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Sally loved good food and socializing, enjoyed going to movies and plays with friends, and had a wonderful smile that could light up a room.
She is survived by her niece, Tabitha Winslow and several grandnieces, all of whom live in southern California, and brought great joy to her later years.
Memorial gifts may be made to the Dakin Pioneer Valley Humane Society, PO Box 319, South Deerfield, MA 01373.
The Douglass Funeral Service, Amherst, has been entrusted with arrangements.
Want to make whole wheat bread yourself? Just follow my step by step instructions to get a fresh loaf of homemade whole wheat bread from your own oven!
4 Tbs. Butter, room temp.
In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with a dough hook, dissolve the yeast and sugar in the warm water. Also to stand for 5 minutes.
Add the honey, salt, butter, and 1 1/2 cups of wheat flour. Mix at a low speed.
Add 1 1/2 cups of all purpose flour while the mixer is running. Mix until well combined.
You may or may not need to add more flour at this point. You want the dough to come together in a sticky ball that mostly cleans the sides of the bowl, but still sticks to the bottom. Add more flour a little at a time if you need to. Lean more towards a stickier dough than a stiff dough.
Knead in your mixer for 3 minutes. Then cover and let rise until doubled. This should take about an hour.
Dump risen dough out onto a lightly floured surface.
Shape it into a loaf sealing the seams well.
Place the loaf in a bread pan that has been sprayed with non-stick cooking spray.
Cover and let rise until doubled (about a half hour to 45 minutes).
Preheat your oven to 350 degrees Bake risen bread for 45-50 minutes. About half way through baking you will need to tent the wheat bread with foil to avoid over browning.
Run a cube of butter over the top of the hot bread.
Cool 20 minutes before turning out onto a wire rack.
Decreasing biodiversity in an ecosystem can increase the spread of disease, research suggests. Researchers studying amphibian communities in natural wetland ecosystems as well as controlled experiments have shown that as diversity increased, infection rates dropped.
The rate of extinction of species is increasing as ecosystems across the world come under pressure from habitat loss, pollution and climate change. Recently, changes in biodiversity have been linked to changes in disease risk for humans and wildlife.
In the last ten years, a number of studies have reported a correlation between the species diversity within a community and the ability of diseases to spread among that community. This is because some pathogens, i.e. infectious viruses or bacteria, can infect many different species, which differ in their ability to pass on the disease. The authors of this study set out to test the underlying connection between biodiversity and disease prevalence.
Over three years, they observed the spread of Ribeiroia ondatrae, a pathogen that causes severe deformities and death in amphibians, within 345 wetland ecosystems across a 758,100-hectare region of California, USA.
A total of 24,215 amphibians were assessed for deformities. In wetlands with low species diversity, the proportion of amphibians carrying and passing on the pathogen was much higher than in those wetlands with a more diverse composition of species. The greater the diversity of species in the wetland ecosystems studied, the higher the number of species more resistant to the pathogen.
Transmission of the pathogen was 78.4% lower in the in the most species-diverse wetland communities, compared with the least species-diverse. Under laboratory conditions, the researchers observed a 64% decrease in pathogen transmission and infection when the number of species in a controlled community was increased from one to three. In a further experiment using an outdoor, artificially assembled community, total infection rates decreased by 50% when the number of species present was increased from one to four.
The study provides evidence of a link between biodiversity and the spread of disease. This is perhaps unsurprising, given that there is plenty of evidence to show that populations with little biodiversity, such as monocultures, facilitate the spread of disease. However, the authors also caution that many other environmental factors, including resource availability, climate and habitat variables will interact to affect the rate of spread of disease within a community.
The authors conclude higher levels of biodiversity could help to increase the resilience of wildlife, domestic plants and animals and humans to disease. Conservation efforts should aim to protect and enhance genetic and species diversity as a novel and cost-effective tool in the management of the spread of disease.
CTI allows a computer to interact with the telephone, e.g. in setting up and terminating calls with numbers taken from a directory via a PC application.
The computer (e.g. a PC located at the same desk as the telephone) directly interacts with the telephone (First Party CTI).
The computer (could also be a co-located PC) interacts with the telephone system (e.g. SIP application server), and the latter controls the telephone: Third Party CTI.
Many OpenStage and optiPoint telephones are able to use CTI, like OpenStage 80 (Third Party) or OpenStage 40 T (First Party).
Mit CTI kann ein PC mit dem Telefon kommunizieren, z. B. zum Aufbau oder Beenden von Telefonverbindungen. Gewählt können die Rufnummern aus einem Adressbuch auf dem PC, z. B. Microsoft Outlook, werden.
Ein PC (z. B. ein Arbeitsplatzrechner neben dem Telefon) kommuniziert direkt mit dem Telefon (First Party CTI).
Ein Rechner kommuniziert mit einem Telefonsystem (z. B. SIP application server) und dieser steuert das Telefon (Third Party CTI).
Viele OpenStage- und optiPoint-Telefone sind fähig, CTI zu nutzen, z. B. OpenStage 80 (Third Party) oder OpenStage 40 T (First Party).
This page was last edited on 21 November 2013, at 12:21.
Posted by: ashleyn002@gmail.com, on 1/26/2017, in category "General news & articles"
Pipes carry many types of fluids including liquids and gases from one location to another. Piping systems are often designed for extreme high or low temperatures. However, both hot and cold applications will expand and contract with an increase or decrease in temperature. Installing expansion joints in a piping system prevents thermal expansion from creating high stresses that could cause cracking welds, bending pipes and failing anchors. Composition and Function: Expansion joints are constructed with metal bellows or Teflon, end fittings and accessories such as flow liners, tie rods, and protective shrouds. Most expansion joints are made up of several coils designed to withstand the internal pressure of the system. The common bellows assembly is positioned to flex under the thermal movement of the connected piping. Expansion joints are able to absorb any longitudinal loads as a result of extreme flexibility. To maintain the overall stability of the whole piping system while transferring longitudinal loads, it is necessary to install piping anchors and guides. Thermal Expansion and Placement: Pipes are not an exception when it comes to expansion and contraction with hot and cold temperatures. Piping engineers are able to determine the rate of expansion resulting from the materials and temperatures used for the specific application. After the amount of expansion is known, locations of expansion joints, anchors and guides can be determined and installed. If you are considering expansion joints for a piping system and need assistance with selection or ordering, contact our team at MKS. We can help you with your next project and have most items delivered in 24 hours or less.
IT HAS BEEN USE VERY LITTLE IN IQC DEPT. SHOWS NO WEAR LIKE NEW. Starrett 656-109J Dial Indicator, 0.015, 0-3-0. THIS IS NO RESERVE LISTING. 00005 USA Dial Indicator" is in sale since Friday, May 12, 2017. This item is in the category "Business & Industrial\Manufacturing & Metalworking\Metalworking Tooling\Inspection & Measurement\Indicators". The seller is "renalips" and is located in Harwood Heights, Illinois.
chemical compound, H2SO4, colorless, odorless, extremely corrosive, oily liquid. It is sometimes called oil of vitriol.
, electrical conductor in which current is carried by ions rather than by free electrons (as in a metal). Electrolytes include water solutions of acids, bases, or salts; certain pure liquids; and molten salts.
..... Click the link for more information. because relatively little of it is dissociated into ions at room temperature. When cold it does not react readily with such common metals as iron or copper. When hot it is an oxidizing agent, the sulfur in it being reduced; sulfur dioxide gas may be released. Hot concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with most metals and with several nonmetals, e.g., sulfur and carbon. Because the concentrated acid has a fairly high boiling point, it can be used to release more volatile acids from their salts, e.g., when sodium chloride (NaCl), or common salt, is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, is evolved.
Concentrated sulfuric acid has a very strong affinity for water. It is sometimes used as a drying agent and can be used to dehydrate (chemically remove water from) many compounds, e.g., carbohydrates. It reacts with the sugar sucrose, C12H22O11, removing eleven molecules of water, H2O, from each molecule of sucrose and leaving a brittle spongy black mass of carbon and diluted sulfuric acid. The acid reacts similarly with skin, cellulose, and other plant and animal matter.
When the concentrated acid mixes with water, large amounts of heat are released; enough heat can be released at once to boil the water and spatter the acid. To dilute the acid, the acid should be added slowly to cold water with constant stirring to limit the buildup of heat. Sulfuric acid reacts with water to form hydrates with distinct properties.
A neutral atom or group of atoms becomes an ion by gaining or losing one or more electrons or protons.
chemical compound containing the sulfate (SO4) radical. Sulfates are salts or esters of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal (e.g., sodium) or a radical (e.g., ammonium or ethyl).
..... Click the link for more information. of the metal. It reacts with most hydroxides and oxides, with some carbonates and sulfides, and with some salts. Since it is dibasic (i.e., it has two replaceable hydrogen atoms in each molecule), it forms both normal sulfates (with both hydrogens replaced, e.g., sodium sulfate, Na2SO4) and acid sulfates, also called bisulfates or hydrogen sulfates (with only one hydrogen replaced, e.g., sodium bisulfate, NaHSO4).
chemical compound, SO2, a colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. It is readily soluble in cold water, sparingly soluble in hot water, and soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid.
..... Click the link for more information. is oxidized and dissolved in water. The sulfur dioxide is obtained by burning sulfur, by burning pyrites (iron sulfides), by roasting nonferrous sulfide ores preparatory to smelting, or by burning hydrogen sulfide gas. Some sulfuric acid is also made from ferrous sulfate waste solutions from pickling iron and steel and from waste acid sludge from oil refineries.
In the lead chamber process hot sulfur dioxide gas enters the bottom of a reactor called a Glover tower where it is washed with nitrous vitriol (sulfuric acid with nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, dissolved in it) and mixed with nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide gases; some of the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide and dissolved in the acid wash to form tower acid or Glover acid (about 78% H2SO4). From the Glover tower a mixture of gases (including sulfur dioxide and trioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen, oxygen, and steam) is transferred to a lead-lined chamber where it is reacted with more water. The chamber may be a large, boxlike room or an enclosure in the form of a truncated cone. Sulfuric acid is formed by a complex series of reactions; it condenses on the walls and collects on the floor of the chamber. There may be from three to twelve chambers in a series; the gases pass through each in succession. The acid produced in the chambers, often called chamber acid or fertilizer acid, contains 62% to 68% H2SO4. After the gases have passed through the chambers they are passed into a reactor called the Gay-Lussac tower where they are washed with cooled concentrated acid (from the Glover tower); the nitrogen oxides and unreacted sulfur dioxide dissolve in the acid to form the nitrous vitriol used in the Glover tower. Remaining waste gases are usually discharged into the atmosphere.
In the contact process, purified sulfur dioxide and air are mixed, heated to about 450°C;, and passed over a catalyst; the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide. The catalyst is usually platinum on a silica or asbestos carrier or vanadium pentoxide on a silica carrier. The sulfur trioxide is cooled and passed through two towers. In the first tower it is washed with oleum (fuming sulfuric acid, 100% sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide dissolved in it). In the second tower it is washed with 97% sulfuric acid; 98% sulfuric acid is usually produced in this tower. Waste gases are usually discharged into the atmosphere. Acid of any desired concentration may be produced by mixing or diluting the products of this process.
Sulfuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals. More of it is made each year than is made of any other manufactured chemical; more than 40 million tons of it were produced in the United States in 1990. It has widely varied uses and plays some part in the production of nearly all manufactured goods. The major use of sulfuric acid is in the production of fertilizers, e.g., superphosphate of lime and ammonium sulfate. It is widely used in the manufacture of chemicals, e.g., in making hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfate salts, synthetic detergents, dyes and pigments, explosives, and drugs. It is used in petroleum refining to wash impurities out of gasoline and other refinery products. Sulfuric acid is used in processing metals, e.g., in pickling (cleaning) iron and steel before plating them with tin or zinc. Rayon is made with sulfuric acid. It serves as the electrolyte in the lead-acid storage battery commonly used in motor vehicles (acid for this use, containing about 33% H2SO4 and with specific gravity about 1.25, is often called battery acid).
Although sulfuric acid is now one of the most widely used chemicals, it was probably little known before the 16th cent. It was prepared by Johann Van Helmont (c.1600) by destructive distillation of green vitriol (ferrous sulfate) and by burning sulfur. The first major industrial demand for sulfuric acid was the Leblanc process for making sodium carbonate (developed c.1790). Sulfuric acid was produced at Nordhausen from green vitriol but was expensive. A process for its synthesis by burning sulfur with saltpeter (potassium nitrate) was first used by Johann Glauber in the 17th cent. and developed commercially by Joshua Ward in England c.1740. It was soon superseded by the lead chamber process, invented by John Roebuck in 1746 and since improved by many others. The contact process was originally developed c.1830 by Peregrine Phillips in England; it was little used until a need for concentrated acid arose, particularly for the manufacture of synthetic organic dyes.
H2 SO4, a strong dibasic acid corresponding to the highest oxidation state of sulfur (+ 6). Under usual conditions, sulfuric acid is a heavy, oily, colorless, and odorless liquid. In industry, mixtures of sulfuric acid both with water and sulfur trioxide are also called sulfuric acid. If the SO3: H2 O molecular ratio is less than 1, the mixture is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid; if it is more than 1, the mixture is a solution of SO3 in sulfuric acid.
The compounds H2 SO4·SO3 (H2 S2 O7, disulfuric, or pyrosulfuric acid, mp 35.15°C) and H2 SO4·2SO3 (H2 S3 O10, trisulfuric acid, mp 1.20°C) are also formed. Only water vapor is given off into the vapor phase upon heating and boiling aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid containing up to 70 percent H2 S04. Vapors of sulfuric acid are formed above more concentrated solutions. A solution of 98.3 percent H2 SO4 (azeotropic mixture) upon boiling (336.5°C) is completely distilled. Sulfuric acid containing more than 98.3 percent H2 SO4 releases vapors of SO3 upon heating.
Sulfuric acid removes water that is chemically bound to organic compounds containing OH, or hydroxyl, groups. The dehydration of ethyl alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid results in the formation of ethylene or diethyl ether. The charring of sugar, cellulose, starch, and other carbohydrates upon contact with sulfuric acid also derives from the dehydration of these substances. As a dibasic acid, sulfuric acid forms two types of salts: sulfates and bisulfates.
Production. The first descriptions of oil of vitriol, that is, concentrated sulfuric acid, were given by the Italian scientist V. Biringuccio in 1540 and the German alchemist whose works were published under the name of Basilius Valentinus in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. By 1690, the French chemists N. Lemery and N. Lefebvre had laid the basis for the first industrial method of obtaining sulfuric acid, a method applied in England in 1740. According to this method, a mixture of sulfur and saltpeter was burned in a ladle suspended in a glass jar containing a certain amount of water. The SO3 generated reacted with the water to form sulfuric acid. In 1746, J. Roebuck in Birmingham replaced the glass jars with chambers made of sheet lead, thus laying the basis for the chamber process for the production of sulfuric acid. Continuous improvement in the process for the production of sulfuric acid in Great Britain and France resulted in 1908 in the first tower system. In the USSR, the first tower installation went into operation in 1926 at the Po-levskoi Metallurgical Plant in the Urals.
The raw material for the production of sulfuric acid can be sulfur, pyrite (FeS2), or exhaust gases containing SO2 from furnaces for the oxidative roasting of the sulfide ores of Cu, Pb, Zn, and other metals. In the USSR, most sulfuric acid is obtained from pyrite. Here, the FeS2 is burned in furnaces in the state of a fluidized bed, a state achieved by blowing a rapid stream of air through a layer of finely ground pyrite. The gaseous mixture obtained contains SO2, O2, N2, impurities of SO3, and vapors of H2 O, As2 O3, and SiO2 and holds considerable cinder dust, which is removed from the gas in electrostatic precipitators.
The NO produced is converted into N2 O3, or, more precisely, a mixture of NO and NO2, in the oxidizing tower. The gases are then introduced into absorption towers, where they encounter sulfuric acid supplied from the top. It is here that nitrous vitriol is obtained; the mixture is then transferred to the production towers. Thus, there is continuous production and a circulation of nitrogen oxides. The inevitable losses of nitrogen oxides with the exhaust gases are balanced by the addition of HNO3.
The sulfuric acid produced by the nitrous method is of insufficient concentration and contains harmful impurities, for example. As. Production is accompanied by the release of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere (“foxtails,” named for the color of NO2).
Depending on the amount of water introduced into the process, either oleum or a solution of sulfuric acid in water is obtained.
In 1973 the production of sulfuric acid (in the monohydrate) was (in millions of tons): 14.9 in the USSR, 28.7 in the United States, 7.1 in Japan, 5.5 in the Federal Republic of Germany, 4.4 in France, 3.9 in Great Britain, 3.0 in Italy, 2.9 in Poland, 1.2 in Czechoslovakia, 1.1 in the German Democratic Republic, and 0.9 in Yugoslavia.
USE. Sulfuric acid is one of the most important products of the heavy chemical industry. The available grades include chamber acid (not less than 75 percent H2 SO4), oil of vitriol (not less than 92.5 percent), and oleum, or fuming sulfuric acid (a solution of 18.5–20 percent SO3 in H2 SO4), as well as especially pure battery acid (92–94 percent; when diluted by water to 26–31 percent, it serves as the electrolyte in lead batteries). In addition, reagent-grade sulfuric acid (92–94 percent) is produced by the contact process in quartz or platinum apparatus. The strength of sulfuric acid is determined by the density, which is measured with a hydrometer. Most of the chamber acid is used in the production of mineral fertilizers. Sulfuric acid is used in the production of, for example, phosphoric, hydrochloric, boric, and hydrofluoric acids because of its ability to displace these acids from their salts. Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in separating organosulfur compounds and unsaturated organic compounds from petroleum products. Dilute sulfuric acid is used for the removal of scale from wire and sheets before plating with tin or zinc and for the pickling of metal surfaces before plating with chromium, nickel, or copper. It is used in metallurgy for the decomposition of complex ores, in particular, those of uranium. In organic synthesis, concentrated sulfuric acid is a necessary component of nitrating mixtures and a sulfonating agent in the production of many dyes and pharmaceuticals. Owing to its high hygroscopicity, sulfuric acid is used in drying gases and in concentrating nitric acid.
Safety measures. Poisonous gases—SO2 and NO2—as well as vapors of SO3 and H2 SO4, present a danger in the production of sulfuric acid. Proper ventilation and hermetically sealed production apparatus are therefore mandatory. Since sulfuric acid causes serious burns of the skin, handling requires extreme care and protective devices (goggles, rubber gloves, aprons, boots). When diluting sulfuric acid, the acid must be poured into water in a thin stream while stirring. Pouring the water into the acid leads to spattering because of the evolution of a great amount of heat.
Spravochnik sernokislotchika, 2nd ed. Edited by K. M. Malin. Moscow, 1971.
Malin, K. M., N. L. Arkin, G. K. Boreskov, and M. G. Slin’ko. Tekhnologiia sernoi kisloty. Moscow, 1950.
Boreskov, G. K. Kataliz v proizvodstve sernoi kisloty. Moscow-Leningrad, 1954.
Amelin, A. G., and E. V. Iashke. Proizvodstvo sernoi kisloty. Moscow, 1974.
Luk’ianov, P. M. Kratkaia istoriia khimicheskoi promyshlennosti SSSR. Moscow, 1959.
H2SO4 A toxic, corrosive, strongly acid, colorless liquid that is miscible with water and dissolves most metals, and melts at 10°C; used in industry in the manufacture of chemicals, fertilizers, and explosives, and in petroleum refining. Also known as dipping acid; oil of vitriol, vitriolic acid.
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This class includes 10 hours of instruction: three weeknight classroom sessions, followed by an an afternoon outdoor workshop.
Fee: $95 for NBNC members, $115 non-members.
The course is taught by NBNC Staff Naturalist and expert wildlife photographer Sean Beckett. See Sean’s galleries here.
A digital camera with adjustable settings is required.
PLAC ZONE ENTRIES: Click here for the final entries for Parramatta.
PROGRAM: Click here for the event times for the North Metropolitan Zone Carnival. The full program for the carnival can be found here.
Please check that you are aware of the timing of your child’s events. There are heats and finals programmed for all track events (except 400m), however if an event only has enough athletes for a single race then a straight final will be run at the time of the scheduled heat. Whilst there are 800m heats and Finals in the program, traditionally the 800m are straight finals (this will be decided on the day).
Please note that the times given are ‘not before times’ they are not competing times.
The first Marshalling call for field events will be at 8.10am on both days and athletes will proceed directly to their first field event to Marshall at the competition area.
The first Marshalling call on the Track event on both days will be 8.15am for both the circular and straight tracks.
Please check the times of your child’s events carefully on the zone program. Field events are listed with a “Not Before Time”. This means that the event will not commence before that time, however it is likely to be marshalled in order to start at the “Not Before Time”. Track times are given down the side of the Track events – and the track usually runs to schedule. The only time in recent years that we have been late at a zone carnival was a thunder storm delay.
Ensure you arrive 1 hour before your event, this will enable you to find parking, check in, set up your chairs etc and not be stressed. Your athlete will also have plenty of time to warm up prior to being marshalled.
Footwear is compulsory for all athletes in all events. For safety reasons Spike shoes are only to be worn during events and must be removed before proceeding to another event.
Spike shoes may not be worn for athletes in the Under 7, Under 8 and Under 9 age groups.
Spike shoes may only be worn in track event run entirely in lanes for Under 10, Under 11 and Under 12 age groups.
For age groups between Under 13 and Under 17, spike shoes can be worn in all track events (except walks).
Spike shoes may also be worn in Long Jump, Triple Jump, High Jump and Javelin where applicable in Under 10 to Under 17 age groups.
A Maximum 12mm Grass spike may be used at Barton Park.
Please check in at your club’s tent, so we know your child has arrived and that you have confirmed for your rostered duty.
There will be marshalling calls throughout the day on the loud speaker system. It is the parent’s responsibility to warm up their children and to ensure athletes go to marshalling on time. If an athlete does not turn up for their event at marshalling, it runs without them and they miss out.
We would like to remind all parents / caregivers that we do require all children to be accompanied by an adult at the carnival. On arrival at the zone Carnival we would like to ask that one parent / caregiver sign in with their club and check that we have the correct contact details for the attending adult on the day in case of emergencies or any other need to contact you.
As the North Metropolitan Carnival is run entirely using volunteers, each club has been allocated a number of jobs.
Please sign up for your duties with your club to ensure the smooth running of the zone carnival.
Results from all the track events are posted on the amenities block, by the canteen. Please check these lists to see if you are in a final.
Under 7 Athletes who place in the top three in any Final, will receive a medal in a special medal presentation. You are welcome to take photos of the athletes on the dias.
All athletes will receive a certificate detailing all their zone results early in the new year. Athletes from Under 8 to Under 17 who place in the top 6 in their Finals will qualify for Region Championships. Additionally following the completion of the North East Zone carnival, athletes who are the next best 4 athletes from either zone will achieve qualification to the region carnival. Athletes must be in the final to be a subsequent qualifier. All field events are straight finals. Pack starts, 800, 1500 and 3000 are also straight finals. Therefore if you finished 7th or 8th it is likely you will be an additional qualifier to Region and will be notified in early February by your Team Manager.
The first 3 relay teams will achieve qualification to region.
1. Full Centre uniform – shirt with age patch, Coles patch, individual number visible on the front. See your team manager if you do not have all these patches.
2. Hat, sunscreen and plenty of drinks. It is a very hot weekend traditionally. If your child has a field event, pack a backpack that can be taken on the field with these items in it.

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