chemical compound and the whole idea is you push the Pokemon ball... throw it under your trapdoor; it's full electricity and once it hits the lead vehicle, it, like, hits the metal (and) it just disrupts the battery and fries it.
"When you stop the lead vehicle, it stops all the other cars."
Lutz has also come up with a laundry invention to turn "cool baby clothes" into fashion items for adults.
He added, "I'm a terrible washer, dryer - whatever shrinks your clothes... so I was saying, 'Why can't you have an expander... which expands the follicles of your fabric...'
"I could buy my baby clothes, save money 'cos it's cheaper and then just throw it in this expander and have some cool clothes to wear." | <urn:uuid:a70ac404-28ba-4ab2-8c43-6c7f1912bf83> | 2013-05-21T17:38:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From left, Per Krusell, Staffan Normark, Peter Gardenfors and Tore Ellingsen of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences present the winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences on Monday in Stockholm. / Henrik Montgomery, AP
STOCKHOLM (AP) - Two Americans were awarded the Nobel economics prize on Monday for studies on the match-making taking place when doctors are coupled up with hospitals, students with schools and human organs with transplant recipients.
The work of Alvin Roth and Lloyd Shapley has sparked a "flourishing field of research" and helped improve the performance of many markets, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.
Roth, 60, is a professor at Harvard University in Boston. Shapley, 89, is a professor emeritus at University of California Los Angeles.
"This year's prize concerns a central economic problem: how to match different agents as well as possible," the academy said.
Shapley made early theoretical inroads into the subject, using game theory to analyze different matching methods in the 1950s and '60s. Together with U.S. economist David Gale, he developed a mathematical formula for how 10 men and 10 women could be coupled in a way so that no one would benefit from trading partners.
While that may have had little impact on marriages and divorces, the algorithm they developed has been used to better understand many different markets.
In the 1990s, Roth applied it to the market for allocating U.S. student doctors to hospitals. He developed a new algorithm that was adopted by the National Resident Matching Program, which helps match resident doctors with the right hospitals.
"Even though these two researchers worked independently of one another, the combination of Shapley's basic theory and Roth's empirical investigations, experiments and practical design has generated a flourishing field of research and improved the performance of many markets," the academy said.
The official prize citation said the two were awarded for "the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design."
Roth said he was sleeping in California, where he is a visiting professor at Stanford University, when he got the call from the prize committee.
"I'm sure that in class this morning my students will pay more attention," he told a news conference in Stockholm by phone.
Asked how he would celebrate, he said: "I haven't made any plans yet; coffee."
David Warsh, who follows academic economists on his Economic Principals blog, says Roth's work has revolutionized the way organs are matched to patients. Before Roth, he says, "there were no economists in that business at all. He's really changed it, and saved a lot of lives."
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was the last of the 2012 Nobel awards to be announced.
It's not technically a Nobel Prize, because unlike the five other awards it wasn't established in the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist also known for inventing dynamite.
The economics prize was created by the Swedish central bank in Nobel's memory in 1968, and has been handed out with the other prizes ever since. Each award is worth 8 million Swedish kronor, or about $1.2 million.
Last year's economics prize went to U.S. economists Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims for describing the cause-and-effect relationship between the economy and government policy.
The 2012 Nobel Prizes in medicine, physics chemistry and literature and the Nobel Peace Prize were announced last week. All awards will be handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death in 1896.
AP Economics Writer Paul Wiseman in Washington D.C. contributed to this report.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Read the original story: 2 Americans win Nobel economics prize | <urn:uuid:9f6413fe-5322-4fb3-b799-ba96e2f0d7a8> | 2013-05-21T17:38:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Joined: Aug. 2005
||Posted: Feb. 10 2008,20:40
My hd frugal install fails to boot with the error "can't find KNOPPIX filesystem,...". I've read and tried every reported solution to this error that I could find, but so far no joy.
tried: nodma, bootfrom=, fromhd=.
dev/hda2/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX exists and "diff" shows no diference between it and ther one on the CD (which boots ok).
Interestingly, if I have "bootfrom=/dev/hda2" as a grub option and I start booting from the hd, but insert the dsl cdrom before it gets to looking for KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX it first "looks at" /dev/sda1 and spins up the CD briefly, and then successfully switches to /dev/hda2 and completes the toram boot!
/dev/hda2 is reiserfs partition with a broken SUSE install on it.
My grub entry:
title DSL fb1024x768
kernel /boot/linux24 bootfrom=/dev/hda2 vga=791 nopcmcia frugal toram
How can boot find the kernel, but not the cloop KNOPPIX, normally, yet find it after it finds the CD? | <urn:uuid:66d68e0d-adf2-4e9f-b09d-782e3a305293> | 2013-05-21T17:44:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Cleopatra 2525 RPG
Game summary - Page 1
August 2002 - August 2003
Last update: 8. January 2004
The Voice Manuscript
Creegan steals a Voice disc
Creegan have broken into a Voice lab, and managed to steal a disc containing something called "The Voice Manuscript". This is information about all of Voice's teams and supporters (or so he believes - it is actually part of a trap Voice has set up for him).
Voice alerts Hel, Sarge,
Cleo and Mauser, and
orders Hel and her team to get the disc back. The disc
has a localisator, so they can trace it's signal.
Creegan is in his hideout, checking the progress of his scientists on the making of a transplane device. He discovers that he can't decode the disc, nor can his betrayers. He makes a copy of the disc, contacts the Baileys, and prepares to travel to the surface to get the disc decoded.
Meanwhile a young and very confused
woman called Ivy (who has amnesia)
stumbles across one of Creegan's back-up teams, who
captures her. The mutants discuss selling her as a slave.
Ivy manages to kill the mutants.
Hel, Sarge and Cleo has reached the abandoned level, and hears fighting in the distance (it's the mutants firing at Ivy). As they move towards the sounds of fighting, they're ambushed by a small group of Creegan's betrayers.
Ivy hears fighting in the distance, goes to investigate, and ends up being involved in the battle, on the side of Hel, Sarge and Cleo.
Hel and Sarge are very suspicious of
the newcomer Ivy - Cleo is a bit more friendly. Before
they have a chance to find out anything about Ivy,
they're attacked by Creegan's army of mutants and
betrayers. One of the mutants triggers a device that
creates a powerful force field which traps the women and
half the army.
Enter Anyah and Ariana
Two sisters from a Dwork village, Anyah and Ariana, enters the Underground.
Anyah finds her way to the abandoned level and discovers the women trapped behind the force field. She uses some kind of psi powers and disrupts the force field. Unfortunately she ends up being trapped with the other females, as they are hopelessly outnumbered.
On the way to the surface Creegan is "ambushed" by a girl called Mouse. Mouse is a Dwork, who has accidentally fallen into the Underground and is looking for the way out. She follows Creegan, who she thinks is a demon, and eventually he helps her out.
Frolick, Creegan's "next in command", decides that they should get rid of the newcomer (i.e. Anyah). Ivy manages to confuse them. They start arguing, and the women tries to sneak away, but are discovered - the betrayers where not confused, and starts firing at Anyah and Ivy as they run across the room. Ivy uses her telempathic powers to influence Frolick, who orders the betrayers to stop firing.
The women manage to get away from the
army, and jumps into the nearest shaft. Hel leads them to
a safe place that Voice has given her the co-ordinates
to. They discover it is an old, dusty lab.
The women head back to the Voice lab, with Creegan close on their heels.
Meanwhile, Ariana is looking for her sister, and stumbles onto the Voice lab, where she meets Mauser. Mauser brings her inside the lab and runs a scan on her to check if she's a betrayer, which she's not. Ariana meets Mr. Pants!
Hel's group has finally escaped from Creegan and gone
back to the Voice lab, bringing Ivy and Anyah with them.
Later, by Voiced orders, Cleo injects Ivy, Anyah and Ariana with localisator chips, in their arms.
Pandora the cat burglar
Creegan have used the information on the
"Voice Manuscript" disc to select his first
target: Xavier Hall, owner of the club "Echo"
on the upper levels, and one of Voice's financial backers.
Welcome to the 26th century, Oliver!
Somewhere else in the Underground, a young man, Oliver
Thornton, wakes up from cryo sleep. | <urn:uuid:b2fdb198-45e8-4761-9d63-998959539d53> | 2013-05-21T17:39:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I authorize the administration of ____________________ ____________ ,provided in its original container, to ____________________ __________ by the provider.
Child's Current Weight : __________________ Child's Current Age: __________
Purchased on: _________________ Expiry Date: ________________
Administration to Start On: __________ Administration to End On: ___________
Prescribed Dosage to be Received: ____________________ ______
Specific Time(s) to administer for: ____________________ _____________
Specific Symptoms to administer for: ____________________ _____________
Specified Storage of Medication Shall be: ____________________ _________
Stop medication if the following symptoms are observed: ________________
I understand if questions arise about giving/applying the medication, my provider will contact the dispensing pharmacy to clarify issues. I.e. when to give/apply and how often. If an appropriate response can not be obtained, or safety of child is in question, medication will not be administered.
I understand and accept that if problems arise with the giving/applying of the medication I.e. refusal by child to take medication, side effects, or an allergic reaction the child care provider will stop giving or applying the medication and will notify me.
Date Parent's Signature | <urn:uuid:47364910-112c-4ed4-ba80-c5ffe61e9923> | 2013-05-21T17:45:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Deep Water Fence and Tubing for Beaver
The tubing draws water from the deeper portion of the pond with an exclosure used to keep the beaver away from the intake. This device is based on the principle that if beavers cannot feel or hear water flowing into the intake, they will not be attracted to it.
- Use pipe material that conducts the least amount of sound. Rigid, smooth PVC pipe is probably the best.
- Use 6" x 6" mesh concrete reinforcement wire (6 gauges). The mesh size is small enough to keep beaver out and still let debris through the exclosure. This wire is available ins 5' and 10' panels and rolls.
- Use of an elbow or angling the pipe so that the intake remains underwater at all times when the device is operating will cut down on the sound of water flowing.
- The larger the exclosure, the more effective in reducing the sensation of water flow.
- The wire exclosure must be tight against the bottom of the pond so that the beaver is unable to get underneath it and extend 18" - 24" above the pond level. In areas with uneven bottoms, a floor may be added to prevent beavers from swimming underneath. | <urn:uuid:d5e58db1-0899-4666-a2ff-6724f5587b78> | 2013-05-21T17:38:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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to me any animal is a trophy. but to answer your question, i think that going out and finding a area and hunting it with cameras, doing all the prep work and bagging that buck that you have looked at during the summer on the trail cams. he doesnt have to be a monster with drop tines but i wouldnt pass on that either.
"If I pull the hammer and shoot this young buck, he's dead. But if I pass on him, the next hunter might not shoot so straight." | <urn:uuid:3ff229cc-8a35-42bb-80e7-1735305863e1> | 2013-05-21T17:10:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Forces Kill 2 Insurgents in Ghazni Province
Compiled from International Security Assistance Force Joint Command News Releases
WASHINGTON, April 28, 2011 Combined forces killed two armed insurgents in a gun battle and detained several other suspected insurgents yesterday in the Ab Band district of Afghanistan’s Ghazni province, military officials reported.
Troops were searching for a Haqqani terrorist network leader who is responsible for leading attacks on security forces in western Paktika and southeastern Ghazni provinces. Security forces already had detained two suspects when they came under attack. Troops returned fire, killing two gunmen, and they eventually detained several others suspected of being Haqqani terrorists, officials said.
In other operations yesterday throughout Afghanistan:
-- Security forces detained several suspected insurgents, while searching for a Haqqani network bomb maker in Khost province’s Sabari district.
-- Forces found several drug and weapons stockpiles. Operations resulted in seizure of 2,500 pounds of hashish, 400 assault rifle rounds, 37 pressure plates, 12 mortar rounds, five suicide-bomb vests, three assault rifles and assorted bomb-making materials. | <urn:uuid:24cafe57-5840-4e7f-af0e-a0747528c064> | 2013-05-21T17:30:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The nation's largest and most comprehensive state university system, The State University of New York (SUNY), was founded at Potsdam, New York in 1816. Years later, the Morrill Act of 1862 led to the creation of four Ivy League land-grant SUNY colleges, which now currently exist at Cornell University. SUNY was officially established in February 1948 when New York became the 48th state, of the then 48 states, to create a state university system. SUNY initially represented a consolidation of 29 unaffiliated institutions, including 11 teachers colleges. All of these colleges, with their unique histories and backgrounds, united for a common goal: To serve New York State. Since 1948 SUNY has grown to include 64 individual colleges and universities that were either formerly independent institutions or directly founded by the State University of New York.
Today, the State University of New York's 64 geographically-dispersed campuses bring educational opportunity within commuting distance of virtually all New Yorkers and comprise the nation's largest comprehensive system of public higher education. The State University of New York's 64 campuses are divided into four categories, based on educational mission, types of academic opportunities available and degrees offered. SUNY offers students a wide diversity of educational options, including short-term vocational/technical courses; certificate; associate and baccalaureate degree programs; graduate degrees; and post-doctoral studies. SUNY provides access to almost every field of academic or professional study within the system via its more than 7,500 degree and certificate programs.
SUNY students represent the society that surrounds them. In November 2009, 20.8% of all enrolled students were minorities. While SUNY students are predominantly New York State residents, representing every one of the state's 62 counties, they also hail from every other state in the United States, the District of Columbia, four U.S. territories, and 160 nations. One out of three New York State high school graduates choose SUNY, and the total enrollment of nearly 465,000 full-time and part-time students represents 37% of New York State's higher education student population. SUNY alumni number over 2.5 million graduates residing in New York State and throughout the world.
SUNY attracts the best and brightest scholars, scientists, artists, and professionals and boasts nationally- and internationally-recognized faculty in all major disciplines. Faculty are regular recipients of prestigious awards and honors.
SUNY colleges and universities range from world-renowned community colleges, such as the Fashion Institute of Technology, to first-rate graduate schools and the nation's top veterinary school. The highly-regarded doctoral-degree-granting universities are home to top research programs and attract experts in a variety of fields. Students study in campus classrooms and laboratories or work from a distance through the SUNY Learning Network, which provides educational opportunities to more than 70,000 students through 4,000 courses and 60 degree and certificate programs.
The State University of New York is committed to providing quality education at an affordable price to New Yorkers and students from across the country and the world.
Call us Toll-free:
Or write to us at:
2 Main St.
Delhi, NY 13753 | <urn:uuid:ecb7e251-83e1-4bd6-89ba-49531994e364> | 2013-05-21T17:24:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From Good Housekeeping
If you don't have pale yellow, nutty-flavored Gruyere cheese, substitute the same amount of shredded Swiss or Jarlsberg, or a few shavings of fresh Parmesan.
Serves: 4 Edit
Total Time: 15 min
Cook Time: 10 min
- 1 pound(s) asparagus, trimmed
- 4 ounce(s) Gruyère cheese,, shredded
- 1/8 teaspoon(s) coarsely ground black pepper
- 8 large eggs
- 1/2 cup(s) water
- 1/2 teaspoon(s) salt
- 4 teaspoon(s) butter or margarine
- Parsley sprigs for garnish
- Prepare Filling: In deep 12-inch skillet, in 1 inch boiling water, heat asparagus to boiling over high heat. Reduce heat to medium-low; simmer, uncovered, just until tender. Drain asparagus; rinse with cold running water to stop cooking. Sprinkle cheese with pepper.
- To make Omelets: In medium bowl, with wire whisk, beat eggs, water, and salt. For each omelet, in nonstick 8-inch skillet, melt 1 teaspoon margarine or butter over medium-high heat. Pour in 1/2 cup egg mixture; cook until set (about 1 minute), gently lifting edge. Sprinkle one-fourth of cheese mixture on half of omelet; top with one-fourth of asparagus spears. Fold over other half of omelet; slide onto plate. Repeat to make 4 omelets in all.
- *For lighter omelets, substitute 4 large eggs and 8 large egg whites.
Here are some alternate versions of this recipe created by our wonderful community of chefs! | <urn:uuid:242cec5d-be47-45f8-b66f-b6092a45bea4> | 2013-05-21T17:19:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Chicken with Couscous and Orange
Utilize the supermarket staple of rotisserie chicken to create this simple dinner. Shred the chicken and combine with couscous, mint, and orange to create a refreshing meal.
Courtesy of Martha Stewart
Serves: 4 Edit
- 1.00 cup(s) couscous
- 1.00 cup(s) shredded rotisserie chicken
- 1/3 cup(s) pistachios, toasted and coarsely chopped
- 1 navel orange, peeled and coarsely chopped
- 2.00 tablespoon(s) chopped fresh mint leaves
- 2.00 teaspoon(s) extra-virgin olive oil
- 2.00 teaspoon(s) red-wine vinegar
- Coarse salt
- Ground pepper
- In a medium bowl, pour 1 cup boiling water over couscous. Cover and let sit until tender, 5 minutes. Fluff with a fork. In another medium bowl, combine chicken, pistachios, orange, mint, oil, and vinegar. Season with salt and pepper. Toss couscous with chicken mixture.
Here are some alternate versions of this recipe created by our wonderful community of chefs! | <urn:uuid:08b118d3-2649-4000-85ef-05b277622651> | 2013-05-21T17:40:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In the latest such attack in June, gunmen stormed a lakeside hotel outside of Kabul and opened fire on Afghans having dinner, killing 18 people. The commander of NATO forces in Afghanistan quickly attributed the attack to the Haqqani network, which has long operated as a sort of arm of the Taliban in the eastern part of the country.
Still, there are likely people waiting in the wings to replace Badruddin, said former Afghan intelligence chief Amrullah Saleh, now an opposition leader.
"They are going to find another person to replace him. What I know is that his elder brother, Sirajuddin Haqqani, is playing a larger role in the Haqqani network," Saleh said in an interview on Afghanistan's Tolo television. He said until the group's ability to operate across Afghanistan and Pakistan is limited, "killing their commanders or leaders will have its effect, but not that large of an effect."
The U.S. State Department has designated Badruddin, along with his father and brothers — Nasiruddin and Sirajuddin — as terrorists. The State Department said in May 2011 that Badruddin sits on the Miram Shah Shura, a group that controls all Haqqani network activities and coordinates attacks in southeastern Afghanistan.
Badruddin is also believed to have been responsible for the 2008 kidnapping of New York Times reporter David Rohde, the department said.
After their father effectively retired in 2005, Badruddin and his brother Sirajuddin expanded the network into kidnapping and extortion, both highly profitable for the organization, according to a recent report by the West Point, N.Y.-based Combating Terrorism Center. Afghan intelligence authorities have released intercepts of Badruddin orchestrating an attack against the Intercontinental Hotel in Kabul in 2011, the CTC said.
The U.S. has long viewed the Haqqani network as one of the biggest threats to U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan as well as the country's long term stability. The group has shown little interest in negotiating with the Washington, and has pulled off some of the highest-profile and most complex attacks in Afghanistan, although not necessarily the most deadly.
Associated Press writers Rebecca Santana in Islamabad and Anwarullah Khan in Khar, Pakistan, contributed to this report.
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- Tea party looks to take advantage of... 12 | <urn:uuid:c04e87a4-e411-4e9c-944c-4dcf36085285> | 2013-05-21T17:18:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Hunger Games star - who was nominated for an Oscar today for her performance in Silver Linings Playbook - was honoured with the 'Favourite Movie Actress' gong.
"Oh my God, I'm sweating so much I'm going to drop it," Lawrence quipped as she took to the stage, before telling herself to "focus".
"Thank you so much," she said. "Thank you fans, thank you. I wish this was like Mean Girls and I could just break this up and throw it at all of you, because you're all responsible."
Lawrence added: "Thank you for loving movies as much as I do and just accepting this movie and for voting."
The Hunger Games dominated the People's Choice Awards, picking up a title of five gongs at the ceremony, including the 'Favourite Movie' honour.
The movie's star Josh Hutcherson paid tribute to the franchise's fans at the event, saying: "You guys are incredible and this is 100% for you."
The second movie in the Hunger Games franchise, Catching Fire, is due to be released in November and several images from the film have recently been released.
Photo gallery - People's Choice Awards 2013 best and worst dressed:
Copyright: WENN FayesVision/WENN.com | <urn:uuid:9c873c37-731c-4152-b328-2f127e5048da> | 2013-05-21T17:35:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The 'I Dreamed A Dream' star took to the stage at Newcastle's Theatre Royal, where fans from all over the world had come to support the new production, in which Elaine C Smith is playing Boyle.
Boyle herself will make a cameo after the curtain call most nights, performing the Les Misérables track which propelled her to fame on Britain's Got Talent.
During the performance, one American fan shouted: "We love you!" to which Boyle responded: "I love you too, see you outside."
Based on her autobiography The Woman I Was Born to Be, the musical tells the story from Boyle's birth, her time at school, being bullied for her learning difficulties, her decision to perform on stage for Simon Cowell in 2008 and subsequent struggle with fame.
> Madonna refuses Susan Boyle cover of 'You'll See' for musical
> Susan Boyle: 'I Dreamed a Dream musical has everything'
American supporter Marie Sheahan Brown praised Smith - who also co-wrote the story - for her role: "I could watch it again, it was fabulous. Elaine did a marvellous job and she can really sing.
"There are people from 15 countries here, and from 20 states in the US. She speaks to a lot of people's hearts. It's not only her stunningly glorious voice, it's her as a person."
Critics have so far given the production a warm welcome, with Dominic Cavendish from The Telegraph writing that the five-star musical is "a delight that deserves to go far, and fast, as she has done".
The Susan Boyle Musical: I Dreamed A Dream will visit 11 UK and Irish cities over the coming months, with Boyle expected to make a similar curtain call appearance at most performances. | <urn:uuid:068e42d9-9d5f-4dee-a18e-1ddaad87bdc8> | 2013-05-21T17:30:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Chris Pratt has described Brad Pitt as a "down-to-earth normal guy".
Talking to E Online, the Parks and Recreation actor - who stars alongside Pitt in the upcoming drama Moneyball - admitted that while he was initially intimidated by his co-star, he was struck by how "cool" Pitt was despite his fame.
"His presence kind of takes up all the energy in the room," Pratt said.
"Once you get past that he's really just a kind of down-to-earth normal guy. Pretty open about talking about his life. He's a megastar. Maybe the biggest star in the world and he's pretty cool."
Pratt added: "You see him on set and there's that part of you that's like, 'Keep cool, that's Brad Pitt!' He's kind of exactly like what you would hope, which is just really awesome." | <urn:uuid:33bc698a-ba98-4ad3-bab2-480ab1ddba57> | 2013-05-21T17:41:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Shepard spoke about the hit movie franchise on yesterday's edition of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as the movie's star Kristen Stewart was also a guest.
When Leno asked whether he supports Edward or Jacob, Shepard joked: "Oh, don't be ridiculous Jay - Team Edward all the way!
"But not for the reasons you might think - having nothing to do with the story, simply based on I think we have a similar complexion, Edward and I. Similar build. The other guy is emasculating to me as a man! He is too built for me to enjoy. I'm jealous."
Leno joked that Shepard would love him to be in the movie as he is "not built at all", prompting the actor to reply: "I would be on Team Jay for sure, if you were an option!"
He continued: "The guy, Jacob, no shirt for him. Right? He doesn't need a shirt. Never gets cold, Jacob. Am I the only one here that's seen this movie? The kid never puts his shirt on! Team Edward all the way."
Shepard also used the interview to confirm the news that he is expecting a baby with his fiancée Kristen Bell, joking that his mom is very "excited".
Watch Dax Shepard talking to Jay Leno about Twilight below (US only): | <urn:uuid:5d8dd3ee-d881-4372-be98-38df50f70a2f> | 2013-05-21T17:34:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Earlier this evening, while the Grammy Awards were in full-swing, the Los Angeles County Coroner completed the autopsy on Whitney Houston. It's eerie, really. Just a mile or so down the road from The Staples Center, the preliminary results of Whitney's autopsy are now locked away in a security hold as the toxicology report won't be determined for 4 -6 weeks.
According to TMZ:
" ...although the cause of death is unknown, it is increasingly looking like Whitney may have fallen asleep or lapsed into unconsciousness in the bathtub and drowned.
We're told Whitney had been drinking the night before and authorities believe a combination of Xanax and alcohol could have fatally sedated her -- although our sources say it is simply too early to draw any firm conclusions."
It's all very sad that we do have a collective feeling about what may have occurred in that hotel room in Beverly Hills Saturday afternoon. It's also sad that Whitney's daughter, Bobbi Kristina is on a suicide watch and may need to go to a rehabilitation center because of her profound grief over losing her mother. Earlier this afternoon, her father Bobby Brown flew to Los Angeles to be with his daughter.
Written by: Diva Julia | <urn:uuid:3f32e95b-9675-445a-a9d6-d478b2a82d47> | 2013-05-21T17:16:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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We have a problem
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You could try searching again or browsing our product collections and categories. We have thousands of products in stock but our website is limited in the searches it can understand.
Feel free to contact us if you still don't see what you're looking for. | <urn:uuid:95753c6f-06de-4229-853f-db0fe7cb8c0f> | 2013-05-21T17:23:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Built on a string of more than 100 islands, Venice is interconnected by hundreds of canals and bridges. Cars are banned, but you'll find all sorts of water transportation to get around, like the vaporetti and the iconic gondolas. It's a city of wonder as stone structures on wooden pilings sunk in clay are literally what have kept its impressive Venetian-Gothic architecture afloat these past 1,500 years.
As the "romance capital" of Italy, Venice has played a leading role in both literature and Hollywood. The city is also a major art center known for its Venetian glass industry and the brilliant colors of Murano glass.
From its rise and fall as a maritime powerhouse to its incarnation as a world-class art house to the ever popular tourist destination of today, Venice delights all visitors who step ashore. | <urn:uuid:6474fb81-7cde-4455-ba4c-6fd98c5ddf52> | 2013-05-21T17:45:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Move through Fantasy and Reality while watching Asian Drama!
Description: Asami (Rina Uchiyama) is about to gradute from college. One rainy day, she offers her umbrella to Mayama (Shinichi Tsutsumi) who was her mother's lover, and Asami's real father, though he doesn't know it. As they keep meeting each other, Asami realizes how much her dead mother means to him. At the same time, Mayama's current lover decides to leave him, sensing there's no room for her in his heart.
October 29th, 2010 | <urn:uuid:f8bc0bbc-5591-405f-bae2-5f40ed346c3d> | 2013-05-21T17:23:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, the latest operating system and Windows makeover, were released in fall 2012. For programmers, many new APIs were included in the features added. Several of the new features focus on the venerable sockets interface, the basic network paradigm first introduced in Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX in the early 1980s. Sockets still form the basis for networking on all of the major platforms including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, iOS, and Android.
You might want to consider these new Windows socket APIs for your next project when writing new apps or refactoring older applications for Windows. New Windows 8 features for sockets programming are found at both ends of the network spectrum:
- Window Runtime (WinRT) sockets: Used for low-level networking in Windows Store apps.
- High-performance sockets: Used in writing network servers for desktop apps that need low network latency and the highest performance.
- WebSockets: The other new networking APIs are socket-related, at least in name; these are extensions to the HTTP protocols for the creation of a special Web socket that is fully bidirectional once the connection is established, either endpoint can initiate or send packets.
Herein I provide a brief introduction to these new networking socket features available on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. The focus will be more on WinRT sockets, since these will appeal to a larger set of developers.
Sockets and Windows
The original Berkeley socket implementation developed in 1983 was very simple, based on the design of UNIX file I/O. A network socket became a special type of file handle. BSD networking functions were basic:
socket (open or create),
connect (for TCP),
close. Several types of sockets were supported including TCP (stream), UDP (datagram), and later UNIX domain sockets. For TCP servers and applications receiving UDP packets, the
listen functions would bind to a network address and listen for incoming packets. For use with UDP, there were the
recvfrom functions. A few other functions were provided for getting and setting socket options, getting a host by name or address; and there were the
poll functions to check on the state of a socket.
With the adoption of Windows Sockets (Winsock) in 1993, Microsoft added support for sockets to Windows. The initial Winsock 1.1 API was relatively modest with calls similar to BSD UNIX plus a number of Windows-specific extension functions. Over time, the Winsock API has grown larger and larger. The current reference documentation for Windows Sockets for desktop apps lists more than 140 functions and 80 structures along with several hundred IOCTLS and socket options. This doesn't include functions used by the Winsock Service Provider Interface (SPI). The existing Winsock API has become very large, complex, and challenging for new users.
The new socket APIs introduced with Windows 8/Windows Server 2012 provide much simpler, stripped-down APIs for sockets programming closer to the spirit of the original BSD sockets.
Windows 8: Two for the Money
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce a new graphical user interface (GUI) that represents a major redesign of the Windows user experience. The changes are targeted primarily for touch-enabled devices, with tiles used to represent apps and new system navigation features (charms, settings, etc.). On traditional Intel/AMD x86/x64 hardware, Windows 8 can be thought of as an operating system for two different types of apps:
- Windows Store apps: New apps that run on Windows 8 only. These apps are limited to using the WinRT APIs and a few other APIs (some classes from the .NET framework along with a few desktop functions) that are exposed for use by Windows Store apps.
- Windows desktop apps: Traditional Windows apps that provide developers access to all of the Windows APIs except the WinRT APIs (unless the WinRT class has a special
DualApiPartitionAttribute). These represent the traditional applications that ran on Windows 7 and older versions of the OS. If you use new Windows 8 desktop APIs, then the app will only be able to run on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 or later versions.
On ARM-based hardware (in the original Microsoft Surface tablet, for example), Windows 8 has been stripped down so only Windows Store apps can be installed and used. Windows 8 apps using WinRT are installed by purchasing and downloading them from the Microsoft App Store (many apps are free). Windows and app upgrades are also downloaded and installed from the Microsoft Store. Sideloading apps on these WinRT-based devices is mostly restricted, except when Visual Studio 2012 is installed. Sideloading allows developers to test apps they write before submitting them for publication on the Windows App Store.
(Note: The Windows App Store is not the Microsoft.com online store that sells versions of Windows, Office, other Microsoft software, and some hardware. There is also a separate Windows Phone App Store for purchasing and downloading apps for Windows phones.)
Windows Runtime and Sockets
The WinRT APIs used by Windows Store apps provide a set of managed APIs that are designed for several different languages and presentation schemes:
- C#/VB.NET with XAML: Designed for existing C#/VB.NET developers and others using managed code (Java developers).
- C++ with XAML: Designed for core C++ desktop and COM developers as well as others using similar languages (Objective-C developers).
Developers are free to choose whatever language and presentation they prefer. In fact, the same app can be written in any of these languages. Microsoft provides downloadable samples for Windows Store apps, many of which are implemented in multiple languages for illustration. For example, the downloadable StreamSocket sample and the DatagramSocket sample are implemented in all three language combinations. | <urn:uuid:f80579b0-5235-4f64-af29-9584f19939d8> | 2013-05-21T17:16:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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http://www.wsbtv.com/news/25419942/detail.htmlATLANTA -- A Georgia woman is suing talk show host Tyra Banks after her daughter appeared on an episode of the Tyra Banks Show that showcased teen sex addicts.
In the suit, Beverly McClendon claimed that her 15-year-old daughter appeared on the 2009 episode without McClendon's permission.
McClendon said she didn't even know her daughter was appearing on the show. She said the show flew her daughter to New York City and provided lodging without her consent. When McClendon couldn't find her daughter, she filed a missing person's report.
McClendon said she was harmed because the show was watched by "sexual deviants, perverts and pedophiles."
She is suing Banks and Warner Brothers Entertainment to block re-runs of the episode and for $3 million. | <urn:uuid:3d67fd24-2bb4-47f0-85b2-8a4c8879e745> | 2013-05-21T17:46:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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FNG needs help with rooting
I'm not asking for explanations.
I work in IT, and have for 15 years.
I fully understand rooting, and it's purpose.
But I'm stuck at using the backup and how to install home screens (I hope I have the right terminology) like Smoked Glass.
My biggest concern is "can i restore back to factory default if something goes wrong"? And how?
I'd like to be able to use my phone as a modem/router for my laptop.
It's my understanding that I need to root it to do so.
However, once it's rooted (and it is currently), how do I go about doing this?
I know how forums work. I'm 'that' guy right now.
I just need something concise and readable. The last thread I looked at was 97 freakin pages long and I'd prefer to not read all of that for the 1 page worth of significant data I need.
Can someone offer me some assistance? | <urn:uuid:cc91e20b-1533-4d94-8064-2a368122af9f> | 2013-05-21T17:46:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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QuatRx Pharmaceuticals Announces Presentation of Further Data from Ophena (Ospemifene) Phase 3 Study for Treatment of Symptoms of Vulvovaginal AtrophyResults presented at 12th World Congress on the Menopause show significant improvement in vaginal dryness and dyspareunia, two of the most frequent symptoms associated with vulvovaginal atrophy
ANN ARBOR, Mich., May 21, 2008 /PRNewswire/ -- QuatRx Pharmaceuticals today announced further positive data from a pivotal Phase 3 study of Ophena(TM) (ospemifene tablets) to treat postmenopausal women with symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy, a common condition associated with menopause. In January 2008, QuatRx announced positive top line results for the primary endpoints in the Phase 3 Ophena(TM) clinical trial, in which a statistically significant result in each of four co-primary endpoints was achieved. Results from this additional analysis of secondary endpoints of the Phase 3 study show that women treated with Ophena(TM) experienced improvements in vaginal dryness and dyspareunia (painful intercourse), two of the most frequent symptoms associated with vulvovaginal atrophy. Results of this analysis were presented in an oral presentation today at the 12th World Congress on the Menopause in Madrid, Spain.
The multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 80 U.S. centers and involved 826 postmenopausal women. Fully 90% of women in the study experienced moderate to severe vaginal dryness and 66% experienced moderate to severe dyspareunia. Following 12 weeks of treatment with Ophena(TM), the decrease in the symptom score for patients reporting moderate to severe vaginal dryness was statistically significant as compared to placebo. The symptom score for patients reporting moderate to severe dyspareunia also showed a statistically significant decrease as compared to placebo. Ophena(TM) was generally well tolerated and demonstrated a favorable safety profile.
"For millions of post-menopausal women, the symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy represent a serious health issue that can have a profound negative impact on quality of life. These results from the Phase 3 clinical trial for Ophena(TM) show that a non-estrogen therapy may provide significant benefits for post-menopausal women affected by vaginal dryness and dyspareunia, two of the most common and debilitating symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy," said James A. Simon, M.D., CCD, FACOG, Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the .
Ophena(TM) is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is being studied as a non-estrogen alternative for the treatment of postmenopausal vaginal syndrome (PVS), also known as vaginal atrophy. The only FDA approved products currently available to treat PVS contain the hormone estrogen. Treatment with estrogen replacement therapy has been associated with certain health risks including an increased risk of breast cancer.
"For women who are concerned about the health risks of estrogen therapy, currently available treatment options for symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy are limited and inadequate. These study results indicate that Ophena(TM) has the potential to be the first non-estrogen treatment option that provides a clear clinical benefit. We are working to advance the development program for Ophena(TM) to make this important therapy available to all women who would benefit from it," said Robert Zerbe, M.D., president and chief executive officer of QuatRx.
About Postmenopausal Vaginal Syndrome
Postmenopausal vaginal syndrome (PVS) is a chronic and progressive condition characterized by symptoms including vaginal dryness, sexual pain (dyspareunia), and irritation. Declining estrogen levels during menopause can cause tissues of the vaginal lining to grow thinner and to lose elasticity, a condition known as atrophy. Dryness and irritation associated with reductions in vaginal secretions often cause pain or bleeding during sexual intercourse. The decline in estrogen also contributes to an increase in vaginal pH, creating an environment more susceptible to infection. It is estimated that up to 45-75% of post-menopausal women have chronic symptoms of PVS. Current prescription treatments approved for this condition all contain estrogen, administered either orally or locally in the vagina. SERMs that are currently approved and marketed in the United States have not been shown to have beneficial effects on vaginal tissue and none are approved for use in treating symptoms of PVS.
QuatRx Pharmaceuticals is focused on the discovery, licensing, development and commercialization of compounds in the endocrine, metabolic and cardiovascular therapeutic areas. In addition to Ophena(TM), QuatRx has three other product candidates in active clinical development and an advanced preclinical program. Fispemifene is a new selective estrogen receptor antagonist that is in Phase 2 studies as an oral treatment for the symptoms of secondary hypogonadism in men. Sobetirome, a novel, selective thyroid receptor beta agonist, is in Phase 1 studies as a potential treatment for dyslipidemia. Asord(TM) (becocalcidiol), a novel Vitamin D analogue, is in Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of psoriasis through QuatRx's partner, Galderma. QuatRx's preclinical program is designed to address sex steroid dependent diseases through inhibition of 17beta-HSD enzymes. In Europe, QuatRx operates through its Finnish subsidiary, Hormos Medical Ltd, located in Turku, Finland. For press releases and other Company information, please visit www.quatrx.com.
CONTACT: Julia Owens for QuatRx, +1-734-913-9900 x121
Web site: http://www.quatrx.com/
Terms and conditions of use apply
Copyright © 2008 PR Newswire Association LLC. All rights reserved.
A United Business Media Company
Posted: May 2008 | <urn:uuid:1cb7ccf7-85d3-4402-b132-21e7f2368af6> | 2013-05-21T17:11:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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reply to crapslock
Re: Two cable modem connections one coax run being that its shared, it won't matter unless and until you are hitting the maximum bandwidth of the medium. The modems are probably capped lower than the cable network itself. However, if you have some business plan with a very fast modem, then you may already get the max through a single modem. Adding a second will just divide the bandwidth.
"Then said I, Wisdom [is] better than strength: nevertheless the poor man's wisdom [is] despised, and his words are not heard. " Ecclesiastes 9:16 | <urn:uuid:c51b00a7-d6b5-4b4f-ad03-0c33c66d800e> | 2013-05-21T17:37:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Modern Languages and Literatures
The Department of Modern Languages and Literatures at Duquesne University provides students with a global education and prepares graduates for productive roles in our rapidly changing world. Courses are offered in Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese and Spanish, as well as international cinema. In small classes with individualized attention, students learn to use language wisely and judiciously as a tool in their interaction with others and to respect the dignity of all women and men. In this way, the programs contribute to building moral character through facilitating encounters with different cultures, traditions, values, virtues and norms.
The Department offers study-abroad opportunities through residence programs in Rome, Italy, and Salamanca, Spain.
Recognizing the diverse needs of foreign language education across campus, the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures also offers Spanish for Health Care Professionals (for Nursing, Pharmacy, and Health Sciences) as well as language programs for business, the legal profession and musicians.
A Note of Gratitude
The Department wishes to express thanks for the generous support of the 2013 Duquesne University Human Rights Film Series. The event was made possible through funding from the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts, and an award from the Office of the Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs. | <urn:uuid:532c1b84-9959-41b2-bdd1-28d50a8cbae3> | 2013-05-21T17:17:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It may be hard to remember now what a big deal The Color Purple was in 1985. Though the film's status as a major work of the 1980s is pretty solid, it's easy to forget its uniqueness and ubiquity on first release. Because when weren't Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey stars? And does anyone blink any longer when Steven Spielberg makes one of his "serious" films?
When The Color Purple was released, it was kind of a bizarre happening. A very white director known primarily for his impressively crafted genre entertainments was helming the adaptation of a leading work of African American literature. Spielberg's last two films had been been the fantastical E.T. and the ludicrous Temple of Doom, yet Alice Walker's novel seemed like the strangest territory the director could have stepped into. One could argue that this was when the 'berg proved the true strength of his artistic armor. The Color Purple worked then and it holds up to this day, though that is as much a triumph of the material as it is for any one of the many talented people involved.
The Color Purple starts in the early part of the 20th Century and tracks the lives of a group of African American's in a small Southern town into the late 1930s. Whoopi Goldberg stars as Celie, a young girl who is sexually abused by her father, and then passed on to be married to a man who beats her and imprisons her in a life of servitude. This terrible husband is Mister, played with tightly controlled malice by Danny Glover. Though Mister originally wanted Celie's prettier sister Nettie (Akosua Busia), he settles for the older girl, and eventually separates the siblings after Nettie fends off his advances. Mister is a widower with several kids, and he expects Celie, who is just a child herself, to raise them.
As the years pass, people move in and out of Celie's sheltered life. Mister's oldest son, Harpo (Willard Pugh), marries the headstrong Sophia (Oprah Winfrey), and when he tries to run his household the same way as his father, she leaves him. Likewise, Mister and Celie get regular visits from jazz singer Shug Avery (Margaret Avery), a woman that Mister has been obsessed with for years. She eventually becomes Celie's only ally, helping her find the love and courage to finally stand-up for herself.
The Color Purple is something of a family epic, telling a larger story in the vein of the old Russian masters or even John Steinbeck. Each character is on a journey, and Celie serves as a central point that all of their individual stories run through. Her own journey is to go from observer to active participant, and Goldberg delivers an intuitive, emotional performance, showing the metamorphosis both physically and emotionally. Her part is the most nuanced, others tend to play to type. Winfrey is good, for instance, but Sophia really only has two modes: determined and defeated. Margaret Avery manages to find a few different shades to Shug, even if the script draws her in fairly even strokes. The actress drapes extra layers of meaning over the material simply by never forgetting that there is supposed to be more than what we see on the surface. Thus, it makes sense when she reveals herself to be more than a beautiful party girl.
If there is a downfall to The Color Purple it's that Celie's transformation doesn't have the same gradual shift. Spielberg and screenwriter Menno Meyjes (The Siege) spend so much time on the pain, when the happiness eventually does come, it feels forced. The final half hour of the movie runs by slowly, and it feels like the material that falls on that side of the narrative fulcrum is being rushed to fit. It's surprising, because you'd think that would be the stuff Spielberg would have the best handle on, but to this day, he struggles to move from darker drama to the expected happy endings (see, for instance, War of the Worlds). The transition should have been easy, since in the meatier first two hours, part of why The Color Purple is so effective is because the director brings a touch of the fairy tale to the movie. Director of photography Allen Daviau (Bugsy) shoots the action against dreamy backdrops, creating a majestic world all around the squalor and the heartache that the characters confine themselves to. In Spielberg's next movie, Empire of the Sun, he has a famous shot where the displaced are flanked by a giant advertisement for Gone With the Wind, but it's in The Color Purple that he uses all the lessons he gleaned from Golden Age Hollywood. There is a timelessness to the storytelling, right down to the occasional eruptions of slapstick.
It's the assured construction that ultimately keeps all the fine performances in The Color Purple from disappearing into a hokey morass, and also why, despite the movie's flaws, it still manages to be effective and emotionally satisfying. Though the movie might have been better for stopping when Celie finally walks out on Mister, it wouldn't be quite as fulfilling without the melodramatic finale. Spielberg is an old softie, and he knows how to hit those same weepy buttons in moviegoers. I'll admit, I was big pile of mush when the credits rolled. The Color Purple had touched me in the right way. It's easy to argue technique, but it's a lot harder to rationalize away true feeling. It's kind of Spielberg's stock in trade: getting right to the heart of it, whatever it takes. It's why The Color Purple worked in 1985, and why it's still well worth watching three decades later.
The Blu-Ray edition The Color Purple is a lovely piece of work. The 1080p high definition widescreen image (1.85:1) is gorgeous. The colors are vivid, and the resolution pitch perfect, be it the fine details of skin tones or the sweeping vistas of the evening sky. With only minimal, if any, enhancement, the overall image has a very subtle grain and refined detail that lets every corner of the frame be seen, no matter how far back in the depth of field.
The original soundtrack has been mixed in DTS Master Audio 5.1, and it sounds amazing. The audio for The Color Purple has a lot going on, with nearly omnipresent music by Quincy Jones and lots of atmospheric noise. There is rarely a moment of genuine quiet, there is usually some kind of activity on the farm, even if it's just crickets in the distance. The audio mix fills all the speakers, moving around as necessary and creating a truly immersive soundscape.
There are three alternative language tracks: a French 2.0 mix, and two Spanish options--Castilian in stereo and Latin in mono. There are also French and Spanish subtitles, and English Closed Captioning.
For the most part, the Blu-Ray for The Color Purple is identical to the two-disc Warner Bros. Special Edition released nearly 8 years ago to the day. All of the extras are ported over and there are no new on-disc supplements. This means we have the same behind-the-scenes and cast galleries, theatrical trailer, and the four-part documentary, which itself clocks in at nearly 90 minutes. These featurettes cover the source material and adaptation process ("Conversations with the Ancestors: The Color Purple from Book to Screen"), the stars of the movie ("A Collaboration of Spirits: Casting and Acting The Color Purple"), the usual behind-the-scenes overview ("Cultivating a Classic: The Making of The Color Purple"), and a short piece on the musical numbers.
Newly created for this Blu-Ray upgrade is the packaging. The Color Purple comes in a hardback book with 40 pages of material inside. The book features photos, liner notes looking back at the success of the movie, biographies of Spielberg and his cast, trivia, and some info on Walker's novel.
The Color Purple still stands tall as one of the finest works of Steven Spielberg's non-genre filmography. A family story told as a classic Hollywood epic, this adaptation of Alice Walker's novel was a perfect storm of the right people coming together at the right time. With star-making performances by Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey, and supported by a memorable visual style, The Color Purple packs an emotional dramatic punch. Yes, the movie has its flaws, but they are engulfed by the fine craftsmanship, and the end result is an emotionally powerful movie that stands the test of time. The new Blu-Ray doesn't add much to the old double-DVD version in terms of extras, but the picture and sound quality have been updated to fit the current technology. Highly Recommended.
Jamie S. Rich is a novelist and comic book writer. He is best known for his collaborations with JoŽlle Jones, including the hardboiled crime comic book You Have Killed Me, the challenging romance 12 Reasons Why I Love Her, and the 2007 prose novel Have You Seen the Horizon Lately?, for which Jones did the cover. All three were published by Oni Press. His most recent project is the comedy series Spell Checkers, again with Jones and artist Nicolas Hitori de. Follow Rich's blog at Confessions123.com. | <urn:uuid:57d2bde9-9846-48c7-8631-09562d87e535> | 2013-05-21T17:38:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Mike DeWine says he isn't ruling additional charges in or out in the case, which centers on the rape of a 16-year-old girl in
At least three other students witnessed the encounter and still others apparently knew about it. Hacker-activist groups and women's advocacy organizations have questioned why people who knew about the rape weren't charged under an
DeWine says his office's investigation is now looking at what happened after the alleged assault.
DeWine's office told attorneys for three witnesses last fall that their clients wouldn't be charged. | <urn:uuid:f72a0b61-f3e4-478d-86e6-32aa7a0b479d> | 2013-05-21T17:25:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Free E-books from Early America
The Women Who Came in the Mayflower
Title: The Women Who Came in the Mayflower
Author: Annie Russell Marble
A memorial to the women who came in The Mayflower. How they maintained high standards of home life in the Plymouth Colony during 1621 to 1623. | <urn:uuid:aac02507-a8c4-4d69-92ca-ac1596fcba16> | 2013-05-21T17:39:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ascii file produced by Athenaeum of Christian Antiquity.
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Voice: (602) 438-9202 [Rod Bias] BBS: (602) 789-7040
Further editing by St. Columba Press.
Martinez, CA 94553
1 The Lord's teaching to the heathen by the Twelve Apostles.
The two Ways -- The Way of Life -- The explanation -- Almsgiving
1 There are two Ways, one of Life and one of Death, and there is a great difference between the two Ways. 2 The Way of Life is this: "First, thou shalt love the God who made thee, secondly, thy neighbour as thyself; and whatsoever thou wouldst not have done to thyself, do not thou to another." 3 Now, the teaching of these words is this: "Bless those that curse you, and pray for your enemies, and fast for those that persecute you. For what credit is it to you if you love those that love you? Do not even the heathen do the same?" But, for your part, "love those that hate you," and you will have no enemy. 4 "Abstain from carnal" and bodily "lusts." "If any man smite thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other cheek also," and thou wilt be perfect. "If any man impress thee to go with him one mile, go with him two. If any man take thy coat, give him thy shirt also. If any man will take from thee what is thine, refuse it not" -- not even if thou canst.
5 Give to everyone that asks thee, and do not refuse, for the Father's will is that we give to all from the gifts we have received. Blessed is he that gives according to the mandate; for he is innocent. Woe to him who receives; for if any man receive alms under pressure of need he is innocent; but he who receives it without need shall be tried as to why he took and for what, and being in prison he shall be examined as to his deeds, and "he shall not come out thence until he pay the last farthing." 6 But concerning this it was also said, "Let thine alms sweat into thine hands until thou knowest to whom thou art giving."
The second part of the teaching
1 But the second commandment of the teaching is this: 2 "Thou shalt do no murder; thou shalt not commit adultery"; thou shalt not commit sodomy; thou shalt not commit fornication; thou shalt not steal; thou shalt not use magic; thou shalt not use philtres; thou shalt not procure abortion, nor commit infanticide; "thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's goods"; 3 thou shalt not commit perjury, "thou shalt not bear false witness"; thou shalt not speak evil; thou shalt not bear malice. 4 Thou shalt not be double-minded nor double-tongued, for to be double-tongued is the snare of death. 5 Thy speech shall not be false nor vain, but completed in action. 6 Thou shalt not be covetous nor extortionate, nor a hypocrite, nor malignant, nor proud; thou shalt make no evil plan against thy neighbour. 7 Thou shalt hate no man; but some thou shalt reprove, and for some shalt thou pray, and some thou shalt love more than thine own life.
Further advice to the catechumen
1 My child, flee from every evil man and from all like him. 2 Be not proud, for pride leads to murder, nor jealous, nor contentious, nor passionate, for from all these murders are engendered. 3 My child, be not lustful, for lust leads to fornication, nor a speaker of base words, nor a lifter up of the eyes, for from all these is adultery engendered. 4 My child, regard not omens, for this leads to idolatry; neither be an enchanter, nor an astrologer, nor a magician, neither wish to see these things, for from them all is idolatry engendered. 5 My child, be not a liar, for lying leads to theft, nor a lover of money, nor vain-glorious, for from all these things are thefts engendered. 6 My child, be not a grumbler, for this leads to blasphemy, nor stubborn, nor a thinker of evil, for from all these are blasphemies engendered, 7 but be thou "meek, for the meek shall inherit the earth;" 8 be thou long-suffering, and merciful and guileless, and quiet, and good, and ever fearing the words which thou hast heard. 9 Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor let thy soul be presumptuous. Thy soul shall not consort with the lofty, but thou shalt walk with righteous and humble men. 10 Receive the accidents that befall to thee as good, knowing that nothing happens without God.
The duty of the catechumen to the Church -- Against meanness -- Household duties -- Against hypocrisy
1 My child, thou shalt remember, day and night, him who speaks the word of God to thee, and thou shalt honour him as the Lord, for where the Lord's nature is spoken of, there is he present. 2 And thou shalt seek daily the presence of the saints, that thou mayest find rest in their words. 3 Thou shalt not desire a schism, but shalt reconcile those that strive. Thou shalt give righteous judgment; thou shalt favour no man's person in reproving transgression. 4 Thou shalt not be of two minds whether it shall be or not. 5 Be not one who stretches out his hands to receive, but shuts them when it comes to giving. 6 Of whatsoever thou hast gained by thy hands thou shalt give a ransom for thy sins. 7 Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor shalt thou grumble when thou givest, for thou shalt know who is the good Paymaster of the reward. 8 Thou shalt not turn away the needy, but shalt share everything with thy brother, and shalt not say that it is thine own, for if you are sharers in the imperishable, how much more in the things which perish?
9 Thou shalt not withhold thine hand from thy son or from thy daughter, but thou shalt teach them the fear of God from their youth up. 10 Thou shalt not command in thy bitterness thy slave or thine handmaid, who hope in the same God, lest they cease to fear the God who is over you both; for he comes not to call men with respect of persons, but those whom the Spirit has prepared. 11 But do you who are slaves be subject to your master, as to God's representative, in reverence and fear.
12 Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and everything that is not pleasing to the
Lord. 13 Thou shalt not forsake the commandments of the Lord, but thou shalt
keep what thou didst receive, "adding nothing to it and taking nothing away."
14 In the congregation thou shalt confess thy transgressions, and thou shalt not betake thyself to prayer with an evil conscience. This is the Way of Life.
The Way of Death
1 But the Way of Death is this: First of all, it is wicked and full of cursing, murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, witchcrafts, charms, robberies, false witness, hypocrisies, a double heart, fraud, pride, malice, stubbornness, covetousness, foul speech, jealousy, impudence, haughtiness, boastfulness.
2 Persecutors of the good, haters of truth, lovers of lies, knowing not the reward of righteousness, not cleaving to the good nor to righteous judgment, spending wakeful nights not for good but for wickedness, from whom meekness and patience is far, lovers of vanity, following after reward, unmerciful to the poor, not working for him who is oppressed with toil, without knowledge of him who made them, murderers of children, corrupters of God's creatures, turning away the needy, oppressing the distressed, advocates of the rich, unjust judges of the poor, altogether sinful; may ye be delivered, my children, from all these.
Final exhortation -- Food, and `things offered to idols.'
1 See "that no one make thee to err" from this Way of the teaching, for he teaches thee without God. 2 For if thou canst bear the whole yoke of the Lord, thou wilt be perfect, but if thou canst not, do what thou canst. 3 And concerning food, bear what thou canst, but keep strictly from that which is offered to idols, for it is the worship of dead gods.
1 Concerning baptism, baptise thus: Having first rehearsed all these things, "baptise, in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit," in running water; 2 but if thou hast no running water, baptise in other water, and if thou canst not in cold, then in warm. 3 But if thou hast neither, pour water three times on the head "in the Name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit." 4 And before the baptism let the baptiser and him who is to be baptised fast, and any others who are able. And thou shalt bid him who is to be baptised to fast one or two days before.
Fasting -- Prayers
1 Let not your fasts be with the hypocrites, for they fast on Mondays and Thursdays, but do you fast on Wednesdays and Fridays.
2 And do not pray as the hypocrites, but as the Lord commanded in his Gospel, pray thus: "Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy Name, thy Kingdom come, thy will be done, as in Heaven so also upon earth; give us to-day our daily bread, and forgive us our debt as we forgive our debtors, and lead us not into trial, but deliver us from the Evil One, for thine is the power and the glory for ever." 3 Pray thus three times a day.
The Eucharist -- The Cup -- The Bread
1 And concerning the Eucharist, hold Eucharist thus: 2
First concerning the Cup, "We give thanks to thee, our Father, for the Holy Vine
of David thy child, which, thou didst make known to us through Jesus thy child;
to thee be glory for ever."
3 And concerning the broken Bread: "We give thee thanks, our Father, for the life and knowledge which thou didst make known to us through Jesus thy Child. To thee be glory for ever.
4 As this broken bread was scattered upon the mountains, but was brought together and became one, so let thy Church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into thy Kingdom, for thine is the glory and the power through Jesus Christ for ever."
5 But let none eat or drink of your Eucharist except those who have been baptised in the Lord's Name. For concerning this also did the Lord say, "Give not that which is holy to the dogs."
The final prayer in the Eucharist
1 But after you are satisfied with food, thus give thanks: 2 "We give thanks to thee, O Holy Father, for thy Holy Name which thou didst make to tabernacle in our hearts, and for the knowledge and faith and immortality which thou didst make known to us through Jesus thy Child. To thee be glory for ever. 3 Thou, Lord Almighty, didst create all things for thy Name's sake, and didst give food and drink to men for their enjoyment, that they might give thanks to thee, but us hast thou blessed with spiritual food and drink and eternal light through thy Child. 4 Above all we give thanks to thee for that thou art mighty. To thee be glory for ever.
5 Remember, Lord, thy Church, to deliver it from all evil and to make it perfect in thy love, and gather it together in its holiness from the four winds to thy kingdom which thou hast prepared for it. For thine is the power and the glory for ever. 6 Let grace come and let this world pass away. Hosannah to the God of David. If any man be holy, let him come! if any man be not, let him repent: Maran atha, Amen."
7 But suffer the prophets to hold Eucharist as they will.
8 -- none --
Travelling teachers -- Apostles -- Prophets
1 Whosoever then comes and teaches you all these things aforesaid, receive him. 2 But if the teacher himself be perverted and teach another doctrine to destroy these things, do not listen to him, but if his teaching be for the increase of righteousness and knowledge of the Lord, receive him as the Lord.
3 And concerning the Apostles and Prophets, act thus according to the ordinance of the Gospel. 4 Let every Apostle who comes to you be received as the Lord, 5 but let him not stay more than one day, or if need be a second as well; but if he stay three days, he is a false prophet. 6 And when an Apostle goes forth let him accept nothing but bread till he reach his night's lodging; but if he ask for money, he is a false prophet.
7 Do not test or examine any prophet who is speaking in a spirit, "for every sin shall be forgiven, but this sin shall not be forgiven." 8 But not everyone who speaks in a spirit is a prophet, except he have the behaviour of the Lord. From his behaviour, then, the false prophet and the true prophet shall be known.
9 And no prophet who orders a meal in a spirit shall eat of it: otherwise he is a false prophet. 10 And every prophet who teaches the truth, if he do not what he teaches, is a false prophet.
11 But no prophet who has been tried and is genuine, though he enact a worldly mystery of the Church, if he teach not others to do what he does himself, shall be judged by you: for he has his judgment with God, for so also did the prophets of old. 12 But whosoever shall say in a spirit `Give me money, or something else,' you shall not listen to him; but if he tell you to give on behalf of others in want, let none judge him.
1 Let everyone who "comes in the Name of the Lord" be received; but when you have tested him you shall know him, for you shall have understanding of true and false. 2 If he who comes is a traveller, help him as much as you can, but he shall not remain with you more than two days, or, if need be, three.
3 And if he wishes to settle among you and has a craft, let him work for his bread. 4 But if he has no craft provide for him according to your understanding, so that no man shall live among you in idleness because he is a Christian. 5 But if he will not do so, he is making traffic of Christ; beware of such.
Prophets who desire to remain -- Their payment by firstfruits
1 But every true prophet who wishes to settle among you is "worthy of his food." 2 Likewise a true teacher is himself worthy, like the workman, of his food. 3 Therefore thou shalt take the firstfruit of the produce of the winepress and of the threshing-floor and of oxen and sheep, and shalt give them as the firstfruits to the prophets, for they are your high priests.
4 But if you have not a prophet, give to the poor.
5 If thou makest bread, take the firstfruits, and give it according to the commandment. 6 Likewise when thou openest a jar of wine or oil, give the firstfruits to the prophets. 7 Of money also and clothes, and of all your possessions, take the firstfruits, as it seem best to you, and give according to the commandment.
The Sunday worship
1 On the Lord's Day of the Lord come together, break bread and hold Eucharist, after confessing your transgressions that your offering may be pure; 2 but let none who has a quarrel with his fellow join in your meeting until they be reconciled, that your sacrifice be not defiled. 3 For this is that which was spoken by the Lord, "In every place and time offer me a pure sacrifice, for I am a great king," saith the Lord, "and my name is wonderful among the heathen."
Bishops and Deacons -- Mutual reproofs
1 Appoint therefore for yourselves bishops and deacons worthy of the Lord, meek men, and not lovers of money, and truthful and approved, for they also minister to you the ministry of the prophets and teachers. 2 Therefore do not despise them, for they are your honourable men together with the prophets and teachers.
3 And reprove one another not in wrath but in peace as you find in the Gospel, and let none speak with any who has done a wrong to his neighbour, nor let him hear a word from you until he repents. 4 But your prayers and alms and all your acts perform as ye find in the Gospel of our Lord.
Warning that the end is at hand
1 "Watch" over your life: "let your lamps" be not quenched "and your loins" be not ungirded, but be "ready," for ye know not "the hour in which our Lord cometh." 2 But be frequently gathered together seeking the things which are profitable for your souls, for the whole time of your faith shall not profit you except ye be found perfect at the last time; 3 for in the last days the false prophets and the corrupters shall be multiplied, and the sheep shall be turned into wolves, and love shall change to hate; 4 for as lawlessness increaseth they shall hate one another and persecute and betray, and then shall appear the deceiver of the world as a Son of God, and shall do signs and wonders and the earth shall be given over into his hands and he shall commit iniquities which have never been since the world began.
5 Then shall the creation of mankind come to the fiery trial and "many shall be offended" and be lost, but "they who endure" in their faith "shall be saved" by the curse itself. 6 And "then shall appear the signs" of the truth. First the sign spread out in Heaven, then the sign of the sound of the trumpet, and thirdly the resurrection of the dead: 7 but not of all the dead, but as it was said, "The Lord shall come and all his saints with him." 8 Then shall the world "see the Lord coming on the clouds of Heaven."
1This is the so-called "negative form of the Golden Rule." It is found in some manuscripts in the "Apostolic decrees" in Acts 15:28, and is, in various forms, met with in Jewish and early Christian literature.
2The Greek is literally "for thou art not even able"; but this makes no sense, and though an emendation is difficult the sense must be something like that given by the translation -- unless, indeed, the whole phrase be merely a flippant gloss, which has been erroneously taken into the
4This is the traditional translation of epiousion, but it is by no means certain that it is correct. The word has from the beginning been a puzzle, and its meaning is not clearly known. See further any good commentary on the gospels.
5The translation fails to preserve the play on the words, which might be rendered "concerning the giving of thanks, give thanks thus, etc." But this would obscure the fact that eucharistia is here quite clearly "Eucharist" (cf. verse 5).
8This passage has never been satisfactorily explained: it probably refers to a tendency among some prophets to introduce forms of worship, or of illustration of their teaching, of doubtful propriety, if so the reference below to the prophets of old is perhaps an allusion to Hosea (Hos. 1:2 ff.).
10The meaning is obscure; but there seem to be other traces in early literature of a doctrine that each curse also contained the elements of a counterbalancing power to salvation. There is a valuable and long note on the subject in Rendel Harris's edition of the Didache.
Go to the Chronological List of all Early Christian Writings
Please buy the CD to support the site, view it without ads, and get bonus stuff! | <urn:uuid:a117ab8a-4d66-4148-8896-3bae0be479ce> | 2013-05-21T17:43:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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NEW YORK - Fox News Channel has sued liberal humorist Al Franken and the Penguin Group to stop them from using the phrase "fair and balanced" in the title of his upcoming book.
Filed Monday in Manhattan, the trademark infringement lawsuit seeks a court order forcing a Penguin publisher, Dutton books, to rename the book, "Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right." It also asks for unspecified damages.
Fox News registered "Fair & Balanced" as a trademark in 1995, the suit says.
Franken's "intent is clear - to exploit Fox News' trademark, confuse the public as to the origins of the book and, accordingly, boost sales of the book," the suit said.
Dutton spokeswoman Lisa Johnson accused Fox News' parent company, News Corp., of trying to suppress the book.
"The attempt to keep the public from reading Franken's message is un-American," she said. | <urn:uuid:98f48f44-6eaf-456b-9546-4bf9191ebcd9> | 2013-05-21T17:13:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Temple of Galtaji is an ancient pilgrimage site famous for its natural water springs. Temples, pavilions and holy kunds (natural springs and water tanks) can be found among the lush landscape of the complex. In all, there are seven tanks, the holiest being the Galta Kund, which never goes dry. It is considered auspicious to take bath in the holy waters of Galtaji. Thousands of people come every year to take a dip in the tanks to rinse out their sins. The main temple is the Temple of Galtaji, built in pink stone. It is famous due to the large tribe of monkeys who live there. Another temple of note within the complex is the Surya Temple dedicated to the Sun God. The temple is decked with rounded roofs, exquisitely carved pillars and painted walls. | <urn:uuid:009eaffe-0a19-4751-8372-be55b817f6f6> | 2013-05-21T17:37:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How did the United States go from being a country that tries to rehabilitate street criminals and prevent white-collar crime to one that harshly punishes common lawbreakers while at the same time encouraging corporate crime through a massive deregulation of business? Why do street criminals get stiff prison sentences, a practice that has led to the disaster of mass incarceration, while white-collar criminals, who arguably harm more people, get slaps on the wrist--if they are prosecuted at all? In Who Are the Criminals?, one of America's leading criminologists provides new answers to these vitally important questions by telling how the politicization of crime in the twentieth century transformed and distorted crime policymaking and led Americans to fear street crime too much and corporate crime too little.
John Hagan argues that the recent history of American criminal justice can be divided into two eras--the age of Roosevelt (roughly 1933 to 1973) and the age of Reagan (1974 to 2008). A focus on rehabilitation, corporate regulation, and the social roots of crime in the earlier period was dramatically reversed in the later era. In the age of Reagan, the focus shifted to the harsh treatment of street crimes, especially drug offenses, which disproportionately affected minorities and the poor and resulted in wholesale imprisonment. At the same time, a massive deregulation of business provided new opportunities, incentives, and even rationalizations for white-collar crime--and helped cause the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent recession.
The time for moving beyond Reagan-era crime policies is long overdue, Hagan argues. The understanding of crime must be reshaped and we must reconsider the relative harms and punishments of street and corporate crimes. In a new afterword, Hagan assesses Obama's policies regarding the punishment of white-collar and street crimes and debates whether there is any evidence of a significant change in the way our country punishes them. | <urn:uuid:8c9ad47c-9b4b-4789-a3b2-057f6bc833c5> | 2013-05-21T17:10:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"$45,000,000" and insert "$65,000,000."
Mr. Gejdenson. Is there any discussion? If not, all those in favor
say aye, all those opposed say nay.
[Chorus of ayes.]
Mr. Gejdenson. The ayes have it.
I also have a technical amendment which I would offer before the
members. On page 56 line 2, insert the following.
[The amendment appears in the appendix.]
Mr. Gejdenson. Any discussion? If not, all those in favor say
[Chorus of ayes.]
Mr. Gejdenson. Those opposed say nay.
Mr. Gejdenson. The ayes have it.
Are there additional amendments?
There are no additional amendments. I move the bill.
All those in favor say aye.
[Chorus of ayes.]
Mr. Gejdenson. All those opposed say nay.
The ayes have it. The bill is passed.
The record will stay open long enough to give members â five
days to include any statements in the record. The markup is con-
Mr. Manzullo. I'm glad I came.
Mr. Gejdenson. I'm glad you came too, Mr. Manzullo.
[Whereupon, at 1:43 p.m., the subcommittee was proceeded to
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Mr. GEJDEXSON introduced the following bill; which was referred to the
To extend the authorities of the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation, and for other purposes.
1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
2 tives oftl\£ United States of America in Congress assembled,
3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
4 This Act may be cited as the "Jobs Through Trade
5 Expansion Act of 1994".
1 TITLE I -OVERSEAS PRIVATE
2 INVESTMENT CORPORATION
3 SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. -'
4 This title may be cited as the "Overseas Private In-
5 vestment Corporation Amendments Act of 1994".
6 SEC. 102. REAUTHORIZATION OF CORPORATION.
7 Title IV of chapter 2 of part I of the Foreign Assist-
8 ance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2191 et seq.) is amended
9 to read as follows:
io "TITLE IV- OVERSEAS PRIVATE
1 1 INVESTMENT CORPORATION
1 2 "SEC. 231. PURPOSE AND POLICY.
13 "(a) PURPOSE. â The Overseas Private Investment
14 Corporation shall be an independent agency of the United
1 5 States under the foreign policy guidance of the Secretary
16 of State. The purpose of the Corporation is to promote
17 sustainable environmentally sound economic development
1 8 in developing countries and areas, and countries in transi-
19 tion from nonmarket to market economies, by mobilizing
20 and facilitating the participation of the United States pri-
2 1 vate sector.
22 "(b) Eligibility Criteria for Participating
23 Countries and Areas. â
1 "(1) In GENERAL. â Except as provided in para-
2 graph (3), the Corporation may operate its programs
3 in a country (or an area within a country) only if â
4 "(A) the United States maintains diplo-
5 matic relations with the country;
6 "(B) eitherâ
7 "(i) the country or area is a develop-
8 ing country or area; or
9 "(ii) the country is in transition from
10 a nonmarket to market economy; and
1 1 "(C) programs in that country are not pro-
12 hibited under section 234(e)(2) (relating to
13 human rights violators).
14 "(2) Preference for certain countries. â
15 In conducting its activities, the Corporation shall â
16 "(A) give preference to projects in coun-
17 tries with per capita incomes of $1,230 or less
18 in 1992 United States dollars; and
19 "(B) restrict its activities in countries with
20 per capita incomes of $5,335 or more in 1992
2 1 United States dollars (other than countries des-
22 igrnated as beneficiarv countries under section
23 212 of the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery
1 "(3) Programs in ineligible countries. â
2 (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), if a
3 country in winch the Corporation is operating its
4 programs ceases to meet the criteria set forth in
5 paragraph (1), or if (pursuant to this or any other
6 Act) the government of that country becomes ineli-
7 gible for assistance, the Corporation shall cease to
8 operate its programs in such country, except that
9 the Corporation shall not be required to terminate
10 any contract or commitment entered into prior to
1 1 the date on which such country is determined to be
1 2 ineligible for such assistance.
13 "(B) The Corporation may continue to operate
14 its programs in a country which ceases to meet the
15 criteria set forth in paragraph (1) if the President
16 of the United States determines that the operation
17 of such programs would be in the national interest
1 8 of the United States.
19 "(c) Guidelines for Acttvittes op OPIC. â In
20 carrying out its purpose, the Corporation shall
2 1 undertake â
22 "(1) to conduct insurance, reinsurance, and fi-
23 nancing operations on a self-sustaining basis, taking
24 into account in its financing operations the economic
25 and financial soundness of projects;
1 "(2) to broaden private participation by selling
2 its direct investments to private investors whenever
3 it can appropriately do so on satisfactory terms;
4 "(3) to conduct its insurance operations with
5 due regard to principles of risk management, includ-
6 ing efforts to share its insurance risks and reinsur-
7 ance risks;
8 "(4) to consider in the conduct of its operations
9 the extent to which the governments of eligible coun-
10 tries are receptive to private enterprise, domestic
11 and foreign, and their willingness and ability to
12 maintain conditions which enable private enterprise
13 to make its full contribution to the development
15 "(5) to foster private initiative and competition
16 and discourage monopolistic practices;
17 "(6) to further to the greatest degree possible,
18 in a manner consistent with its goals, the balance-
19 of-payments and employment objectives of the Unit-
20 ed States;
21 "(7) to consider in the conduct of its operations
22 the extent to which the governments of eligible coun-
23 tries respect human rights, labor rights, and the
24 need to support sound environmental practices and
1 "(8) to conduct its activities in consonance with
2 the international trade, investment, and financial
3 policies of the United States Government, and to
4 seek to support those developmental projects having
5 positive trade benefits for the United States; and
6 "(9) to advise and assist, within its field of
7 competence, interested agencies of the United States
8 and other organizations, both public and private, na-
9 tional and international, with respect to projects and
10 programs relating to the development of private en-
1 1 terprise in eligible countries and areas.
12 "SEC. 232. STOCK OF THE CORPORATION; ORGANIZATION
1 3 AND MANAGEMENT.
14 "(a) STOCK. â The Secretary of the Treasury shall
1 5 hold the capital stock of the Corporation.
16 "(b) Structure of the Corporation. â The Cor-
17 poration shall have a Board of Directors, a President, an
1 8 Executive Vice President, and such other officers and staff
19 as the President of the Corporation may determine.
20 "(c) Board of Directors. â
21 "(1) In GENERAL. â All powers of the Corpora-
22 tion shall vest in and be exercised by or under the
23 authority of the Board, which shall consist of 15 Di-
24 rectors (including the Chair, the Executive Vice
1 Chair, and the Vice Chair). Eight Directors shall
2 constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
3 "(2) Composition of the board. â
4 "(A) Chair.â The Chair of the Board
5 shall be the President of the Corporation, ex
7 "(B) Executive vice chair. â The Exec-
8 utive Vice Chair of the Board shall be the Ad-
9 ministrator of the Agency for International De-
10 velopment, ex officio.
11 "(C) Vice chair.â The Vice Chair of the
12 Board shall be the United States Trade Rep-
13 resentative, ex officio, or, if so designated by
14 the United States Trade Representative, a Dep-
1 5 uty United States Trade Representative.
16 "(D) Public sector directors. â (i) In
17 addition to the directors provided for in sub-
18 paragraphs (A), (B), and (C), four Directors
19 who are officers or employees of the Govern-
20 ment of the United States, including an officer
21 or employee of the Department of Labor, shall
22 be designated by and shall serve at the pleasure
23 of the President of the United States.
24 "(ii) The Directors designated under this
25 subparagraph shall receive no additional com-
1 pensation by virtue of their service as such a
3 "(E) Private sector directors. â (i)
4 Eight Directors who are not otherwise officers
5 or employees of the Government of the United
6 States shall be appointed by the President of
7 the United States, by and with the advice and
8 consent of the Senate. Of these, at least â
9 "(I) two shall be experienced in small
11 "(H) one shall be experienced in orga-
12 nized labor; and
13 "(HI) one shall be experienced in so-
14 cial and economic development issues.
15 "(ii) Each Director appointed under this
16 subparagraph shall be appointed for a term of
17 not more than 3 years. The terms of not more
18 than 3 such Directors shall expire in any 1
19 year. Such Directors shall serve until their suc-
20 cessors are appointed and qualified. Directors
2 1 may be reappointed to subsequent terms.
22 "(hi) Each Director appointed under this
23 subparagraph shall be compensated at the daily
24 equivalent of the annual rate of pay in effect
25 for level IV of the Executive Schedule under
1 section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, for
2 each day (including travel time) during which
3 such Director is actually engaged in the busi-
4 ness of the Corporation, and may be paid travel
5 or transportation expenses to the extent author-
6 ized for employees serving intermittently in the
7 Government service under section 5703 of title
8 5, United States Code. Any such Director may
9 waive any such compensation.
10 "(d) Appointment op the President. â The
1 1 President of the Corporation shall be appointed by the
12 President of the United States, by and with the advice
1 3 and consent of the Senate, and shall serve at the pleasure
14 of the President. In making such appointment, the Presi-
15 dent shall take into account the private business experi-
16 ence of the appointee. The President of the Corporation
17 shall be its Chief Executive Officer and shall be respon-
1 8 sible for the operations and management of the Corpora-
19 tion, subject to bylaws and policies established by the
21 "(e) Officers and Staff. â
22 "(1) Executive vice president. â The Exec-
23 utive Vice President of the Corporation shall be ap-
24 pointed by the President of the United States, by
1 and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and
2 shall serve at the pleasure of the President.
3 "(2) Other officers and staff. â (A) The
4 Corporation may appoint such other officers and
5 such employees (including attorneys) and agents as
6 the Corporation considers appropriate.
7 "(B) The officers, employees, and agents ap-
8 pointed under this subsection shall have such func-
9 tions as the Corporation may determine.
10 "(C) Of the officers, employees, and agents ap-
1 1 pointed under this paragraph, 20 may be appointed
12 without regard to the provisions of title 5. United
1 3 States Code, governing appointments in the competi-
14 tive service, may be compensated without regard to
15 the provisions of chapter 51 or subchapter EH of
1 6 chapter 53 of such title, and shall serve at the pleas-
1 7 ure of the Corporation.
18 "(D) Under such regulations as the President
19 of the United States may prescribe, any individual
20 appointed under subparagraph (C) may be entitled,
21 upon removal (except for cause) from the position to
22 which the appointment was made, to reinstatement
23 to the position occupied by that indrridual at the
24 time of appointment or to a position of comparable
25 grade and pay.
1 "SEC. 233. INVESTMENT INSURANCE, FINANCING, AND
2 OTHER PROGRAMS.
3 "(a) Investment Insurance. â
4 "(1) Risks for which insurance issued. â
5 The Corporation is authorized to issue insurance,
6 upon such terms and conditions as the Corporation
7 may determine, to eligible investors assuring protec-
8 tion in whole or in part against any or all of the fol-
9 lowing risks with respect to projects which the Cor-
10 poration has approved:
11 "(A) Inability to convert into United
12 States dollars other currencies, or credits in
13 such currencies, received as earnings or profits
14 from the approved project, as repayment or re-
15 turn of the investment in the project, in whole
16 or in part, or as compensation for the sale or
17 disposition of all or any part of the investment.
18 "(B) Loss of investment, in whole or in
19 part, in the approved project due to expropria-
20 tion or confiscation by action of a foreign gov-
2 1 ernment.
22 "(C) Loss due to war, revolution, insurrec-
23 tion, or civil strife.
24 "(D) Loss due to business interruption
25 caused by any of the risks set forth in subpara-
26 graphs (A), (B), and (C).
1 "(2) Risk sharing arrangements with for-
2 eign governments and multilateral organiza-
3 TIONS. â Recognizing that major priVate investments
4 in eligible countries or areas are often made by en-
5 terprises in which there is multinational participa-
6 tion, including significant United States private par-
7 ticipation, the Corporation may make arrangements
8 with foreign governments (including agencies, instru-
9 mentalities, and political subdivisions thereof) and
10 with multilateral organizations and institutions for
1 1 sharing liabilities assumed under investment insur-
12 ance for such investments and may, in connection
13 with such arrangements, issue insurance to investors
14 not otherwise eligible for insurance under this title,
15 except that â
16 "(A) liabilities assumed by the Corporation
17 under the authority of this paragraph shall be
1 8 consistent with the purposes of this title; and
19 "(B) the maximum share of liabilities so
20 assumed shall not exceed the proportionate par-
21 ticipation by eligible investors in the project.
22 "(3) Maximum contingent liability with
23 RESPECT TO SINGLE INVESTOR. â Not more than 10
24 percent of the maximum contingent liability of in-
25 vestment insurance which the Corporation is per-
1 mitted to have outstanding under section 235(a)(1)
2 shall be issued to a single investor.
3 "(b) Investment Financing. â
4 "(1) Direct lending. â (A) The Corporation
5 is authorized to make loans in United States dollars,
6 repayable in dollars, and to make loans in foreign
7 currencies, to firms privately owned or of mixed pri-
8 vate and public ownership, upon such terms and
9 conditions as the Corporation may determine.
10 "(B) The Corporation may designate up to 25
1 1 percent of any loan under this paragraph for use in
12 the development or adaptation in the United States
1 3 of new technologies or new products or services that
14 are to be used in the project for which the loan is
15 made and are likely to contribute to the economic or
1 6 social development of less developed countries.
17 "(2) Equity investment. â (A) The Corpora-
18 tion is authorized to purchase, invest in, or other-
19 wise acquire equity securities or securities with eq-
20 uity characteristics of any firm or entity, upon such
21 terms and conditions as the Corporation may deter-
22 mine, to be funded in the same manner as direct
23 loans under the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990
24 for the purpose of providing capital for any project
1 which is consistent with the provisions of this title,
2 subject to the limitations in subparagraph (B).
3 "(B)(i) The aggregate amount of the Corpora-
4 tion's equity investment under this paragraph with
5 respect to any project shall not exceed 30 percent of
6 the aggregate amount of all equity investment made
7 with respect to such project at the time that the
8 Corporation's equity investment is made (excluding
9 any securities acquired through the enforcement of
10 any hen, pledge, or contractual arrangement as a re-
1 1 suit of a default by any party under any agreement
12 relating to the terms of the Corporation's invest-
14 "(u) The Corporation's equity investment under
15 this paragraph with respect to any project, when
16 added to any other investments made or guaranteed
17 by the Corporation under this subsection with re-
18 spect to such project, shall not cause the aggregate
19 amount of all such investment to exceed, at the time
20 any such investment is made or guaranteed by the
21 Corporation, 75 percent of the total investment com-
22 mitted to such project, as determined by the Cor-
23 poration. The determination of the Corporation
24 under this clause shall be conclusive for purposes of
1 the Corporation's authority to make or guarantee
2 any such investment.
3 "(C) In making investment decisions under this
4 paragraph, the Corporation shall give consideration
5 to the extent to which the Corporation's equity in-
6 vestment will assist in obtaining the financing re-
7 quired for such projects.
8 "(D) Taking into consideration, among other
9 things, the Corporation's financial interests and the
10 desirability of fostering the development of local cap-
1 1 ital markets in emerging democracies, economies in
12 transformation, and less developed countries, the
13 Corporation shall endeavor to dispose of any equity
14 interest it may acquire under this paragraph within
15 a period of 10 years from the date of acquisition of
16 such interest.
17 "(3) Investment guarantees. â (A) The Cor-
18 poration is authorized to issue to eligible investors
19 guarantees of loans and other investments made by
20 such investors assuring against loss due to such
21 risks and upon such terms and conditions as the
22 Corporation may determine, subject to subpara-
23 graphs (B) and (C).
1 "(B) A guarantee issued under subparagraph
2 (A) on other than a loan investment may not exceed
3 75 percent of such investment.
4 "(C) Except for loan investments for credit
5 unions made by eligible credit unions or credit union
6 associations, the aggregate amount of investment
7 (exclusive of interest and earnings) for which guar-
8 antees are issued under subparagraph (A) with re-
9 spect to any project shall not exceed, at the time of
10 issuance of any such guarantee, 75 percent of the
11 total investment committed to any such project as
12 determined by the Corporation. Such determination
13 by the Corporation shall be conclusive for purposes
14 of the Corporation's authority to issue any such
16 "(c) Investment Encouragement. â The Corpora-
1 7 tion is authorized to initiate and support through financial
18 participation, incentive grant, or otherwise, and on such
19 terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine,
20 the identification, assessment, surveying, and promotion
21 of private investment opportunities, using wherever fea-
22 sible and effective the facilities of private investors. The
23 Corporation shall not finance any survey to ascertain the
24 existence, location, extent, or quality of oil or gas re-
1 "(d) Special Activities. â The Corporation is au-
2 thorized to administer and manage special projects and
3 programs, including programs of financial and advisory
4 support, which provide private technical, professional, or
5 managerial assistance in the development of human re-
6 sources, skills, technology, capital savings, intermediate fi-
7 nancial and investment institutions, and cooperatives. The
8 funds for these projects and programs may, with the Cor-
9 poration's concurrence, be transferred to it for such pur-
10 poses under the authority of section 632(a) or from other
1 1 sources, public or private.
1 2 "(e) Other Insurance Functions. â
13 "(1) In general. â The Corporation is
14 authorized â
15 "(A) to make and carry out contracts of
16 insurance or reinsurance, or agreements to as-
17 sociate or share risks, with insurance compa-
18 nies, financial institutions, any other persons,
19 or groups thereof; and
20 "(B) to employ such insurance companies,
21 financial institutions, other persons, or groups,
22 where appropriate, as its agent, or to act as
23 their agent, in the issuance and servicing of in-
24 surance, the adjustment of claims, the exercise
25 of subrogation rights, the ceding and accepting
1 of reinsurance, and in any other matter incident
2 to an insurance business.
3 Such agreements and contracts shall be consistent
4 with the purposes of the Corporation set forth in
5 section 231 and shall be on equitable terms.
6 "(2) Risk-sharing agreements. â The Cor-
7 poration is authorized to enter into pooling or other
8 risk-sharing agreements with multinational insur-
9 ance or financing agencies or groups of such agen-
11 "(3) Ownership interest in risk-sharing
12 ENTITIES. â The Corporation is authorized to hold
13 an ownership interest in any association or other en-
14 tity established for the purposes of sharing risks
15 under investment insurance.
16 "(4) Reinsurance of certain liabilities. â
17 The Corporation is authorized to issue, upon such
18 terms and conditions as it mav determine, reinsur-
19 ance of liabilities assumed by other insurers or
20 groups thereof with respect to risks referred to in
21 subsection (a)(1).
22 "(5) Limitation on reinsurance. â The
23 amount of reinsurance of liabilities under this title
24 which the Corporation may issue shall not in the ag-
25 gregate exceed at any one time an amount equal to
1 the amount authorized for the maximum contingent
2 liability outstanding at any one time under section
3 235(a)(1). All reinsurance issued by the Corporation
4 under this subsection shall require that the rein-
5 sured party retain for his or her own account speci-
6 fied portions of liability, whether first loss or other-
8 "(6) Enhancing private political risk in-
9 SURANCE INDUSTRY. â In order to encourage greater
10 availability of political risk insurance for eligible in-
1 1 vestors by enhancing the private political risk insur-
12 ance industry in the United States, and to the ex-
13 tent consistent with this title, the Corporation shall
14 undertake programs of cooperation with such indus-
15 try, and in connection with such programs may en-
1 6 gage in the following activities:
17 "(A) Utilizing its statutory authorities, en-
18 courage the development of associations, pools,
19 or consortia of United States private political
20 risk insurers.
21 "(B) Share insurance risks (through coin-
22 surance, contingent insurance, or other means)
23 in a manner that is conducive to the growth
24 and development of the private political risk in-
25 surance industrv in the United States.
1 "(C) Notwithstanding section 237(e), upon
2 the expiration of insurance piwided by the Cor-
3 poration for an investment, enter into risk-shar-
4 ing agreements with United States private po-
5 litical risk insurers to insure any such invest-
6 ment. In cooperating in the offering of insur-
ance under this clause, the Corporation shall
8 not assume responsibility for more than 50 per-
9 cent of the insurance being offered in each sep-
10 arate transaction.
1 1 "SEC. 234. GUIDELINES AND CRITERIA FOR OPIC SUPPORT.
12 "(a) Development Guidelines. â
13 "(1) Criteria. â The Corporation, in determin-
14 ing whether to provide insurance, reinsurance, or fi-
15 nancing for a project shall be guided by the eco-
16 nomic, environmental, and social development impact
17 and benefits of such a project and the ways in which
18 such a project complements, or is compatible with,
19 other development assistance programs or projects
20 of the United States or other donors.
21 "(2) Development impact profile. â In
22 order to carry out the policy set forth in paragraph
23 (1), the Corporation shall prepare and maintain, for | <urn:uuid:93e6e7a0-bd04-4813-b128-309ffa544853> | 2013-05-21T17:45:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Click on image to enlarge.
by Lesley-Anne McLeod
Description: Necessity dictates that Emilina Brook supplement her family's income by accepting a position as music teacher in a young ladies' academy. Fate decrees that she meet Dr. Secord Cardew while journeying by stagecoach to the school in a distant town. Dr. Cardew is in turn charming, unkind, amiable, callous, appealing, and occasionally rude. Emilina is drawn to him, but the real Dr. Cardew is a mystery. Is he a worthy admirer or does he have insuperable flaws?
eBook Publisher: Uncial Press, 2009
eBookwise Release Date: March 2009
9 Reader Ratings:
Available eBook Formats: OEBFF Format (IMP) [44 KB]
Reading time: 24-34 min.
Dr. Cardew was hovering near the fireplace, having put off his greatcoat and his beaver. He was watching for someone and she hoped devoutly that it was not her. She overlooked him as pointedly as she could without blatant rudeness. The room was not crowded, but the women from her coach, in company with the child, were already seated at a small table that had no chair for her. The solicitor was engaged in earnest converse with the landlord and would, in any event, have offered no refuge. Emilina--looking for an unobtrusive seat--again attempted to fail to notice the doctor's eager smile and gesture, but found herself without excuse to ignore him completely.
He hurried to her side. She could not deny he presented a trim, gentlemanly appearance and found herself unwillingly flattered by his attention.
"Miss Brook," he said. "I have obtained a cold collation and a cup of coffee for you. I hope you will pardon my daring, but I feared you would have no opportunity to order refreshment. Our stop is not long."
Emilina sedately expressed her appreciation of the kindness. Though reluctant, she followed the doctor and sat at his table, seizing upon the cup of coffee there with delight. She tucked into a small but surprisingly tasty meal, listening with only half an ear to the physician's grandiose plans for his medical practice soon to be established in Nottingham. | <urn:uuid:1027f778-ef36-4a9b-88cd-8bba2899b82e> | 2013-05-21T17:24:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Critical Analysis of Eve Merriam's Onomatopoeia
Critical Analysis of Eve Merriam's “Onomatopoeia”
“Onomatopoeia” by Eve Merriam allows the reader to enter a world of reality by expressing sounds with the use of vivid words along with graphic imagery. The poem makes the reader envision an old, leaky faucet, dripping droplets of water. It continues to drip one after another, smacking the bottom of a metal sink. Suddenly, after anxiously waiting, the water begins to pour out in full force and flows freely.
“Onomatopoeia” contains several different themes. First, “A healthy dose of reality is needed for fun” (Ruby 136). Absurdity is a very important concept in this poem. It helps brighten up the reading instead of it being dull. The poem is absurd because it goes into full detail to just describe a leaky faucet. For example, it is like writing five pages of instructions for someone just to teach them how to throw a ball. But nevertheless, it is fun without being boring or confusing at all.
Another theme in this poem is language and meaning. Poets often use words that extend beyond their apparent meaning in order to connect to people through as many words as possible. Poetry can become challenging for the poet and the reader when they realize that a word can have more than one connotation. These connotations came about because various cultures use the word differently throughout the years. To a poet with acute hearing, every word sounds like something it represents (Ruby 135). The sounds and the words we use are “intrinsically related” to what they are trying to say (135).
This poem lacks structure and is not very complex at all. But it is still an extremely powerful and interesting poem. As the reader looks at the poem, “the
words drip one by one down the page, occasionally becoming a sputter of smattering drops” (Ruby 136). There is no real rhyme scheme either but many of the words do rhyme such as utter, sputter, and splutter. Out of the twenty-nine words in this poem, twenty-four of them are related by one or more rhyming elements. Merriam uses many literary devices also. The main device she uses... | <urn:uuid:08c22fd9-f904-41df-a2b8-7223939a20dc> | 2013-05-21T17:25:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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We consider a simple pure substance under hydrostatic conditions
described by the following fundamental equation:
where the extensive variables U, V and N are the internal energy, the volume, and the number of particles respectively, and the intensive variables T, p and are the temperature, the pressure and the chemical potential respectively.
Equation () corresponds to the choice of the variables U, V and N as independent variables of the entropy S(U,V,N). These variables are precisely those which are fixed and determine the macrostate of the members of the Microcanonical Ensemble and consequently S is the relevant potential in this statistical ensemble.
It is useful to define the following quantities: ,
and so that Eq. () can
then be written in the dimensionless form:
In general, for other thermodynamic systems with degrees of freedom, one will have:
where are extensive variables, and the corresponding entropic conjugate variables. Massieu-Planck functions are entropic thermodynamic potentials defined as Legendre transformations of the entropy. In the case of a pure substance, the following (dimensionless) potentials can be formally defined:
The function was first introduced by Massieu , and it is called Massieu's potential. The function was introduced by Planck and is called Planck's. potential.
Given the extensivity of , and using Euler's theorem for
homogeneous functions, it is easy to see that . Therefore
the Legendre transformation of all variables redefines the entropy,
Substituting Eq. () into the differentials of the potentials defined above one gets:
From Eq. () one obtains:
The above equations allow a re-derivation of all the standard thermodynamic equations in terms of , and . For instance, Maxwell relations can be deduced, by imposing that the equations ()-() are exact differentials (equality of crossed derivatives). Moreover, Eq. () is the Gibbs-Duhem equation which states that the complete set of intensive variables of the system are not all independent. On the other hand, the extremal condition of leads us to deduce that , and are homogeneous at equilibrium . | <urn:uuid:f64a9fe0-fb27-407b-891a-d7ab31581e3a> | 2013-05-21T17:37:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Free Trade and Other Fundamental Doctrines of the Manchester School
Part IV, Essay III
BY RICHARD COBDEN
This remarkable letter, which has never been reprinted since its publication in the Anti-Corn-Law Circular, testifies to the statesmanlike sagacity of the leader of the Manchester School and contrasts with the narrow ignorance that has so often dominated our Foreign Office especially in regard to commercial movements abroad. The customs laws of Prussia were consolidated and simplified in 1818, and ten years later Hesse-Darmstadt joined the Prussian Union, to be followed in 1833 by Bavaria and Würtemberg and (reluctantly) by Saxony and the smaller states. The formation of the Zollverein was in itself, as Cobden saw, very advantageous not only to Germany but to all countries which traded with her, the customs tariff being lower than most of the separate tariffs which previously existed in thirty-eight different states and cities. His prediction that tariff reductions in England would lead to a more liberal policy in Germany was also verified, and for many years Germany became one of our principal sources of food supply, sending us in 1877 no less than 7,000,000 cwt. of wheat and flour. And at the present time the empire of Germany appears among the three or four best customers of British manufactured goods.
Seventh letter from a member of the Anti-Corn-Law League, on the Continent.
ON leaving Basle to come by land to this city, I found myself within the territory of the German Union, commonly called the Prussian Commercial Union. Before the revolutionary wars Germany was divided into more than three hundred independent states and upwards of fifty-three free cities, all enjoying the privileges of so many distinct sovereignties. The greater part of these were swept away by the tempest of the French revolution. Germany, however, still contains thirty-eight independent states, eighteen of which have less than 100,000 inhabitants each. Until the recent formation of the Commercial League, these states were allied only by a union of the governments under the name of the German Confederation, whilst the intercourse of the people was obstructed by separate custom house regulations, and travellers were liable to be searched, several times in the course of a day's journey, at the frontiers of these insignificant territories. But, thanks to the enlightened labours of Prussian statesmen, these impediments no longer exist. From the confines of the Tyrol to the shores of the Baltic, and from the frontiers of Belgium to the borders of Russia, no custom house or duties now obstruct the free course of trade, or the progress of the traveller.
Much misapprehension still exists in England as to the nature and objects of the Prussian Commercial League. Whilst in the course of formation, this union was held up to the jealousy and dislike of the British people, as having been conceived in a spirit of hostility to their commercial interests. Our ministers were frequently questioned in parliament upon the subject, and, amongst other efforts of a similar kind, our representative here was instructed to exert his influence (which he did, but of course unsuccessfully) to prevent these free cities from joining the league. The policy of our aristocracy has always been to divert the attention of the people from the evils arising from their own selfish laws. The same legislators who have dammed up a thousand streams of commerce by their Corn Law, are ever ready with the offers of their services to remove some alleged impediment to our trade abroad.
The motives which influenced the authors of the League may be easily understood from the preamble of the treaty of 1833, which begins thus: 'The contracting powers, penetrated with a lively solicitude for whatever may contribute to the freedom and extension of commerce and industry in their respective states,' etc. And the first article gives a sufficient explanation of the objects contemplated by the treaty—
'Article I.—The various associations of custom houses, already existing in the said states, shall for the future form, by virtue of a common system of custom houses and of commerce, a general association, which shall include all countries comprised in such associations.'
Whatever other motives may have influenced the Prussian cabinet, no rational mind now believes that it was actuated by any feelings of hostility to British interests. It has been surmised, and very plausibly, that in putting herself at the head of a commercial union, Prussia sought to acquire a political influence among the German states, to counteract the ascendancy which Austria (not included in the League) possessed as the acknowledged head of the German confederation. The question of importance, however, to you and to your readers is, what will be the probable effects of this union of upwards of 26 millions of people within one line of custom houses upon the interests of the British Empire? Can we increase our commerce with these rich and cultivated nations, and how? In the course of my travels on a late occasion in every part of the union, I made especial inquiries upon the latter point, and the result was a confirmation of the opinion given by Doctor Bowring, that with a modification of our own Corn Laws, we may insure a reciprocal reduction of the duties upon British goods, and a proportionate extension of our commercial relations with the countries of the League. My inquiries extended to individuals of every class—to those who are interested in trading with us, and those who would benefit by shutting us out—to the agriculturists of Prussia and Bavaria, the manufacturers of Saxony and Westphalia, and the merchants and bankers of Frankfort, and I have found the unanimous opinion of intelligent men to be that we have the power in our own hands of lowering the tariff upon our manufactures in Germany, and they uniformly pointed to a reduction of duty upon corn as the indispensable preliminary to any modification of the duties upon our commodities.
Being one of those who composed the Anti-Corn-Law deputation that waited on Lord Melbourne in the spring, I have not forgotten the easy assurance with which the pleasant premier delivered his opinion, that there was no chance of increasing our trade with the countries of the German League. In the course of a conversation yesterday, with one of the public men here, he reminded me of his lordship's characteristic sally, and observed, shrewdly enough, that it was a pity he did not arrive at that conclusion before sending Doctor Bowring, at some expense, to Berlin to bring back a contrary opinion. 'If his lordship will give me a carte blanche,' said he, 'upon the corn question, I will undertake to secure to the English manufacturers a vast extension of their trade with Germany.'
The most conclusive proof, however, that the people of Germany would be glad to extend their commercial relations with us, is to be found in the simple fact that it is their interest so to do. The principal states of the League, as Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, Wurtemberg, etc., are agricultural rather than manufacturing. In Prussia the agricultural population are to the manufacturers as more than five to one; and of the 26 millions of people contained in the Commercial League, nearly 17 millions are dependent on agriculture. The benefits derived from the present high protecting duties upon manufactured goods fall principally to the lot of Saxony; but it is not reasonable to suppose that the other States would voluntarily and gratuitously sacrifice themselves for the benefit of one of the members of the Union; more especially as it was no part of the original design of the League to levy high duties for protection. The duty originally put upon cotton manufactures, for instance, was 10 per cent. only; but, as it is levied by weight, and not ad valorem, the diminished value of the goods has raised the duty in some instances to 70 or 80 per cent. Any negociation for increasing our commerce with this important Union must be addressed to the Government of Berlin, which has every motive for meeting us in the most amicable spirit. Her Polish provinces, now so much behind the rest of Prussia in wealth, intelligence, and civilization, would derive peculiar and incalculable benefits from a trade in corn with England. With a repeal of our corn law, indeed, Pomerania might speedily become the most valuable of the Prussian provinces, yielding, as it does in the greatest abundance, the finest wheat in Europe. The Prussian ports on the Baltic would be the scene of an active commerce in corn, in which native vessels might be expected to share largely; and Dantzig would undoubtedly become the Liverpool of the corn trade. With these paramount motives for extending its commercial relations with England, we may feel certain that so wise a Government as that of Berlin would gladly embrace the opportunity of effecting such an object. But the sine qua non of any such arrangement must be the repeal or modification of our corn law. It is folly to attempt to enlarge our trade with the countries of northern Europe, unless we are prepared to take in payment for our manufactures their staple product—grain.
Whatever may be its ultimate effect upon the interests of foreign countries, the union of the Germans within one line of custom houses is calculated for the almost unmixed benefit of the people. Speaking one language, and having a uniformity of weights and measures, and of money (the latter are now in course of assimilation), they will form, for almost all practical and beneficial ends, one nation. This union is the first in the annals of empires that has been formed exclusively for the promotion of the material interests of the people; formed, too, peaceably, and without even the intervention of diplomatic intrigue. Unlike most other instances of the amalgamation of European territory, the claims of legitimacy, or the lust of extended dominion, have had no share in the formation of the League; and one of its most interesting features, bearing, as it does, powerfully upon the future destinies of the Germans, is, that whereas their Commercial Union affords the strongest motive for refraining from oppression or conquest, it confers upon them a growing defensive power, which will be the best safeguard against the wanton attacks of other nations.
Return to top | <urn:uuid:cc81b56c-f40b-4ee4-84f8-0275814f36bb> | 2013-05-21T17:16:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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IS KENTUCKY America's Greece? Matt Yglesias writes:
Kentucky (population 4.3 million) and the San Francisco / Oakland / Fremont Metropolitan Statistical Area (population 4.3 million) do share a currency. They do this despite the fact that Kentucky has a longstanding lack of competitiveness relative to San Francisco. Eighty-seven percent of San Franciscans have high school degrees compared to just 80 percent in Kentucky. Forty-three percent of San Franciscans have bachelor's degrees to just 20 percent of Kentuckians. Not surprisingly, San Francisco's workers are much more productive, earning a median household income of $74,000 to Kentucky's $40,000.
The way this is made to work is by long-term, sustained, open-ended financial transfers to Kentucky.
I'd put this differently. You don't have a competitiveness problem if your wages are sufficiently low. Wages are much higher in coastal California than they are in Kentucky, because productivity is higher in coastal California than in Kentucky. If productivity adequately explains wage differences, there's no competitiveness issue; so long as Kentucky employers get enough output from their workers to cover wage costs, everything works out.
Imagine, though, that a new administration is elected to Washington which makes rapid growth in places like Kentucky a priority and which hints that it will prevent businesses that make big investments in Kentucky from suffering big losses if those investments go bad. Suppose, then, that the cost of borrowing in Kentucky drops as capital floods in from elsewhere. Kentucky experiences a boom and wages rise rapidly. After this boom runs for a while, bad news somewhere else in the world might lead some coastal banks to curtail their lending. When that happens, some of Kentucky's enterprises get into trouble, and investors quickly look to the government. As it turns out, the administration in the White House sees a bail-out of the region as being really unpopular and declines to do much to help. With the implicit guarantee gone borrowing costs soar and capital high-tails it out of Kentucky.
Then what happens? Well, some but not all of that previous investment may have been productivity enhancing, and so wages as a whole are above their market-clearing level. Now, Kentucky has a competitiveness problem. No one wants to hire Kentuckians at prevailing wages, and unemployment will rise until wages fall to market-clearing levels. So does big trouble loom?
Things won't be pretty for Kentucky for a little while, but neither will America face disaster (indeed, something very like this is unfolding in Nevada at the moment, and yet the American union seems safe). Here we get to the key differences between Europe and America. First, adjustment is likely to be faster within America because labour markets are more flexible. The euro zone has come a long way in freeing its internal labour market, but cultural, linguistic, and other differences still mean that it may be easier to move from Kentucky to Texas than from Spain to Germany. Second, Kentucky can fall back on some federally-funded automatic stabilisers, which means that the feedback loop between economic weakness and fiscal tightening isn't as intense. As Mr Yglesias points out, payments for Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and federal unemployment benefits will continue to be paid.
And finally, the American economy has a national financial structure that halts contagion. That doesn't mean that there won't be bank failures or even, potentially, state defaults. It does mean that contagion isn't likely to develop. Say Kentucky banks are suddenly thrown into great difficulty. What happens? Well, the FDIC comes in and handles the problem. America's economy is massive relative to the size of the banking problem in Kentucky, and so there is no transmission of problem in Kentucky's banks to America's sovereign debt. But what if the problem was spread across half of the American economy, such that very large banks got into trouble?
As America discovered in 2008, things can get tricky when banking troubles outstrip the capacity of the FDIC. As we saw then, however, the question was not whether America had the capacity to handle the situation but whether it could organise an effective rescue that would stick politically. When the federal government stood behind the banking system in conjunction with the Federal Reserve, the crisis ended relatively quickly. America's economy is very large and it is backed by the full power of the Fed. As Nobelist Chris Sims has noted, that's an extraordinarily powerful shock absorber. At some point, America's institutions will be tested again; perhaps a crisis in state pensions will threaten to spark a crisis. The country's federal and democratic government means that nothing is certain, but the structure of the national economy is such that its financial system is far less brittle and far more likely to survive such a crisis than Europe's.
But a sense of identity surely matters. Mr Yglesias closes by writing:
Americans, whether in San Francisco or in Kentucky, generally conceive of ourselves as all living in one country. We act either on behalf of narrow personally selfish claims or else broad idealistic concerns about what's right and proper for the country as a whole. But if that spirit broke down, the whole national economy would have a very different feel.
When the financial crisis struck in 2008, it took improvisation on the part of the Fed, the White House, and the Congress to prevent a major disaster. There were intense debates about how various costs would be borne, which continue to resonate today. Those debates lacked a clear geographic component, but it's unlikely that the presence of one would have been decisive. That is due, in part, to the fact that America's federal government has grown progressively stronger over the past two centuries; the Fed and the Treasury are now sufficiently powerful that they needn't worry about what California's governor thinks of their actions. And it is also due to the related fact that Americans think of themselves as Americans in a way that Europeans don't think of themselves as Europeans. That consciousness enabled the development of stronger national institutions. But the growth of national institutions, in crises especially, helped to forge that consciousness. It took an executive willing to substantially overreach amidst a civil war to knit states that still saw themselves as sovereign into something like a coherent union.
In times of crisis, identity can't help but shape the resolve to fight or flee. If "core" Europe sees too little of itself in "peripheral" Europe to keep itself together, then the fact that Europe could save itself through the creation of sufficiently powerful federal institutions won't much matter. | <urn:uuid:d5f1e09e-91b6-44d6-91cf-34972ac2fbe0> | 2013-05-21T17:44:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This course provides an introduction to securities analysis and valuation for the ultimate purpose of making an investment decision as it relates to mining stocks, and more specifically, junior mining.
Topics covered in this course include...
- Analysis (geological, qualitative, risk, industry, financial)
- Valuation Methods (cash flow, real options, relative)
- Interpreting the Results (red flags, sensitivity, decisions)
By the end of this course, you will understand the evaluation process for a junior mining company, and be in a position to make more informed investment decisions. You should be able to do a preliminary evaluation, and decide for yourself if you need to seek further professional advice.
The presentation follows a light, easy-to-read format. The course comprises 15 short sessions, each of approximately 10 minutes viewing duration, plus four interactive reviews that confirm the viewer's achievement of learning objectives. The total duration of the course is approximately three hours. | <urn:uuid:eb3e5053-171c-45cd-b4f7-852a90c7e967> | 2013-05-21T17:44:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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You can learn how to help control your asthma. One way is to learn about the things that make you have flare-ups. You can also learn how to know when a flare-up is on the way. The more you know, the easier it will be to control your asthma.
How do you feel before your asthma flares up? You may have trouble sleeping. Or you may feel tired and weak. These are early warning signs. They tell you a flare-up may be on the way. Ask your doctor what to do if this happens. You may need to take medicine. Daily controller medicine can help prevent flare-ups. Quick-relief (or rescue) medicine will help stop a flare-up that has started. Check your early warning signs below:
Coughing, especially at night
Feeling tight in your chest
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Other symptoms: _____________________________
Some things make your asthma flare up. They are called asthma triggers. Try to stay away from them or control them. Here are some common asthma triggers. Check the triggers that make your asthma flare up: | <urn:uuid:fe7c2865-83f5-491d-8906-bd2fa5ed2092> | 2013-05-21T17:46:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Blood or body fluids may contain pathogens (germs) that can cause disease. If there is an accident at work involving blood or body fluids, these germs can be spread. The most common and serious bloodborne pathogens are the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other bloodborne germs include syphilis and malaria. Once these germs infect you, they can spread to your loved ones. The three bloodborne germs described below are the most common causes of infections in the workplace.
Hepatitis B can cause severe damage to the liver and can even lead to death.
A vaccine is available to help prevent hepatitis B infection. This vaccine is given as several injections over a period of time.
Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C can cause severe damage to the liver and can lead to death.
There is no known vaccine for HCV.
HIV makes it harder for the body to fight infection. HIV causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is a serious illness that can lead to death.
There is no known vaccine for HIV.
How You Could Get Infected at Work
Bloodborne diseases can infect you when:
You help an injured person without using a protective barrier between you and the infected person's blood or body fluids.
An object or surface with infected blood or body fluids on it touches your broken skin.
You smoke, eat, or touch your eyes, nose, or mouth after getting someone else's infected blood or body fluids on your hands.
You are pricked or scratched by a sharp object (such as broken glass) that has infected blood or body fluids on it. | <urn:uuid:2ca0eda3-b9b6-45f7-bed8-9df5ba7377f1> | 2013-05-21T17:18:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A Republican senator threatened on Tuesday to block the confirmation of President Barack Obama's nominee to head the CIA until the administration provides more information to Congress about the September 11, 2012, attacks on U.S. facilities in Benghazi, Libya.
Senator Lindsey Graham said his objection was not directed at Obama's CIA nominee - 25-year agency veteran John Brennan - but was an attempt to extract information about the Benghazi attacks from the White House.
"I do not believe we should confirm anyone as Director of the CIA until our questions are answered," Graham said in a statement. Under Senate rules, any senator can put a hold on any nomination, blocking it from moving to a Senate floor vote.
In a written statement, Graham expressed frustration about what he called the "ever changing" stories told by administration officials about who was behind the Benghazi attacks in which four Americans were killed, including the U.S. ambassador to Libya.
He complained that the officials offered conflicting explanations about why a reference to al Qaeda was deleted from unclassified talking points that the White House used to shape public comments in the days following the attacks on the U.S. diplomatic mission and a CIA base in Libya's second-largest city.
"We were first told the Director of National Intelligence deleted the al Qaeda reference in the talking points because they did not want to let al Qaeda know we were monitoring them," Graham said.
"We were then told the FBI changed the talking points so as not to compromise an ongoing criminal investigation," he said, adding that even later, officials "clarified it was the CIA who had changed the talking points."
"It is imperative we understand who changed the talking points just weeks before a presidential election and why," he said.
Republicans charged the White House with downplaying evidence that the Benghazi attacks were an act of terrorism in the weeks before the November 6 presidential election to boost Obama's contention that the United States was defeating al Qaeda.
U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice said in appearances on Sunday talk shows shortly after September 11 that preliminary information suggested the attacks were the result of protests against an anti-Muslim video made in California rather than a premeditated strike.
A government review board, however, concluded that no protest took place before the attacks. Rice has said she was relying on talking points drawn up by U.S. intelligence officials.
The controversy forced Rice to withdraw her name from consideration as secretary of state.
White House spokesman Jay Carney said on Tuesday that the "highly politicized" Benghazi issue should not hold up Brennan's nomination. The president is focused on ensuring that those who are responsible for the deaths of the Americans in Benghazi should be brought to justice "not the political fascination of appearances on Sunday shows," he told a news briefing.
In a report last month on the Benghazi attacks, the Senate's Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee said the talking points' first draft included a line saying that the U.S. knew that individuals associated with al Qaeda or its affiliates participated in the attacks. But the reference to al Qaeda was edited out of the final version of the talking points, and a reference to "attacks" was changed to "demonstrations."
At some point, the committee said, the director of national intelligence offered to turn over to Congress a "detailed timeline" charting how the talking points evolved. However, the committee said the administration failed to turn over the timeline while spending weeks arguing over whether information on its "deliberative" process should be held back.
A congressional official said that as of Tuesday, the administration still had not turned over the record of the talking points' evolution to Congress.
(Additional reporting by Steve Holland; Editing by Eric Beech) | <urn:uuid:39163690-7412-4652-8ebf-0797d39a1bdd> | 2013-05-21T17:47:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Menopause: Managing Hot Flashes
What is an Actionset?
Most women experience hot flashes at some point before or after menopause, when their estrogen levels are declining. While some women have few to no hot flashes, others have them numerous times each day. If hot flashes are disrupting your sleep or daily life, you are no doubt looking for relief. Fortunately, you have a number of self-care and medical treatment options that can help you manage your symptoms.
- No matter how disruptive and frustrating they may be, hot flashes are not a sign of a medical problem. They are a normal response to natural hormonal changes in your body. Hot flashes usually subside after the first or second year following menopause, when estrogen levels stabilize at a low level.
- Tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, and stress tend to make hot flashes worse. By avoiding these risk factors, exercising regularly, and eating well, you can prevent or reduce hot flashes.
- The body-mind connection is a powerful element of hot flashes and emotional symptoms. Rhythmic breathing exercises (paced respiration), which help you meditate and relax, may reduce your hot flashes.
- Treatments that may either reduce or stop moderate to severe hot flashes include short-term, low-dose estrogen (hormone therapy), certain antidepressant and blood pressure medicines, and the herb black cohosh.
Return to topic:
If you have experienced hot flashes, you're already well aware that they are sudden sensations of intense body heat, often with heavy sweating and reddening of the head, neck, and chest or the entire body. At night, they commonly cause drenching "night sweats," making them a cause of sleep problems for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
During a typical hot flash, your skin temperature rises. Although you may feel very warm during a hot flash, because of the heat lost by your body's cooling mechanism (perspiration), your body temperature may actually drop. Some women feel chilly after a hot flash, and some women feel the chill without the flash.
The biochemical cause of hot flashes is not well understood. But they are linked to declining estrogen levels, and they do seem to be made worse by stress, heavy alcohol use, and cigarette smoking. Although menopausal hot flashes can be disruptive, frustrating, and at times embarrassing, they are medically harmless. They are not a sign of a medical problem, nor do they cause medical problems.
It is normal for hot flashes to:
- Happen in women of all ages when they are upset or embarrassed.
- Happen during the perimenopausal years before menopause, when estrogen levels fluctuate. They are most common, most frequent, and most intense during the 2 years following menopause (postmenopause), when estrogen declines.
- Be accompanied by mild to severe heart palpitations, anxiety, or irritability. In rare cases, panic attacks are triggered at the same time as hot flashes, usually in women who have a history of panic attacks.
- Be especially severe in women who become menopausal from chemotherapy, antiestrogen treatment for breast cancer, or surgical removal of the ovaries.
- Subside within a couple of years after menopause. But some women do continue to have hot flashes for years after menopause. There is no reliable method for predicting whether, when, or how long you will have hot flashes.
Hot flashes are uncommon in various places around the world. More research is necessary before experts can identify specific factors about American women's environment and lifestyle that make hot flashes a common problem.
Hot flashes are a normal part of perimenopause for most women. If yours are mild or infrequent, there is no need to treat them. But it's common to look for relief of moderate to severe or frequent hot flashes that disrupt your daily life and sleep.
You may not have to "treat" hot flashes to prevent them or get them under control. Making healthy lifestyle choices is your best and first choice for hot flashes and can make a big difference in how your body handles the transition to menopause. But if hot flashes are frequent and powerful, additional treatment may be needed to help you get enough sleep or lead a predictable daily life.
You can manage hot flashes by making certain lifestyle choices. You can also take daily medicine. Some measures help prevent or reduce hot flashes, and others can make you more comfortable when you're having a hot flash. If you are looking for additional treatment measures, you have a few options to choose from.
Lifestyle choices for preventing or reducing hot flashes
Eat and drink well, and avoid smoking.
- Limit your intake of alcohol.
- Drink cold beverages rather than hot ones.
- Eat smaller, more frequent meals to avoid the heat generated by digesting large amounts of food.
- Eat plenty of low-fat, high-fiber foods.
- Do not smoke or use other forms of tobacco.
- Keep your environment cool, or use a fan.
- Dress in layers, so you can remove clothes as needed.
- Wear natural fabrics, such as cotton and silk.
- Sleep with fewer blankets.
Medical treatment options for hot flashes
- Short-term, low-dose hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can reduce or stop hot flashes and other perimenopausal symptoms by raising your body's estrogen level. Use the lowest dose needed for the shortest possible time and have regular checkups. This is because HRT may increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, heart disease, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and dementia in a small number of women.1, 2 And HRT users who are 10 or more years past menopause are also at higher risk for heart disease.3 If you have a history of cardiovascular disease or breast cancer, avoid using estrogen for hot-flash relief—other options are available.
- Estrogen-progestin birth control pills (before menopause) can reduce or stop hot flashes and other perimenopausal symptoms by evening out fluctuating hormones. Don't use estrogen for hot-flash relief if you are older than 35 and smoke; have diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or breast cancer; or have a family history of these conditions. Other options are available.
- Antidepressant medicine can reduce the number and severity of hot flashes by improving the brain's use of serotonin, which helps regulate body temperature.4 Side effects are possible. This type of medicine is a good choice if hot flashes, irritability, or mood swings are your only perimenopausal symptom.
- Clonidine may relieve hot flashes for some women. But studies have not shown that clonidine makes hot flashes less severe or less frequent.5 This type of medicine is a good choice if hot flashes are your only perimenopausal symptom, especially if you have high blood pressure.
- Gabapentin, an antiseizure medicine, may lower the number of hot flashes each day and the intensity of hot flashes.6, 7
- Black cohosh may reduce or prevent hot flashes, depression, and anxiety. As with HRT, have regular checkups when taking black cohosh.
- Some women eat and drink a lot of soy to even out hot flashes and other perimenopausal symptoms. So far, studies have used many different soy sources and different measures of success, which are hard for experts to compare. Soy isoflavone (rather than soy protein) studies have shown the most promise for hot flash treatment.8
If you are having problems with hot flashes, discuss them with your doctor at your next regularly scheduled appointment. If your hot flashes are so severe that they are disrupting your sleep or affecting another area of your life, call your doctor to discuss your hot flashes.
If you would like more information about menopausal changes, see the topic Menopause and Perimenopause.
|American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)|
|409 12th Street SW|
|P.O. Box 96920|
|Washington, DC 20090-6920|
|Phone: ||(202) 638-5577|
|Web Address: ||www.acog.org|
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) is a nonprofit organization of professionals who provide health care for women, including teens. The ACOG Resource Center publishes manuals and patient education materials. The Web publications section of the site has patient education pamphlets on many women's health topics, including reproductive health, breast-feeding, violence, and quitting smoking.
|National Women's Health Information Center|
|8270 Willow Oaks Corporate Drive|
|Fairfax, VA 22031|
|Fax: ||(202) 205-2631|
|Web Address: ||www.womenshealth.gov|
The National Women's Health Information Center (NWHIC) is a service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health. NWHIC provides women's health information to a variety of audiences, including consumers, health professionals, and researchers.
|North American Menopause Society (NAMS)|
|5900 Landerbrook Drive|
|Mayfield Heights, OH 44124|
|Phone: ||(440) 442-7550|
|Fax: ||(440) 442-2660|
|Web Address: ||www.menopause.org|
The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) is a nonprofit organization that promotes the understanding of menopause and thereby improves the health of women as they approach menopause and beyond. NAMS members include experts from medicine, nursing, sociology, psychology, nutrition, anthropology, epidemiology, pharmacy, and education. The NAMS website has information on perimenopause, early menopause, menopause symptoms and long-term health effects of estrogen loss, and a variety of therapies.
North American Menopause Society (2010). Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause, 17(2): 242–255. Also available online: http://www.menopause.org/PSht10.pdf.
Practice Committee, American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2008). Estrogen and progestogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Educational Bulletin. Fertility and Sterility, 90(Suppl 3): S88–S102.
Rossouw JE, et al. (2007). Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA, 297(13): 1465–1477.
Stearns V, et al. (2003). Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 289(21): 2827–2834.
Morris E, Rymer J (2007). Menopausal symptoms, search date December 2006. Online version of BMJ Clinical Evidence. Also available online: http://www.clinicalevidence.com.
Pandya KJ, et al. (2005). Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 366(9488): 818–824.
Reddy SY, et al. (2006). Gabapentin, estrogen, and placebo for treating hot flushes. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 108(1): 41–48.
Balk E, et al. (2005). Effects of Soy on Health Outcomes. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 126 (AHRQ Publication No. 05–E024–1). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Also available online: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/soysum.pdf.
|Primary Medical Reviewer||Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine|
|Specialist Medical Reviewer||Carla J. Herman, MD, MPH - Geriatric Medicine|
|Last Revised||May 4, 2010|
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:27a13a43-ee18-4118-951f-ee32a5f51ac4> | 2013-05-21T17:37:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Copyright © 2010 L. K. Kikina and I. P. Stavroulakis. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Consider the second-order linear delay differential equation , , where , , is nondecreasing, for and , the (discrete analogue) second-order difference equation , where , , , , , and , and the second-order functional equation , , where the functions , , , for , , and denotes the 2th iterate of the function , that is, , , . The most interesting oscillation criteria for the second-order linear delay differential equation, the second-order difference equation and the second-order functional equation, especially in the case where and for the second-order linear delay differential equation, and and , for the second-order functional equation, are presented. | <urn:uuid:b0cee3f7-8bd7-49df-aedf-983e0090e171> | 2013-05-21T17:24:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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El Nuevo DiaEl Nuevo Dia is a newspaper published daily in San Juan. The publication reaches all of Puerto Rico every time it is published.
Now a property of Luis A. Ferre's family, El Nuevo Dia was, for decades, known plainly as El Dia. When the new ownership picked up the newspaper in 1975, the name was changed to El Nuevo Dia, a name which it still uses.
El Nuevo Dia's main competitor is El Vocero. While El Nuevo Dia has been known largely for publishing mostly political news, El Vocero has been known most of the time for carrying crime stories, although nowadays, El Vocero has also turned into a more political sort of newspaper.
Apart from political and community news, El Nuevo Dia also has a sports section, a show business section and a business section among the news sections they publish daily. Its television commercial campaign slogan reads: El Nuevo Dia: Un Gran Periodico (El Nuevo Dia: A Great Newspaper). | <urn:uuid:419e2942-5657-409d-a1b1-0326d3aea42f> | 2013-05-21T17:17:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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energy demand by sector
The future development pathways for Europe’s energy demand are shown in Figure 5.44 for the Reference and the Energy [R]evolution scenario. Under the Reference scenario, total primary energy demand in OECD Europe increases by 9% from the current 75,200 PJ/a to 82,080 PJ/a in 2050. The energy demand in 2050 in the Energy [R]evolution scenario decreases by 36% compared to current consumption and it is expected by 2050 to reach 47,800 PJ/a.
Under the Energy [R]evolution scenario, electricity demand in the industry as well as in the residential and service sectors is expected to decrease after 2015 (see Figure 5.45). Because of the growing shares of electric vehicles, heat pumps and hydrogen generation however, electricity demand increases to 3,470 TWh/a in 2050, still 21% below the Reference case.
Efficiency gains in the heat supply sector are larger than in the electricity sector. Under the Energy [R]evolution scenario, final demand for heat supply can even be reduced significantly (see Figure 5.47). Compared to the Reference scenario, consumption equivalent to 8,921 PJ/a is avoided through efficiency measures by 2050. As a result of energy-related renovation of the existing stock of residential buildings, as well as the introduction of low energy standards and ‘passive houses’ for new buildings, enjoyment of the same comfort and energy services will be accompanied by a much lower future energy demand. | <urn:uuid:f7fab5e7-8557-4165-b9fc-10bfa25f3212> | 2013-05-21T17:09:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Think of a business idea you keep coming back to that never gets off the ground. Or, maybe you're struggling with a tough business decision and no matter what you choose, there's something to lose. You find yourself in limbo.
"We get stuck between two choices when we have a desire to do something, but the fears -- fear of the unknown, risk, failure, success -- keep us stuck and unable to move forward," says Larina Kase, a cognitive-behavioral psychologist and author of The Confident Leader (McGraw-Hill, 2008) "The heart and the head are in conflict."
Most of us revert to listing pros and cons, but the exercise rarely helps. "We continue to be stuck because the pros and cons for each choice are roughly equal or because there are too many variables," Kase says. "There are so many considerations on both sides that it can become paralyzing."
To get unstuck and finally make a firm decision, consider these five steps:
1. Uncover your hidden fears.
To move forward, you must first understand what exactly you fear. "It is unique to everyone," Kase says. "It often requires digging below the initial fear, which is typically something like, 'What if I'm not successful?'" To dig deeper, ask yourself, what would happen if that fear came true? What would you lose or jeopardize? Your answers will help make the fear more specific to you.
"Be on the lookout for a mood shift," says Kase, noting that emotional cues can serve as a guide. "As soon as you notice yourself feeling uneasy, unsettled, or uncomfortable, ask yourself, 'What thought just went through my mind?'" That thought is triggering anxiety, so it's likely rooted in fear.
2. Keep anxiety in perspective.
Often, we imagine the consequences of our fears will be extreme. We think, 'I will never be a good leader if I'm terrified of public speaking,' or, 'I will lose all respect from my peers if my business fails.' The reality is never so black and white.
"We reduce anxiety by challenging negative thoughts," Kase says. When you notice a fearful thought, think of a time when the opposite was true, or ask yourself if there is any reason to doubt that assertion. The goal is to see that your negative belief about what will happen is not absolutely certain, or even likely -- even if it feels that way right now.
3. Do what you fear in small doses.
Testing your fears is the most powerful way to overcome them. Start by trying activities that give you some anxiety but not too much. For example, people who worry that others will judge their failures might take a dance class, if they have two left feet. "Gradual exposure builds confidence and shows us that the feared consequence is unlikely to come true," Kase says.
4. Commit for one hour.
Another way to get closer to a decision is to imagine you've already made one. Spend one hour pretending as though you've committed to one option. Do a minor task toward your goal and notice thoughts or feelings that come up as you play the role.
"Remember that most people are happiest with choices where they went with their gut rather than when they talk themselves into something that looks good on paper but doesn't resonate on a deeper level," Kase says. If your gut tells you to do it, that's a sign.
5. Trust that you know what to do.
If you're doing endless research to find the "right" choice, give it a rest. "Paradoxically, when making more complex choices, we do better when we go with our gut instincts, rather than weighing all the variables," Kase says. Your intuition unconsciously takes into account all the information available to you, including your values and goals, and is likely to guide you to the best choice.
If you've lost touch with your instincts, give yourself space to find them. Take a walk, get a spa treatment, or play basketball with your friends -- whatever you find relaxing and enjoyable. "You may find that rather than trying to chase down the decision, it comes to you," Kase says. If you listen to your gut, you will make a much better choice. | <urn:uuid:a6b9550a-c677-4312-b8ae-f0abaa7aba0f> | 2013-05-21T17:23:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Bored Wombat wrote:
I can say for a fact that participating here has led me to believe that human activity has some impact on rising temperatures over the last 100 years.. when I first started researching and discussing, I believed that human activity had little impact, which looks stupid from my perspective right now. Natural Factors are probably dominant though for the warming over the last Century, and I have not wavered on that view, since there is no compelling evidence to suggest otherwise.
What about you?
Changing the subject, no scientific paper
with the ISI keywords "global climate change" in the decade 1993-2003 would say that natural factors are probably dominant for the last 50 years.
For the last 100, it must be more of a toss-up, but I would suspect that most people would say that that warming is probably mostly due to anthropogenic forcing.
The way to separate the response of the global mean surface temperature into its response to natural forcing and its response to anthropogenic forcing would probably be with climate models. I would have thought that there was compelling evidence there.
For my part I notice that if I stay on forums for too long, the repeated view that the science is wrong gets to leak into my psyche, and I have to recalibrate by going to scientific sources. Which, ironically for the nomenclature, tends to be via the skeptics community. Not climate skeptics, but actual skeptics society skeptics.
It's not a matter of if AGW is real or not, it's a matter of how much warming is due to AGW. I can see how most of the warming could be due to Anthropogenic sources over the last 50 years, but I can also see how most of the warming over the last 50 years could be due to natural climate change. The CO2 concentration from 1970-2000 increased by 18%. During this timeframe, the temperatures rose. This would give you a forcing of around 0.66 w/m^2 from Carbon Dioxide, assuming a radiative forcing per doubling of CO2 to be 3.7 w/m^2 (which is generally accepted as the value for a doubling of CO2). Assuming that this was the only forcing during this timeframe that caused the temperature increase from 1970-2000, it's no wonder how one can get unimaginably high sensitivities. However, the sun's activity has increased during this timeframe, and the PDO/AMO became positive, representing a substantial natural forcing. According to Yu 2002
, the Cosmic Ray Flux could have decreased by as much as 8% during the late-20th Century, which represents a substantial increase in Solar Activity during this timeframe.
With the sun's magnetic field over the last 100 years more than doubling, and with CO2 concentrations increasing by 30% during the 20th Century, this represents substantial forcing from both natural and anthropogenic sources, however, when one properly accounts for the observationally measured amplification mechanism from Cosmic Rays, the Natural Forcing appears to have contributed more than the anthropogenic forcing. Note that this does not include any forcing from the PDO/AMO over a multidecadal timeframe.
The Oreskes study that you cite is not very robust. | <urn:uuid:ee6ace2b-2c1c-4d7e-b360-6135004691d7> | 2013-05-21T17:09:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Phthalates Action Plan Summary
- What chemicals are addressed in the Action Plan?
- Why is EPA concerned about these chemicals?
- What action is EPA taking?
What chemicals are addressed in the Action Plan?
Eight chemicals are included: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Phthalates are high production volume chemicals used primarily as plasticizers in polyvinylchloride (PVC) products.
Why is EPA concerned about these chemicals?
EPA is concerned about phthalates because of their toxicity and the evidence of pervasive human and environmental exposure to these chemicals.
Phthalates are used in many industrial and consumer products, many of which pose potentially high exposure. Phthalates have been detected in food and also measured in humans.
Adverse effects on the development of the reproductive system in male laboratory animals are the most sensitive health outcomes from phthalate exposure. Several studies have shown associations between phthalate exposures and human health, although no causal link has been established. Recent scientific attention has focused on whether the cumulative effect of several phthalates may multiply the reproductive effects in the organism exposed.
What action is EPA taking?
On the basis of existing information, EPA included the the following actions in its Action Plan:
- EPA intends to initiate rulemaking in autumn 2010 to add these eight phthalates to the Concern List under TSCA section 5(b)(4) as chemicals that present or may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment.
- EPA also intends to initiate rulemaking in late 2010 to add the six phthalates not already on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI).
- In preparation for rulemaking in 2012 under TSCA section 6(a), EPA intends to cooperate with the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to more fully assess the use, exposure and substitutes for these chemicals. EPA plans to consider the results of the cumulative assessment currently being developed and due to be completed by CPSC in 2012 pursuant to the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA), as well as the ongoing review of phthalates at FDA and the assessment for EPA’s IRIS program, due to be completed in 2011. These assessments will inform EPA’s decision on future action to address these chemicals. EPA’s potential control measures may include a ban of all or several of these chemicals, as appropriate.
- EPA may consider pursuing additional rulemaking under TSCA section 5(a)(2) in late 2010 or early 2011 to require manufacturers and processors of DnPP to notify EPA before manufacturing or processing DnPP for a significant new use. The most recent Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) data contains no reports of this phthalate being produced or imported into the United States, and thus it is possible that any use of DnPP may be a significant new use.
- EPA intends to conduct a Design for the Environment and Green Chemistry alternatives assessment by 2012. The information developed could be used to encourage industry to move away from phthalates in a non-regulatory setting to expand risk management efforts beyond whatever regulatory action might be taken under TSCA, or it could be used as input to a regulatory action. The alternatives assessment would build upon existing knowledge and would consider exposures to all human subpopulations, including children, as well as environmental exposure.
- August 2011: EPA began the DfE alternatives assessment.
Download the complete Phthalates Action Plan (PDF), 16 pages, 80 KB, About PDF | <urn:uuid:16d37843-86a4-4bfd-ae89-856ecb3610fa> | 2013-05-21T17:17:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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BOSTON (Reuters) - Former Senator Scott Brown has decided not to run in the June special election to fill John Kerry's former seat, the Washington Post reported on Friday, citing a Republican source familiar with Brown's plans.
Brown could not be reached for immediate comment. That decision would diminish Republicans' chances of picking up a traditionally Democratic seat and cutting into the Democrats' Senate majority.
Brown stunned the state's liberal establishment in 2010 when he won a special election to fill the seat held by the late Edward M. Kennedy, becoming Massachusetts's first Republican senator in three decades.
He left the Senate in January after he lost a re-election bid to Democrat Elizabeth Warren, a former Harvard professor.
(Reporting by Scott Malone; Editing by Vicki Allen) | <urn:uuid:ca2c1f6c-dd01-4a06-95f0-b2c4549dea56> | 2013-05-21T17:31:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Chit Rule Railroad wrote:
bladestorm wrote:If you ask Wanda what the Pliers do, she would be able to tell you, based upon what she has used them for in the past. It doesn't mean she knew what the previously attuned wielder did with them.
The thing is, these are characters in a carefully crafted work of fiction, not real people. Judy explicitly asserted that the Shoes give unlimited move to anyone who attunes to them. She may have no way of knowing that, but it doesn't look like there's going to be an opportunity for the reader to learn that she is prone to such fallacies.
I can't put my finger on it, but I'm getting the impression that Olive didn't purposely introduce her Ruler to a disabling addiction. I suspect that Olive didn't realize what the full impact of the heroine buds would be when she allowed Judy to start using them, and that Olive's controlling behavior (ankle monitor, etc.) is partly a reaction to the effect of the buds on Judy - and the ankle monitor isn't very useful if the person you're monitoring has unlimited move. So when she said, "they're dangerous", she meant, "they allow you to cause chaos".
Maybe the ankle monitor was to be able to keep track of where the Ruler of the Side went off to. The most important unit on your Side, and she can go to any point in erfworld in a single turn, mainly because she determines when the Side's turn ends. She can go 3000 hexes away across terrain that eats up 35 move per hex. Even with flight and the highest move we have seen yet, it would take anyone else on the Side many many turns to catch up to that. What happens when she goes somewhere and gets into trouble?
Like maybe she wandered off one day 40,000 hexes away, found a strange, but pretty flower, and decided to put it in her hair. BAM! Heroine buds are discovered. Ruler is strung out, and it is going to take about 80 turns to get to her. That Unlimited Move is wasted when the attuned is wasted and not moving anywhere. And the situation gets worse when the attuned is wasted, and wandering. Do erfworld units drown? What happens when they come out of the bud haze and ave no idea where they are? Just keep moving until they find something familiar?
So on a Ruler, those things are dangerous. On CWL Jillian, they'd be just as dangerous, but in a different way. On Piker Stanley, not so much -- just let him roam around all over and eventually he will get croaked at almost no loss to his Side, especially if his Ruler didn't even know he had attuned yet. | <urn:uuid:d055edb5-2acd-401a-a2cf-e9402e03bee6> | 2013-05-21T17:25:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The central defender admits the lure of becoming a winner and playing in Europe convinced him to move to Celtic.
After less than one season, he has already achieved one of those goals, and is now homing in on the other with the Treble very much in the Hoops' sights.
Having overcome the Achilles' injury which threatened to ruin his debut season, Wilson has forced his way back into Neil Lennon's side and now wants to help them over the finishing line in the title race.
That will happen within the next four SPL games, if their winning runcontinues. And, having already seen
turn to page 46 | <urn:uuid:84087530-843b-4102-80ab-ee8c0a2c7709> | 2013-05-21T17:31:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Enlightenment or Not"- Case 62 of the Book of Serenity
By Norman Fisher | November 29, 2009
Abridged and edited by Barbara Byrum and Cynthia Schrager
My subject for today is Book of Serenity, Case 62. Introduction to the case:
Bodhidharma's highest truth, Emporer Wu's confusion; Vimalakirti's teaching of nonduality, Manjusri's verbal excess. Is there anyone who has the ability to enter in actively?
Mi Hu had a monk ask Yangshan "Do people these days need enlightenment or not?"Yangshan said, "It's not that there is no enlightenment, but what can be done about falling into the secondary?" The monk went back and reported this to Mi Hu. Hu deeply agreed with this.
For those of you who are unfamiliar with the Book of Serenity, it is a collection of one-hundred Zen stories. They all have little introductory remarks, and there is a poem at the end of each one. There is a fairly lengthy commentary to the main case and to the poem. The cases were selected and the poems were written by a monk named Hongzhi, who, I think, is from the 12th century, the height of the Song dynasty. The commentaries are all by another monk, Wansong.
In commenting on the stories that Hongzhi collects, Wansong often explains them by telling other stories. So here is another story that Wansong tells in his commentary. This happened before the events of the main case.
A monk had previously asked Mi Hu, "Do the eminent sages since antiquity arrive at the real truth?" Mi Hu said, "Yes." The monk said, "If it's the real truth, how can it be arrived at?" Mi Hu then gave a very interesting answer to this. "When Huo Guang sold a phony silver city and gave the receipt to the chief of a foreign tribe, whose doing was this?"
This cleared up the monk's problem, because after he heard this answer, he was very appreciative. The problem that the monk was bringing to Mi Hu is something that we can all relate to, because we all read books about the great spiritual masters of the past and of the present. We find their stories and sayings very inspiring, but what do they really mean for us? What can we actually do with them? Are these masters and sages just exceptional people? Do we read their words as we would read the words of a great novelist or poet or philosopher? Is there some truth that is being conveyed that we can actually access? If there is, how do we hold that truth? How do we make use of it?
The monk asks, "Do the sages of antiquity arrive at a real truth that we can make use of to transform our lives?" Mi Hu says "Yes. Yes they do!" There is truth that we can really make use of. But how? What is that truth? How can the truth be something that can be conveyed in words?
That's why when Mi Hu says there is a truth, the monk wonders: If there is a real truth, how could they arrive at it? How could it be something that they grasp and then somehow put into words? How do we understand the teachings that we receive, when we know that the truth cannot really be reduced to words or expressions? It can't really be some external thing out there. It has to be something that activates our lives and turns them around. So how is that conveyed through the teachings?
Mi Hu's reply, as we learned, was a question: "When Huo Guang sold the phony silver city and gave the receipt to a chief of a foreign tribe, whose doing was this?"
The Book of Serenity is full of obscure, Chinese legends and stories from different classics. I can usually rely on Wansong to explain these references in his commentaries, but in this case, Wansong doesn't say a word about this story. So I don't know where it comes from or what's behind it, but the basic idea is clear enough. The real truth and the teachings based on that truth are like a fake city - a precious silver city to be sure - but phony. Not real. Not solid. This does not mean it is unreal in contrast to something else that is real - like you, me, the world, suffering. No, the city is unreal in exactly the same way that everything is unreal. Like a dream, a fantasy, a flash of lightening, a dew-drop, a bubble, a lantern, a light show.
There is nothing to hold on to. That is the truth, and that saves us. There is no one to accomplish this truth, and no one to possess it. It is just the way things are. So to this rhetorical question, "Who's doing is this?" the answer is, "No one is ‘doing.'" And yet the Ancients did arrive at this truth.
Anyway, all that happened before the case. It is a background for the case. You can imagine that Mi Hu was really thinking about the monk's question. I think he was turning it over in his mind, and he wanted to get another opinion, like a doctor who is thinking about a case, saying, "Let me call a colleague and get a second opinion."
The great Yangshan was from the so-called golden age of Zen. He was very renowned, so Mi Hu sent this monk to Yangshan to ask him a similar question. It is very similar, except here it is much more immediate. It is not about the sages of old. It is about us. It is about people of today. "Do people these days need enlightenment or not?" Yangshan said, "It's not that there is no enlightenment, but what can be done about falling into the secondary?"
So what is enlightenment, and what good is it? Is it real or is it fake? Does it come and go? Or is it some kind of permanent condition? Is it something decisive, or is it just a thrilling moment that passes away and becomes a memory? This is the question.
These days we have been doing practice a long time, so I think we have a realistic and down-to-earth view. So, would we say that we have gotten over our old, naïve ideas about enlightenment? Have we come to the place where we now see that practice is a tremendous comfort to us? That we can also improve our character and our psychological well-being?
I am sure that Master Mi Hu was also practicing a long time, and he had these questions. He wanted to know what Yangshan thought about this. So in the light of that, it is very interesting to consider Yangshan's answer, in the exact way in which Yangshan speaks of it. He does not say, "Yes, there is enlightenment." And he doesn't say, "No, there is not enlightenment." He isn't even cagey about it, like Zen guys often are: "There both is and isn't. There neither is nor isn't."
What does he say? He says, "It's not that there is no enlightenment," which means, yes, of course, there is real illumination. There is fundamental turning around. There is real transformation. There is real truth about our human life. It goes beyond whether we are doing well or not doing well. There is real truth here. But that's not the issue. That's not the problem. The problem for practice is, "What can be done about falling into the secondary?"
When you read that at first, you might assume that Yangshan means that there's enlightenment, which is primary, which is fundamental, which is absolute. Then there is the secondary - the ordinary, messed-up, troublesome lives that we are all leading. And we are always in danger of falling into the secondary. How do we avoid that? How do we keep our enlightenment shiny and fresh?
But I don't think he is saying that. Enlightenment, which is primary and fundamental, is already the secondary - the messy. Why is that? Because as soon as you experience something, identify something, define something, know something, it has fallen into the secondary. As soon as something appears in our life as an identifiable experience, as a phenomenon in this world, it has automatically fallen into the secondary. That is, our whole life is the secondary. Enlightenment constellates delusion. It is a way of understanding delusion and vice versa. So enlightenment as such is already trouble and suffering. Yangshan is not asking, How do we avoid falling into the secondary? He is asking, What do you do about falling into the secondary?
When we sit down on our cushions and sit together over the years - ten, twenty, thirty, forty years - it really feels like all we have to do is sit down, and right away we return to our true human heart. Sitting down connects us automatically with the primary. But then, of course, as we all know, we get up. As soon as we get up, the secondary rolls on. The truth is that any experience that we have, including our experiences on the cushion, including our moments of great awakening, is already the secondary. Really, we shouldn't even call it the "secondary." But Yangshan calls it the secondary for a reason, because if it is the secondary, if we understand that it is the secondary, it makes us profoundly humble. Not just humble, but profoundly humble.
To me, this is the beauty and the depth of this teaching. There is, fundamentally, no need to strive for something, because we can be just as we are, and we can admit all our troubled, wounded, human feeling. We don't have to fix it, and we don't have to correct it. We can take it in, and admit it, and we don't have to contrast that with some other state. We can find our heart's ease right there in the secondary - right there in whatever comes and goes inside us and outside us - if we are truly willing to be with it. Really and truly to investigate it.
Yangshan teaches, The secondary is the practice. Fully embracing what's within us with our whole hearts and fully investigating it and fully seeing it as our treasure. That's the practice.
To be humble is to accept this moment and all it brings. To see through all the discouragement, or the anger, or the judgment, or the hoping, or the wishing, and just profoundly embrace and accept the situation (and accept here doesn't mean resign yourself to some bad situation). That's awakening: you actually see the situation. You know the situation. You know that this is it. This is my life. It's just like this. It's not some other way. It's this. Pain, suffering, joy, grace, clumsiness, skill, lack of skill - this is it. It's just like this.
Another aspect to this wonderful story, I think, can be appreciated from reading the introduction.
Bodhidharma's highest truth, Emperor Wu's confusion; Vimalkirti's teaching of nonduality, Manjusri's verbal excess. Is there anyone who has the ability to enter in actively?
These first lines refer to famous Zen stories. I'm sure that many of you know that Bodhidharma goes to Emperor Wu, and the Emperor is totally clueless, which means that Bodhidharma is enlightened. They go together; Emperor W's cluelessness and Emperor Wu's enlightenment depend on each other. That's the point. Vimalakirti is silent, after fifty-three brilliant monks give their point of view - the fifty third being Manjusri, who gives a disquisition on nonduality. So Vimilakirti's thundering silence depends on Manjusri's chattiness; they go together.
Enlightenment and delusion are the Bobsey twins, you know? They go together. You always have one with the other. The primary and the secondary must go together. We need to understand the secondary, and we can't understand the secondary without the primary. We can't understand delusion without enlightenment, and we have to go beyond both of them. We have to enter our lives actively - beyond the confusion of enlightenment or delusion, or "I'm going to be healed," or "I'm not going to be healed," or, "I'm going to be fixed," or "I'm not fixed." To enter actively, with our whole heart, our life just as it is.
So I will finish with Hongzhi's poem on the case:
The secondary - distinguishing enlightenment, breaking up delusion:
Quickly you should free your hands and throw away net and trap.
Accomplishment, before it's exhausted, is like an extra thumb:
Wisdom can hardly know, like you can't bite your own navel.
The full moon's icy disk weeps in the autumn dew:
The birds are cold in the jade tree, the dawn breeze is chill.
Brought forth, great Yang distinguishes real and false:
Completely without flaw, the white jade is esteemed.
The secondary is the suffering that comes from "I'm over here. I should be over there. I'm deluded. I should be enlightened." Or, "I'm enlightened, and look at all those dummies over there who are deluded!" This is something that we all have to go through. There is no avoiding the suffering of delusion or the suffering of saying, "This or that. I like it. I don't like it. I want it. I don't want it."
We have to go through this, and we do go through it. But as soon as we go through it, we should put away the nets and traps and quickly drop whatever accomplishment there has been. It's just like an extra thumb, a deformity that gets in the way and makes it hard to pick something up. In other words, we struggle in our practice for a period of time, and there is no getting around it. The fruit of our struggle is some understanding, some change, and as soon as that comes, put it away, get rid of it. Don't let it get in your way! Because you have to pick up the next thing. You have to go forward in your life. Don't let your practice be like an extra thumb that makes it impossible to grab hold of what is important. Throw it away.
Wisdom only knows emptiness, and emptiness isn't anything. So wisdom is a not-knowing. It's liberation from knowing. The last lines of the poem beautifully express Hongzhi's feeling of celebration for the cold, brisk beauty of this perfect practice that we call human life: "The full moon's icy disk weeps in the autumn's dew/ The birds are cold in the jade tree, the dawn breeze is chill." It's bracing. It's not this reality of being human. It's beautiful, and still there are tears. "Brought forth, great Yang distinguishes real and false/ Completely without flaw, the white jade is esteemed." A perfect piece of jade is the image for the perfect beauty of a human life fully lived. | <urn:uuid:2b800659-499c-48cd-82d6-cd6499cb6dc9> | 2013-05-21T17:44:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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With the announcement that independent John Pfaltz has entered the race for city treasurer in a special election to be held on April 2, Charlottesville voters will, for the first time in 44 years, be able to cast a ballot in a contested race for that office.
The last time there were two candidates for Charlottesville treasurer was in the general election of 1969, when L. Gene Harding, who had already served in that office for 13 years, defeated Republican challenger Roy “Ted” Huntington with 6,132 votes to Huntington's 1,774.
Harding had run unopposed in 1965 and also in subsequent elections until he retired in 1993, when he was succeeded by Jennifer Brown, who ran unopposed every four years until her retirement for health reasons last year. Deputy treasurer Jason Vandever, who took over from Brown as acting treasurer on October 1, 2012, is the likely Democratic nominee for the post in the special election. (Both Harding and Brown were also Democratic candidates in a combined 19 elections.)
Paper records at the Office of Voter Registration and Elections do not include results for elections prior to 1965, so it is not easy to learn whether Harding had any opponents in the 1950s or in 1961. (He was appointed to the office in 1956 and served 37 years.)
According to a Charlottesville Daily Progress report the day after the historic 1969 election – the first time a Republican, Linwood Holton, was elected Governor of Virginia – Democrats swept all the city offices that year, including the now-defunct positions of “city sergeant” and “clerk of corporation court.”
'I am elated'
The Daily Progress said that Huntington was an assistant to the University of Virginia registrar and also a facilities coordinator at the University. Reporter Bill Akers inquired about Huntington's future plans.
“Another GOP challenger, Roy "Ted" Huntington, who ran against L. Gene Harding for the treasurer's post,” wrote Akers, “said his future in politics wasn't certain.”
On election night, Akers continued, Huntington “asked his wife, and she replied, 'Yes, I've enjoyed it. Yes, I'd like to campaign again.'”
Election records indicate that Huntington never ran again for treasurer.
For his part, Harding reacted to the election results by saying, “I'm not surprised. I am elated.”
Pfaltz, a retired computer scientist from the University of Virginia, ran as a Republican for Charlottesville City Council in 2000, placing sixth among eight candidates for three open seats that year, with 1,701 votes.
The last time that Charlottesville voters had a choice for city treasurer on their ballots, a 34-year-old Republican lawyer, Richard Obenshain, ran for state Attorney General. His son, Mark Obenshain, is seeking the GOP nomination for the same office this year. | <urn:uuid:8e07d296-0428-4e2e-8410-4d2764e709bb> | 2013-05-21T17:31:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A "Group" is a user defined folder system for organizing and referencing your domains. For example, you could arrange your domain names by theme, creating groups such as "Games domains" and "Sports domains".
Groups can be ordered in a hierarchical structure with top level "Parent Groups", second tier "Sub-Groups" and so on. Please note, a domain name can only exist in one group at a time.
Once you have organized your domain names into groups you can create revenue reports, custom Domain Analytics reports and view/modify domains through Traffic Control by group. | <urn:uuid:4ac6b135-94ac-4b73-81f2-2803406fe8ff> | 2013-05-21T17:30:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Armenian literature. The Armenian Church fostered literature, and the principal early works are religious or hagiographical, most of them translations. The first major Armenian literary work is a 5th cent. translation of the Bible; its language became the standard of classical Armenian. Early Mesopotamian influence resulted in Syriac translations (Aphraates and St. Ephraem Syrus). Armenia then turned to the West for literary inspiration, producing translations of many religious works (Athanasius, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Nazianzen, and John Chrysostom). Among secular works are renderings of Aristotle and of the romance of Alexander. The original writings of the golden age are confined to saints' lives and histories. The 5th-century history of Moses of Khorni contains practically all that is known of pre-Christian Armenia, its folklore and epics. Later historians include Thomas Ardzruni (10th cent.), Matthew of Edessa, who described the Crusades, and Stephanos Orbelian, who wrote of the Mongol hordes (13th cent.). A tradition of nationalistic epic poetry, influenced by Muslim form, emerged; the best-known example is David of Sassoun. The principal figure of the 12th cent. is Catholicos Narses IV, a prelate and poet notable for his literary style. After the decline of Armenian cultural centers in the 14th cent., the literature of Armenians abroad was heavily influenced by their host countries. In 18th-century Constantinople, Mechitar (1676–1749), a monk of the Catholic Armenians, founded a community (the Mechitarists) to cultivate Armenian letters. Their headquarters are now in Venice, and they are the principal Armenian publishers. Anticipated by the late 18th-century folk poetry of Sayat Nova ( = Haroutioum Sayadian), the 19th cent. saw a considerable revival of Armenian letters and the establishment of a modern literary language. The major novelists of the 19th cent. were Khachatur Abovian and Hagop Melik-Agopian (called "Raffi"). The 1915 Turkish massacres sent many Armenian writers (including Hagop Ochagan, Nigoghos Sarafian, and Zareh Vorpuni) into exile, which became the subject of their writing. After the incorporation of part of Armenia into the Soviet Union in 1921 the poet Leguiche Tcharentz and novelist Alexander Bakountz perished in Stalin's purges. Notable writers of the period were the poet Avetik Issahakian and the historical novelist Derenik Demirdjian. More recent figures include the poets Parouyr Sevak, Hovhannes Chiraz, and Hrant Matevosian.
See Z. C. Boyajian, ed., Armenian Legends and Poems (2d ed. 1959); J. Etmekjian, An Anthology of Western Armenian Literature (1980).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Armenian literature from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Asian Literature | <urn:uuid:13a64a47-a3ff-4f0a-b411-060c2e3b239e> | 2013-05-21T17:19:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Galago - Bush Baby, Tiny African Primate
The galago or bush baby is a small primate which can be found across many countries, mainly in Africa. No one is really sure how the term "bush baby" came to be used but it has been suggested that the name is either due to their appearance or their sharp cry. This species is a very small primate which has an average size of approximately 5 inches (13 cm).
The bush baby has long, fuzzy wool-like fur which can be either a shade of silvery gray or brown. Their ears are very large with four ridges which allow them to bend back easily and wrinkle up. They also have characteristically large eyes. Other interesting characteristics of this species include its advanced hearing, thickened pads on its toes to allow it to cling and climb safely and also its second tongue. This second tongue is situated below their normal tongue and is used specifically in conjunction with their front teeth for grooming. It’s interesting to think the bush baby has evolved to have an actual appendage designed solely for grooming!
The bush baby is especially well known for its amazing jumping abilities. In fact, this species can jump up to 6.6 feet (2 m) in the air and it is believed this is due to elastic energy stored in the tendons of their lower legs. Without these special tendons, they would not be able to jump as high as they can because of their comparatively small size.
Bush babies have a gestation period of between 110 and 130 days. The young are born with their eyes half-closed and for the first few days of their life they cannot move independently. After the first few days of life, the mother will carry the infant round in their mouth and puts it down on branches when it is time to feed.
There are many different subspecies of bush baby including the Rondo bush baby and Dusky bush baby. They can be found all across Africa and they are a really cuddly looking creature. Of course as a wild animal they are very timid and shy but it can’t hurt to look at them! | <urn:uuid:accd6c0b-01a3-4226-acde-a273f288fabd> | 2013-05-21T17:10:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I've read this whole thread, and I really have enjoyed watching the tit-for-tat battles, and the creativeness of each entry! A few posts, though, are obviously not really competitions, and I think there needs to be a few more guidelines to make things less vague and the battles outline more definitive victory conditions.
Anyways, to help with this, I propose the following:
(I've seen several entries where the bots basically pass one another and drop off the opposing edge; not really a victory in my books. Be a real robot and PUSH THE OTHER ROBOT OVER THE EDGE! All other outcomes are failure. So..)1) Victory is only achieved when one robot pushes the opposing robot over the opposing edge of the field.
Basically "Robot Sumo." ;2)
(Some entries have robots on tethers and robots with several "pieces", where victory was bascially won by leaving one of these pieces behind. So...)2) Battlebots should not be made of more than one single "chassis." No Tethers and no separate modules. Boxes, Traps, and Chains are allowed, as long as they are connected to the chassis and they do not drag out more than the length of the chassis (in which case it will be considered a tether or separate module).Note: One way to allow any design would be to add one victory rule addendum to enforce preserving all pieces of a battlebot to stay on the field:
1b) Victory will only be made when all pieces of a battlebot remain as all of the opposing battlebots pieces is/are knocked off the opposing edge.
Also, we could use the goal "balls" as the tag to mark the "main" part of the battlebot. This will require all bot designs to incorporate this goal ball into the design. Thusly:
1c) Victory will be achieved when one battlebot successfully pushes the opposing battlebot's "goal" ball over the opposing edge first.
There may be other victory conditions to be achieved, but for a simple "sumo" competition, these above three conditions should be sufficient.
(There is a limit to the number of pieces that can be placed on the field - this can allow people to make battlebots with a majority of these pieces, leaving the opponent insufficient parts to make a contender. So...)3) Battlebots should be made of no more than 60 pieces, not including the goal ball.NOTE: Of course, these parts limits could create "Weight Classes," where robots of only a certain part count can contend with other bots with similar part counts. Just a thought... :2)
(Some entries violated the "half-way" border....)
Try a level like this
(this is still a prototype level, but at least the door mechanism is a working proof-of-concept)...that uses dynamic objects make it easier to impose borders, and it moves out of the way after a few ticks (unless a bot interferes with the "door" mechanics) allowing the battle to commence.
Anyways, those are my ideas. I think with some more rules we could also set up battlebot contests with multiple rounds/heats and elimination challenges. Hope all this helps! | <urn:uuid:27cbd0f6-e363-43d4-ad80-eb3c0a478a5d> | 2013-05-21T17:31:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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water rice-based systems and wetlands to mangrove and coastal strips used primarily for fishing.
Much irrigation (mainly rice) is practised in the coastal low-lying areas where drainage is often difficult due to lack of slope.
Assessment of the impacts of the tsunami will address the damage by flooding (duration), erosion, scouring, deposition and salinity in these fragile tropical agro-ecosystems.
This will require mapping the aquatic and agro-ecosystems and diagnosing the physical impact of the tsunami (extent, severity and type).
High resolution global irrigation maps show no irrigation in coastal areas in Aceh and North Sumatra, none or almost none in Thailand's affected areas.
This suggests a concentration of likely effects to irrigated rice production in South-Eastern India, West Coast and the middle of Southern Coast of Sri Lanka. Very roughly, the coastline of the affected areas would be 700 to 800 km in Sri Lanka, 2000 km in Aceh, and 2000 km in South-east India.
Areas of intervention
Assessment of the land and water resources and agriculture-related damages
Appraisal and mapping of the different types, extent and severity of damages
Identification and prioritisation of the types of rehabilitation/intervention (short, medium and long term)
Estimates of the costs of the proposed rehabilitation/interventions | <urn:uuid:dcd0dcc4-97c0-4959-8008-79161c8a9a5c> | 2013-05-21T17:20:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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9. The Council discussed the world food and agricultural situation on the basis of the mid-year review published in the June 1974 issue of the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, and a shorter up-dating statement as of mid-October, particularly covering preliminary estimates of 1974 production, that was tabled at the session and would be published in the November issue of the Monthly Bulletin. The discussion also reflected the extensive documentation prepared for the World Food Conference, and the deliberations of the Conference and of its Preparatory Committee on this subject.
10. The Council noted that 1974 was the first year of the experimental system agreed by its Fifty-Ninth Session and by the Seventeenth Conference Session, under which a preliminary version of the full report, The State of Food and Agriculture, was no longer prepared for its consideration, but was replaced by periodic reports published in the Monthly Bulletin. It expressed its general satisfaction with the documents that had been prepared under the new arrangement, especially in view of the many uncertainties in the present world food and agricultural situation. It considered that these experimental arrangements be continued. It was suggested that there would be further improvements in these arrangements as the global information and early warning system on food and agriculture proposed by the World Food Conference was developed. The Council recommended that every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary duplication between The State of Food and Agriculture, the Commodity Review and the various periodic reports that would form part of this system, and that they should be made as complementary as possible. It also noted the recommendations of the Programme Committee for a re-examination of this whole matter after the experimental period was over and for improvements in contents, particularly as regards the regional sections 2.
11. The Council noted that it had for the first time been possible to include an estimate of the amount of the total annual flow of development assistance committed to the agricultural sector, and that this information would be expanded and analysed in more detail in future years, provided increased data could be made available by Member Governments. The Council appealed to Member Governments to help in the supply of such information. Some members felt that, in analysing the recent situation, the effects of the increase in oil prices had been exaggerated, while those of the instability of currency exchange rates had been insufficiently stressed. With regard to the effects of increases in oil prices, other members felt that the issue merited further study. Several members stressed the usefulness of having more information and analyses on a country rather than on a regional basis. Other subjects which different members wished to see covered more fully in the future included investment in the agricultural sector both from domestic and external sources, the impact of development assistance, the prices of inputs and transport as well as of agricultural products, the relationship between farm costs and farm prices, population relationships, nutrition, forestry (including the supply of paper, in view of its importance for educational and extension programmes), a clearer distinction between fish production for direct human consumption and for other purposes, national policy responses and reactions to major changes affecting the sector, as in the field of energy and monetary crisis.
1 CL 64/2, CL 64/2-Sup.1, CL 64/PV/2, CL 64/PV/3, CL 64/PV/18.
2 CL 64/7 paras 82–83.
12. The Council agreed that the full annual report, The State of Food and Agriculture, to be issued towards the end of each year, should concentrate on the analysis of food and agricultural policies and longer-term trends. It noted that further improvements in this and other periodic reports on the world food and agricultural situation and outlook would depend to a great extent on improvements in the information provided by Member Governments. This would require in many cases increased technical assistance on early crop estimation and forecasting in many developing countries. It was felt that speedy assessment of the effect of abnormal weather conditions on production was necessary, even while more reliable weather forecasting required further development.
13. The Council agreed that one of the best services that the documentation could provide concerned the analysis of the food and agricultural policies of Member Governments as they influenced the global situation, giving particular attention to their policy responses to the changing situation in such fields as food, population, and nutrition balances. The evolution and evaluation of such integrated policies could provide an important link between the Council's work and that of the World Food Council, the establishment of which had been recommended by the World Food Conference.
14. The Council was concerned that the world food and agricultural situation, especially in respect of cereal supplies, had worsened in recent months. This was mainly due to the fact that the weather had again been unfavourable in certain important producing areas. The year 1974 had failed to provide the bountiful harvests that were so urgently needed for the replenishment of stocks and the establishment of a reasonable degree of security. World cereal production had fallen in 1974 for the second time in three years, probably by as much as 40 to 50 million tons. The FAO report indicated that world cereal stocks (excluding China and the U.S.S.R.) were likely to fall below 100 million tons by mid-1975, or less than half the 1970 level. They would thus be equivalent to only 11 percent of the world consumption, as compared with FAO's estimate of 17 to 18 percent as the minimum level necessary to ensure a safe degree of world food security. Prices in export markets (except for rice) had started to rise again, although they had stabilized in recent weeks. Increases in retail food prices were continuing.
15. There had been substantial declines in food production in 1974 in the two regions which, for different reasons, were the most important for world food supplies: North America, the largest exporter of food, and the Far East, which had most of the world's population and malnourished people. FAO's preliminary estimates indicated that, if total world food and agricultural production reached the level of the previous year, this would mainly reflect the upsurge in livestock slaughterings, especially in western Europe, offsetting the decline in cereal production. It would thus not have brought much benefit to the food supplies of those developing countries whose food shortages were most critical.
16. The Council noted with concern that, side by side with the continued general shortage of food, especially staple cereals, the situation remained critical in respect of several of the main inputs essential for food production. The shortage and high prices of chemical fertilizers showed no sign of abating for some time yet. The supply of some important pesticides were running short, and there were indications that this might become a critical problem. A number of countries faced shortages of fuel and power for irrigation pumping and other essential purposes connected with agricultural production. This situation had very serious consequences for production in less developed countries and the most seriously affected countries. The expansion of irrigation facilities was mentioned as an important means of countering the adverse effects of weather on production.
17. It was agreed that urgent action was needed to meet the dual shortages of food and of the means of producing it. Some members expressed their disappointment that the World Food Conference had made little tangible progress with respect to these immediate problems, and hoped that steps would be initiated to fulfil the objectives defined for action in 1975–76 in the various resolutions. It was specially necessary to ensure an equitable distribution of the available food supplies until the following year's harvests began to come in, with particular attention given to the needs of the most seriously affected countries.
18. In this regard, the Council approved the Director-General's initiative in calling a consultation of the major cereal exporting and importing countries, and commended him for his speed in acting on this vital matter. A few members referred to the supplementary statement on the state of food and agriculture which indicated that the available supplies of cereals in the world for the 1974–75 season should be sufficient to meet all essential requirements for human consumption, although there were substantial distribution, including financial problems, which would mean that many of the hardest hit countries would be unable, unless assisted, to obtain the imports they needed. They stressed the need for a cautious approach, relying as far as possible on market forces, and avoiding any overdramatization of the situation that might encourage further price increases. However, they acknowledged a payments problem, and that assistance in this regard should come from the world community as a whole. A number of members emphasized that irrespective of actual statistics, hardship in many developing countries was a reality and it was necessary to continue all efforts to ensure that their moderate needs were met. A number of these countries had serious balance of payment difficulties. Therefore, the need for either increased grants or concessional loans/deferred payment arrangements was also emphasized.
19. Some members pointed out the decline in their countries' earnings from forestry product exports and wished such developments reflected in the review. Some others suggested that important developments like the shortage of paper deserved more prominent treatment with indication of action being taken by the Organization.
20. It was also necessary, in order to obtain the biggest possible harvests in 1975, to secure a balanced distribution of the scarce means of production. FAO's International Fertilizer Supply Scheme was of particular importance in this regard and required full support from Member Nations in a position to contribute to it. The Council stressed that it was not enough to secure physical supplies, but that substantial financial help was also needed for the many developing countries facing severe balance of payments difficulties. It noted that the United Nations Emergency Operation could be an important source of such assistance, and strongly supported FAO's work in servicing and cooperating with it.
21. As the Forty-Ninth Session of the Committee on Commodity Problems (CCP) was held prior to the World Food Conference, the Council's attention was drawn to the fact that some of the matters covered in the Report of the Committee would need to be considered also in the light of the outcome of that Conference.
22. The Council concurred with the Committee's assessment of the current world agricultural commodity situation and the short and the long-term prospects. It noted with concern the implications for world agriculture of the recent developments in the world economy, especially high rates of inflation, growing balance of payments disequilibria, prospect of low rates of economic growth and of continuing monetary instability. It also noted the gravity of the present world food situation, and the critical dependence of the world for its food supplies on the current season's crops in view of the depletion of stocks of basic foodstuffs over the past two years. As a result, the Council agreed that an unusual degree of uncertainty and instability in agricultural commodity markets was likely to continue for some time. In the context of developments in agricultural commodity trade, the Council noted that the share of the developing countries in world agricultural exports had continued to decline. With the sharp rise in the prices of agricultural inputs and costs of manufactures, countries and their producers were not able to fully benefit from the recent increases in commodity prices, a factor of considerable importance to developing countries.
23. The Council agreed with the Committee's conclusion that the growing interdependence of countries meant that these problems could only be solved through international cooperation and consultation, and with full regard to the interests of the developing countries, both in the field of agriculture and within the wider economic framework.
1 CL 64/8, CL 64/PV/8, CL 64/PV/18.
24. The Council took note of the general agreement in the Committee that the intensive intergovernmental consultations in pursuance of UNCTAD Resolution 83(III) had served a useful purpose including assisting governments in preparing their positions for the multilateral trade negotiations in GATT. The Council also noted the view of the developing countries that the consultations had failed to fully achieve the objectives for which they had been called. The Council agreed that the CCP and its subsidiary bodies should further examine the proposals and suggestions contained in the reports of the intensive consultations with a view to achieving concrete results in the field of market access and pricing policy. Some members stressed that in this regard the Declaration and the Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order adopted at the Sixth Special Session of the UN General Assembly should be kept in view. The Council noted that the Secretary-General of UNCTAD was preparing an integrated programme on commodities which would embrace a multi-commodity and multi-dimensional approach in which he would seek the cooperation of FAO.
25. Some members suggested that, with the disappearance of surplus stocks, it was necessary to examine the role of the Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal (CSD). They felt that, while continuing to monitor all concessional sales in foodstuffs and to watch over the implementation of FAO Principles of Surplus Disposal, the CSD must play an additional role in the follow-up arrangements of the World Food Conference and that its functions be adapted to serve the proposed committees on World Food Security and Food Aid Policies and Programmes. In this connexion it was noted that the CCP 1 had considered it premature to make any decisions of functions, responsibilities, change of name and location of CSD, pending the follow-up arrangements of the World Food Conference. The Council hoped that it would make its suggestions in due course.
26. The Council noted the progress in developing guidelines and a timetable for the preparation of the draft Strategy on International Agricultural Adjustment by the Director-General for presentation to the Eighteenth Conference Session. It stressed the need for the Strategy to take into account relevant recommendations of the World Food Conference and the FAO Regional Conferences. There was a large measure of agreement that, should the CCP not hold a session next spring, consideration be given to the possibility of setting up an ad hoc working party to advise the Director-General on his draft proposals for the strategy. The Council approved the time schedule as given by the Secretariat which provided for an interim draft of the Strategy to be presented to the mid-1975 Council session.
27. The Council noted that the Forty-Ninth CCP Session had initiated a discussion on its own future role and work, and approved its decision to consider this question in depth at a later session. Some members were of the view that, after the conclusion of the World Food Conference, the CCP should develop a stronger catalytic role in areas where policy decisions and action were required. It should also play a greater role in examining the inter-relationships between commodity markets in a wider context than was possible within the more specialized individual Intergovernmental Commodity Groups, and thus give a new dimension both to its own work and that of its subsidiary bodies.
28. The Council considered the CCP's proposal to hold two sessions in 1975, one in spring and the other in autumn, and the suggested agenda 2 for the Spring Session. Some members felt that a Spring Session of the CCP should be held to consider the latest world food and commodity situation, matters arising from the World Food Conference and the Director-General's draft Strategy on International Agricultural Adjustment. Several others were of the view that a Spring Session was not necessary. They pointed out that action to deal with the current situation had already been initiated, that the CCP would be in a better position to assess the implications of the follow-up to the World Food Conference in October as by spring new bodies would be only in the early development stage. In order to associate governments with the task of evolving policy guidelines for international agricultural adjustment, these members pointed out that an intergovernmental working party could be convened in the spring of 1975 to review the Director-General's draft strategy and to report its views to the Council for consideration at the latter's mid-1975 Session. Another view was expressed that a session of the CCP would secure a larger attendance by governments, at a higher technical level, than an ad hoc working party to consider only the draft strategy for agricultural adjustment. The only practical timing for a session either of the CCP or of an ad hoc working party was early May. The Council concluded that the Director-General should begin preparation for convening in early May an ad hoc Consultation open to all Member Nations to consider the proposed Strategy for International Agricultural Adjustment. It further decided that, at its March 1975 Session, it would consider whether a stage had then been reached in the follow-up of the World Food Conference at which the CCP could usefully examine its future functions and those of its subsidiary bodies. If the Council concluded that such an examination was appropriate by then, it would decide that the Director-General convene a session of the CCP for this purpose as well as the consideration of the proposed strategy. Otherwise it would be considered by an ad hoc consultation.
1 CL 64/8 para. 155.
2 CL 64/8 para. 170.
29. The Council had before it the unofficial texts of the resolutions and declarations adopted by the World Food Conference 2, which were circulated pending the issuance by the United Nations of the official Report of the Conference. The Council also had before it a compendium of extracts from these resolutions, containing those operative paragraphs which appeared to call for specific action by FAO 3, and a note by the Director-General advancing some preliminary suggestions as to the action which the Council might take at its present session 4. In the course of the session, the Director-General circulated a “Preliminary Brief Outline of Probable Shape of the Programme of Work and Budget 1976–77” 5.
30. The Council welcomed the conclusions and decisions of the World Food Conference, which paved the way for a considerable strengthening of international cooperation in tackling the world food problem. The true impact of the Conference would, however, depend on the manner in which its recommendations were implemented. Bearing in mind both the gravity of the problem and the importance of maintaining the momentum that had been built up at the Conference, the Council felt that FAO should respond as rapidly and effectively as possible to these decisions. In this spirit, it gave preliminary consideration to the findings of the Conference pending the formal decisions that would be taken on them by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly. The representative of the United Nations noted with gratification the desire of the Council not to prejudge at this stage the results of the forthcoming discussions of the Conference's report by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly, and to take fully into account the relevant deliberations of the competent United Nations organs regarding the framework for inter-agency collaboration in achieving the objectives of the Conference.
31. The Council recognized that a start should be made on implementing certain recommendations of the World Food Conference, particularly those mentioned in document CL 64/LIM/4, as soon as they had been endorsed by the Economic and Social Council and the UN General Assembly. To this end, the Council authorized the Director-General to make commitments for expenditure in 1975 up to a ceiling of $ 1 000 000, this figure to be reviewed by the Council at its March 1975 Session. Commitments not involving clearly continuing obligations would, as far as possible, be submitted for a prior review by the Programme and Finance Committees, but could be made by the Director-General in urgent cases and reported to the two committees ex post facto. Commitments involving continuing obligations should be subject to prior review by the Programme and Finance Committees at their special joint session. Several members suggested that such commitments be also subject to examination by the March 1975 Council Session. The Council, however, delegated authority to the two committees to approve such commitments. The funds for meeting such commitments should be found first from programme savings where possible and then if necessary, from the currency savings available from 1974 or which might arise in 1975.
1 CL 64/LIM/3, CL 64/LIM/4, CL 64/LIM/8, CL 64/LIM/11, CL 64/INF/12, CL 64/INF/14,
CL 64/PV/9, CL 64/PV/10, CL 64/PV/15, CL 64/PV/16, CL 64/PV/19.
2 CL 64/INF/12.
3 CL 64/LIM/3.
4 CL 64/LIM/4.
5 CL 64/LIM/8.
32. The Council appreciated the general approach and proposals made by the Director-General in document CL 64/LIM/4, which had facilitated its discussions and conclusions. It authorized him to implement these proposals subject to the observations of the Council recorded in this report. It noted the Director-General's intention of keeping Member Governments informed, also through their Representatives in Rome, of developments during the coming months.
33. The Council felt that any discussion of the proposed World Food Council or decision on detailed arrangements concerning the Secretariat would be premature, pending a decision by the UN General Assembly on the recommendation of the World Food Conference. It agreed, however, that the Director-General should be in a position to make necessary services immediately available for the new body if it should be formally created by the UN General Assembly at its current session. For that purpose it authorized the Director-General to offer four professional posts plus secretarial and related services. The Council noted the intention of the Director-General to appoint a senior official of the Organization to act as head of the interim secretariat thus created, in addition to his normal duties.
34. Pending the establishment of the proposed Committee on World Food Security, the Council authorized the Director-General to convene one or more ad hoc consultations on world food security open to all States Members of the United Nations, and Member Nations and Associate Members of FAO and charged with the functions suggested in the World Food Conference resolutions on this subject.
35. With regard to the proposed reconstitution of the Intergovernmental Committee of the World Food Programme, the Council heard a suggestion from the Executive Director that the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Director-General of FAO, in consultation with him should convene an ad hoc meeting open to all States Members of the United Nations, and Member Nations and Associate Members of FAO to consider the specific questions raised by the World Food Conference recommendation. The recommendations of the ad hoc meeting, which could be held in conjunction with the next session of the Intergovernmental Committee in March 1975, would be submitted to the Economic and Social Council and the FAO Council, which would in turn make recommendations to the UN General Assembly and the FAO Conference.
36. In the light of this suggestion, the Council requested the Executive Director to prepare, in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Director-General of FAO, a report on the whole question of the reconstitution of the IGC into the Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programmes from the point of view of membership, geographical composition, periodicity of sessions, handling of the old and new functions, and the arrangements for exercising the enlarged responsibilities. The Council recommended that the Secretary-General and the Director-General convene an ad hoc consultation, open to all States Members of the United Nations, and Member Nations and Associate Members of FAO to consider the report and make recommendations to ECOSOC and the FAO Council. The Council further proposed that the ad hoc consultation be convened on 26 and 27 March 1975, immediately following the Twenty-Seventh IGC Session from 17 to 25 March 1975.
37. The Council agreed that the Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture as recommended by the World Food Conference should be established in FAO, incorporating in it the related FAO activities already existing in this field, and requested the Director-General (a) to take the necessary steps under the Regular Programme to set up the System as soon as possible and also to enlist the cooperation of WMO, the International Wheat Council and other interested organizations as appropriate, and (b) to submit to the March 1975 Council Session specific proposals on the working arrangements that would be necessary to put the System into full operation as envisaged by the World Food Conference. One member reserved its position with regard to the System.
38. The Council approved the participation of FAO in an appropriate capacity in organizing the Consultative Group on Food Production and Investment in developing countries (CGFPI) as proposed by the World Food Conference. The possibility of utilizing such approaches for agricultural extension, agricultural credit, and rural development, was also noted. The Council felt, however, that the successful pattern of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research would probably have to be modified before it could be used with equal success in these and other cases.
39. The Council felt that it was premature to consider the services which FAO could render to the proposed International Fund for Agricultural Development. It would be for the Fund itself, after its creation, to indicate the modalities of the cooperation it would like to establish with FAO.
40. The Council agreed that the recommendations of the Conference would have a major impact on the Organization, and called for a searching re-examination of FAO priorities. The new activities called for by the Conference should in the first place be carried out through a shift of priorities and a concentration of efforts; insofar as new priorities could not be funded in this way additional resources should be sought. In the consideration of priorities, due weight should be given to the recommendations of the Regional Conferences, as well as to programme areas outside the purview of the World Food Conference.
41. The Council noted the contents of document CL 64/LIM/8 and its Corrigendum, and the views of the Director-General that a programme increase of the order of 32 percent in real terms would be necessary in 1976–77 for an effective response to the Conference's recommendations, representing a total budget level of around $191 million for the biennium. The Council heard some preliminary observations to the effect that the document covered a large and complex ground and would need a thorough review. It requested the Programme and Finance Committees to meet in special joint session from 15 January 1975 to consider document CL 64/LIM/8 and its Corrigendum together with the supplementary information that the Director-General would prepare before that date. It was suggested that the Director-General make all afforts to send the report of the Committees to members as quickly as possible and should, in addition, brief the Representatives of Member Governments in Rome, as to the outcome of discussion in the joint session. The decision which the Economic and Social Council and the UN General Assembly would shortly be making on the report of the World Food Conference should, in particular, be taken into account by the two Committees.
42. The recommendations of the Programme and Finance Committees would be considered by the Council at a special session for which the dates were set at 10–14 March 1975. The Council urged the Director-General to make every effort to ensure that the documentation for its special session was circulated as much in advance as possible. On that occasion, the Council would consider (a) the impact of the World Food Conference on the programme of FAO for 1975 and the following years; (b) the budgetary consequences, and (c) the effect on FAO of the institutional recommendations of the World Food Conference and the decisions that would by then have been taken on them by the Economic and Social Council and the UN General Assembly. In the light of the Council's views on items (a) and (b), the Director-General would then prepare his Summary Programme of Work and Budget for 1976–77. Item (c) might receive only preliminary consideration at that session. For this purpose the Director-General would make available a paper bearing on all aspects of this question. Arrangements could, if necessary, be made thereafter to prepare a review of action required for consideration in depth at the Council's mid-1975 (Sixty-Sixth) Session. A suggestion was made that the latter session could be scheduled in July to provide adequate time for examination of the Summary Programme of Work and Budget by the Programme and Finance Committees, and other questions by the appropriate committees and Member Governments. A final decision on this question was left to the Chairman of the Council and the Director-General in the light of other meetings.
43. The Council requested the Programme and Finance Committees to give full attention, at their special joint session, to the question of decentralization, which was emphasized by many members and which the Director-General had raised in document CL 64/LIM/8, paragraphs 70–73. A number of members also expressed their support for the proposal in paragraph 76 of the document for an unprogrammed reserve, part of which would be available to the Regional Offices and part centrally for unprogrammed technical assistance.
44. The Council requested the Director-General to transmit the report of its deliberations on this item to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, with a view to assisting consideration of the World Food Conference's report by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
45. The Council considered the text of the proposed International Undertaking on World Food Security, which had been transmitted to it by the Committee on Commodity Problems (CCP) in the form adopted by the Ad Hoc Working Party on World Food Security. In his introductory remarks, the Chairman of the Committee on Commodity Problems referred specifically to the comments and recommendations of the CCP on the Undertaking as contained in the report of its Forty-Ninth Session.
46. The Council noted that the text of the International Undertaking on World Food Security represented a positive result of a delicately balanced compromise of many different viewpoints. There was wide support for the adoption of the Undertaking and for its early transmittal by the Director-General to all Governments. The Council agreed that the Undertaking should be viewed in the light of the comments and recommendations of the Committee on Commodity Problems at its Forty-Ninth Session. In particular, it recognised that while adequate stock policies were an essential element of world food security, it was equally important if not more urgent, to accelerate food production, particularly in developing countries. In view of the difficulties faced by the developing countries in building up and maintaining stocks, as well as developing storage facilities, the Council stressed the urgent need for helping the developing countries to build and replenish their stocks through food aid and financial assistance, as well as to create adequate storage facilities. In this connexion, the Council agreed that the terms of reference of the intergovernmental consultations envisaged in Section VI of the Undertaking should be interpreted broadly and that the consideration of any remedial policy action as envisaged under paragraph 16(c) of the Undertaking should also include the progress made in providing food aid and financial assistance to developing countries for meeting the minimum requirements of cereals, the maintenance of stocks and development of storage facilities.
47. Some members considered that the provisions referring to the “Necessary Safeguards” in paragraph 7 of this Undertaking should be expressed in more mandatory terms.
48. The Council noted the views of the Legal Counsel provided to the Forty-Ninth CCP Session that the Undertaking should not be regarded as an international convention or agreement having legally binding force but might be considered a pledge based on mutual trust and good faith, embodying the desire of governments to achieve certain agreed objectives by concerted national and international action 2.
49. As regards commodity coverage in the Undertaking, the Council agreed that initially it should be concerned primarily with cereals. The Council also noted that in the longer run its scope could be widened to cover other basic foodstuffs as well.
50. The Council emphasized that a comprehensive food information system constituted a vital component of the International Undertaking on World Food Security, and hoped that Governments would provide up-to-date information on food and agricultural matters as envisaged in the Undertaking. Several members noted that various technical and practical questions would need to be tackled in order to permit the effective implementation of the Undertaking. In this connexion, the Council expressed its satisfaction that an Expert Consultation to examine such questions was scheduled to be held in February 1975.
1 CL 64/8 paras 41–67, CL 64/PV/16, CL 64/PV/19.
2 CL 64/8 paras 52–53.
51. The Council noted that Resolution XVIII of the World Food Conference recommended that international guidelines for stocks or funds earmarked for meeting international emergency requirements should be developed as a part of the proposed Undertaking to provide for an effective coordination of emergency stocks and to ensure that food relief reached the neediest and most vulnerable groups in developing countries. In an effort to comply with paragraph 6 of Resolution XVIII of the World Food Conference, a draft addition to paragraph 6 of the Undertaking containing the following text was suggested, which the Council referred to Governments for their consideration: “For that purpose (a) Governments should undertake, where possible, to identify within the framework of their national policies, those stocks or funds designated for emergency purposes, and (b) likely recipient countries should elaborate appropriate plans or programmes so as to ensure that food relief reaches the neediest and most vulnerable groups directly, without delay and avoiding losses 1”.
52. As regards follow-up action, the Council requested the Director-General to transmit the International Undertaking on World Food Security to all Member Nations and Associate Members of FAO inviting them to signify their readiness to adopt the objectives, policies and guidelines contained in it. It also requested the Director-General to transmit the Undertaking to non-Member Nations of FAO which were members of the United Nations, drawing attention to the importance of universal participation of all countries in achieving world food security and inviting them to participate in implementing the Undertaking. It was suggested that the ad hoc consultation on World Food Security should be held in May 1975. It was further suggested that it consider matters pertaining to the creation of a standing committee on world food security and that it should carry out a general review of the world food security situation, in particular, the position as regards the adoption by individual governments of the Undertaking. After this review, Governments would be in a better position to consider what further steps were necessary to accelerate the implementation of the Undertaking.
53. The Council accordingly adopted 2 the following Resolution:
1 One member proposed that as soon as possible the Director-General draw up the international guidelines on reserves for emergency cases recommended in the Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition adopted by the World Food Conference and submit these guidelines for consideration by the Eighteenth Conference Session.
2 One member reserved the position of his Government on the Resolution since it was of the view that food aid provided on concessional terms, as envisaged in the Undertaking, had a disruptive effect on the economy of developing exporting countries. Another member reserved the position of his Government on the Resolution because, in its view, some provisions of the Undertaking concerned the sovereign rights of nations and other provisions were unclear.
INTERNATIONAL UNDERTAKING ON WORLD FOOD SECURITY
Recalling Conference Resolution 3/73 on World Food Security,
Reaffirming the urgent need for effective international action aimed at ensuring the availability at all times of adequate world supplies of basic foodstuffs, so as to avoid acute food shortages in the event of widespread crop failure, natural or other disasters, to sustain a steady expansion of consumption in countries with low levels of per caput intake, and offset fluctuations in production and prices,
Having noted the findings and recommendations submitted in pursuance of Conference Resolution 3/73 by the Ad Hoc Working Party on World Food Security (CCP: 74/14) and giving special consideration to the comments and recommendations of the Forty-Ninth Session of the Committee on Commodity Problems (CL 64/8),
Having further noted Resolutions XVI, XVII and XVIII of the World Food Conference, and in particular operative paragraph 4 of Resolution XVII and operative paragraph 6 of Resolution XVIII,
Recognizing the needs of the developing countries for assistance to increase their food production and build up their national stocks,
1. Adopts the International Undertaking on World Food Security as attached in the Annex,
2. Requests the Director-General to transmit this Resolution and the attached International Undertaking on World Food Security to (a) all Member Nations and Associate Members of FAO inviting them to signify their readiness to adopt the objectives, policies and guidelines contained in the Undertaking; and (b) non-Member Nations of FAO which are Members of the UN, any of its Specialized Agencies or the IAEA, with a substantial interest in world production, consumption and trade of food, primarily cereals, drawing attention to the importance of universal participation of all countries in achieving world food security and inviting them to cooperate in implementing the Undertaking,
3. Further requests the Director-General to invite the Governments concerned to inform him of their decisions by 30 March 1975, and also to communicate what action they envisage taking in the light of the Undertaking,
4. Urges Governments to participate actively in the implementation of the provisions of the International Undertaking and in achieving its objectives,
5. Urges Governments and the concerned international and regional organizations to provide the necessary technical, financial and food assistance in the form of grants or on specially favourable terms to develop and implement appropriate national food stocks policies in developing countries, including the extension of storage and transport facilities, within the priorities of their national development programmes, so that they are in a position to participate effectively in a world food security policy.
ANNEX TO RESOLUTION 1/64
INTERNATIONAL UNDERTAKING ON WORLD FOOD SECURITY
I. Common purpose and responsibility
1. Governments adhering to this Undertaking, taking account of Resolution 3/73 adopted by the Seventeenth Session of the FAO Conference and Resolutions XVI, XVII and XVIII of the World Food Conference, recognize that the assurance of world food security is a common responsibility of the entire international community. They, therefore, undertake to cooperate in doing their utmost to ensure the availability at all times of adequate world supplies of basic foodstuffs, primarily cereals, so as to avoid acute food shortages in the event of widespread crop failures or natural disasters, sustain a steady expansion of production and reduce fluctuations in production and prices.
2. Recognizing that food security needs to be tackled from several sides, especially through strengthening the food production base of developing countries, appropriate national stock policies, food aid programmes, and other measures including long-term trade agreements, governments undertake to adopt national and international measures to ensure an accelerated growth of food production, as appropriate, and in particular to assist the developing countries which are highly vulnerable to crop fluctuations and where there are increasing consumption requirements.
3. As regards stock-holding policies, all governments, in conformity with their institutional and constitutional requirements should:
adopt policies concerning cereal stocks 1 which take into account the policies of other countries and would result in maintaining a minimum safe level of basic cereal stocks for the world as a whole,
review or establish, or take measures aimed at establishing, stock targets or objectives which have the purpose of maintaining stocks of cereals in the country or in the interested groups of countries concerned at least at the levels regarded as necessary for ensuring continuity of supplies including provision for emergency situations in case of crop failure or natural disaster 2,
take measures aimed at ensuring stocks are replenished as soon as feasible whenever they have been drawn down below such minimum levels to meet food shortages.
4. In periods of acute food shortages, nations holding stocks in excess of minimum safe levels for meeting domestic needs and emergencies undertake to make such supplies available for export at reasonable terms.
II. Guidelines for establishing and holding stocks
5. In establishing, reviewing and/or adjusting national stock policies and desirable minimum stock levels, governments should give consideration to the following guidelines which are understood as a framework within which each country would develop its own stock policies according to its circumstances:
Vulnerability to crop failure owing to drought, floods or other natural hazards, and extent of resulting shortfalls in national cereals output,
The size of normal annual requirements for domestic consumption and, where applicable, for export,
The degree of dependence in normal conditions on imports of cereals and the scale of possible emergency import requirements in relation to the average level of world trade of the product concerned,
The period of time required for imports to be arranged and delivered to the country in periods of emergency or sudden domestic shortage, and for internal transportation to centres of consumption,
The period of time likely to be required to expand cereal production sufficiently to replenish stocks if these are drawn down to meet food shortages,
The proportion of national supplies entering commercial market channels,
The requirements of any government distribution programme of foodgrains to vulnerable sections of the population,
The desirability of locating stocks in a manner and place which ensure that the cereals are available for delivery when and where they are most likely to be required; and which, with the available storage and transport facilities, minimise the financial costs involved and also, where appropriate, facilitate urgent shipments to recipient countries in the shortest possible time,
Pledges to WFP and other international food aid programmes and allocations for bilateral food aid programmes, including specific pledges for national and regional stock-building,
Maintaining a regular flow of supplies at reasonable prices to meet foreseeable variations in demand from importing countries,
The possibility of an interruption in the flow of imported supplies by events outside the government's control (dock strike in exporting country, shipping difficulties, etc.),
The special position of developing countries, as set out in Part IV below.
6. The special difficulties of a number of developing countries in maintaining national stocks at desirable minimum levels place an added responsibility on the rest of the international community for ensuring world food security. Governments should take this into account in fixing their stock targets or objectives, and should where possible earmark stocks or funds for meeting international emergency requirements.
III. Necessary safeguards
7. Bearing in mind the serious problems which have arisen in the past owing to the accumulation and disposal of large agricultural surpluses, full consideration should be given by governments to the possible repercussions on the structure of production and trade which might arise from implementing the world food security policy. Governments should continue in this respect to observe the principles and consultative obligations as developed within the FAO and the Consultative Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal which may be amended and extended as necessary.
8. To this end:
All countries should endeavour to arrange their national food stock policies in ways which avoid adverse effects on the structure of production or international trade, paying particular attention to the interests of developing countries heavily dependent on food exports.
Governments should recognize the need to promote the efficient use of world agricultural resources and consider measures designed to afford producers adequate protection against the effects on world prices of accumulation, retention and release of stocks held as a result of this Undertaking.
IV. Special assistance to developing countries
9. To promote the effective participation of developing countries in this Undertaking, in order to achieve the objectives of world food security, it is imperative to ensure the adequate availability of cereals and accordingly an acceleration of the rate of growth of their agricultural production. Such an increase requires a constant review by the developing countries of their overall agricultural production policies and the various alternative courses they may follow as well as the active support of the international community in the development programmes of the developing countries within the context of their national development priorities. The concerned international financial and technical organizations, the developed and other potential contributor countries should urgently take the necessary measures to enable the developing countries to obtain the required financial, technical and material assistance, and in particular fertilizers and other inputs needed to increase their agricultural production.
10. Continued reliance would also need to be placed on bilateral food aid programmes and the World Food Programme for meeting shortages which cannot be covered through normal commercial trade, as well as unforeseen shortages and emergency situations.
11. International assistance also has an important role in providing food aid and financial assistance on soft-terms or in grant form for meeting the minimum requirements of cereals and the maintenance of stocks, and particularly emergency stocks, in the developing countries, for research on the development of storage facilities suited to conditions in these countries, and in furnishing advice on stock and related policies within the context of national development programmes. Developed countries and other potential contributors as well as the international and regional development agencies concerned should give additional assistance in identifying and mobilizing the resources required by developing countries for these purposes.
12. As regards the WFP in particular, the degree to which it can assist developing countries by providing food aid for national reserves is severely restricted by its resource position and its priorities. Governments should, therefore, consider making additional resources available to the WFP, to enable the Programme to play its role to the fullest possible extent in assisting developing countries to achieve food security as well as in emergency operations.
V. Information system
13. The effective functioning of the world food security system will depend greatly on the availability of timely and adequate information. Governments members of FAO should furnish to the Director-General on a regular basis all the available information on national stock levels, government stockholding programmes and policies, current and prospective export availabilities and import requirements for cereals, and relevant aspects of the supply and demand situation, as well as on assistance provided to the food production programmes in developing countries. Other governments should be invited to provide similar information. In order to avoid unfavourable market repercussions in particular, the Director-General of FAO should ensure, where so requested by a government, that the data supplied by that government to the Information System are made available on a restricted basis only to the governments adhering to the Undertaking.
14. To keep all governments directly informed of current developments in the international cereals position during periods when world supplies are scarce, the Director-General of FAO should prepare, on a quarterly basis or more frequently, concise factual appraisals of the situation and outlook which should be circulated promptly to governments.
15. In the assembly and analysis of information and statistics, the Director-General of FAO should seek the assistance of the International Wheat Council and other intergovernmental organizations concerned.
VI. Intergovernmental consultations
16. The adequacy of world cereal production and stocks should be kept under continuing review, so that timely action can be taken to maintain world food security. For this purpose, the governments adhering to this Undertaking should, with the assistance of FAO and other concerned intergovernmental organizations, consult together to:
Review the progress in accelerating cereals production in developing countries and the assistance provided to them for this purpose, particularly in regard to the supply of essential agricultural inputs,
Make periodic evaluations of the adequacy of current and prospective stock levels, in aggregate in exporting and importing countries, for ensuring a regular flow of supplies of cereals to meet requirements in domestic and world markets, including food aid requirements, in times of short crops and serious crop failure; account should be taken of the considerations set out in the guidelines, and
Examine such short-term and longer-term policy action as considered necessary to remedy any difficulty foreseen in assuring adequate cereal supplies for minimum world food security.
VII. Provision for review of the Undertaking
17. This Undertaking, including arrangements and guidelines, may have to be revised, particularly if future international negotiations lead to the assumption by governments of specific commitments substantially affecting the Undertaking.
1 The term “stocks” means the supply of cereals carried over in stock at the end of the marketing year of the country concerned.
2 It is recognized that some of the major exporting countries of grains and especially rice are developing countries which lack the capital resources required to maintain stocks beyond current requirements.
54. The FAO Conference in Resolution 3/73 on World Food Security had requested the Council to review the situation regarding national stock policies, to advise on further action, and to initiate evaluations of the current and prospective world cereals stock position in the light of the objectives of world food security. In this connexion the Council considered document CL 64/27 which had been prepared by the Secretariat after taking into account the comments of the Committee on Commodity Problems, the Intergovernmental Group on Grains, and the International Wheat Council.
55. The Council noted that total stocks of cereals at the end of the 1973/74 crop year had fallen, the decline occurring in all the main cereals. As world cereals production in 1974 would be below that of 1973 owing to unfavourable weather, cereal stocks were expected to be drawn down further during the 1974/75 season. Stocks were below the official national stock targets of a large number of countries, the majority of whom were developing countries, and mainly food importing countries.
56. The Council also noted that stocks were below the level estimated by the Secretariat as being a minimum safe level required to meet the objectives of world food security. While the Council appreciated the usefulness of analyses of this kind, suggestions were made for possible improvements in the methodology used.
57. The Council agreed that world cereal stocks were at a very low level and a matter for serious concern. It considered that developments in the world food situation should be kept under continuing review in 1974/75 in case urgent action was needed to safeguard consumption levels in the event of crop failure in a major producing region.
58. The Council noted the action being taken by many governments to review their national stock policies, and to increase cereals production with a view to replenishing stocks. It was stressed that in operating stock policies, due care should be taken at the present time to avoid aggravating the already tight supply/demand situation in 1974/75. All efforts should be made to increase assistance programmes (including food aid, fertilizer and other inputs) so as to strengthen the cereals production capacity of developing countries, as well as to implement their national stock programmes, with a view to achieving a better geographical distribution of food supplies and stocks.
59. The Council requested all governments to cooperate to the utmost in providing timely and complete data to the Director-General, in order to ensure the assembly and exchange of all the information required for the purposes of intergovernmental consultations on world food security.
1 CL 64/8, CL 64/27, CL 64/PV/16.
60. The Council considered the first Progress Report of the International Fertilizer Supply Scheme (IFS), expressed its agreement with the operations and priorities being followed and expressed its appreciation for the contribution made by a number of governments that made it possible for IFS to start its operations.
61. At the same time the Council expressed serious concern about the inadequacy and slowness of firm pledges to the Scheme and appealed again to all Governments to increase assistance by earmarking fertilizer, finance and services in amounts commensurate with the magnitude and urgency of the present world fertilizer needs. The Director-General of FAO was requested to renew his appeal to all governments, international organizations and the fertilizer industry to strengthen their support to the International Fertilizer Supply Scheme, as well as their bilateral assistance. In this regard, several members indicated that they had increased their bilateral contributions of fertilizer to countries in need.
62. The Council, aware of the current tight world fertilizer supply situation and its continuing deterioration as a result of further price increases, expressed concern about the serious consequences for developing countries of increasing food shortages that might arise if adequate supplies of fertilizer did not materialize in time. The Council requested that, under the operations of IFS, particular attention be given to the Most Seriously Affected countries in assisting them in procuring fertilizer at reasonable prices.
63. It was realized that financial aspects played an increasingly important role, and therefore, there was need for medium and long-term planning of financial requirements as envisaged in the terms of reference of the Commission on Fertilizers. The Council recognized the need for long-term loans on concessionary terms and, consequently, the need for the involvement of financial institutions in this international effort.
64. The Council reiterated the need for comprehensive information on bilateral and multilateral fertilizer aid programmes and urged Member Governments to cooperate fully with FAO in providing this information as soon as possible. The primary function of the IFS in stimulating contacts between fertilizer importing and exporting countries was emphasized and the proposals by FAO for consultative meetings were noted with satisfaction.
65. In the course of discussions, the necessity for more equitable distribution of fertilizers was emphasized, and governments were urged to give priority to their use for food production. The need for a reduction in the use of fertilizers for non-agricultural purposes was referred to. In view of the present tight fertilizer supply situation governments were also urged to actively encourage the most efficient and economic use of available supplies.
66. Considering the importance of increased fertilizer production in developing countries, the Council reiterated the importance of improving the utilization of fertilizer plants existing in those countries, and the mobilization of additional technical assistance and financial means necessary for the utilization of relevant natural resources and for the establishment of new plants in those countries, especially ones with raw materials or access to them. In this connexion the Council stressed the importance of the work of the UNIDO/FAO/World Bank Working Group on the financing on favorable terms of fertilizer projects.
67. The Council also noted the importance of greater and more effective use of organic materials of all kinds which could improve the availability of plant nutrients. Experience gained in that field should be widely disseminated and implemented.
1 CL 64/11, CL 64/11-Sup.1, CL 64/PV/6, CL 64/PV/7, CL 64/PV/8, CL 64/PV/18, CL 64/PV/19.
68. The Council stressed that FAO, in discharging its functions under IFS, must take into account the medium and long-term aspects of the world fertilizer situation. In this connexion, it suggested that the relationship of the scheme, operated by a small and temporary coordinating unit, with the overall work in FAO on fertilizers should be clarified. The need for work on long-term fertilizer supply and demand projections and analysis was also emphasized.
69. With regard to medium and longer-term developments, the Council noted the World Food Conference resolution requesting the Commission on Fertilizers, in collaboration with the Member States of the United Nations and the other international organizations concerned, to undertake an authoritative analysis in order to provide the elements of a world fertilizer policy, noting also that the Commission on Fertilizers should be guided by the advice and recommendations of the World Food Council.
70. The Council requested another progress report on the operations of IFS to be submitted to the next session of the Commission on Fertilizers, and agreed that this should take place as early as possible, leaving its date to be decided upon by the Chairman of the Commission in consultation with the Director-General of FAO.
71. It was suggested that for some time to come, this item be listed for discussion or decision on the agenda of future sessions. | <urn:uuid:eb0ccf67-47dd-4492-95bd-348bed669bf9> | 2013-05-21T17:11:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Michael Jackson looks as though he will never rest in peace now that Derek Acorah is blabbering on about how he’s planning to contact him in a live TV séance.
Personally I’ve had some rather unconvincing experiences with so-called psychics, and after hearing that Mr Acorah wants to cash in on the King Of Pop’s death has almost solidified my thoughts that most of it is a money-making scam.
I know there are people out there who believe in psychics, fortune tellers and the like, but whilst I’ve always had an open mind, this latest stunt had me slapping my hand to my mouth in disbelief.
So, just to tell you a bit about the whole thing, it’s going to be hosted by the lady who can’t seem to get enough lipgloss, June Sarpong and it will be dubbed; Michael Jackson: The Live Séance, and air on Sky One next month.
59 year-old Derek will try to make communicate with Michael to find out his views on his untimely death… so will YOU be tuning in or do you reckon it’s a load of old twaddle? Or even worse… is Jacko still alive? | <urn:uuid:262d62b6-55d8-4506-9fc8-b2328d394d59> | 2013-05-21T17:44:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Co-evolution and mutual information of amino acid positions in protein families
Gregory Gloor University of Western Ontario
This web presentation contains the
audio and slides
of a lecture given at the Fields Institute on September 5, 2003
as part of the First Canadian Workshop on Statistical Genomics.
RealPlayer 7 or later, or other software capable of | <urn:uuid:acea56ba-42f3-4da9-92e4-5e8ce21df6f5> | 2013-05-21T17:11:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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DirecTV rips Sinclair for 'unnecessary threats' in retrans dispute
DirecTV (Nasdaq: DTV) accused Sinclair Broadcast Group of attempting to "frighten" subscribers in 47 markets with its threat to pull 87 stations that carry programming from Fox, ABC, CBS, NBC and other networks unless it agrees to pay increased retransmission-consent fees.
The station group owner, which fought a similar public battle with Dish Network (Nasdaq: DISH) last August, began warning DirecTV subscribers over the weekend that they may lose programming unless it agrees to a new deal before its contract expires on Feb. 28. "Although DirecTV and Sinclair have been negotiating for quite some time in an effort to reach a new agreement, at this time it does not appear that these efforts will be successful," Sinclair said in a statement posted on the websites of stations it owns in Las Vegas, Baltimore, Tampa, Fla., Syracuse, N.Y., and other markets.
DirecTV has taken a harder negotiation stance with content suppliers in recent years as it looks to avoid passing the costs for increased programming on to subscribers. While it has waged several battles with station group owners and cable networks, it's unusual for programmers to follow through on threats to black out DirecTV's 22 million subscribers. Sinclair has an incentive to reach an agreement with DirecTV since the ratings and ad revenue its local TV stations generate would take a hit if it were to lose DirecTV distribution.
Last August, DirecTV rival Dish Network complained that Sinclair was demanding "massive" increases in retransmission-consent fees. After a two-week dispute, the companies agreed to a deal.
DirecTV noted in a statement that Sinclair has threatened to pull its stations in recent years from several other pay TV distributors that it later signed to new contracts while avoiding blackouts, including Comcast (Nasdaq: CMCSA), Suddenlink, Bright House Networks, Time Warner Cable (NYSE: TWC) and Charter Communications (Nasdaq: CHTR).
"We're engaged in productive discussions with Sinclair Broadcast Group to retain their local stations in the DirecTV lineup. Our customers can be assured that neither DirecTV nor Sinclair has any intention of allowing the disruption of their local stations," DirecTV said in the statement. "These are the same unnecessary threats, posing as warnings, that Sinclair has made to frighten customers of other pay TV providers," the company added.
Dish Network avoids blackout of 45 Sinclair stations; signs 2-week extension on retrans deal
Dish Network accuses Sinclair of demanding 'massive' retrans fees; will lose 70 ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox stations
Sinclair may pull Baltimore stations from FiOS TV subscribers | <urn:uuid:e32fc504-a25d-424c-ae39-07d773adfe4e> | 2013-05-21T17:45:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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If you are under 21, a Judge has discretion in your drug case sentencing.
Youth Has Its Privileges: Florida’s Youthful Offender Statute
If you are under the age of 21 at the time of your sentencing, Florida Statute 958.04 [Judicial disposition of youthful offenders] may apply to you. Even if you warrant mandatory prison time in the State of Florida, this statute gives a judge the discretion to waive that mandatory prison sentence. The “Youthful Offender” provision is one of the only statutes that allow a judge the discretion to preserve a young person’s future.
For example, if someone is 20 years old at the time of their sentencing and is facing a mandatory minimum of 15 years for trafficking in hydrocodone, the court can sentence the person as a youthful offender in order to escape the mandatory prison sentence. The Florida Legislature mandates that this particular statute can only be used one time.
Typically, the court handles a youthful offender by placing them on probation or in a community control program, for a period of up to six years. The period of supervision may not exceed the maximum sentence for the offense for which the youthful offender was found guilty.
Under the youthful offender statute, the judge can even withhold a formal finding of guilt. However, it is important to note that an individual who is found to substantially violate their probation could face the maximum amount of prison time for the underlying charge. For example, in the scenario mentioned above involving the trafficking in hydrocodone, a substantial violation could result in the “youthful offender” being sentenced to a term of imprisonment of up to 30 years. | <urn:uuid:6be0a61a-4cbe-4deb-97dd-50f94934eb6e> | 2013-05-21T17:16:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Veolia Water, the Water Division of Veolia Environnement, has been awarded the contract for the management of water services by the Prostejov Water Company, the public water utility responsible for the area around this large city in Central Moravia. The contract covers the production and distribution of drinking water, the collection and treatment of wastewater, as well as customer services. It will extend over 25 years and generate total revenues of more than € 122 million over the period.
The operating company, a subsidiary of Veolia Water, will manage the contract and serve the 70,000 people in the area of Prostejov. It will take on the 120 employees of the former municipal water company.
Veolia Water has also been awarded a 15-year contract by the city of Slany in Central Bohemia (population 21,000) to manage all water, wastewater and customer services. This contract represents total revenues of 30 million over the period. Slany is located close to the area of the Kladno-Melnik water company, which Veolia Water has managed since November 2004.
"These new contracts further strengthen Veolia Water's business in the Czech Republic. Over the past 10 years, Veolia Water has become the country's market leader for water services, thanks to the authorities' clearly stated objective to modernize them within the context of the country's accession to the European Union completed in 2004. The geographical location of the new contracts, one of which is between the two other Moravian contracts of Olomouc and Zlin, and the other of which is in the vicinity of Kladno-Melnik, will enable Veolia Water to utilize synergies, accelerate the application of best practices, and achieve the company's standard levels of performance," commented Antoine Frérot, Chief Executive Officer of Veolia Water.
In the Czech Republic, Veolia Water now manages water and wastewater services for 4.3 million people and has nearly 6,400 employees. The company operates in 10 regions and serves more than 1,200 communities. http://www.veoliavoda.cz/
Veolia Water, the Water Division of Veolia Environnement, is the world leader in water and wastewater services. Specialized in outsourcing services for municipal authorities, as well as industrial and service companies, it is also one of the world's major designers of technological solutions and constructor of facilities needed for water and wastewater services. Veolia Water serves 110 million people worldwide. With 67,800 employees, its 2004 revenues amounted to €9.8 billion. www.veoliawater.com
Veolia Environnement (Paris Euronext: VIE and NYSE: VE) is world leader in environmental services. The company has operations all around the world and provides tailored solutions to meet the needs of industrial and municipal customers in four complementary segments: water management, waste management, energy management and passenger transportation. Veolia Environnement recorded revenue of €24.7 billion in 2004 and has 250,000 employees. www.veolia.com
Analyst and institutional investor contact: Nathalie Pinon +33 1 71 75 01 67
US Investor contact: Brian Sullivan +(1) 630 371 2749 | <urn:uuid:17f4e777-9006-4564-a5e8-19f3105fec9b> | 2013-05-21T17:37:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Safe chemical and equipment
- Safe and security
- Always available
- Professional uniforms
There are thousands of varieties of cockroaches, but only about thirty of them can comfortably live with humans. The four main species of pests in the United States are the American, German, Asian, and Oriental cockroaches. (These names have little bearing on origin?the American roach was introduced to the United States from Africa as early as 1625). Roaches vary in size from about 1/2" (German), up to 2" (American). Ironically in America, the species that is most common in homes is the German variety.
German roaches prefer warm, moist environments, particularly kitchens, boiler rooms and heating systems in large buildings. They can swim, fly (although they rarely do), climb smooth surfaces (including the ceiling) easily and hide in inaccessible places. They are brown to dark brown in color and can be found all over the world. This species increases in population at a very rapid rate: a single female and her offspring can produce over 30,000 individuals in a year. This is the roach that roach exterminators are most often called on to eliminate. They are resilient and best able to withstand home roach control products.
The American roach is the species that people find most repulsive. It is the largest of these common species and can easily reach two inches in length. We see these roaches crawling over garbage and other waste, skittering out of sight when the light is turned on, interrupting their feeding activities. They access buildings and contaminate food, shed skin, deposit waste and saliva and create an unpleasant odor when enough gather. They prefer dark, moist, warm areas. American cockroaches are found in basements, boiler rooms, and laundry rooms. The adult American roach is reddish brown in appearance with a pale-brown or yellow band behind the head.
Oriental (or Common) Cockroaches
Oriental cockroaches are very dark brown to shiny black in color and roughly an inch to 1 and 1/2 inches in length. They are often thought of as a water bug or black beetle. They have wings but cannot fly. These pests like to live outdoors when the weather is warm, but they move indoors during extremes of heat, cold or drought. They like garbage storage areas, basements and crawl spaces, spaces between the soil and building foundations, the undersides of stoops and sidewalks, landscaping mulches, water meters, basements and their floor drains, and other such moist places. These cockroaches frequently live in floor drains that drain directly outside; these drains are also used as entrances to homes. The Oriental roach prefers starchy food, and builds up populations around garbage cans. They tolerate lower temperature ranges than other roaches and may winter in rock walls or such protected sites. These cockroaches are more sensitive to lack of water than other roaches.
Asian cockroaches are essentially outdoor roaches; their populations are seasonal. They have successfully colonized urban neighborhoods after being introduced into Tampa, Florida. They live outside and gather under fallen leaves and ground cover. They favor shady, moist areas, and swarm under trees. Unlike most roaches, they are attracted to light. Adults fly to lighted windows, doors, yard lights, and parking lot lights at dusk. From these points they often crawl into buildings or fly to indoor room lights. Asian cockroaches begin building up their population in spring, and produce several generations through the summer. They are limited to warm, moist regions and may become a serious problem in areas of the United States Gulf Coast area where temperate climate conditions allow for population increases earlier in the year.
Look at further information we provide about getting rid of roaches, roach extermination, cockroach control, bed bugs, pest control services, termites, common pests, and animal control services, or take a look at our blog for recent news articles about cockroach identification. | <urn:uuid:5dbf0260-5d27-4baa-a89c-356244b30c9f> | 2013-05-21T17:16:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ORLANDO, Fla. -- Casey Anthony's lawyer says she would be in danger and need security if she has to return to Florida under a judge's order in a check fraud case.
Jose Baez told NBC's "Today" show Wednesday that bringing Anthony back to Florida from an undisclosed location would just add to what he called the "circus-like atmosphere" around her case.
Anthony has disappeared from public view since her acquittal last month on charges of murdering her 2-year-old daughter.
A judge this week ordered Anthony to come back to Orlando to serve probation for check fraud that she plead guilty to in an earlier case. Anthony's lawyers have filed a motion to quash that order, arguing the judge cannot amend his sentence more than 60 days after it was signed in January 2010. | <urn:uuid:c63b3149-ecbe-4891-b9d5-9660e621731f> | 2013-05-21T17:11:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Connect me to:
Cuba: Chinese Food and a Festival
Chinese Food in Central and South America
Spring Volume: 2002 Issue: 9(1) page(s): 13, 14, 16, 17, and 20
To understand how Chinese food came to Cuba, a little history is important. Long before Columbus knew anything about Cuba, the native Arawak people had developed a successful civilization. Columbus blundered upon the island in 1492, and by the early 1500's Spain had taken over killing natives and importing Africans as slaves for the sugar cane industry. Spain held firm until 1898 when Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders liberated Cuba. Sadly, the good feelings this engendered between the United States and Cuba soon dissipated. By 1963, things had soured so much that an embargo was imposed.
From 1847 through 1883, one hundred fifty thousand Chinese migrant workers were shipped to Cuban ports to replace freed African slaves and their descendants. The first boatload of Chinese arrived in Havana harbor on June 3, 1847. Immigrants continued to come, from Guangdong, Fujian, Haikou, Macao, and Hong Kong, when it was called Ziang gang. Chinese were brought to Cuba in ships owned by France, Spain, England, North American, Portugal, Holland, Russia, and a handful of other countries. By the 1860's, some thirty thousand Chinese arrived annually. In 1877 immigration peaked at forty thousand men, but had slipped to five thousand by 1970. Only a handful of Chinese move to Cuba these days.
The earliest Chinese immigrants to Cuba lived under worse conditions than the African slaves and thay faced near constant and inhumane exploitation. In another wave, some five thousand Chinese came after attempting to strike it rich in California’s gold rush. Failure to find gold was one reason they left the Pacific Coast. Chinese men had also been victimized by the United States xenophobia; and they were often denounced by Cuba’s first President, Jose Marti. Chinese immigrants were a steady source of cheap labor. They continued entering Cuba through the first decades of the 20th century. They usually settled in urban areas of Cuba and came to be known as hard workers and enterprising traders. Commonly employed at sugar cane plantations, the Chinese men had to either intermarry with African or Creole women, or stay single. Many could not stand the harsh new world and left or committed suicide. Others simply waited it out until their eight-year contracts expired, knowing they could never return to China. Quite a few joined the Cuban liberation movement. They achieved varying ranks in the military and they actively participated in the Cuban War of Emancipation.
During the end of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries, many Chinese workers gained their freedom and began serious cultural resurgence efforts by forming Chinese associations. These associations provided social infrastructure, cemeteries, drug stores, theaters, homes for aged, banks, newspapers, and more. Chinese people had traditionally created associations delineated by their territory of origin, but the associations in Cuba were free to center around other ties, such as economics, arts, sports, political ideas either public or secret, or the need for national representation. Because the immigrants were nearly always male, most marriages that took place were between a Chinese father and Cuban born mother. Most Cubans learned early to spot the phenotypical diversity among Cuban people of Chinese origin.
By 1980, there were more than four thousand Cantonese living in Cuba, but in 2002, there are only three hundred pure-blooded Chinese Cubans, half living in Havana, and most of them elderly. Major associations not in Havana’s Barrio Chino are spread across Cuba in Santa Clara, Camaguey, Crego de Avila, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantanamo. Still, Chinese blood is highly diffused throughout tens of thousands of Cubans, many of whom are called, in a non-derogatory manner, 'Chino' or 'China.'
Chinese culture continues to permeate many aspects of life in Cuba today. Any libertine knows that music is right up there with rum and cigars as Cuba’s finest products, but many are unaware that Cuba’s traditional music groups use three instruments that were first imported by the Chinese: the cornet, the Chinese box, and a drum Cubans call tambares, the same drum used in the traditional Chinese lion dance. In the visual arts, Wilfredo Lam, arguably Cuba’s most famous international artist, is typically Cuban, in that he has a Cuban mother and a Chinese father, with some African blood as well, presumably on his mother’s side. Like many Cubans, Lam is honest about his mixed ancestry.
Early Chinese settlers introduced, cultivated, and helped assimilate into the Cuban diet a number of new vegetables, including pumpkin, cabbage, long green beans, and cucumber. Indeed, in Havana’s marketplace, Mercado Agropecuario Egido on Avenida de Belgica, the only green beans are the very long Chinese variety often called 'snake beans.' Roughly the size of a one hundred fifty seat outdoor café, it is hard to fathom how Cuba’s main food market has no more than fifty foodstuffs.
It seems that while there is an adequate amount of food to feed Cuba’s eleven million people, there is no overabundance of comestibles and severely curtailed selection. The gleam of Havana as a mid-20th century paradise, the world’s hottest nightspot, and a top cruise ship destination for international jet setters, is gone, nothing more than memories and a faded swizzle stick or two. Lobster is now endangered, a result of slaughter for tourist plates or export for hard currency, yet it is still available. We ate a luscious home-cooked Cuban Lobster Enchilada in a deep and delicate tomato and aji cachucha sauce. Sea turtles have already been eaten into near extinction and rare to see on menus although during the 1970's large tour groups were fed turtle steak regularly.
Restaurants, snack bars, and markets alike might have one, two, three or six offerings on a given day. Small signs are posted in racks that can advertise a maximum of eight items. People wait in long lines for things like fresh bread and newspapers, some only to sell it to those who can afford to pay a little extra not to have to wait in line. We did not see anyone starving but neither did we see any food going to waste. It has been a long time since Cubans have enjoyed the full marketplaces they enjoyed when things were flush. There no longer exists the diverse larder of ingredients needed to ignite Cuba’s rich international culinary heritage, and it has been so long that many people would not know nor recall the proper taste of a given dish. It is sad to see Cuba’s superb culinary tradition wither.
Cuba’s countryside remains gorgeous, breathtaking. Each province boasts natural beauties, perhaps none as spectacular as Pinar Del Rio, where royal palms sway mightily in fertile valleys ringed by craggy, weather-beaten mountain ranges. Cuba has many fruit orchards with trees of Chinese origin, like the Chinese orange, of which nineteen types exist in Cuba. The traditional fruit hawker’s cry of 'Naranjas China dulce' (sweet Chinese oranges) is part of the Cuban oral tradition. Nearly all the fruit we ate, however, was less than good. How can guavas (guayaba), mangos, soursop (guanábana), and papaya (called fruta bomba because 'papaya' has become slang for female anatomy) from a tropical clime taste so unsatisfying--is it a lack of proper care or lack of good fertilizer?
There are two types of Chinese gunip trees now common in Cuba, Oleaginous trees like the Chinese Oil Tree, used in industries, and the Lauraceous species like the Chinese Cinnamon tree which is ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal. Also popular are delicate blue Chinese violets, known as Pensamiento Chino or Chinese thought, the traditional Chinese minimalist symbol of meditation and celestial movement.
Information about the history of Chinese in Cuba is not readily available. For example, the Lonely Planet guidebook to Cuba cites nothing Chinese in its index or map, although it does contain some tidbits corroborating the extensive data gleaned from Chinese Presence in Cuba, a fact, map, and graph-laden brochure prepared by Jesus Guanche Perez. The film: 'Ancestors in the Americas: Coolies, Sailors, Settlers,' a film by Loni Ding, and a small green book Los Chinos en Cuba provide more information, as does Mis Imagenes by Mercedes Crespo Villate. This Cuban Chinese lady writes about the Chinese presence in Cuba, her motivations, and the reasons for Chinese immigration. She discusses Cuban reactions to the pobre culis or poor coolies. The book has information on the Cuban War of Independence from Spain, including lists of Chinese participants, as well as copies of documents, photographs, a bibliography, and it has information about Chinese culture in general.
In his informative brochure, Dr. Perez asks: “What are the reasons why we Cuban people assume this millenary heritage as a patrimony for ourselves” and then answers his own question by talking about China’s 'five virtues' of: Kindness, honesty, decorousness, wisdom, and faithfulness. Perhaps things Chinese quickly intimated themselves into Cuban civilization because both peoples share these universal values of human duty.
Cuba, a nation of mixed ancestry, has developed a 'native' cuisine flavored with foods imported from China, Africa, and places in the Caribbean. Africans brought their traditional starch known as fufu. It is made from plantains. In the 19th century, French coffee planters from Haiti brought Congri Orientale with them, a dish of rice cooked with red kidney beans. In Cuba’s vast Oriente region, black beans are substituted for the red kidneys, and the dish is famously renamed Moros y Christianos, a common dish on every Cuban table, every day, and a distant reminder of their colonists.
The two colors in this typical Cuban platter reference the famous war between the White Christian Spaniards and the Black Moors and can be compared to the racial mix of Cuba itself. History and politics in cuisine? We’re definitely in Cuba now. Today, Havana’s Chinatown is concentrated in an area just west of Cuba’s Capitolio Nacional, which is based on the same architectural plans as the U.S. capitol, except larger and grander. The easiest way to find Chinatown is to start at the famous Malecon, the broad ocean-side boulevard that is the last bit of land between Havana and the United States. Turn south at the intersection of Malecon and Avenida Italia, often called by its older name, Avenida Galiano. Walk about ten blocks until you pass a gated park with tall columns painted with Chinese characters and the Spanish words: Barrio China--Playa las Columnas.
The park’s white columns carry inscriptions such as: Lucky, Happiness, Shi Bo Ping Yan (Peace for You), and Sun Yi Shing Long (May Business Prosper Well). On a sunny Saturday in September the gated park was loaded with Cubans whiling away the afternoon around café tables. There was a birthday party where dozens of swankily dressed celebrants danced elegantly to a sixteen-piece son band that played for hours without a break. There is one bottle of soy, and one menu, with a brief history of Chinese in Cuba, shared among some one hundred customers, most of whom were drinking beer, huffing cigars, and snacking on scoops of pitiful fried rice on paper plates or slices of ham flanked by slices of a pickle on the same plates. The summer Havana atmosphere was thick with the feel of a 1953 Buick four-hole Special.
Barrio China de la Habana, alternately called Miramar, Cayo Hueso, and Chinatown, which first began as a neighborhood with residences and trade, then hostelries, and finally restaurants plying international customers, a huge portico inexplicably incised 'Barri Hino' instead of 'Barrio Chino' on Amistad Avenue was the mark of the Western edge of the twelve-square mile Chinese barrio squared in by San Miguel, Estrella and Belascoain.
As far as tourists know, however, Chinatown’s principal, and shortest, street is a few blocks east. Delineated by a small gate and garish red lanterns Calle Cuchillo, angles off of Italia and Zanja, surrounded by San Nicolas, Rayo, and Dragones. Standing out from the rest of Havana like a bright red persimmon amid dusty potatoes, Calle Cuchillo is a true kitsch extravaganza of Chinese dragons, lanterns and silks. In keeping with the Oriental atmosphere, most of Havana’s pet bird merchants operate in Chinatown. On payday, the small shops are flooded with Cubans buying imported umbrellas, hair supplies, toys and other inexpensive plastic items made in China. Daytime, there is a small food market in a curved alley south of there, but even though it’s Chinatown, the offerings are indistinguishable from those at other Cuban markets. On Saturday nights at eight in the evening, one of the associations hosts a Lion Dance, intended more to draw customers than scare away evil spirits.
Here are ten restaurants on the short and narrow artery called Cuchillo, each with its own tout, usually a Cuban in Chinese costume enticing passersby with the basic menu of Chinese food the world over: soup, egg roll, fried rice, and chop suey. There are plenty of traditional Cuban snacks available through tiny windows in and around Chinatown, just like the New York’s Canal Street where hot dog carts circle around the rice and noodle shops to cater to those who are in Chinatown but can not stomach Chinese food.
We learn more about Cuban Chinese culture, and visit the Casa de Arte y Tradicion China at Calle Salucci 313, between Gervasio and Escobar. This big, largely open-air building serves as the center for many Chinese traditional art forms and also is home to the Grupo Promotor Barrio China de la Havana, a kind of Chamber of Commerce for Cuban Chinese. They can direct you to any and all of the current activities in Cuba’s Chinese community and provide excellent maps and brochures highlighting places like Cementerio Chino de la Habana, a very large Chinese-only cemetery in the heart of Havana.
Currently, there are thirteen Chinese associations in Havana, the principal one being Chung Wah. Other large ones are Say Jo Jon Sociedad Wushu Kungfu and Chueng Shan Society. The Long Sai Li Society, which was founded in 1909 for instruction and recreation and is still housed in a restaurant. It is upstairs and hiding behind intricately etched glass doors. There is also a Chinese language newspaper, the Kwong Wah Po Diario Popular.
Lung Sai Li’s Chinese doorman said he had a Cuban mom, a Cantonese dad, and a Spanish grandma. His family’s favorite dish is whole fish steamed with ginger and scallion. Cuban locals invariably say that soups are their favorite Chinese offerings, with Chicken Chop Suey a close second. Fried Rice with black beans and sliced cabbage and chunks of yucca comes in cajitas (hand-cut grey cardboard takeout boxes). These common takeout snacks can be upgraded to a full meal with a fried pork chop and/or greasy gravy made from bits of fried pork. I thought it was Chinese food, since it was being purveyed in Chinatown, but later learned it was the Cuban staple, Moros y Cristianos, which natives know to be best in and around Cuchillo. The black beans are different than the black Chinese fermented soybean, but the two cuisines do share an affinity for hearty beans, white rice, onions, garlic, and other staples that facilitate culinary fusion. Its apparently a solid foundation for the many Cuban-owned Spanish-Chinese restaurants in New York, Miami, and elsewhere.
Intent on tasting standard Chinese Cuban fare, we headed to the Sociedead Regionalista, Chung Shan’s Los Dos Dragones Restaurante y Bar con Comida China Original which is the Chung Shan Regional Society’s Two Dragons Restaurant and Bar with Original Chinese Food. It was upstairs on Calle Dragones no 311 between Rayo and San Nicolas Streets. The grand dining room had seen more glorious days. President Castro had eaten here in mid-century, and there is a prominently displayed photograph of Fidel and compatriots happily chopsticking an authentic looking Chinese spread, complete with Coca Cola.
Two Dragon’s open kitchen was full of a variety of big cast iron pots and pans but there was only a single wok for use by the three Cuban and two Chinese chefs. Every Cuban diner seemed to be eating soup and fried wontons. We worked our waiter hard until he finally relented and allowed us to order a plate of fairly decent bok choy, instead of chop suey vegetables. Tip Pan Chicken turned out to be quite tasty. A giant, flattened, boneless chicken steak, incorporating both breast and thigh was battered and just barely cooked through. To accommodate the steak-loving Cuban palate, the Golden Fried Fillet was kept whole, rather than chopped as is the Chinese tradition. Mixed Ingredient Fried Rice was drier than it looked and overburdened with handfuls of smoked meats, sickly bean sprouts and scallions. Lacking any hint of the flavor of rice it was, to be fair, sustenance.
Costillitas Ahumadas Estilo Oriental or smoked Oriental-style spare ribs were overdone, their smokiness seemed to derive more from repeated re-heatings than from intentional flavoring. The wontons in the soup were the tastiest thing on the table. These delicate noodle packets bore the telltale marks of hand-rolling, but the broth was thin and the other ingredients proved inconsequential. All told, a meal for four cost twenty-one dollars U.S. with the bok choy plate being surprisingly more expensive than the big chicken dish. Both salt and soy are on the tables, as are Italian toothpicks (carezzadente) in a container featuring an image of a Japanese samurai swordsman.
After the sub-par meal, we headed for one of the last macho fortresses, the Partagas Cigar Factory’s private smoking room, where we made the acquaintance of Orlando Quiroga, a gentlemanly septuagenarian who had just published a book, The Art and Mysticism of Habanos (in Cuba, Cuban cigars are called Habanos). While enjoying a Montecristo Number 4, a perfect afternoon cigar, Mr. Quiroga recalled Chinese influences on his life in Cuba. He spoke about the concepts of Yin and Yang and pointed out the best cigar roller in Cuba who is nicknamed Chinita, (little Chinese girl) even though she is a grown and a rather large Filipina woman.
Mr. Quiroga recalled the day when thousands of Chinese flooded the streets of Havana to celebrate Chiang Kai Shek’s victory. He believes that fried rice is not originally Chinese, and knew about the taste differences between white, yellow, and brown-colored fried rice. Quiroga recalled going to see exotic foreign films in the 1950s at the Chinatown theater called Shanghai, which devolved into a pornographic theater before it closed after the Revolution. There was also a Chinese-only movie theater on Zanja Street. There used to be two traditional Chinese herbal medicine shops, one in Chinatown and the other in the Old Havana neighborhood, catering to non-Chinese clientele. Mr. Quiroga discussed the effectiveness of the Chinese metal balls used to relieve stress, the functional qualities of Tiger Balm salve, and said that Cuban hospitals, which offer some of the world’s finest doctors at bargain prices, still use some Chinese methods. He noted how much Cubans love Chinese clothing, antiques, and knick-knacks, as well as ice cream and other Chinese foods. A true epicure, Quiroga’s favorite Chinese dishes are whole fish, and duck in orange sauce. I wish I had asked Quiroga if he’d ever seen Chinese food outside the Barrio, which we did not. Also wonder what he knows about one of the world’s prettiest and fanciest restaurants, Havana’s Café del Oriente. Though they do not serve any thoroughly Chinese foods, this el sittio del gourmet or 'place for gourmets' is worth a visit for the décor alone. The classy and pricey antique wood and stained-glass establishment is located in La Habana Viejo at Oficios 112, at the corner of Amargura, (email@example.com).
Eschew the Westernized offerings at homogenous Chinatown dives like El Pacifico, La Muralla, and Tong Po Lau, a bodeguita or small food shop which specializes in Comida China Sabor y Magia or 'Chinese food, flavor and magic' and features the Masonic logo on its business card. Instead, head for Havana’s only Chinese restaurant with over one hundred dishes. Called Tien Tan, it is on Cuchillo no 17, between Zanja and san Nicolas, and is open 11 to 11 daily (firstname.lastname@example.org). On the walk through the kitchen to the toilet, the one Chinese chef among nine kitchen workers did not respond to Ni Hao Ma the classic 'Hi, how are you' in Chinese. Even though it is the best of the Barrio, Tien Tan seems typically Cuban in its sullen resolve not to live up to its full potential.
In keeping with the public’s wish to be 'transported' to exotic Asia, Tien Tan is full of tacky Chinese décor mixed with photos of local VIPS. Sandalwood incense is sold and the small pass through window from the kitchen to the dining room plays stereotypical 'ching chong' Chinese music until the orders are picked up. Chefs on break eat fresh spinach and rice with chopsticks while most of the patrons are cradling soup with Chinese porcelain spoons and stabbing at fried wontons with forks.
Easily the most authentic Chinese restaurant in Havana, we plunged into Tien Tan’s fresh spinach which, while slightly immature, was earthy and perfectly cooked with fresh garlic. The rice tasted like it had been reheated a second time but the Seafood Meat Soup had broad flavor developed from long cooking. The multi-layered soup was authentic and complex, but unfortunately the ingredients had been overcooked to achieve the heady broth. A plate of Chinese ravioli was homemade, their perfect skin much better than their lifeless filling. Both the Wonton Soup and the Special Chinese Soups (which appear to be the same except the Special soup has egg and black mushroom) were meals in a bowl. The big soups harbored all the flavors of wonton, just without the wrapper. Pig’s kidney with green onion and hot pepper was tasty but very salty. Fried Noodles with Fish were greasy and plain. A mound of Fried Rice with Meat and Scallions was the same dry starch that has somehow insinuated itself into every Cuban Chinese restaurant.
On a second visit, a Chinese chef from Shanghai helped us order. He suggested a thick and fine hot and sour soup, spicy shrimp, and a plate of mixed Chinese vegetables. Loads of small shrimps fought for space with scallions, red and green peppers and decoratively cut carrots and turnip. The dish was very spicy with la chew jow (Chinese hot pepper oil) but suffered from a distinct lack of ginger flavor. The mixed vegetable dish was equally middle-of-the-road, with overcooked bok choy, string beans, bean sprouts, and tasty little wads of spinach. The waitress, typically Cuban in that she was open to discussing her ancestry with strangers, said her mother’s father was from Guangdong; her father’s mother was half-Spanish and half-Japanese but Cuban by birth. So she happily described herself as having a Japanese head, a Chinese body and a Cuban heart.
The menu from Tien Tan, The Temple of Heaven, Restaurant, has a photo of a group of Chinese-Cubans sitting in front of the restaurant, and claims to be "a genuine restaurant of national flavor. There are more than one hundred different dishes cooked the Chinese way with Chinese seasonings. The special dishes are more delicious cooking by Chinese cookers. Please choose and taste. Wish you are satisfied by our service.” The Chinese, Spanish and English menu poetically translate the Spanish word for appetizer, apertivos as 'Whet the appetite.' All of the platos familiars category, or their 'economic dishes,' are soups. The traditional dairy-free Chinese Congee is mislabeled Cremas Chinas in Spanish but called 'Chinese Thick Soup' in English. The most interesting desert is a Canoa China or 'Chinese Canoe' and consists of an oval-shaped flan filled with ice cream and fruits. The bar features a Mai Tai like drink, 'Coctel Tien Tan' as well as imported Qing Dao and local Tinimes beer. Chop sticks are available, but only on request, and there is a charge for rice and tea.
Tien Tan must be Cuba’s only Chinese location listing specialty items such as frog’s legs, fish balls, and lamb. The most interesting category on the menu, which consists mainly of Cantonese and Shanghai dishes with a few royal Beijing options, is the Solo Reservar column of foods available only by 'subscription,' meaning they must be ordered three days in advance. These offerings include Fried Chicken Integrity with Eight Eatables (treasures); Stewed Meat with red color and sweet; Stewed Pigs--their uppermost part of leg with soy sauce; Sauteed Dofu Chilli Sauce or Sea-foods or Meat and Black Mushroom; Savoury and Crispy Duck; Integrity Duck Soup with orange skin and soy sauce; Stewed Red Duck with sweet sauce special; and Stewed Integrity Duck with Eight Eatables.
On December 7, 2001 The New York Times reported delivery of the first of several planned shipments of goods from the nited States to be purchased by Cuba since embargo was imposed nearly forty years ago. The Cuban government paid thirty million dollars for meat and grain, including fifty-five million pounds of corn, in a purchase made possible by a 2000 Congressional legislation exempting food and medicine from the still-active 1963 trade embargo. John Kavulich II, president of the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council, feels this was more of a political than economic purchase, as Cuba could have gotten the same goods for less money and with enhanced delivery from other countries. Since 1963, President Fidel Castro had always insisted that Cuba would not buy 'even a grain of rice' under the stringent terms of the embargo. His country has suffered greatly, blaming the U.S. for shortages in food, milk and medicine. Cuban officials insist that this recent purchase was a one-time emergency measure necessary after this October’s devastating Hurricane Michele destroyed crops and housing. U.S. officials warn agricultural companies that Cuba, which cannot place its famous cigars and rums in the Fifty States, does not have the cash for continued purchases, and feel that the purchase is a sign of Cuba’s severely withered economy. Above all, and contrary to President Bush’s tough stance, Cuba wants the embargo to end.
After the revolution, most upper class Chinese left Cuba for the United States and elsewhere, leaving behind lesser educated Chinese who may be kind and good but do not have modern education or business acumen. Time has marched on, but most things cultural remain mired in pre-1959 torpor. There is no contemporary exchange with China, so Chinese nationals in Cuba are ignorant of China’s current status, and Mainland Chinese thinking is foreign to them. Still, the Cubans have muy respeto los Chineses or much respect for the Chinese. In America, even rich Chinese are somehow considered second-class citizens and poor Chinese are relegated to third or fourth class, but in Cuba even the poor Chinese are considered first class citizens. The utter lack of racism and the ability to talk openly about skin color and race, are two of Cuba’s most endearing characteristics.
Newcomers to New York are incredulous when they hear of Chinese Cuban restaurants, thinking it an improbable combination. No Cuban, however, would have such qualms about two kinds of black beans on one menu. It was only after visiting Cuba that this New Yorker realized that Broadway Cuban-Chinese haunts like La Victoria China were not named after a Chinese gal called Victoria, but rather named in honor of Fidel’s victorious revolution.
There used to be a restaurant on Roosevelt Avenue in Jackson Heights, the world’s most diverse neighborhood, called La Isla (The Island). They served Chinese, Polynesian, Spanish, Dominican, and other national dishes under one roof. I always thought their name referred to the islands from which their various cuisines originated. After visiting Havana, however, it became clear that all of these cuisines had long ago begun to rub shoulders in one of the world’s most diverse countries, Cuba, known to its natives as, quite simply, La Isla.
In a country with next to no economy, thousands of locals line up for inexpensive treats on Sunday nights in an entire park devoted to selling ice cream. Doctors and teachers are the highest paid citizens, earning no more than twenty or thirty US dollars per month. Socialized education and medicine is first rate in Cuba, but most people will never have enough money to visit other parts of the world. Surely, all Cubans have heard about Chinese food, but most have never experienced its taste. Pilo, an affable and highly motivated high school English teacher from San Diego de Los Banos, a village of three thousand known for medicinal baths and tobacco, summed it up best when he said, with great wonderment in his voice, “I never had the pleasure of eating in a Chinese restaurant. I want to but I cannot. I hear they have this amazing thing called Fried Rice.”
Now that you have read this article, perhaps Flavor and Fortune has enticed you to head for Havana. There could be no better time than May 30th through June 3, 2002, for the Festival Des Chinos De Ultramar, known in English as 'The Fifth Festival Chinese Over The Seas.' Registration is not without its costs. Participants need to shell out US$120.00, their companions pay only US$80:00. This includes: free access to all events, welcome cocktail, lunches, receptions and closing, presentation of Chinese arts and traditions, sight seeing around historical, cultural and amusing places, and free access to the Fair. If anyone does go, Flavor and Fortune wants to hear about your experiences there; I do, too.
Flavor and Fortune is a magazine of:|
Copyright (c) 1994-2013 by ISACC, all rights reserved | <urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636> | 2013-05-21T17:16:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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File 2: Opinion of Member Pope
[ v60 p619 ]
Dissenting Opinion of Member Pope:
I agree with the majority's conclusion that the Agency's reply is untimely and decision to deny the Agency's request that the Authority waive the expired time limit. I also agree that it is unnecessary to address whether the Agency properly reserved the right to address the excessive interference argument in its reply. However, I do not agree that the proposal does not constitute an appropriate arrangement within the meaning of § 7106(b)(3). Accordingly, I dissent.
Even assuming that certain of the adverse effects alleged by the Union, such as compromised safety and decreased work production and performance, are speculative, the employee's loss of his ability to make and receive authorized personal and work-related telephone calls at his cubicle is not a speculative adverse effect. In AFGE, Local 1122, 47 FLRA 272 (1993), the Authority held that a proposal requiring an agency to install telephones at employee workstations, in response to an agency decision to maintain fewer telephones in a new office configuration, was an arrangement for adversely affected employees. See AFGE, Local 1122, 47 FLRA at 288-89. In this regard, the Authority determined that an agency's decision to install a telephone at only one employee's cubicle adversely affected other employees who no longer were able to make and receive authorized personal and emergency telephone calls at their cubicles. The Authority determined that the proposal ameliorated the adverse effect by providing each employee with a telephone at his or her cubicle. See id. at 289.
Here, the situation is analogous to AFGE, Local 1122. It is undisputed that the employee is authorized to make and receive emergency and non-emergency personal telephone calls. See Union's Response at 3, Attach. 14. In addition, the parties acknowledge that a telephone is occasionally necessary for the employee to perform his official duties. See | <urn:uuid:6ab03683-631e-4cf1-9cbe-4968f9f12bea> | 2013-05-21T17:30:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Did you "marry" your Father or Mother?
Are you married to or dating someone is very much like your Mom or Dad?
I would have to say, no, for the most part. She is selfless, kind, and shy. My Dad is selfish/egocentric, and outgoing. They both tend to be a bit on the messy side.
After seeing the way that my Dad was around my Mom, I told myself that I would never be with anyone like that. None of my partners have been like my Dad. Although, with some I found that some tended to avoid conflict, and they didn’t have much of a backbone. Very much like my Dad.
This question is in the General Section. Responses must be helpful and on-topic. | <urn:uuid:5a53ea88-f6c2-4939-ae96-62ba096dba12> | 2013-05-21T17:34:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ef Raskin chose the name "Macintosh", after his favorite kind of apple, so when Jef was forced to go on an extended leave of absence in February 1981, Steve Jobs and Rod Holt decided to change the name of the project, partially to distance it from Jef. They considered "Macintosh" to be a code name anyway, and didn't want us to get too attached to it.
Apple had recently taken out a two page ad in Scientific American, featuring quotes from Steve Jobs about the wonders of personal computers. The ad explained how humans were not as fast runners as many other species, but a human on a bicycle beat them all. Personal computers were "bicycles for the mind."
A month or so after Jef's departure, Rod Holt announced to the small design team that the new code name for the project was "Bicycle", and that we should change all references to "Macintosh" to "Bicycle". When we objected, thinking "Bicycle" was a silly name, Rod thought that it shouldn't matter, "since it was only a code name".
Rod's edict was never obeyed. Somehow, Macintosh just seemed right. It was already ingrained with the team, and the "Bicycle" name seemed forced and inappropriate, so no one but Rod ever called it "Bicycle". For a few weeks, Rod would reprimand anyone who called it "Macintosh" in his presence, but the new name never acquired any momentum. Finally, around a month after his original order, after someone called it "Macintosh" again, he threw up his hands in exasperation and told us, "I give up! You can call it Macintosh if you want. It's only a code name, anyway."
But it was a code name that proved to be sturdy and resilient. In the Fall of 1982, Apple paid tens of thousands of dollars to a marketing consulting firm to come up with a themed set of names for Lisa and Macintosh. They came up with lots of ideas, including calling the Mac the "Apple 40" or the "Apple Allegro". After hearing all the suggestions, Steve and the marketing team decided to go with Lisa and Macintosh as the official names. They did manage to reverse engineer an acronym for Lisa, "Local Integrated Systems Architecture", but internally we preferred the recursive "Lisa: Invented Stupid Acronym", or something like that. Macintosh seemed to be acroynm proof.
But there was still a final hurdle to clear - the name was too close to a trademark from the McIntosh stereo company. I'm not sure how the situation was resolved (I suspect that Apple paid them a modest amount), but toward the end of the retreat in January 1983, Steve announced to the team that we had gotten rights to use the name. He dashed a champagne bottle against one of the prototypes, and declared, "I christen thee Macintosh!" | <urn:uuid:c2ab3f03-af95-45fb-b52c-cb9245f3b232> | 2013-05-21T17:36:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Juan Manuel Fangio
|Grand Prix Entries||51|
|Grand Prix Wins||23|
Many consider him to be the greatest drive of all time. In seven full Formula One seasons (he missed one recovering from a nearly fatal injury) he was World Champion five times (with four different teams) and runner-up twice. In his 51 championship Grands Prix he started from the front row 48 times (including 29 pole positions) and set 23 fastest race laps en route to 35 podium finishes, 24 of them victories. His superlative track record was achieved by some of the greatest displays of skill and daring ever seen. Fangio did it all with style, grace, nobility and a sense of honour never seen before or since.
Fangio flourished in Formula One racing when the world championship was in its infancy and he was a comparatively 'Old Man' - which is what his admiring rivals called the aging genius who won his last driving title in 1957, when he was 46. Most of his challengers were young enough to be his sons, and nearly all of them came from privileged backgrounds far removed from Fangio's humble origins in a remote corner of Argentina, in the dusty frontier town of Balcarce. His father and mother, hard-working immigrants from the Abruzzi region of Italy to whom Fangio was deeply devoted, raised their six children (three boys and three girls) to believe in God and the dignity of labour. Fangio credited his parents with instilling in him the virtues of honesty and integrity, self-discipline, respect for others and the sense of responsibility that characterized his approach to life.
Eleven years after his birth on June 24, 1911, Fangio started working as a mechanic and then spent nearly four decades in that trade, while also racing primitive self-prepared cars in incredibly arduous South American long distance races that made Formula One events seem like child's play. By his superhuman efforts in these marathons of madness (held over thousands of miles for weeks at a time) Fangio overcame astonishing hardships and astronomical odds to score many victories. When he went racing in Europe, at 38, he brought with him an unrivalled repertoire of mechanical understanding, competitive experience and clever racecraft.
Formula One competition in much more sophisticated cars also enabled Fangio to hone his driving skills to the highest degree. A pioneering exponent of the four-wheel drift, he was wonderfully entertaining to watch, negotiating corners in fearsomely spectacular, yet completely controlled tyre-smoking powerslides that thrilled onlookers. Beyond his brilliant car control, Fangio's sheer brute strength and astonishing stamina enabled him to excel in an era that required heavy, hard-to-handle cars to be hauled around rough-hewn tracks for the three hour-plus endurance tests that were then the Grand Prix norm. Fangio's exceptional staying power was also the product of superior mental fortitude, patience and perseverance, enormous levels of concentration and an unflagging competitive spirit. Needless to say, in those desperately dangerous days, Fangio in common with his peers possessed degrees of steely nerve and raw courage that modern Formula One drivers can hardly imagine.
He had very few accidents and his only serious injury was a by-product of impaired judgement caused by extreme fatigue following an all-night drive in 1952 through the Alps to race in a pre-season non-champship event at Monza. On the second lap he lost control of his Maserati and crashed heavily, suffering a broken neck that left him with a permanently stiff upper torso.
Balding, short, stocky and nicknamed 'El Chueco' (bow-legged), his unprepossessing physique belied a personal magnetism that together with his driving exploits made him a figure of worldwide adulation. Women found him enormously attractive and while he never married (though he had one 20-year relationship), he never lacked female companionship. In 1958 he became even more of an international celebrity when he was kidnapped in Cuba by members of Fidel Castro's revolutionary movement to draw attention to their cause. As was the case with everyone who met him, his captors were charmed by Fangio and they released him unharmed.
He was a true gentleman in every sense of the word, proving the exception to the supposed rule that nice guys finish last. His generosity of spirit, sense of fair play, invariable courtesy, surprising humility and sheer humanity were universally praised and appreciated, especially by his peers.
"Most of us who drove quickly were bastards," according to his rival (and Mercedes team mate) Stirling Moss, who called him 'Maestro' and said he loved Fangio like a father. "But I can't think of any facets of Juan's character which one wouldn't like to have in one's own."
Seldom was heard a disparaging word, though a few of them were uttered by Enzo Ferrari, who criticized him after Fangio had the temerity to forsake Scuderia Ferrari following his 1956 championship to return to Enzo's arch-enemy Maserati. "Fangio did not remain loyal to any marque," Ferrari said, "and he invariably used every endeavour to ensure that he would always drive the best car available."
Stirling Moss is quick to point out why Fangio (who won championships with Alfa Romeo, Mercedes (twice), Ferrari and Maserati) always had the best car: "Because he was the best bloody driver! The cheapest method of becoming a successful Grand Prix team was to sign up Fangio."
Fangio's strengths included being both a team player and a team leader of the highest order, providing inspirational qualities (he always befriended his mechanics) and making practical contributions (he often wielded wrenches himself) that invariably improved morale and brought the best out of the personnel.
Even on those occasions when his team let him down, Fangio's driving prowess enabled him to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. Indeed, his most sensational performance - and many, including Moss, regard it as the greatest drive in Formula One history - came after a botched Maserati pit stop in the 1957 German Grand Prix at the mighty Nurburgring. Having lost nearly a minute to the Ferraris of Mike Hawthorn and Peter Collins, the Old Man flung his Maserati around the mother and father of all tracks, smashing the lap record to smithereens and beating the British youngsters into second and third.
This epic drive that secured his fifth driving title was his last victory. A few months later, weary from pushing himself so hard for so long and saddened by the loss of so many of his peers (over 30 of them were killed during his career), Fangio retired, leaving behind a championship record that endured for 46 years and a legend that remains undiminished. He died in 1995, aged 84, at home in Argentina.
Text - Gerald Donaldson | <urn:uuid:396b98e0-5f48-4629-9110-4b87b09f2f51> | 2013-05-21T17:36:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Need some work done? Post a Project Today
1. The "Email Roster" Button would open a modal box. The box would look like 1.png
2. Each Title in the Box, when clicked, would open up a panel (2.png is what all panels would look like open, but only one should be allowed to be open at a time). If the panel is closed, the title would have the plus sign image to the right. If open, a minus sign.
3. Each panel would have one or more email functions
⁃ For the whole project, each email would have a single, fixed "from", and "to" fields DEPENDING on the URL of the page
⁃ For each email except the "Send Message" email, the body and the subject will be fixed. For "Send Message", the subject and body will come from the form.
⁃ For the whole project, the email would send to a fixed "BCC" list DEPENDING on the URL of the page. I would be managing the lists
⁃ For example, if the URL ends with /MPCC/, it would pull in "from", "to", "subject", and "bcc" for MPCC
⁃ QUESTION: How many BCC names can I have? One list is 250 email addresses
⁃ QUESTION: These are emails that ppl have willingly given this organization. How can we keep from being flagged as a spammer?
4. The "Send Single" button would open another panel with a field for entering one or more email addresses, which would replace the list in the BCC field. See 3.png (Post-Course Email) for what that might look like.
5. For each except "Send Message", I would hope it could record the date that the email was last sent to the whole list. There must be some visual way to let the user know if the email has ever been sent. I would need a way to reset them to "(never sent)" too. See 3.png for what I envision.
6. There must be a way to confirm if the email was or was not sent. Can you add success or failure messages to appear near the email that was sent? Use class="success" for success and class="error" for failure. | <urn:uuid:6a573e47-989a-4e40-841a-066cfdc7fcb6> | 2013-05-21T17:14:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Really? You are kicking our mother out
And yelling at me for a whisper you call a shout?
It's my life and my own damn choice
Yet you refuse me to use my voice.
You think you can take away a part of me,
Treat me like it was never there to keep me unfree.
I'm a proper girl, haha, not a chance
And now you want to put me in your trance?
Well, open your eyes, and take a look,
Cause daddy, you are a crook.
Never again will you ruin my life
I wont continue on in strife.
You took my innocence, my heart, my soul,
But to kill us is the real true goal.
Stay away from me, I'm going with her,
Ash will come to, of hat I'm sure.
This is not a war for you to win,
Our relationship is over from now till forever fin.
Submission date : 2012-02-05
Visits : 341
Votes : 1
Rating : 4.0
If you'd like to comment/rate this poem or you want to publish your own poetry on "Poems & Quotes", | <urn:uuid:2412ae7b-93e7-4b6f-80ac-090820109310> | 2013-05-21T17:16:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Experience > Damage Analysis > Antitrust and Unfair Business
We identify the existence and quantify the effects of non-competitive behavior. Our experience includes market definition, allegations of unfair competition, price fixing, predatory pricing, and market power.
- To assist counsel in class certification, estimated the economic damages under the assumption that the defendant had not engaged in the anti-competitive conduct. Used comparables and applied the Lerner Index to estimate output and market-price effects of the exclusionary conduct. Identified the relevant product market, calculated market shares, estimated marginal cost, and assessed the likely exercise of market power. The results were subjected to multiple econometric sensitivity analyses with regard to assumed or estimated parameters.
- In a class certification, estimated the economic damages resulting from alleged price discrimination. Applied the Cournot oligopoly model to estimate output and market-price effects of the price discrimination. Identified the relevant product market, calculated market shares, measured marginal cost, and assessed the likely joint exercise of market power. The results were subjected to multiple econometric sensitivity analyses with regard to assumed or estimated parameters.
- Performed a market analysis of the paint can market to determine barriers to entry and existence of sub-markets (or significant product differentiation) with respect to plastic paint cans. Analyzed and critiqued marginal cost calculations made by the opposing side with respect to its breach of contract claim.
- On behalf of a class of large pharmaceutical manufacturers accused of price discrimination and price fixing of a common contraceptive, analyzed the economics of the industry, defined the relevant market, and assessed any harm to competition and to consumers using various econometric methods.
- Estimated potential exposure to the aggregation and use of market power by sellers of automotive glass.
- Analyzed damages by constructing a logical but-for world that would have included enhanced competition from other third-party providers.
- Analyzed but-for scenarios based on economic demand models (by specifying and estimating linear and non-linear regression models), and performed price elasticity calculations to determine past and future lost profits.
- Accumulated financial information relevant to antitrust allegations for a large pharmaceutical company. This work involved creation of a single coordinated data base from a wide variety of different computer systems and software of each the entities involved in the suit.
- Defended a client accused of false advertising by the only major competitor in the marketplace. We created a database of the sales from both companies in order to compare the trends from each company both prior to and during the damage period. We compared the customer lists for both companies to determine which customers migrated between the competitors and refuted the plaintiff’s claim that all migrating customers were the result of false advertising. We calculated the damages due to plaintiff that isolated the other factors that contributed to plaintiff’s alleged drop in sales growth. | <urn:uuid:956ad15c-3e89-44b3-a288-49bc30dcc1dc> | 2013-05-21T17:16:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Fulham defender Chris Coleman, whose top-flight career was almost ended
by a horror car crash, has finally been recalled to the Wales squad.
The Fulham defender, who has missed all of the season through injury,
has played just five reserve games in his comeback but it is enough for
Wales boss Mark Hughes to recall the 31 year-old for the Millennium Stadium
friendly with Germany on May 14.
Coleman has not played for his country since the away game in Warsaw
against Poland in October 2000 when he starred in a 0-0 draw against the
country that finally won the World Cup qualifying group and will be playing
in the finals in South Korea and Japan next month.
||Fulham defender Chris Coleman,
whose top-flight career was almost ended by a horror car crash, has
been recalled to the Wales squad.
Swansea-born Coleman was then almost killed in a shocking car crash the
following January when he suffered severe injuries, the worst being a shattered
There were immediate fears that he would never play again, and it has
been a long road back for Coleman who has had eight operations on the
He missed the run-in to Fulham's First Division championship season and
was still on crutches when he received their trophy at the end of last
season, and he has missed all of their Premiership campaign.
Coleman, a hugely popular and influential figure in the Wales squad and
nicknamed 'Cookie', finally made his playing comeback in Fulham's reserves
a few weeks ago, way ahead of schedule.
Now, with Cardiff's young defender Danny Gabbidon pulling out of the
Wales squad with an injury of his own, Hughes has decided to give Coleman's
season a further lift with an international comeback.
It is unlikely that he will play in the Germany game, but it is a clear
signal from Hughes that he wants the big defender back in action and ready
for next season's European Championship qualifiers, which start in Finland
Coleman, who actually broke both legs when he crashed his Jaguar into
a tree, was overjoyed with news of his recall.
He said: "I couldn't believe it to be honest when Mark rang me up
and told me he wanted me to be in Cardiff with the rest of the squad.
"I have always said that, along with playing again in the Premiership,
my biggest dream was to get back into the Wales squad, and now it's happened.
"Mark rang me a couple of weeks ago to see how I was and say he
was considering bringing me into the squad if I felt up to it.
"That was a nice boost for me after what has happened, but I never
dreamt really that I would be back involved so soon.
"Now I've been given the opportunity and I'm absolutely delighted
to be back with the lads after all this time."
And he added: "The leg is OK, it's not 100% and it probably never will
be, but it's just a matter of getting it into a good functional state and
at the moment we are winning!
"It's a big squad that Mark has assembled so I know may not even
be in the 16 for the game, but I know now that I am on the fringe of things
and it will just be great to be involved and back with the lads and enjoying
"Frankly it's just seeing my name on a team sheet that is brilliant
at the moment, and for it to possibly be on a Welsh one is extra special
to me. It's given me a tremendous boost." | <urn:uuid:fa50a4b2-a463-4bd1-97d9-9530f4e20316> | 2013-05-21T17:36:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What You Need:
- A 3 foot long rope or piece of string
Challenge your friends to tie a knot in a piece of rope without letting go of the ends.
None of them will be able to do it, but you will!
- Lay the string down on a table.
- Cross your arms and grab an end of the string in each hand.
- When you uncross your arms, a knot will appear in the middle of the string! | <urn:uuid:af1237d1-06c2-4c6b-b80c-1dfb4ac1df92> | 2013-05-21T17:37:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Register New Player
Welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games:
Hard Drive Basics
"The hard drive is a critical component in a computer system. This is a quiz on some hard drive trivia. Good luck and enjoy!"
15 Points Per Correct Answer - No time limit
The first hard disks, created in the 1950s, could be up to 20 inches in diameter. Which company invented the hard disk?
When purchasing a hard disk which of these is generally NOT a specification that would be of concern?
Inside the hard disk drive, where is the data actually stored?
When a user formats a disk, they are generally performing a high-level format which prepares the drive to hold data. When a low-level format is performed, how does it divide the platter?
read and write
bits and bytes
sectors and tracks
kilobytes and megabytes
Which of these is disk interfaces was the precursor to SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)?
Hard drive failure rates are measured with MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures). Which of these failures would be reason to replace your current hard disk?
can't read CDs
An external hard disk is often purchased by the home computer user for backups of the main hard disk (generally installed internally to the computer case). Which of these interfaces is commonly used for this purpose?
Which of these refers to the hard drive circuit board?
During the life of a disk, is it true that defragmentation of the file system can significantly improve performance?
Which of these is NOT known as one of the world's hard disk manufacturers?
Copyright, FunTrivia.com. All Rights Reserved.
Legal / Conditions of Use
Compiled Nov 03 12 | <urn:uuid:213c5ee0-9293-4907-9172-f093e591ca3b> | 2013-05-21T17:24:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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About me? On Gaia, I'm a sea troll who lives on the Isle de Gambino. I currently work for Johnny K. Gambino as his Chief of Security. Living with me currently is a very special devil imp named Silian. My family lives in Durem as does my significant other.
IRL? I'm not very social so don't be offended if I don't want to chat. Get to know me a little and you'll find a talk much more. I don't accept random friend requests ever and will delete spam comments. | <urn:uuid:f6026ca9-b229-4566-b46d-e4beaa95a8e4> | 2013-05-21T17:09:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The biggest event of the century is about to take place in the Grand Line... The Pirate Grand Prix--a tournament to decide the ultimate fighter--will be open to both navy and pirates alike. Word of the Grand Prix spread in a flash. All of the biggest names have entered. Monkey D. Luffy, a pirate who possesses the power of the Gum Gum Fruit, heads to Last Resort, determined to win. | <urn:uuid:566a3730-f9ae-47a5-8778-0036c1f102c5> | 2013-05-21T17:39:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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PSN Update brings Big Sky Infinity to PS3 and PS Vita
If there's anything Sony is good at, it's exclusives. On PlayStation Blog, it was announced today that the twin-stick shooter Big Sky Infinity is coming to PS3 and PS Vita with today's PSN update. The great thing is, when you buy it on one of those systems for $9.99, you unlock the other version for free.
What is Big Sky Infinity? It's a randomly generated game where you fly a spaceship into an alien armada. It has multiple game modes, including a four-person multiplayer mode on PS3 and a Vita multiplayer mode where you challenge a player's high scores turn-by-turn. To learn more about Big Sky Infinity, watch the video below. | <urn:uuid:6e8f4d55-ce9d-45af-84f9-ad21f770d1ab> | 2013-05-21T17:12:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Congolese singer Koffi Olomide (C) leaves the court (AFP, Junior Khanna)
KINSHASA (AFP) — Congolese music star Koffi Olomide, who was recently charged with rape in France, was given a three-month suspended prison sentence Thursday for injuring his producer in a fight in a Kinshasa hotel.
The rumba singer, who is one of Africa's best-known music makers, was in February accused by a Paris suburban court of three counts of rape and illegal confinement after complaints from three of his former backup dancers.
He denied the charges and returned to the Democratic Republic of Congo before French authorities could say if he should be held without bail.
The latest incident took place Wednesday in a hotel room in Kinshasa when Olomide's producer, Diego Lubaki, was visiting the capital for a few days.
The court heard that Olomide went to the hotel and confronted the producer, better known as "Diego Music". Olomide wanted to discuss several thousand euros (dollars) he had paid the producer for a video that was never produced.
A fight broke out and several hotel security agents had to intervene. Olomide was subsequently arrested.
The two men first appeared in court Wednesday, with the usually flamboyantly dressed Olomide wearing sombre clothes and large crowds gathered around the courthouse in the Gombe neighbourhood.
Even though Lubaki said Thursday he wanted to drop the charges against Olomide, the judge continued the trial.
"He wanted to withdraw charges in favour of social peace and peace between him and the one he calls his big brother," said one of Lubaki's lawyers.
Still, Olomide was convicted of assault and battery but acquitted of another charge of malicious destruction, after the hotel room door was damaged in the fight.
A conviction on that charge could have earned him a much tougher sentence -- up to five years in prison.
Olomide has won many awards for his rumba dance music and campaigned for Joseph Kabila during the 2011 presidential elections. He has been implicated in several other incidents but his ties to Kabila seem to have until now protected him from prosecution.
In the French rape case, Olomide's lawyer has said the women filed the complaints in the hopes of obtaining temporary French residency permits.
New York Times
Advertise with us
Rules And Regulations | <urn:uuid:f84049ed-4f4a-4ec9-9e78-fb521fd3200c> | 2013-05-21T17:24:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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‘‘ This is very prompt service, and I appreciate the personal note and customer service. I will pass on the address of your website and spread the word. ’’ – Daniel S, Virginia
Daniel... Thanks for the kind letter! We're really fortunate that the natural result of combining caffeine, adrenaline, and a love for gear is prompt service. | <urn:uuid:f937dec3-d193-4d05-827c-cfddc661f8b6> | 2013-05-21T17:45:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Eddie Cameron '24
A native of West Virginia, Edmund M. (Eddie) Cameron entered Washington and Lee in the fall of 1920. A three-year letterman in both football and basketball, Eddie also served as captain of both teams and was selected as a fullback to the All-South Atlantic team. At Washington and Lee he was vice president of the athletic council, president of the freshman council , and president of the monogram club. He was also elected to Omicron Delta Kappa, the national leadership fraternity, in his sophomore year--an unusual honor.
Eddie had a distinguished athletic career after Washington and Lee as well. He coached Duke University's Blue Devils to several basketball championships and served as a longtime assistant to Duke's legendary football coach, Wallace Wade. Eddie helped lead the Blue Devils to several football titles and one Sugar Bowl victory during World War II. He succeeded Wade as athletic director and remained in that position until 1972. During his tenure at Duke, he served as chairman of the basketball committees of the Southern and Atlantic Coast conferences, helping to build their tournaments to national prominence. He was inducted into the National Football Foundation Hall of Fame in 1976. | <urn:uuid:b5f5d0f3-f660-4312-b5b8-b15e65ddb77e> | 2013-05-21T17:25:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A description of the North Riding of Yorkshire
from Bulmer's Gazetteer (1890)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH YORKSHIRE.
Yorkshire is the largest of our English counties, and in commercial enterprise,
mineral resources, and population, one of the most important in the kingdom.
It is situated about the centre of the island of Great Britain, with natural and
well-defined boundaries of mountains, rivers, and sea, as will be seen from the
map which accompanies this volume. Measured between its most extreme
points, Caldron Snout, on the borders of Westmoreland, and Spurn Head, at the
mouth of the Humber, its length is a little short of 130 miles; but its average
length from north to south is about 80 miles; and from east to west about 90.
The circuit of the county is about 460 miles, comprising within it an area which
exceeds the united areas of Lincolnshire and Devonshire - the two counties which
most nearly approach it in size - by upwards of 600 square miles.
The difficulty of administering the law over so wide a district necessitated,
at an early period, the division of the shire into three parts, called Trithings or
thirds, corrupted in later times into Ridings, and named, from situations,
their North, East, and West Ridings. Each Riding has a separate Lieutenancy,
Magistracy, Clerk of the Peace, Treasurer, and other public officers and courts;
but all of them are amenable to the superior courts held for the whole shire at
York Castle, within the bounds of the city of York, which is also a county of
itself. Under the Local Government Act of 1888, each riding is a separate
administrative county for all purposes of the Act. The extent, population, &c.,
of each of these divisions, as given in the Census Returns of 1881, are as
Acres. Persons. Males. Females. Inhabited Increase of population
Houses. between 1871 and 1881.
North Riding 1,361,664 346,147 174,674 171,473 68,954 52,869
East Riding 750,828 310,830 154,986 155,894 64,722 42,864
York City 1,979 54,198 25,787 28,411 11,582 10,402
West Riding 1,768,380 2,175,134 1,063,319 1,111,815 450,280 344,319
Yorkshire 3,882,851 2,886,309 1,418,716 1,467,593 595,488 449,954
The North Riding, which more immediately concerns us in the present volume,
occupies the northern portion of the county, extending from the river Tees, which
separates it from Durham, almost to the walls of York, and from the borders of
Westmoreland to the shore of the German Ocean. A glance at the map will
show that this Riding, in common with the rest of the county, embraces three
distinctly marked natural districts, each possessing its own characteristic scenery
and vegetation and distinctive geological strata. On the west is a broad band of
mountains and moorlands; on the eastern side is another belt of hills and
moorlands; and between these lies the Plain of York, extending from the river Tees to
southern confines of the county.
The Western Moorlands
The Western Moorlands form part of the Pennine Chain, otherwise known
as the Backbone of England, which extends from the Cheviots to the Peak in
Derbyshire, and forms the western boundary of Yorkshire. In this range and its
offshoots occur some of the highest summits in England, but these lie north of
Yorkshire. The chain enters the county with a diminished elevation, but even
here many of its peaks rise to a height exceeding 2,000 feet. Mickle Fell, in the
north-western corner of the riding, overtops 2,500 feet; a little further south is
Nine Standards, 2,008 feet, Great Shunnor Fell, 2,346 feet, Stags Fell, 2,213 feet,
Lunds Fell, 2,186 feet, Dodd Fell, 2,189 feet, and Buckden Pike, 2,304 feet, all
within the North Riding. From this axial line branch off numerous spurs,
separated from each other by deep winding valleys, which open out in the great
plain or vale of York. Among these hills and dales is to be found some of the
wildest and most romantic scenery in England, possessing a beauty peculiarly its
own, which differs most markedly from that of the hills on the eastern side.
This characteristic beauty arises from the different geological formation of the
two ranges. These western hills are composed chiefly of hard millstone grit and
Yoredale rocks, through which breaks, in Wensleydale and other places, the
carboniferous limestone, forming bold and picturesque scars. This latter supports
a sweet green herbage, short it may be in the higher parts of the hills, but
affording a marked contrast to the brown heath of the gritstone moors, which
constitute a large portion of this western band. The scenery in these western
moors is often wild and weird, but the deep narrow valleys of the Tees, Swale,
and Ure, with their numerous rills and waterfalls, present scenes full of
picturesque and varied beauty scarcely surpassed by any in the north of England.
Eastern side of the Riding
On the eastern side of the Riding is another belt of hills and moors,
belonging to the Oolitic and Lias formations. This is known by the general name of
North York Moors. There is no well defined axial line as on the west side, nor
do any of the summits attain so great an elevation. In the north of this Oolitic
plateau are the Cleveland Hills, which have become famous in recent years
through the discovery of immense deposits of iron ore. The most remarkable
eminence in the group is Roseberry Topping, which rises like a sugar loaf to the
height of 1,022 feet. On the west the escarpment of the plateau is formed by
the Hambleton Hills (1,289 feet), which look down from their bleak precipitous
cliffs on the fertile Vale of Mowbray. The land on the top is generally level, and
has long been a well known training ground for race-horses. The higher grounds
command extensive and varied prospects, extending westward over the Vale of
York as far as the hills of Craven and Wensleydale, and southward to York's
noble minster. A little to the south of Hambleton a range of highlands, called
the Howardian Hills, forms the fringe of this Oolitic plateau, but none of its
summits reach a thousand feet. From its foot stretches the lake-like hollow of
Pickering Vale, supposed to have been in pre-historic times either a river course
or a lake opening to the sea.
The scenery of these eastern moors is generally of a dreary unattractive
character, but in some of the river valleys, especially in Eskdale, Ryedale, and
the valley traversed by the Whitby and Pickering Railway, there are many highly
picturesque and beautiful prospects.
Between these two belts of moorland lies the great Central Plain, or Vale of
York, described by Chevalier Bunsen in somewhat extravagant language as "the
most beautiful and romantic vale in the world, the Vale of Normandy excepted."
In geological sequence this level band rests on the Triassic or New Red Sandstone
series, and to these softer strata the plain owes its fertile soil and external
configuration. Throughout its whole length from the Tees to the Don there is
scarcely an eminence that reaches 200 feet. A portion of this great level,
stretching from the base of the Hambleton Hills past the town of Thirsk and the river
Codbeck, is distinctively known as the Vale of Mowbray, from the great Norman
barons that formerly owned it.
Scan, OCR and html by Colin Hinson. Checking and correction by Peter Nelson.
This page is copyright. Do not copy any part of this page or website other than for personal
use or as given in the conditions of use.
Web-page generated by "DB2html" data-base extraction software ©CRH 2006
If you find an error (small or large) in the text or a bad link, please drop me a line via
my error reporting form.
[Last updated at 16.12 on Sunday, 29 May 2011, by Colin Hinson. ©2011] | <urn:uuid:44d64ae4-8f36-450a-aad0-1fca67ab67a4> | 2013-05-21T17:46:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Thank you Bill for your interesting comments. When I spotted the vase, before seeing the marks on the base, I thought of Strombergshyttan because I had seen glass this shape previously. My vase is clear glass as opposed to blue. I'm not an expert in any way on glass, so I appreciate any help. Thank you - Regards Anne. | <urn:uuid:8bd820b7-419a-4aca-bad1-53d10555ecb9> | 2013-05-21T17:12:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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by Fred McMillin
for August 25, 1997
Winery of the WeekMourvedre's Doomsday
The Rest of the Story: Clearly, Mourvedre was doomed in California as acreage fell to 250 in 1987. Then, a 1988 red drew this review in the highly-respected Wine Spectator. "What a discovery. A California red that's full of sophisticated, rich currant, plum and sweet cherry flavors, with the roundness and vanilla scent of oak aging. Intense, well balanced and long on the finish.!" Grape guru Robert Parker, Jr. also praised the wine: "Rich, full-bodied, deep, chewy flavors...low yields and impeccable winemaking are evident in this impressive effort which should age nicely."
What was the discovery? Cline Mourvedre. Sales took off, with orders for this and other Rhone varietals coming in from 36 states and as far away as Japan. By 1992 Rhone specialist Giles MacDonogh would write that Mourvedre "has become one of the most fashionable grapes in California." By 1995 Mourvedre grape prices had risen to 95% of Cabernet Sauvignon.
To check all of this, I slipped a wrapped bottle of the Cline 1994 into my last blind tasting. Against 19 competitors, some costing $8 to $18 more, the Cline Mourvedre got 13% more votes than the second-place wine, a Cabernet Sauvignon.
1994 Mourvedre, Contra Costa County
Postscript: Fred Cline started his winery two decades ago with a small inheritance from grandfather Valeriano Jacuzzi.
Note—For more about the Cline Winery, see the April 25, 1997 WineDay, "The Line on Cline."
Read more articles by Fred McMillin in the eGGsf
Welcome to WineDay, the electronic Gourmet Guide's daily update. Monday through Thursday, WineDay presents a wine profile. Then on Fridays we present the Winery of the Week to take you through the weekend
Global Gourmet | FoodDay
Copyright © 1997—the electronic Gourmet Guide, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:0b045ed5-35b4-4eb5-957d-003916623a7a> | 2013-05-21T17:31:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Egypt Votes on New Constitution
by Edward Yeranian December 15, 2012
Long lines of people formed outside polling stations in the Egyptian capital Cairo Saturday, as voting got under way on a referendum for a controversial new constitution. The vote is being staggered over two successive Saturdays due to a boycott by a majority of the judiciary, which must oversee the vote by law.
A crowd of women sang Egypt's national anthem as they stood in line to vote in Central Cairo Saturday. Men and women voted separately at schools across the capital and 9 other provinces to express approval or disapproval of the new constitution.
Egypt's top opposition leaders, including Mohamed ElBaradei, who heads the National Salvation Front, urged supporters to vote 'no.' Islamist groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafist 'Nour' Party called on their partisans to vote 'yes.'
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi, who refused to postpone the referendum despite pleas from opposition leaders and much of the judiciary, was shown on state TV casting his ballot near the presidential palace. Morsi was surrounded by a large number of bodyguards.
Supporters and opponents of the controversial constitution clashed just hours before polls opened in the Egyptian port city of Alexandria. Amateur video showed crowds of young men throwing rocks and firecrackers at each other near the city's Qaid Ibrahim mosque.
The governor of Alexandria, Hassan Prinz, deplored the violence and urged voters to express their opinions at the ballot box. Prinz said that every citizen has the right to vote yes or no and we must let the ballot box determine the future of the country, since this is democracy and we must accept it.
Former Arab League head and unsuccessful presidential candidate Amr Moussa was a bit more critical of the democratic process and its potential results. Moussa said that the opposition did not contest the election of President Mohamed Morsi, but that a constitution is different, because it should be accepted by a large majority of the people to be legitimate.
Many Arab analysts point to the fact that Egyptian public opinion is extremely polarized over the controversial constitution, which was approved by a rump committee made up of mostly Islamist members, in a marathon overnight session, 15 days ago.
The pros and cons appeared almost evenly divided, as voters expressed their opinions at a polling station on Manial Island in central Cairo. Ahmed, a civil engineer, said that he opposes the document because of the mostly Islamist composition of the committee. 'The main problem, they always join Islamic rules with the politics,' Ahmed noted. 'And we want to separate between these rules, because we have Christian, Muslim maybe some Jewish.'
Omar, a virologist, supports the document, because he thinks that it will give Egypt some much needed stability. Omar said that he is in favor of holding the referendum, although he has some reservations about the constitution per se. Omar said that he thinks the vote creates movement in the political process at a time when it is not a good idea to make the transition period longer.
Voting officials extended the election by two hours Saturday because of heavy voter turnout.
The voting has been split into two rounds over two Saturdays, each round covering different regions of the country.
Voters in 14 Egyptian provinces are due to vote next Saturday. It was not immediately clear when final results would be announced.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | <urn:uuid:e4e099cd-92cd-44b7-b019-b7f24692ca40> | 2013-05-21T17:24:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On the 28th of June, 1993 Katyusha rockets launched by Hizballah caused injuries and damage in Kiryat Shmonah. On 8-9 July, attacks by Ahmad Jibril's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Council Command (PFLP-GC) and Hizballah caused the deaths of 5 IDF soldiers in the security zone. These events led the Israeli government and IDF to seek a retaliatory operation.
After assessing that a major ground incursion would lead to significant Israeli casualties, an artillery and aerial bombardment plan was adopted with the aim of eradicating the threat posed by Hizballah and Palestinian guerillas. Its secondary goal was to disrupt civilian life and force the population to flee north with the intention of turning civilians against the Hizballah, forcing the Lebanese and Syrian governments into taking steps to curb Hizballah activities.
Between the 25th-31st of July Israel implemented "Operation Accountability", targeting Shi'ite towns and villages of south Lebanon in the heaviest attack since 1982. A cease-fire understanding was eventually brokered by the US, ending the week-long Israeli campaign in Lebanon. An oral agreement was reached whereby Israel agreed to refrain from attacking civilian targets in Lebanon while the Hizballah pledged to stop firing rockets into northern Israel. The agreement only temporarily reduced the intensity of violence. A mutual offensive continued in the subsequent months and years until the IDF was forced to launch another major offensive in April 1996.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | <urn:uuid:91d1f800-c577-4be4-a69a-ba11f3309750> | 2013-05-21T17:31:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Data storage and management software is used to help manage the tasks associated with maintaining and accessing data stored in data files.
Backup and Recovery Software (35 suppliers)
Backup software and recovery software creates copies of files, databases, disks, drives, or entire computer systems to avoid the permanent loss of data. These applications also enable the retrieval of data from damaged files, storage devices, or file systems.
Learn more about Backup and Recovery Software
Data Storage Management Software (493 suppliers)
Data storage management software is designed for database management, data backup and recovery, and other data management functions.
Learn more about Data Storage Management Software
Data Warehousing Software (39 suppliers)
Data warehousing software is used to design, build, manage, implement, and improve data warehouses, repositories of electronically-stored data.
Learn more about Data Warehousing Software
Storage Resource and Replication Software (16 suppliers)
Storage resource and storage replication software is used to monitor the efficiency and speed at which available drive space is utilized in a storage area network (SAN).
Learn more about Storage Resource and Replication Software | <urn:uuid:226680d6-cb1e-4417-949a-c14a3351bdf1> | 2013-05-21T17:43:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ans to Q1.
Table T1 should have all the columns that were mentioned in the embedded query, because that will always fail if you are trying to retrieve a column by name which doesn't exist. As per your question SELECT * will do, but then again the same needs an application software patch, which according to you should be avoided first hand.
Ans to Q2.
Outer join selects all records as per the criteria from table A and looks for a parellal record in table B. If table B doesn't hold that record (as per the joining condition), blanks are returned from table B.
In simple terms all records from table A will be fetched in the query though the same might not be present in table B | <urn:uuid:55f3d87b-dc63-4cc9-a258-47a2ba6215c9> | 2013-05-21T17:17:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Uruguay striker had long been linked with the likes of Juventus, Manchester City and Chelsea, but has instead committed himself to the Partenopei until 2017Napoli striker Edinson Cavani has ended speculation surrounding his future after signing a new contract with the Serie A club.
The Uruguay international has long been the subject of transfer speculation, with Italian champion Juventus linked with a move for the player along with Premier League giants Manchester City and Chelsea.
However, he has now committed his future to the Partenopei after putting pen-to-paper on an improved deal which will keep him at the San Paolo until 2017.
Speaking to reporters shortly after confirmation of his new contract, Cavani revealed his decision to extend his stay with Napoli was based on both his love for the city, and belief that the side can challenge on all fronts.
"Staying in Naples is not a choice of money, although it is definitely important because [playing football] is a job, but this is also a choice of the heart," he told reporters.
"This is one of the most beautiful cities in the world, the warmth of the club's support is unique and makes you feel special.
"We took all of these factors, along with my family and my agents, into account, and collectively we decided to stay in this beautiful city."
Cavani scored in Napoli's 3-0 opening-day Serie A victory over Palermo last weekend, and will now be looking to further his account for the new season against Fiorentina on Sunday.
"I always go on the pitch to win, to get the most out of every match. Since my arrival in Naples, I always tried to win a trophy," he said. | <urn:uuid:8706c87a-fda8-40bb-aa83-e2df501bc1f8> | 2013-05-21T17:40:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Talk about a short-lived victory. Personally, I find Cynthia's artistry vastly overrated, but I'd agree that she has the better package overall among the ladies and she's probably Canada's best shot at a top 10 finish. SC probably thinks so too and is hoping that Cynthia can get her consistency back by the time 4CC arrives and beat Amelie there, so that they are justified in sending Cynthia to worlds. But this kind of stinks for Amelie and I question what kind of message this sends to other athletes. Amelie has had a much better season and has just won the title. That's 3 events versus one (4cc). Sending the national champion is not an iron-clad rule, but this is really too bad for Amelie. | <urn:uuid:2d33ed77-c017-4476-bcb7-fbdc626e0e1b> | 2013-05-21T17:19:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"I should be able to play, no problem, but I won't be able to be pain-free," Mickelson said Tuesday, when he got onto Oakmont for the first time since last month but could play only nine holes.
Mickelson also did some chipping and putting for about a half hour, and expects to do the same thing Wednesday, when he again expects to play only nine holes.
Mickelson hurt the wrist while chipping out of Oakmont's rough during a practice round Memorial Day weekend. The injury, diagnosed by two doctors as inflammation, forced him to pull out of the Memorial a week later after only 11 holes. He also didn't compete last weekend at Memphis. | <urn:uuid:1585ea4e-18a8-4603-ac7c-35d1ba9c7437> | 2013-05-21T17:46:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sony developing devices to compete with Apple
- — 05 March, 2010 05:41
With its large screen, army of apps and built-in accelerometer, the Apple iPad is being touted for its gaming capabilities.
Sony is countering Apple by developing its own handheld products that include a tablet-like device and a smartphone that can download and play PlayStation games, The Wall Street Journal said in a news report on Thursday.
The tablet-like device being developed will include netbook, e-book reader and gaming functions, the Journal said, citing people familiar with the matter. The device could compete with Apple's iPad, which offers Web browsing, multimedia, e-reading and gaming functions.
Sony is working with Ericsson on the handset, the report said. Both the companies have a long history of developing handsets together, and recently launched the Xperia X10 smartphone, which is built with the Android OS.
Sony is also developing an online media platform called Sony Online Service that will include movies, music, games and television shows, the report said. The online service, expected to launch later this month, will offer content already available in Apple's iTunes store. Sony, however, will offer downloadable PlayStation games that could differentiate it from iTunes.
Sony already offers Reader e-book readers and the PlayStation Portable gaming device.
Sony representatives did not immediately respond to requests for comment on this report. | <urn:uuid:2790e772-632f-43e0-aae9-4120f101a709> | 2013-05-21T17:48:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Picture it: Minnesota in the early 1970s and the characters in Mr. Arneson's game are talking to each other.
Fighting Man - "Well, I can fight but I can't use magic. I could be a samurai, barbarian, weapon master, knight or any other type of warrior."
Magic User - " I can't fight worth a darn but I can use magic better than anybody. I could be a necromancer, magician, conjuror, witch, elementalist or any other type of magic wielder."
Cleric - "I can fight a little bit and use some magic. I could be a priest or... a priest... um, or, um... maybe a priest. Y'know 'cause clerics are priests."
Fighting Man - "I don't think I get it."
Magic-User - "Yeah that's lame."
Cleric (crying) - "I'll tell my god on you!"
<several years of adventuring pass>
Party - "Hi, there. Who are you?"
Thief (looking around thiefily) - "I'm a thief!"
Party (guarding their money more closely) - "Um, okay. You just tell that to people, huh? What do you want?"
Thief - "I want to join the adventuring party, duh!"
Party - "Are you good at fighting?"
Thief - "Nope."
Party - "So you can cast spells then?"
Thief - "Uh-uh."
Party - "So what good are you? Aren't you just NPC material?"
Thief - "I can climb, check for traps, disarm traps, pick pockets, listen for noise and stab people in the back. Isn't that awesome!"
Party (fingering their weapons now) - "We've been doing that stuff for years."
Thief - "Ha! Not anymore though because we've got skills now, man! Soon, you guys won't be able to take a dump without rolling a d20 let alone search for traps or open locks. The future is specialization - niche markets, my friends! We'll have bards, illusionists, assassins, paladins, druids, rangers, and... well, you name it."
So I am looking at dialing it back to just three classes: Warrior, Wizard and Rogue. The Rogue could do some magic and some fighting but would rely mostly on luck.
I'm thinking hit dice, crits and attack progression as a cleric but only 1 spell known. Weapon selection and luck ability as per the thief.
Should I maybe ratchet down the hit die to d6 or substitute the halfling luck abilities (including luck charm)?
Oh, the player could decide whether the character would use divine magic and rules or the arcane magic and rules. | <urn:uuid:bfd08325-34bf-4399-9bd7-814388065ddc> | 2013-05-21T17:24:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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