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"Onion-skin" fibrosis of bile duct is seen in
|
Pathology of Primary sclerosing cholangitis Cholangiocytea, epithelial cells that lines the bile duct are target cell of injury in PSC Histologic finding "Onion skin appearance" is pathognomic of PSC, but seen in <10% cases Involvement of large intrahepatic and extrahepatic duct distinguishes PSC from PBC Absence of the smallest intrahepatic ducts leading to a reduction in the branching of biliary tree (giving rise to pruned-tree appearance on direct cholangiography) Histologic changes in the same liver can be markedly varied from segment to segment at any given time Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1508-1509
| 2
|
Primary biliary cirrhosis
|
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
|
Extrahepatic biliary fibrosis
|
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
47978c7d-8176-4c2c-bda2-ae6bbf235841
|
single
|
Cullen's sign -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bluish discolouration in the umbilicus Cullen's sign - Bluish discoloration at the umbilicus Grey Turner's sign - Bluish discoloration at the flanks Ct. Mnemonic: GF (Girl Friend) Cullens --> Umbilicus Grey Turner's --> Flanks
| 2
|
Bluish disclolouration of the flanks
|
Bluish disclolouration of the flanks
|
Migratory thrombophelebitis
|
Subcutaneous fat necrosis
|
Surgery
| null |
13a7ceee-27d9-46d6-bc59-25bd6089b19f
|
single
|
A 25-year-old woman sustains a deep, open laceration over her right forearm in a motorcycle accident. The wound is cleaned and sutured. Which of the following cell types mediates contraction of the wound to facilitate healing?
|
The myofibroblast is the cell responsible for wound contraction as well as the deforming pathologic process termed wound contracture. Myofibroblasts exe their contractile effects by forming syncytia,in this they are bound together by tight junctions. -Fibroblasts (choice B) tend to be solitary cells, surrounded by collagen fibers. -Endothelial cells (choice A) respond to growth factors and form capillaries, which are necessary for the delivery of nutrients and inflammatory cells. -Neither macrophages (choice C) mediate wound contraction.
| 4
|
Endothelial cells
|
Fibroblasts
|
Macrophages
|
Myofibroblasts
|
Pathology
|
Wound Healing
|
87990c46-df6a-4998-bed1-28a13cf45dee
|
single
|
A 27 year old sexually active male develops a vesicobullous lesion on the glans soon after taking tab paracetamol for fever. The lesion healed with hyper pigmentation. The most likely diagnosis is:
|
C ie Fixed drug eruption Fixed Drug Eruption - Adverse cutaneous drug reaction appearing soon after ingestions (from 30 min to 8-16 hours) of offending agent in previously sensitized individuals - Numerous drugs, including anti-inflammatory agents (eg salicylates, NSAID's including paracetamol), phenylhutazone, phenacetin and dapsone, sulfonamides, tetracycline & mefenamic acid may be responsible - Genital & perianal skin is the most commonly involved siteQ. Neveheless any site may be involved. - Most commonly lesions are solitaryQ but they may be multiple - Lesions evolve from macules to papules to vesicles & bullae and then erode. - Lesions heal by residual hyper-pigmentation Q - Usually asymptomaticQ but may be pruritic, painful, or burning (when eroded) - Lesions persist if drug is continued and resolve days to weeks after drug is discontinued - FDE occurs repeatedly at the same (ie fixed) site within hours, every time drug is taken and heal by residual grayish or slate colored hyperpigmentationQ. On rechallange, not only do the lesions recur in the same location, but also new lesions often reappears Challenge or provocation/Patch test can asceain etiology Herpes genitalis - Multiple, painful, bleeding non-indurated vesicles or ulcer with painful lymphadenopathyQ Pemphigus vulgaris Flaccid intraepidermal bullaeQ on upper pa of body in 40 - 60 years adult with mucosal involvement. Nikolsky sign positive, row of tomb stone & accantholysis presentQ Bechet's syndrome Multisystemic disorder with recurrent oral & genital ulcerations with ocular involvement - Recurrent apthous ulcerations are sine qua non for diagnosis Ulcers heal without leaving scars - Genital ulcers are less common and do not involve glans and urethra
| 3
|
Bechet's syndrome
|
Herpes genitalis
|
Fixed drug eruption
|
Pemphigus vulgaris
|
Skin
| null |
52218ca8-bf46-407e-973b-94989c5e7fc9
|
multi
|
A patient suffering from AIDS presents with history of dyspnea and non- productive cough x-ray shows bilateral perihilar opacities without pleural effusion and lymphaden-opathy. Most probable etiological agent is :
|
D i.e. Pneumocystic carinii
| 4
|
Tuberculosis
|
CMV
|
Kaposis sarcoma
|
Pneumocystis carinii
|
Radiology
| null |
56c5fb3a-4287-409d-8260-cf2afdacec68
|
single
|
Which of the following is true about P. Falciparum -
|
P.falciparum Forms in peripheral blood-ring forms and gametocytes (crescent shaped) A) Most pathogenic B). No relapses in P.falciparum-exo-erythrocytic schizogony is absent C). Complications-pernicious malaria,black water fever D)pernicious malaria-1). Cerebral malaria-hyperpyrexia, coma,paralysis.Brain is congested.Capillaries of the brain are plugged with parasitised erythrocytes 2). Algid malaria-cold clammy skin leading to circulatory failure 3). Septicaemic malaria- high continuous fever with involvement of various organs Black water fever * Previously infected * Intravascular haemolysis fever and haemoglobinuria * Autoimmune mechanism * Bilious vomiting+prostration+black urine(refer pgno:60 baveja 3 rd edition)
| 2
|
James donts are seen
|
Accole forms are seen
|
Relapses are frequent
|
Longest incubation period
|
Microbiology
|
parasitology
|
8de3b25e-7b5a-4e3d-807e-90aca6890ab0
|
multi
|
The outer covering of diatom is made of ?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Silicon The extracellular coat of diatoms has silica. Diatoms are unicellular algae, suspended in water. They have silicaceous cell wall (i.e. cell wall contains silica) which resist acid digestion and putrefaction. Only live body with a circulation can transpo diatoms form lung to brain, bone marrow, muscles etc. So, presence of diatoms in brain and bone marrow indicates death due to drowning. For detection of diatoms, bone marrow of long bones, e.g. femur, tibia, humerus or sternum is highly suitable and reliable. As diatoms resist acid digestion, to extract them acid digestion techinique is used. Diatoms test is negative in dead bodies thrown in water and in dry drowning. However, diatoms test is invalid, if deceased had drunk this water before submersion or species of diatoms do not match with specimen from the site of drowning
| 2
|
Magnesium
|
Silica
|
Hydrocarbons
| null |
Forensic Medicine
| null |
ff2f1fde-9356-4e89-9ed5-cc073b0a5557
|
multi
|
Which of the following is not a side effect of clozapine:
|
Ref: KDT 6/e p429 Clozapine and other atypical antipsychotic resulting weight gain.
| 4
|
Agranulocytosis
|
Seizures
|
Sialosis
|
Weight loss
|
Pharmacology
|
Central Nervous system
|
ffd1f9fc-0803-4016-af86-5721e1d0a726
|
single
|
Most cardiotoxic local anesthetic ?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bupivacaine
| 2
|
Procaine
|
Bupivacaine
|
Cocaine
|
Lidocaine
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
5ccbd9dc-f8d4-40c7-a42b-102c99ee2d73
|
single
|
True about DNA reconstruction technology
|
DNA phenotyping (fee-no-type-ing) is the process of predicting an organism's phenotype using only genetic information collected from genotyping or DNA sequencing. This term, also known as molecular photofitting, is primarily used to refer to the prediction of a person's physical appearance and/or biogeographic ancestry for forensic purposes.DNA phenotyping uses many of the same scientific methods as those being used for genetically-informed personalized medicine, in which drug responsiveness (pharmacogenomics) and medical outcomes are predicted from a patient's genetic information. Significant genetic variants associated with a paicular trait are discovered using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach, in which hundreds of thousands or millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are tested for their association with each trait of interest. Predictive modeling is then used to build a mathematical model for making trait predictions about new subjectsRef: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_phenotyping
| 1
|
Restriction endonucleases are involved
|
DNA ligase is used
|
Acid phosphatase is used
|
Reverse transcriptase needed
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of nucleic acids
|
e4d6faec-a13d-4a4c-96bf-88267b021fcc
|
multi
|
Purple coloured reamer is numbered:
| null | 2
|
8
|
10
|
15
|
30
|
Dental
| null |
8229551e-04a4-41e0-b45e-4499fb7c8c30
|
single
|
Which of the following antibodies is highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Anti-Sm
| 1
|
Anti-Sm
|
Anti-RO-1
|
Anti-UIRNP
|
Anti-Centeromere
|
Medicine
|
SLE
|
e646f3f3-65dc-4868-adb8-292793371de4
|
single
|
Which of the following artery supplies parathyroid glands?
|
Ans. B Inferior thyroid arteryRef: Gray's, 41sted. pg. 472* Both upper & lower parathyroid glands are supplied by the inferior thyroid arteryVascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage of Parathyroid Gland* Inferior thyroid arteries provide primary blood supply to posterior aspect of thyroid gland and parathyroid glands (which are situated there in posterior aspect of thyroid gland).* Parathyroid veins drain into thyroid plexus of veins of thyroid gland & trachea.* Lymphatics drain with those of thyroid into deep cervical R lymph nodes & paratracheal lymph nodes.Innervations and Functions* Since the gland is hormonally regulated, the nerve supply is sympathetic vasomotor, vaso constrictor and not secreto motor.* Parathyroid activities regulated by variations in blood calcium level: It is inhibited by a rise in calcium levels and stimulated by a fall in calcium level.Extra Mile* The superior parathyroid glands usually lie at the level of inferior border of cricoids cartilage.* The inferior glands are usually within thyroid fascia 1 cm below the inferior thyroid arteries behind the lower poles.* Color of thyroid gland: deep red color* Color of parathyroid gland: Brownish yellow color
| 2
|
Superior thyroid artery
|
Inferior thyroid artery
|
Common carotid artery
|
Middle thyroid artery
|
Anatomy
|
Neuroanatomy
|
0115ebc8-295f-4460-a060-7293f15ebe0e
|
single
|
The voice in a patient with bilateral abductor paralysis of larynx is:
|
Ans. is d i.e. normal or good voice Management Lateralization of cord by arytenoidectomy, endoscopic surgery, thyroplasty type II, cordectomy In emergency cases -Tracheostomy may be required Also know Generally patients with bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy have a recent history of thyroid surgery or rarely an advanced malignant thyroid tumor. Most common presentation-Development of stridor following URI Since the voice of the patient is normal\\it is diagnosed very late.
| 4
|
Puberuophonia
|
Phonasthenia
|
Dysphonia plicae ventricularis
|
Normal or good voice
|
ENT
| null |
f8dafdc2-6aca-44ed-8351-44a86a610492
|
single
|
Time interval between acute and persistent psychotic disease is ?
|
Ans. is `d' i.e., 1 months If symtoms are for less than 1 months, it is transient psychotic disorder and if there are for more than 1 months, it is persistent psychotic disorder (persistent delusional disorder). Note:- Diagnosic criteria for delusional disorder (Persistent delusion disorder) has different durations in DSM IV and ICD-10 :- According to DSM IV, symptoms (Non bizzare delusion) should be for > 1 months. According to ICD-10, Symptoms should be for > 3 months.
| 4
|
1 week
|
2 week
|
3 week
|
1 months
|
Psychiatry
| null |
a2019989-5010-458f-821b-b10152ac2ee5
|
single
|
Which interleukin is needed for differentiation of eosinophils: September 2009
|
Ans. D: IL5
| 4
|
IL1
|
IL2
|
IL4
|
IL5
|
Physiology
| null |
a2a728a5-4b89-4d8e-9e3e-660fad73e75a
|
single
|
An injury to the shown area can lead to fracture of which bone (FMGE June 2019)
|
Anatomical snuff box: The given picture shows anatomical snuff box which is a depression formed at the posterolateral side of the wrist and metacarpal by the extensor tendons passing into the thumb. Base of the triangle is at the wrist and apex is directed into thumb. It is most apparent when thumb is extended. Boundaries: Lateral: Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons. Medial :Extensor pollicis longus tendon Floor: Scaphoid and trapezium the distal ends of the tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis Scaphoid Fracture: The commonest carpal injury is a fracture across the waist of the scaphoid bone . It is uncommon to see other injuries. In approximately 10% of individuals, the scaphoid bone has a sole blood supply from the radial aery, which enters through the distal poion of the bone to supply the proximal poion. When a fracture occurs across the waist of the scaphoid, the proximal poion therefore undergoes avascular necrosis.
| 2
|
Lunate
|
Scaphoid
|
Hamate
|
Trapezium
|
Anatomy
|
FMGE 2019
|
8e34ab02-8c87-464e-b558-5da288829166
|
single
|
Injury to long thoracic nerve leads to
|
Injury to long thoracic nerve causes paralysis of serratus anterior muscle which clinically manifests as winging of scapula. The patient also finds difficulty in overhead abduction and touching the opposite shoulder. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 45
| 1
|
Winging of scapula
|
Pointing index
|
Claw hand
|
Wrist drop
|
Anatomy
|
Upper limb
|
7dc712c5-5269-408a-8ed7-edbb3f8467d5
|
single
|
Drug of choice in dermatitis herpetiformis is:
|
Ans. (c) DapsoneRef. katzung 11th ed. /1468* Dermatitis herpetiformis is a chronic blistering skin condition, characterised by blisters filled with a watery fluid.* DH is neither related to nor caused by herpes virus: the name means that it is a skin inflammation having an appearance similar to herpes.* It characterized by intensely itchy, chronic papulovesicular eruptions, usually distributed symmetrically on extensor surfaces (buttocks, back of neck, scalp, elbows, knees, back, hairline, groin, or face).* Diagnosis is confirmed by a simple blood test for IgA antibodies, and by a skin biopsy in which the pattern of IgA deposits in the dermal papillae, revealed by direct immunofluorescence, distinguishes it from linear IgA bullous dermatosis and other forms of dermatitis.* Treatment: Dapsone is considered as drug of choice for DH.* In case of intolerance to dapsone, other drugs which can be used are: Colchicine, Tetracycline, Sulfapyridine.
| 3
|
Corticosteroids
|
Colchicine
|
Dapsone
|
Chloroquine
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Leprotic
|
2c7a1b1a-35ca-4e02-aae1-df107d9b5ec5
|
single
|
Which of the following is the preferred local
anesthetic technique for hemophiliacs?
| null | 3
|
Nerve block
|
Supraperiosteal
|
Intraligamentary
|
Field block
|
Surgery
| null |
2739538d-1d47-4327-99b3-3070e378d912
|
single
|
A 35-year-old man is taken to the emergency depament because he is coughing up large volumes of blood. He does not have any history suggestive of exposure to tuberculosis, and a chest x-ray film does not show a mass lesion. Chest x-ray films performed on the day of admission and daily for the next several days show asymmetric densities in both lungs that vary in shape and position from film to film. Urinary screening shows hematuria and proteinuria, and the urinary sediment contains cellular and granular casts. Renal biopsy shows rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with prominent epithelial cell crescents. The mechanism causing this patient's disease is closest to the mechanism underlying which of the following diseases?
|
This patient has Goodpasture syndrome, which is a rare, severe autoimmune disease in which antibodies directed against the basement membrane in pulmonary alveoli and renal glomeruli predispose for hemoptysis and progressive renal disease. These patients can die because of exsanguination, asphyxiation by blood, or renal failure. Aggressive immunosuppression coupled with management of complications may be lifesaving. Goodpasture disease is often cited as an example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, and a very similar pathologic mechanism produces the blistering disease bullous pemphigoid, in which antibodies are directed against the basement membrane region of the skin. The immunologic basis of Graves disease is stimulation of TSH receptors by anti-receptor antibodies. The immunologic basis of hereditary angioedema is inadequate C1 esterase inhibitor activity. The immunologic basis of rheumatoid ahritis is the presence of immune complexes within joints.
| 1
|
Bullous pemphigoid
|
Graves disease
|
Hereditary angioedema
|
Rheumatoid ahritis
|
Medicine
| null |
6c160be8-fcf3-4fd5-9de8-150039853a5f
|
multi
|
A povey-stricken mother suffering from active tuberculosis delivers a baby. Which one of the following advices would be the most appropriate in her case -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Breast feeding and isoniazid administration o The best answer would have been --> Breast feeding + INH + BCG vaccination.
| 2
|
Breast feeding and BCG immunization
|
Breast feeding and isoniazid administration
|
Expressed breast milk and BCG immunization
|
Stop feeds and isoniazid administration
|
Pediatrics
| null |
cb36929f-032a-4b15-93a2-b1f542dcc0c1
|
single
|
The sago spleen and lardaceous spleen are conditions seen in-
|
Amyloidosis of SpleenAmyloid deposition in the spleen, for some unknown reasons, may have one of the following two patterns:1. SAGO SPLEEN. The splenomegaly is not marked and cut surface shows characteristic translucent pale and waxy nodules resembling sago grains and hence the name.Microscopically, the amyloid deposits begin in the walls of the aerioles of the white pulp and may subsequently replace the follicles.2. LARDACEOUS SPLEEN. There is generally moderate to marked splenomegaly (weight up to 1 kg). Cut surface of the spleen shows map-like areas of amyloid (lardaceous-lard-like; lard means fat of pigs)Microscopically, the deposits involve the walls of splenic sinuses and the small aeries and in the connective tissue of the red pulp. Confirmation is by seeing Congophilia in Congo Red staining and demonstration of apple-green birefringence under polarising microscopy in the corresponding positive areas. HARSH MOHAN Textbook of pathology 6th edition pg no 90
| 4
|
Congestive splenomegaly
|
Autosplenectomy
|
Secondaries in spleen
|
Amyloidosis of the spleen
|
Pathology
|
miscellaneous
|
3be6ba1d-a69e-4041-84bd-8765d2fa249a
|
single
|
All of the following characteristic pattern seen in Brown-Sequard syndrome; except:
|
Ans. c. Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperatureRef: Ganongs Review of Medical Physiology 25th Ed; Page No-172BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROMEBrown-Sequard syndrome is caused by damage to one half of the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis and loss of proprioception on the same (or ipsilateral) side as the injury or lesion, and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite (or contralateral) side as the lesion.Hemisection of spinal cord. Findings:1. Ipsilateral loss of all sensation at level of lesion2. Ipsilateral LMN signs (e.g. flaccid paralysis) at level of lesion3. Ipsilateral UMN signs below level of lesion (due to corticospinal tract damage)4. Ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, light (2-point discrimination) touch and tactile sense below level of lesion (due to dorsal column damage).5. Contralateral pain, temperature, and crude (non-discriminative) touch below level of lesion (due to spinothalamic tract damage)Note: If lesion occurs above T1, patient may present with ipsilateral Horner syndrome due to damage of oculosympathetic pathway.
| 3
|
Ipsilateral weakness
|
Ipsilateral loss of position and vibration
|
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature
|
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
|
Physiology
|
Nervous System
|
9fed0184-5324-482f-9b5e-e008998c1503
|
multi
|
Mandibular 1st molar has:
| null | 2
|
2 roots and 2 canals
|
2 roots and 3 canals
|
3 roots and 3 canals
|
3 roots and 4 canals
|
Dental
| null |
697c8087-a7e8-487f-b3b3-07eb7c4d0f51
|
single
|
In simple hanging, the knot comes to rest at the: September 2009
|
Ans. C: Angle of mandible In most hanging deaths, the ligature and ligature mark lie above the thyroid prominence, with a point of suspension usually behind one ear. Frontal knots are unusual. The appearance of the ligature mark varies with the type of ligature used and with the physical characteristics of the individual neck. Soft broad ligatures may not leave any recognizable marks. In most cases, the ligature does not completely encii le the neck.
| 3
|
Occiput
|
Chin
|
Angle of mandible
|
Below the cheek
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
783d71a9-fccf-4259-98cb-0e5ed306114f
|
single
|
Injury of common peroneal nerve at the lateral aspect of head of fibula results in all of the following except -
|
Common peroneal nerve injury may result in
- Foot drop
- Weakness of dorsiflexion
- Inability to extend the toes.
- Loss of eversion
- Sensory loss
Anterior side of leg
Lateral side of leg
Dorsum of foot and toes (including medial side of big toe)
Common peroneal nerve injury does not affect
- Sensation on lateral border of foot (Supplied by Sural nerve)
- Sensation on medial border of foot (Supplied by saphenous nerve)
- Ankle reflex
| 3
|
Weakness of ankle dorsi-flexion
|
Foot drop
|
Loss of ankle reflex
|
Sensory impairment on lateral aspect of leg extending to the dorsum of foot
|
Anatomy
| null |
aab2fe18-065e-46d1-8157-caea468b2d71
|
multi
|
Which of following antibody is pentameric -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., IgM * Ig M is a pentameric immunoglobulin with five, four - peptide subunits.* The subunits are joined together by J chain.Remember* J chain is found in IgA and IgM.Also know* I think the following information requires some specific mention here-# There may be confusion about the status of momomer and dimer when applied to antibody as each molecule of an antibody is a dimer of two identical heavy and light chains.# But, the terms monomer , dimer or pentamer are used in context to how many molecules of same class of antibody are bound together-i) IgG is not found to bound to other IgG - Monomerii) IgA is bound to another IgA - Dimeriii) IgM binds four other IgM - Pentamer
| 1
|
IgM
|
IgG
|
IgA
|
IgD
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
326e84ff-b473-43ec-9f8d-3287a680c416
|
single
|
Pelkan's spur is seen in?
|
Severe vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy. The usual age of onset is 6 to 18 months. Pseudoparalysis is commonly seen. Hemorrhages occur under the periosteum of long bones. Gum bleeds are common. Costochondral junctions become prominent and appears sharp and angular. Scorbutic rosary is attributed to the separation of epiphysis of ribs and backward displacement of sternum. Diagnosis is based on radiological features. Bone assumes a ground glass appearance with a pencil thin coex. Metaphyses demonstrates a zone of well calcified cailage referred to as white line of frenkel. Pelkan's spur is one of the radiological lines seen in scurvy. It is a bone spur from the lateral border of metaphysis. Epiphyseal centers of ossification are surrounded by a white ring called Weinberger's sign. Ref: Textbook of Ohopedics, 4th Edition By John Ebnezar, Page 539; O.P.Ghai, 6th Ed, Page 127.
| 3
|
Rickets
|
Hypopituitarism
|
Scurvy
|
Hypothyroidism
|
Pediatrics
| null |
d33d9183-5145-44a5-8bb8-908ea1944448
|
single
|
Which of the following is NOT a content of the axilla:
|
Contents of axillaAxillary aery and its branchesAxillary vein and its tributariesInfraclavicular pa of brachial plexusFive groups of axillary lymph nodes and the associated lymphaticsThe long thoracic and intercostobrachial nerveAxillary fat and areolar tissue in which the other contents are embeddedLymph nodes of axilla are very impoant from pathological point of view because breast cancer in female spread to these lymph nodes readily.
| 3
|
Axillary vessels
|
Axillary tail of the breast
|
Roots of brachial plexus
|
Intercostobrachial nerve
|
Anatomy
| null |
084aa1d7-88f7-4945-b1f9-0f97f065f484
|
single
|
What is a Baker's Cyst -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cyst over the popliteal fossa Baker's Cvsto A Baker's cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling of the semimembranosus or more rarely some othersynovial bursa found behind the knee joint.o Diagnosis is by examination. A Baker's cyst is easier to see from behind with the patient standing with knees fully extended. It is most easily palpated (felt) with the knee partially flexed. Diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasonography, although if needed and there is no suspicion of a popliteal artery aneurysm then aspiration of synovial fluid from the cyst may be undertaken with care. An MRI image can reveal presence of a Baker's cysto Baker's cysts usually require no treatment unless they are symptomatico Surgical excision is reserved for cysts that cause a great amount of discomfort to the patient.
| 3
|
Gluteal Abscess
|
Cyst on the posterior aspect of the thigh
|
Cyst over the popliteal fossa
|
Swelling of the bursa of semiteninosus and gracilis
|
Surgery
|
Orthopedics
|
76d21c33-d9d2-4d54-9cd7-05f02415217a
|
single
|
Inability to suck on a straw may indicate lesion of which nerve?
|
The orbicularis oris muscle encircles the opening of the mouth and helps to bring the lips together to keep the mouth closed. Pursing of mouth is due to orbicularis oris inseed into lips and angle of mouth supplied by VII nerve.The muscles of facial expression are innervated by branches of the facial nerve (VII). After emerging from the stylomastoid foramen, the facial nerve lies within the substance of the parotid gland. Here, it gives off its five terminal branches: (1) The temporal branch courses up to the scalp to innervate the occipito frontalis and orbicularis oculi muscles. (2) The zygomatic branch courses across the cheek to innervate the orbicularis oculi muscle. (3) The buccal branch travels with the parotid duct and innervates the buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles, and also muscles that act on the nose and upper lip. (4) The mandibular branch innervates the orbicularis oris muscle and other muscles that act on the lower lip. (5) The cervical branch courses down to the neck and innervates the platysma muscle. Ref: Dhillon N. (2012). Chapter 1. Anatomy. In A.K. Lalwani (Ed), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery, 3e.
| 3
|
II
|
V
|
VII
|
IX
|
Anatomy
| null |
4316633d-d026-4881-a698-fa68a4dbafae
|
single
|
Emile Durkheim is linked with work on which condition is psychiatry
|
Durkheim's theory: first major contribution to the study of social and cultural influences on suicide was made by french sociologist Emile Durkheim. He divided suicides into three social categories- Egoistic, Altruistic amd Anomic. Ref: Synopsis of Psychiatry, 11e, pg 766.
| 1
|
Suicide
|
Obsessive compulsive disorder
|
Anxiety disorder
|
Schizophrenia
|
Psychiatry
|
Cognitive development and defence mechanism
|
bedb4726-66bf-4dae-9d3b-3f4a94478520
|
single
|
Glycosylated haemoglobin reflects the mean blood glucose level of previous
| null | 3
|
15 days
|
1 month
|
3 months
|
6 months
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
80645cce-f833-482e-8ec7-41f98bd443a2
|
single
|
Which one of the following statements truly represents Bell's paralysis?
|
(c) Bell's palsy is idiopathic LMN palsy of facial nerve causing ipsilateral paralysis of face.(Ref. Scott Brown, 6th ed., 1400)Ipsilateral Facial nerve paralysis and contralateral Hemiparesis along with ipsilateral VI nerve palsy constitutes Millard Gubler syndrome. It is a form of "crossed hemiplegia," as the paralysis of muscles controlled by the facial nerve occurs on the same side as the lesion, while the hemiplegia of muscles below the neck occurs on the opposite side from the lesionIn Bell's palsy facial palsy may be associated with other cranial nerve neuropathies which are Vth, VIIIth, IXth and Xth.Facial nerve paralysis with uveitis and parotid enlargement constitutes Heerfordt's syndrome.
| 3
|
Facial nerve paralysis and contralateral Hemiparesis
|
Combined paralysis of the facial, trigeminal and abducens nerves
|
Idiopathic ipsilateral paralysis of the facial nerve
|
Facial nerve paralysis with uveitis and parotid enlargement
|
ENT
|
Facial Nerve And Its Disorders
|
cb9b861d-4529-4aa5-9ada-64c0b2ff3887
|
multi
|
In a specimen of kidney, fibrinoid necrosis is seen and onion peel appearance is also present. Most probable pathology is:
|
Histological alterations characterizing blood vessels in malignant hypeension. ? Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis Fibrinoid necrosis of aerioles: Onion-skinning (concentrically arranged smooth muscle with collagen).
| 2
|
Hyaline degeneration
|
Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis
|
Glomerulosclerosis
|
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis
|
Pathology
|
Basic Concepts
|
c4e4de70-9ced-4d80-80a8-4dd08b58b375
|
single
|
All of the following conditions are associated with an early systolic murmur, EXCEPT:
|
Aoic stenosis
| 1
|
Aoic stenosis
|
Tricuspid regurgitation
|
Papillary muscle dysfunction
|
Small ventricular septal defect
|
Medicine
| null |
1665705e-1152-4511-9e8e-251d30b0eca1
|
multi
|
SI unit of Radioactivity is
|
SI unit - Becquerel
Old unit - Curie
| 2
|
Curie
|
Becquerel
|
Roentgen
|
Sievert
|
Radiology
| null |
140a19fc-a436-4fd0-9795-268f35ab2682
|
single
|
All require hospitalization except
| null | 1
|
5% burns in children
|
10% scalds in children
|
Electrocution
|
15% deep burns in adults
|
Surgery
| null |
b0a81f73-5fc2-4e40-8c7c-80b90262dfb7
|
multi
|
SA node acts as a pacemaker of the hea because of the fact that it:
|
The sinoatrial (SA) node normally displays the highest intrinsic rate. All other pacemakers are referred to as subsidiary or latent pacemakers because they take over the function of initiating excitation of the hea only when the SA node is unable to generate impulses or when these impulses fail to propagate. There is a hierarchy of intrinsic rates of subsidiary pacemakers that have normal automaticity: atrial pacemakers have faster intrinsic rates than AV junctional pacemakers, and AV junctional pacemakers have faster rates than ventricular pacemakers. Ref: Chen P., Antzelevitch C. (2011). Chapter 38. Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances. In V. Fuster, R.A. Walsh, R.A. Harrington (Eds), Hurst's The Hea, 13e.
| 4
|
Is capable in generating impulses spontaneously
|
Has rich sympathetic innervations
|
Has poor cholinergic innervations
|
Generates impulses at the highest rate
|
Physiology
| null |
308b8f00-75b5-491b-9a84-ed68ece4dc46
|
single
|
A 62-year-old diabetic patient presented with a history of progressive right-sided weakness of one-month duration. The patient was also having speech difficulty. Fundus examination showed papilledema. Two months ago, she also had a fall in her bathroom and struck her head against a wall. The most likely clinical diagnosis is -
| null | 4
|
Alzheimer's disease
|
Left parietal glioma
|
Left MCA territory stroke
|
Left chronic subdural haematoma
|
Medicine
| null |
53da0711-5b1c-4729-829f-0790bb8daec8
|
multi
|
Which of the following is Calcivirus-
|
Hepatitis A → Picorna Viridae (Single Stranded RNA)
Hepatitis B → Hepadna Viridae (Double stranded circular DNA)*
Hepatitic C → Flavivirus (single stranded RNA)
Hepatitis D → Incomplete RNA virus (causes infection only in presence of Hepatitis B virus)
Hepatitis E → Calcivirus (Single stranded RNA
| 1
|
Hepatitis E
|
Hepatitis B
|
Hepatitis C
|
Hepatitis A
|
Microbiology
| null |
181d5cc0-a2b7-4302-a539-a966c913bee7
|
single
|
Not seen in children is
|
Seminoma, the most common GCT in adults, does not occur before 5 years of age. seminoma is considered a postpubeal tumor.
| 4
|
Neuroblastoma
|
Retinoblastoma
|
Hepatoblastoma
|
Seminoma
|
Pathology
|
Pediatrics, environment and nutrition
|
c7fa5b72-9f2e-4eaa-a848-8063beac2f7f
|
single
|
Which group of anticancer drugs temozolomide belong to :
|
Temozolomide is an alkylating agent that can be given orally.
| 1
|
Oral alkylating agent
|
Antitumor Antibiotic
|
Antimetabolite
|
Mitotic Spindle Inhibitor
|
Pharmacology
| null |
a88e7708-0106-45eb-a8aa-0189856b0793
|
single
|
A patient with traumatic paraplegia due to injury of the thoracic cord of 'T3 level' is observed to have blood pressure f 210/120. What should be the initial management?
|
Traumatic paraplegia is caused by a lesion of the spinal cord which occurs after a trauma, e.g. veebral fracture causing a puncture to the spinal cord. Any injury of the spinal cord may result in a condition known as autonomic dysreflexia (AD).. Autonomic dysreflexia can cause systolic blood pressure readings to increase by 20-40 mmHg. , this condition couples dangerously high blood pressure with decreased hea rates.nefidipine can be used for high blood preassures Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2378
| 3
|
Subcutaneous LMWH
|
Steroids
|
Nifedipine
|
Normal saline / Dextrose
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S
|
7a031a5a-48f3-4cdd-854b-3aca92473144
|
single
|
The drug found to be beneficial in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is :
| null | 1
|
Riluzole
|
Methylprednisolone
|
Hydroxyurea
|
None of the above
|
Pharmacology
| null |
6b9c613b-b314-46d0-a352-857979c26821
|
multi
|
All are true of the genetic code except ?
|
C i.e. Punctuation
| 3
|
Degenerate
|
Universal
|
Punctuation
|
Non overlapping
|
Biochemistry
| null |
093038dd-d6c1-49d9-864c-843be04a944f
|
multi
|
Therapeutic levels of lithium (in mecill) in a patient of acute mania is:
| null | 2
|
0.4–0.8
|
0.8–1.2
|
1.2–1.6
|
1.6–2.0
|
Pharmacology
| null |
880cc1ef-f8fc-45c0-a4fb-ce5fe81be66e
|
single
|
Wrong statement is -
|
Maize is deficent in in tryptophan and lysine. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 579
| 4
|
Pulses are deficent in methionine
|
Cerels are deficient in lysine
|
Wheat deficient in threonine
|
Maize is deficient in tryptophan & leucine
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and health
|
95265c95-9b0d-4b64-9fcf-2643b72e48aa
|
multi
|
Psammoma bodies are found in which of the following organs?
|
Histologically, with the usual hematoxylin and eosin stain, calcium salts have a basophilic, amorphous granular, sometimes clumped appearance. They can be intracellular, extracellular, or in both locations. In the course of time, heterotopic bone may be formed in the focus of calcification. On occasion single necrotic cells may constitute seed crystals that become encrusted by the mineral deposits. The progressive acquisition of outer layers may create lamellated configurations, called psammoma bodies because of their resemblance to grains of sand. Some types of papillary cancers (e.g., thyroid) are apt to develop psammoma bodies. Ref: Robbins, 8th edition, Chapter 1.
| 4
|
Stomach
|
Hea
|
Lungs
|
Thyroid
|
Pathology
| null |
cf5faa3c-4e8b-4cbd-a52b-0d5aeed4fd62
|
single
|
Preload is increased by -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Increase blood volume Preload (Degree of ventricular filling during diastole)o Cardiac preload is represented by volume of venous blood that distends the ventricle, i.e., venous return determines the preload. An increase in preload, i.e., increase in venous return results in a higher end-diastolic volumeQ (PreloadQ).o This results in stretching of myocardial fiber and this increase in length of myofibril increases the strength of cardiac contraction in accordance with the Frank-Starling law or Starling's law of the hearto According to Starling's lawr, greater the initial length of muscle fiber, greater is the force of contraction,o The initial length of muscle fiber (length of fiber at the initiation of contraction/systole) refers to length of the fiber at the end of the diastole, i.e., end-diastolic fiber length.o Thus, the factors which improve venous return increase the cardiac output by increasing end-diastolic ventricular volume and length, i.e.. preload,o Opposite is true for factors which decrease venous return.| Stroke volume| Stroke volumeFactors Increasing end-diastolic ventricular muscle fiber length (Factors increasing venous return or preload)Factors decreasing end-diastolic ventricular muscle fiber length (Factors decreasing venous return or preload)o Increased total blood volumeQo Decreased total blood volumeo Increased venous toneQo Decreased venous toneo Increased pumping action of skeletal muscleo Decreased pumping action of skeletal muscleso Increased negative intrathoracic pressureQ (e.g. inspiration)o Less negative or positive intrathoracic pressure (expiration)o Sitting or standingQ (venous pooling of blood)o Lying down from sitting or standing position o Sympathatic discharge causing decrease in venous capacitance by decreasing venous compliance
| 1
|
Increased blood volume
|
Increased total peripheral resistance
|
Standing
|
Sitting
|
Physiology
|
Circulation: Cardiac Output, Venous Return
|
dc5090a9-0718-41b0-b0af-d1cb3fb44f75
|
single
|
Hanifin & Rajke is the diagnostic criteria for
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Atopic dermatitis Hanifin and Rajka criteria is for diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Diagnostic criteria (Hanifin and Rajka) Based mainly on clinical experience Major criteria Family history of atopy Chronicity Pruritus Typical morphology and distribution Minor criteria Dry skin Chelitis Elevated edge Dennie's line/dennie morgan fold (infra orbital fold) White dermographism Peripheral eosinophillia Immediate (type i) hypersensivity Facial pallor, orbital darkening Food intolerance Conjunctivitis (recurrent), keratoconus, cataract Pityriasis alba Hand dermatitis Recurrent infections At least 3 major or 2 major plus 2 minor criteria are necessary for diagnosis
| 1
|
Atopic dermatitis
|
Contact dermatitis
|
Uicaria
|
Erythroderma
|
Skin
| null |
3d537990-81ce-473b-9a8d-f5098b32131c
|
single
|
Nerve affected in trendenlenberg test is ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Superior gluteal nerve
| 1
|
Superior gluteal nerve
|
Inferior gluteal nerve
|
Obturator nerve
|
Pudendal nerve
|
Surgery
| null |
2de9693c-515e-4152-a229-5e6c96848186
|
single
|
Following predispose to the high risk of vulvovaginal candidiasis except
|
Several potential risk factors have been described, including the recent use of antibiotics and oral contraceptives, the presence of diabetes mellitus, dietary practices, gastrointestinal colonization by the organism, clothing and sanitary protection practices, sexual communicability of the organism, and HIV, DM, Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 498
| 2
|
HIV
|
Hypeension
|
Pregnancy
|
DM
|
Physiology
|
All India exam
|
9f822821-43a4-4366-836e-648ac297e054
|
multi
|
A 71-year-old woman comes to the office with a history of headaches, fatigue, and weight loss for 3 months. The headaches are new for her, and usually not very severe. Her jaw also hurts when she is chewing food. Two days prior, she had briefly lost partial vision in her left eye. There were no other neurologic symptoms at the time. On examination, her neck is supple to flexion, fundi and neurologic examinations are normal. She is started on prednisone 60 mg/day and a biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Which of the following is the most likely change seen on the biopsy to confirm the diagnosis?
|
Temporal artery biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, because of the relatively nonspecific nature of the presenting symptoms, signs, and routine laboratory tests. The arteritis can be segmental, however, and great care must be taken in the pathologic assessment.
| 2
|
immune complex deposition
|
arteritis with giant cells
|
lymphocytic infiltration
|
type II muscle fiber atrophy
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S.
|
dc98be1c-09bb-4063-b2f1-690f2c2ea3e9
|
multi
|
The muzzle velocity of given firearm is
|
The revolver, which tends to have a low muzzle velocity of 150 m/s, is a sho barreled weapon with its ammunition held in a metal drum, which rotates each time the trigger is released.The muzzle velocity of pistols varies between 300 and 360 m/s.The rifle is a long-barreled shoulder weapon capable of firing bullets with velocities up to 1500 m/s.
| 1
|
150 m/s
|
300 m/s
|
360 m/s
|
1500 m/s
|
Microbiology
|
All India exam
|
6350ebdb-0759-4056-bce0-bd35dc9f5943
|
single
|
MAC stands for?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Minimum alveolar concentration Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)* Most important measure of potency is minimal alveolar concentration (MAC). MAC is the lowest concentration of the anesthetic in pulmonary alveoli needed to produce immobility in response to a painful stimulus (surgical incision) in 50% individuals. Higher the MAC, less potent the anesthetic agent.* Methoxyflurane has minimum MAC (0.16%) - The most potent inhalational agent.* N2O has maximum MAC (105) - The least potent inhalational agent.* Order of potency in decreasing order (MAC in increasing order): -* Methoxyflurane (MAC = 0.16 %) > Trilene (MAC = 0.2%) > Halothane (MAC = 0.74%) > Chloroform (MAC = 0.8 %) > Isoflurane (MAC = 1.15 %) > Enflurane (MAC = 1.68%) > Ether (MAC = 1.92 %) > Sevoflurane (MAC = 2.0 %)> Desflurane (MAC = 6.0%) > Cyclopropane (MAC = 9.2%) > N20 (MAC 104%).Factor affecting MAC1. Age: - Young age increases and old age decreases MAC.2. Alcohol: - Chronic intoxication increases and acute intoxication decreases MAC.3. Temperature: - Both hypothermia and hyperthermia decrease MAC.4. Electrolyte: - Hypercalcemia, Hypermagnesemia & Hyponatremia decrease. Whereas hypernatremia increases MAC.5. Anemia : - Decrease MAC6. Hypoxia (pO2 < 40), and hypercarbia (pCO2 > 95) decrease MAC.7. Pregnancy: - Decreases MAC8. Drugs: -A. Decreasing MAC - Local anaesthetics (except cocaine) Opioids, Ketamine, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Verapamil, Lithium, Sympatholytics (Methyldopa, reserpine, Clonidine, Dexmedetomidine), Chronic amphetamine use.B. Increasing MAC: - Acute amphetamine intake, Cocaine, ephedrine.
| 1
|
Minimum alveolar concentration
|
Minimal analgesic concentration
|
Minimal anesthetic concentration
|
Maximum alveolar concentration
|
Anaesthesia
|
Fundamental Concepts
|
4407a8cd-6210-4bb0-a016-085ab9eeb310
|
single
|
Acute onset of blurred vision and absent pupillary response with rapidly progressive descending muscular weakness manifesting as quadriparesis in an afebrile 20 year old male with preserved sensorium is -
|
Ans. is tb' i.e., Botulism Remember these important points about Botulismo Acute onset of weakness in muscles innervated by cranial nerve with prominent bulbar palsy (4D's) i.e. -# Diplopia# Dysphonia# Dysphagia# Dysarthriao Descending symmetrical weakness occurs often leading to weakness,o Sensory' abnormalities are absent because only motor and autonomic nerves affected.o Mental function not affected o Afebrileo Absent pupillaty reflexes
| 2
|
Porphyria
|
Botulism
|
Polio
|
Diphtheria
|
Medicine
|
Toxicology
|
ccb4670b-95d4-4b9c-879e-bd30a72c7e4f
|
single
|
All are affected in Graft-Versus host reaction
|
• GVHD affects skin (earliest organ), intestine and liver
• Lungs are not affected in GVHD. For details see text.
| 4
|
Skin
|
GIT
|
Liver
|
Lung
|
Pathology
| null |
6740e137-8c0f-46d6-b638-bddd76af3cf6
|
multi
|
Vitamin D is maximum in -
|
Cod liver oil But overall Richest source is Halibut liver oil Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 653
| 4
|
Milk
|
Fish fat
|
Eggs
|
Cod liver oil
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and health
|
eb92f25f-29ec-4931-b26b-e76816b33c70
|
single
|
All of the following drugs are used in emergency management of acute hyperkalemia except:
|
Treatment of Hyperkalemia: IV Ca gluconate Insulin drip Salbutamol/ nebulization IV Furosemide Hemodialysis
| 4
|
Calcium gluconate
|
Salbutamol
|
Glucose-Insulin
|
Intravenous magnesium sulphate
|
Pharmacology
|
Hypeension, Arrhythmias, Dyslipidemia
|
768ac204-670b-4707-899d-e030964e00ee
|
multi
|
A female presents with significant blood loss due to post-partum haemorrhage (PPH). What would be the shock index (HR/systolic BP)?
|
Shock index = heartrate/systolic BP
Normal = 0.5–0.7
If it becomes 0.9–1.1 it indicates massive blood loss and need for intensive resuscitation.
| 4
|
0.3-0.5
|
0.5-0.7
|
0.7-0.9
|
0.9-1.1
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
075c6aab-1ef0-43c9-926f-7770b3ed4507
|
single
|
Subnuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization is seen in which stage of menstural cycle ?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Secretory phaseSubnuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization is seen in early secretory phase.Histological features in secretory phasei) Basal location of gland cell nuclei (Post-ovulation day 5-6 and later in cycle).ii) Subnuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization (early secretory phase).iii) Serated glandular configration or "Saw-tooth appearance" (mid-secretory phase).iv) Periaeriolar predecidual rection (mid-secretory phase).
| 3
|
Proliferative phase
|
During mensturation
|
Secretory phase
| null |
Physiology
| null |
4551e60a-c5c8-4827-a768-bebabf6cd36b
|
multi
|
what is the root value of phrenic nerve?
|
* Phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5)- It descends in front of scalenus anterior muscle . * Descends down to enters thorax where it lies between subclan vein(in front) and subclan aery lies behind it . * Fuher it descends in front of hilum of the lungs (whereas vagus nerve descends behind the hilum of lungs) * It is mixed nerve sensory and motor.(both motor and sensory to diaphragm)
| 1
|
C3,4,5
|
C2,3,4
|
C4,5,6
|
C5,6,7
|
Anatomy
|
Bronchopulmonary Segments, Embryonic veins
|
6a772c13-d3fa-4854-a2a2-b7aa1bc1f431
|
single
|
Antibiotics are indicated in which type of psoriasis?
|
Ref: Rook's Textbook of DermatologyExplanation:Guttate psoriasis (Eruptive psoriasis)Presents as shower of small psoriatic lesions, appearing more or less generally over the body, particularly in children and young adults, after acute streptococcal infections.Guttate psoriasis is classically triggered by a bacterial infection, usually an upper respiratory tract infection.Guttate psoriasis will most resolve, but may turn chronic remitting and relapsing psoriasis vulgaris.Because of a streptococcal etiology, antibiotic therapy is warranted.
| 1
|
Guttate
|
Pustular
|
Chronic plaque psoriasis
|
Erythrodermic psoriasis.
|
Skin
|
Psoriasis
|
3a2f6c05-c606-48c0-9e66-cef8629b45a7
|
single
|
A patient has Bullous Lesion; on Tzank smear -
|
Ans-BTzank smearo It is done for vesiculobullous disorders.o A small, early, uninfected lesion should ideally be selected. The roof of the blister is removed with scissors, and the base of the blister gently scraped with a blunt scalpel so as not to produce bleeding. The material obtained is spread thinly on a glass slide.o It shows acantholytic cells (rounded cells with a relatively large nucleus and a condensed cytoplasm) e g: pemphigus gp of disorders.o Multinucleated giant cells nad ballooning degeneration is a characteristic of herpes simplest, herpes zoster and varicella infection.
| 2
|
Langerhans ceils are seen
|
Acantholysis
|
Leucocytosis
|
The absence of melanin pigment
|
Unknown
| null |
ae1fabce-4c79-470a-adac-4250080d5761
|
single
|
Which of the following has propensity to metastasize through lymph nodes -
|
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by its appearance, which is similar to the alveoli of the lungs. It can be associated with a fusion protein between PAX3 and FKHR (now known as FOXO1). It can also be associated with PAX7-FKHR.Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) typically affects all age groups equally. It makes up a larger poion of RMS in older children and teens than in younger children (because ERMS is less common at older ages). ARMS most often occurs in large muscles of the trunk, arms, and legs. The cells of ARMS look like the normal muscle cells seen in a 10-week-old fetus. ARMS tends to grow faster than ERMS and usually requires more intense treatment.
| 1
|
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
|
Osteosarcoma
|
Both
| null |
Pathology
|
General pathology
|
1e6f0f44-24d6-4489-bb68-ce87af037ecc
|
multi
|
Key symptom in alcohol withdrawal syndrome is:
|
Ans: C. TremorsKey symptom - Tremor.Withdrawal SyndromesSubstanceFeaturesOpioidYawningdeg, Insomnia, Dysphoric moodWater loss from different orificesdeg (Lacrimationdeg, sweatingdeg, diarrheadeg, vomiting, Increased vitalsdeg (BP, Pulse, RR, Temperature)degPupillary dilation, piloerectiondegAlcoholHang over (MC)degHallucinationsdeg (usually auditory) and illusionsdegInsomniadegTremors/Seizures (Alcoholic seizures/Rum fits): Classic signDelirium tremens:Occurs within 5 daysdeg of complete or significant abstinencedeg from heavy alcohol Recovery occurs within 7 daysCharacteristic features are clouding of consciousnessdeg, disorientationdeg, hallucinations (mostly visual and auditory)deg, illusiondeg, autonomic disturbancesdeg, agitationdeg and insomniadeg.CocaineIncreased or decreased Sleep (hypersomniadeg or insomnia) Psychomotor activityVivid unpleasant dreamsdegIncreased apetite and fatigue
| 3
|
Sleep disturbance
|
Visual hallucinations
|
Tremors
|
Delirium
|
Psychiatry
| null |
3a069379-2b20-4c7e-8392-1c8c61dfa9ce
|
multi
|
Which of the following is not used as hemostatic agent during furcation repair?
| null | 2
|
Ca(OH)2
|
Ferric sulphate
|
Calcium sulphate
|
Collagen
|
Dental
| null |
7bcc73e5-49fb-44cd-ad92-0097c9769dc0
|
single
|
Bonded retainers are popular in which area of dentition?
| null | 1
|
Lower anteriors
|
Lower posteriors
|
Upper anteriors
|
Upper posteriors
|
Dental
| null |
15563c94-f3b0-44c5-87d4-54f9cdfd3d2b
|
single
|
Figure of 8 in chest X-ray is seen in –
|
Snowman's sign or figure of 8 sign is seen in supracardiac TAPVC.
| 2
|
Ebstein anomaly
|
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)
|
Tetrology of fallot
|
Transposition of great vessels
|
Radiology
| null |
694d3e8f-b57c-405d-89e6-8e1fcb4f2ba7
|
multi
|
Parafollicular 'C' cells develop from:
|
C. i.e. Ultimobronchial body
| 3
|
Parafollicular 'C' cells develop from:
|
Second branchial cleft
|
Ultimobranchial body
|
Third branchial pouch
|
Anatomy
| null |
a37df1c3-204e-4341-abf3-fb23433d0438
|
single
|
AMPLE history includes all of the following except;
|
AMPLE history is a useful mnemonic for this purpose:
Allergies
Medications currently used
Past illnesses/Pregnancy
Last meal
Events/Environment related to the injury
| 2
|
Allergy.
|
Personal history.
|
Last meal.
|
Medication
|
Surgery
| null |
1b8960e0-a53c-434d-bbdc-c8b0efbe02c6
|
multi
|
Which of the following enzymes require Vitamin C for their activity?
|
Vitamin C plays the role of a coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline and lysine while protocollagen is converted to collagen (i.e. post-translational modification). The hydroxylation reaction is catalysed by lysyl hydroxylase (for lysine) and prolyl hydroxylase (for proline).
| 1
|
Procollagen proline hydroxylase
|
Procollagen amino peptidase
|
Procollagen carboxyl peptidase
|
Lysyl oxidase
|
Biochemistry
| null |
d6c0c080-55a0-49db-bfcb-acc26dfa26f8
|
single
|
The mechanism of action of cephalosporin is:
|
Ans: A (Interferes with cell wall synthesis) Ref: Goodman & Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th ed, 2011. Pg 1479, 1493: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by Katzung, 2012, 12th ed, Pg 792Explanation:Cephalosporin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.Its mechanism of action is similar to penicillin as both are beta lactams.Bacterial ceil wall plays a major role in the growth and development of bacteria.Peptidoglycan. a component of bacterial cell wall owing to its cross-linked structure offers strength to the cell wall.Peptidoglycan is composed of N-acetyl- glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with cross-linking.A five amino acid peptide known as pentapeptide is linked to N-acetylmuramic acid and this peptide terminates as D-alanyl-D- alanine.Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP) removes terminal alanine from D-alanyl -D-alanine and forms cross link with the adjacent peptide, thus enhancing cell wall rigidity.Beta lactam antibiotics are structurally similar to D-alanyl -D-alanine, and hence covalently bind to PBP, resulting in inhibition of transpeptidation reaction w hich is essential for the removal of D-alanine from D-alanyl-D- alanine.As peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited by cephalosporins as any other beta lactams, the bacterial cell dies. However cell death is maximum when the cells are actively growing and synthesizing cell wall.
| 1
|
Interferes with cell wall synthesis
|
Inhibition ol DNA gyrase
|
Inhibition of protein synthesis
|
Inhibition of DMA polymerase
|
Pharmacology
|
Penicillin & Cephalosporin
|
a6283983-21e4-4d84-8aba-ed6a1ad6d33f
|
multi
|
Reduced FEV 1, Normal FVC and FEV 1/FVC ratio less than 0.7 .which is reversible with bronchodilator s is consistent with
|
In Asthma FEV1(forced expiratory volume in 1 second), FVC(forced vital capacity, is the total volume exhaled), FEV1/FVC decreases. To daignose Asthma: Compatible clinical history plus either : 1)FEV1>12% increase following administration of a bronchodilator or glucocoicoids. 2)FEV1>15% decrease after 6min of exercise 3)>20% diurnal variation on >3days in a weeks on PEF(peak expiratory volume). Reference : Davison, 23rd Edition, page no : 569,555
| 1
|
Bronchial Asthma
|
Hypersensitivity penumonitis
|
Sarcoidosis
|
Polyaeritis nodosa
|
Medicine
|
Respiratory system
|
ef888510-5f56-4297-8a12-28f3fc3b0371
|
single
|
A patient married for 3 years, unable to conceive, has regular menstrual cyclesHusbands semen analysis is normal and so is his hormonal profile What is the right time in menstrual cycle to do endometrial biopsy for infeility:-
|
Endometrial biopsy is best done on 21st - 23rd day of the cycle. Evidences of secretory activity of the endometrial glands in the second half of the cycle give not only the diagnosis of ovulation but can predict the functional integrity of the corpus luteum. Luteal Phase Defect- Lag of 2 to 4 days in observed/expected secretory changes. Recognized as cause of infeility.
| 3
|
12-14 days
|
17-19 days
|
20-22 days
|
3-5 days
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Normal Menstruation, Abnormal Menstruation, Menopausal Physiology and forsight of conception
|
1c6a56ac-46fd-451b-ac07-7a3364abb2e8
|
single
|
Which of the following is not a feature of RPGN?
|
Patients with RPGN presents with features of glomerulonephritis such as hematuria, edema and hypeension in association with a rapidly progressive loss of renal function. When untreated these patients rapidly develop end stage renal disease and death can occur within weeks to months. Reference: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 6th Edition, Page 951
| 4
|
Oliguria
|
Edema
|
Hypeension
|
Rapid recovery
|
Medicine
| null |
786921b8-a941-4eb0-8c38-ebbf097c2bf9
|
single
|
Bed strength at CHC:
|
Community Health Centre (CHC)
Secondary level of health care.
Located for population of 1,20,000 in plains.
Located for population of 80,000 in hilly areas.
Staff at CHC : 46-52
Acts as referral unit for 4 PHCS.
Bed strength : 30
| 3
|
6-Apr
|
10
|
30
|
50
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
28e8ae2f-b81b-4c7f-a9d8-f65ad9df49b8
|
single
|
Most common cytochrome associated with metabolism of drugs is ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., CYP3A4/5 Cyp 3 A 4/5 carryout biotransformation of largest number (nearly 50%) of drugs.
| 1
|
CYP3A4/5
|
CYP2D6
|
CYP2C8/9
|
CYP2Cl.9
|
Pharmacology
| null |
51af9d9e-1ad2-442b-9aa6-0b88d289a079
|
single
|
Which premolar resembles a canine
|
Mandibular 1st premolar resembles canine from buccal aspect and it has almost rudimentary lingual cusp which further makes it canine alike.
| 2
|
Maxillary 1st premolar
|
Mandibular 1st premolar
|
Maxillary 2nd premolar
|
Mandibular 2nd premolar
|
Dental
| null |
1d20c2ee-2f93-4cf3-9ebb-3c5d8117abf6
|
single
|
The alveoli are normally kept dry by the:-
|
Surfactant is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, other proteins & lipids. Role in keeping alveoli dry :- 1. The lipids in the alveolus 2. In the absence of surfactant, the unopposed surface tension in the alveoli would produce a force that greatly ors transudation of fluid from blood into alveoli. Note Factors increasing surfactant synthesis: Factors decreasing surfactant synthesis: Glucocoicoids Thyroxine Stretching of lungs in infancy Beta adrenergic agonist Calcium Smoking Long term inhalation of 100% oxygen Occlusion of main bronchus/pulmonary aery
| 2
|
Macrophages
|
Surfactant
|
Negative intrapleural pressure
|
High pCO2 in the alveoli
|
Physiology
|
Respiratory System Pa 1
|
6f420fb2-0c31-4130-b436-ed0cf8f43d75
|
multi
|
In which of the following, virus is shed in stool?
|
Herpangina:
Respiratory viral shedding can persist for up to 3 weeks and in the stool for up to 8 weeks. Patients are most contagious at this stage.
Influenza:
People with flu can spread it to others up to about 6 feet away. Most experts think that flu viruses spread mainly by droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze or talk.
Varicella (Chickenpox):
Chickenpox is transmitted from person to person by directly touching the blisters, saliva or mucus of an infected person.
Smallpox:
They spread the virus when they coughed or sneezed and droplets from their nose or mouth spread to other people. They remained contagious until their last smallpox scab fell off.
| 1
|
Herpangina
|
Influenza
|
Varicella
|
Smallpox
|
Microbiology
| null |
f481dd2a-ab51-4602-b993-7063d6816e9c
|
multi
|
Which of the following clinical signs is not associated with acute appendicitis?
|
Ans. c (Cullen's sign) (Ref. Bailey and Love 26th/pg. 1203; box 71.4)Signs to elicit in appendicitisClinical signs of Acute Pancreatitis# Pointing sign# Cullen's sign# Rovsing's sign# Grey Turner's sign# Psoas sign# Fox sign# Obturator sign ACUTE APPENDICITIS# Acute appendicitis is relatively rare in infants, and becomes increasingly common in childhood and early adult life, reaching a peak incidence in the teens and early 20s.# The incidence of appendicitis is equal amongst males and females before puberty. In teenagers and young adults the male: female ratio increases to 3:2 at the age of 25 years; thereafter the greater incidence in males declines.# Aetiology- Some form of luminal obstruction by either a faecolith or stricture is found in the majority of cases.- The incidental finding of a faecolith is a relative indication for prophylactic appendicectomy.- Intestinal parasites, particularly Oxyuris vermicularis (syn. pinworm), can proliferate in the appendix and occlude the lumen.Clinical signs --Clinical examination{best for diagnosis)The diagnosis of appendicitis rests more on thorough clinical examination of the abdomen than on any aspect of the history or laboratory investigation.Cardinal features# unwell patient with low grade pyrexia, localised tenderness, guarding and rebound tenderness.The pointing sign# The patient is then asked to point to where the pain began and to where it moved.McBurney's tenderness# Muscle guarding over the point of maximum tenderness, classically McBurney point.Rebound tenderness# Palpation in LTF causes pain in RIFRovsing's sign# Deep palpation of the left iliac fossa may cause pain in the right iliac fossa.Psoas sign# Occasionally an inflamed appendix lies on the psoas muscle and the patient, often a young adult, will lie with the right hip flexed for pain relief.Obturator test(Zachary Cope)# Spasm of the obturator internus is sometimes demonstrable when hip is flexed and internally rotated. If inflamed appendix is in contact with obturator internus, this maneuvre will cause pain in hypogastrium.Cutaneous hyperaesthesia# Cutaneous hyperesthesia may be demo in the right iliac fossa, but is rarely of diagnostic value.Special features. according to ageInfants# Appendicitis is relatively rare in infants under 36 months of age.# diagnosis is often delayed and thus the incidence of perforation and post-op morbidity is considerably higher.# Diffuse peritonitis can develop rapidly due to the underdeveloped greater omentum.Children# It is rare to find a child with appendicitis who has not vomited.# Children with appendicitis usually have complete aversion to food.# In addition, they do not sleep and bowel sounds are completely absent in early stages.The elderly# Gangrene and perforation occur much more frequently in elderly patients.# Elderly patients with lax abdominal walls or obesity may harbour a gangrenous appendix with little evidence of it, and the clinical picture may simulate subacute intestinal obstruction.# These features with coincident medical conditions produce a much higher mortality for acute appendicitis in elderly.The obese# Obesity can obscure and diminish all the local signs of acute appendicitis.# Delay in diagnosis coupled with the technical difficulty of operating in the obese make it wiser to consider operating through a midline abdominal incision.Pregnancy# Appendicitis is the most common extrauterine acute abdominal condition in pregnancv with a frequency of from one in 1500 to one in 2000 pregnancies.# As pregnancy develops during the second and third trimesters, the caecum and appendix are progressively pushed to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.# Foetal loss occurs in 3-5% of cases, increasing to 20% if perforation is found at operation.
| 3
|
Pointing sign
|
Rovsing's sign
|
Cullen's sign
|
Obturator sign
|
Surgery
|
Vermiform Appendix
|
76bd3887-86fe-4529-a5e7-0c178a1d4ab8
|
single
|
Rapid fluid resuscitation of the hypovolemic patient after abdominal trauma is significantly enhanced by which of the following?
|
Rapid fluid administration is often the key to successful trauma resuscitation. Some of the important factors affecting the rate of fluid resuscitation include the diameter of the intravenous tubing, the size and length of the venous cannulae, the fluid viscosity, and the site of administration. According to Poiseuille's law, flow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius of a catheter and inversely proportional to its length. Therefore, the shorter a catheter and the larger its diameter, the faster one can infuse a solution through it. Central venous placement alone does not assure rapid flow. Importantly, the diameter of the intravenous tubing employed may be the rate-determining factor in fluid delivery: blood-infusion tubing allows twice the flow of standard intravenous tubing and should be used when rapid fluid resuscitation is needed. Any patient who is suspected of having a major abdominal injury should immediately have at least two short, large-bore (16-gauge or larger) intravenous cannulae placed in peripheral veins. Longer, smaller catheters, such as standard 18-gauge central venous catheters, may take more time to place and will have lower flow rates. Once fluid resuscitation is under way, one may elect to place an 8- or 9-French pulmonary artery catheter-introducer via a central venous approach for further volume administration, as well as for measurement of central venous pressure or for Swan-Ganz catheter insertion. Lower-extremity venous cannulae, placed by saphenous vein cutdown or percutaneously into the femoral veins, are no longer advised as primary access for patients with abdominal trauma, since possible disruption of iliac veins or the inferior vena cava will render volume infusion ineffective. Studies have demonstrated that the flow rate of cold whole blood is roughly two-thirds that of whole blood at room temperature. Diluting and warming the blood by "piggybacking" it into infusion lines that are delivering crystalloid will decrease the blood's viscosity, enhance flow, and minimize hypothermia.
| 4
|
Placement of long 18-gauge subclavian vein catheters
|
Placement of percutaneous femoral vein catheters
|
Bilateral saphenous vein cutdowns
|
Placement of short, large-bore percutaneous peripheral intravenous catheters
|
Surgery
|
Trauma
|
3cc9c16b-2271-40ba-828c-d7b8de54f1cc
|
single
|
A 16 year old girl was brought to the psychiatric emergency after she slashed her wrist in an attempt to commit suicide. On enquiry her father revealed that she had made several such attempts of wrist slashing in the past, mostly in response to tril fights in her house. Fuher she had marked fluctuations in her mood with a pervasive pattern of unable interpersonal relationship. The most probable diagnosis is:
|
A i.e. Borderline Personality DisorderSchizophrenia can easily be ruled out by absence of disorganized speech, disorganized behaviour (or catatonia), delusions, hallucinations, & negative symptoms (ex blunt affect) for more than 6 months & leading to social / occupational dysfunction.
| 1
|
Borderline personality disorder
|
Major depression
|
Histrionic personality disorder
|
Adjustment disorder
|
Psychiatry
| null |
7b63f051-afa8-45e9-9e56-f0c1b56dac9e
|
single
|
True about active immunity
|
When B cells and T cells are activated by a pathogen, memory B-cells and T- cells develop, and the primary immune response results. Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong secondary response, if the pathogen is detected again. Ref: Ananthanarayan & Panikers textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg.no. : 81-84
| 3
|
Less effective
|
Can be given in immunodeficient state
|
Immunological memory present
|
No lag period
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
c07923c3-0e53-4314-9b5a-dfd6f92c52a3
|
multi
|
Vasopressin decreases the volume of urine primarily by causing :
| null | 4
|
Decrease in glomerular filtration rate
|
Decrease in renal blood flow
|
Decrease in water permeability of descending limb of loop of Henle
|
Increase in water permeability of collecting duct cells
|
Pharmacology
| null |
1f7578c8-0e54-426f-aba1-67742a84b51c
|
single
|
All of the following cell types undergo cell division, EXCEPT:
|
Myocyte cell division in the human hea ceases a few weeks after bih. Thereafter, enlargement of the hea is as a result of cell hyperophy or the laying down of collagen in the extracellular space. DNA turnover is almost undetectable except in pathologic states. Approximately 20% of myocytes in the human hea have two nuclei, so that cell separation, rather than mitosis, could bring about a small increase in the total cell number. Ref: Francis G.S., Tang W., Walsh R.A. (2011). Chapter 26. Pathophysiology of Hea Failure. In V. Fuster, R.A. Walsh, R.A. Harrington (Eds), Hurst's The Hea, 13e.
| 2
|
Pericyte
|
Cardiac muscle cell
|
Smooth muscle cell
|
Satellite cell of skeletal muscle
|
Physiology
| null |
8bb86f81-2b79-4c62-9b02-716612b7e4e1
|
multi
|
1st Symptom to go with treatment of schizophrenia
|
C i.e. Auditory hallucinations
| 3
|
Apathy
|
Anhedonia
|
Auditory hallucination
|
Paucity of thoughts
|
Psychiatry
| null |
bcc7abc2-8bf9-4bc9-aff6-555b85c012b3
|
multi
|
Louis Pasteur is associated with all except -
|
The development of microbiology as a scientific discipline dates from Louis pasteur (1822-95). He introduced techniques of sterilisation and developed the steam sterilizer,Hot air oven and auto clave. He also established the differing growth needs of different bacteria and contributed to the knowledge of anthrax,chicken cholera and hydrophobia. An accidental observation that chicken cholera bacillus cultures left on the branch for several weeks lost their pathogenic propey but retained their ability to protect the birds against subsequent infection by them,led to the discovery of the process of attenuation and the development of live vaccine. He attenuated cultures of the anthrax bacillus by incubation at high temperature and proved that inoculation of such cultures in animals induced specific protection aganist anthrax. It was pasteur who coined the term vaccine for such prophylactic preparation to commemorate the first of such preparations,namely cowpox employed by Edward Jenner for protection against small pox Ref :Ananthanarayan & paniker's textbook of microbiology 9th edition page no 3
| 1
|
Vaccination of small pox
|
Germ theory
|
Pasteurization
|
Vaccination of rabies
|
Microbiology
|
general microbiology
|
9eff2e40-1455-4396-aa44-df6f94128b0e
|
multi
|
In post-term pregnancy, there is increased risk of all except
|
Post maturity DOES NOT put mother at risk.Increased morbidity may occur due to hazards of induction. Post term pregnancy causes an increased risk of placental insufficiency due to placental ageing,meconium aspiration and intracranial hemorrhage. (TB of obstetrics DC DUTTA 8th edition pg 374)
| 1
|
Postpaum hemorrhage
|
Meconium aspiration syndrome
|
Intracranial hemorrhage
|
Placental insufficiency leading to fetal hypoxia
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Abnormal labor
|
8e31ce90-cfb7-4059-bafe-e7aaa1ed08b6
|
multi
|
According to AJCC 8th edition, staging of 2 cm size pancreatic cancer if it involves poal vein in:
|
8th AJCC(2017) TNM Classification of Pancreatic cancer Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor limited to pancreas upto 2 cm in greatest dimension T1a : Tumor <= 0.5 cm in greatest dimension T1B: Tumor > 0.5 cm but <= 1 cm in greatest dimension T1c : Tumor > 1 cm but <= 2 cm in greatest dimension T2 Tumor limited to pancreas > 2-4 cm in greatest dimension T3 Tumor > 4 cm in greatest dimension T4 Tumor involves Coeliac axis, superior mesenteric aery and / or common hepatic aery N1 Metastasis in 1-2 regional LN N2 Metatasis in 4 or more regional LN M1 Distant metatasis Stage 0 Stage IA Stage IB Stage IIA Stage IIB Stage III Stage IV Tis N0 M0 T1 N0 M0 T2 N0 M0 T1-T3 N1 Mo T1-T3 N2 M0T4 AnyN M0 T1-T3 N2 M0T4 Any N M0 Any T AnyN M1 Involvement of veins does not change the staging. Size of 2cm pancreatic cancer is under T1 according to TNM staging.
| 1
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T4
|
Surgery
|
Pancreas
|
6a1ea4bf-28e4-41b6-8a95-8e1ea2b97c68
|
single
|
The following are related to fetal erythropoiesis except :
|
Primitive hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis first occur in the yolk sac followed by liver and finally bone marrow, leading to the production of blood and vessels respectively Blood islands, clusters of primitive erythrocytes surrounded by endothelial cells, arise from the extraembryonic mesoderm in the yolk sac Hematopoiesis (formation and development of various types of blood cells) begins in the liver during the sixth week The first erythrocytes released into the fetal circulation are nucleated and macrocytic Hemoglobin content of fetal blood rises to approximately 12 g/dL at midpregnancy and to 18 g/dL at term Because of their large size, fetal erythrocytes have a sho lifespan, which progressively lengthens to approximately 90 days at term Erythropoiesis is controlled primarily by fetal erythropoietin because maternal erythropoietin does not cross the placenta Fetal blood is first produced in the yolk sac, where hemoglobins Gower 1, Gower 2, and Poland are made Erythropoiesis then moves to the liver, where fetal hemoglobin F is produced When hemopoiesis finally moves to the bone marrow, adult type hemoglobin A appears in fetal red blood cells and is present in progressively greater amounts as the fetus matures The final adult version of the a chain is produced exclusively by 6 weeks. After this, there are no functional alternative versions Reference: William's Obstetrics; 24th edition; Chapter 7
| 1
|
In the embryonic phase, the erythropoiesis is first demonstrated in the spleen
|
By 20th week, the liver becomes the major site of erythropoiesis
|
Near term, the bone marrow becomes the major site of erythropoiesis
|
At term 75-80% of haemoglobin is fetal type (HbF)
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
General obstetrics
|
ae38b489-1ba0-4dea-bd9a-3a683651d95a
|
multi
|
First clinical sign of Vitamin - A deficiency is:
|
All the ocular manifestations of Vitamin - A deficiency are collectively known as 'Xerophthalmia' (Dry Eye). - Xerophthalmia is most common in children aged 1-3 years. 'First clinical sign' of Vitamin - A deficiency: Conjunctival xerosis . 'First clinical symptom' of Vitamin - A deficiency: Night blindness. Conjunctival xerosis in Xerophtalmia - characteristic appearance of emerging like sand banks at receding tide. 'Bitot's Spots' are triangular, pearly-white or yellowish, foamy spots on bulbar conjunctiva, on either side of cornea ( temporal > nasal).
| 2
|
Night blindness
|
Conjunctival xerosis
|
Bitot's spots
|
Keratomalacia
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Vitamins and Nutritional Deficiencies
|
571af714-578c-4f10-bfc8-a058f7fbed88
|
single
|
Most common cause of umbilicus does not separate at age of 2 years
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
| 2
|
Raspbery tumour
|
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
|
Patent urachus
|
Umblical granuloma
|
Surgery
| null |
e947a1fe-dc52-4f2e-bcc9-cdd095f7b6a4
|
single
|
The drug of choice for prevention of seizures in a patient with severe preeclampsia is :
| null | 2
|
Phenytoin
|
Magnesium sulphate
|
Diazepam
|
Nifedipine
|
Pharmacology
| null |
db23aede-4b57-40ec-829d-2ff5f2b11531
|
single
|
Left bundle branch block (LBBB) on ECG can suddenly develop in all of the following except
| null | 3
|
Acute MI
|
Ashman syndrome
|
Hypokalemia
|
Hyperlcalernia
|
Medicine
| null |
472c4566-3ac9-452f-a609-7d18544d3a08
|
multi
|
Various factors are involved in inflammation. Which among the following is NOT a mediator of inflammation?
|
Tumour necrosis factor, interferon, prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation. The protein MPO is a marker of azurophil granules. MPO reacts with H2O2, formed by the NADPH oxidase, and increases the toxic potential of this oxidant. Through oxidation of chloride, tyrosine, and nitrite, the H2O2-MPO system induces formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), other chlorination products, tyrosine radicals, and reactive nitrogen intermediates, all of which can attack the surface membrane of microorganisms. Ref: Borregaard N., Boxer L.A. (2010). Chapter 66. Disorders of Neutrophil Function. In J.T. Prchal, K. Kaushansky, M.A. Lichtman, T.J. Kipps, U. Seligsohn (Eds), Williams Hematology, 8e.
| 3
|
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)
|
Interferon
|
Myeloperoxidase
|
Prostaglandins
|
Pathology
| null |
91d11336-a972-45f0-8480-9dadf9f6d95c
|
single
|
In Against-the-rule astigmatism:
|
Ans. Horizontal meridian is more curved than the veical
| 2
|
Veical meridian is more curved than the horizontal
|
Horizontal meridian is more curved than the veical
|
Both meridia are equally curved
|
None of the above
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
61b18931-f30d-4d83-873c-a6ac84462364
|
multi
|
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