question
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period of sickness benefit given under ESI Act
| null | 3
|
41 days
|
17 days
|
91 days
|
101 days
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
33d29145-1361-423b-9407-3ee80a60789e
|
single
|
The drug which is used for long term maintenance in opioid addiction
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Methadone Maintenance therapy for opioid addiction* Once detoxification phase is over (i.e., withdrawal symptoms have been managed), the patient is maintained on any of the following drugs to prevent relapse by reducing craving and preventing 'kick' or 'euphoria' produced by opioids (morphine or heroin). Drugs used are : -1. Methadone: - Reduces craving and 'kick/euphoria from morphine or heroin because their opioid receptors are already occupied.2. LAAM and buprenorphine: - Similarly reduce craving.3. Opioid antagonists (naltrexone): - Naltrexone can be used orally to assist in the rehabilitation of ex-opioid abusers who are fully withdrawn (otherwise it induces an acute withdrawal syndrome). Naltrexone prevents relapse by discouraging substance seeking behavior - If a patient, who is on naltrexone maintenance therapy, takes an opioid, there is no 'kick' or euphoria as opioid receptors are already blocked. Naltrexone can be used with clonidine as in detoxification.Treatment of opioid addiction* Treatment can be divided into : -A. Treatment of toxicity (overdose)# Overdose is a medical emergency and is treated with opioid antagonist to reverse the complications (respiratory depression) by antagonizing the action on opioid receptors. Intravenous naloxone is the antagonist of choice for morphine (heroin) poisoning. Oral naltrexone is used for maintenance therapy, once acute poisoning has been treated by iv naloxone. Intravenous nalmefene is another specific antagonist.B. Treatment of dependence# Treatment of dependence include medically supervised withdrawal and detoxification, followed by maintenance therapy.a. Detoxification* Detoxification process include abrupt withdrawal of opioid followed by management of the emergent withdrawal symptoms, i.e., treatment of withdrawal syndrome. Detoxification can be done by any of the following.i) Substitution of long-acting opioid agonism : - Methadone is the treatment of choice. Because of its agonistic activity on opioid receptors it suppresses withdrawal symptoms. L-alpha-acetyl-methadol/ Levomethyl (LAAM) is the other opioid agonist which was used for this purpose. However it is no longer in use because some patients developed prolonged QT intervals (torsades de points).ii) Substitution of partial agonist: - Buprenorphine can be used in place of methadone because of its partial agonistic activity on opioid receptor.iii) Substitution by a2 agonists : - Clonidine as a sympatholytic agent due to its agonistic action on central presynaptic a2 receptors which reduce nor-adrenergic activity. Therefore, clonidine reduces the adrenergic withdrawal symptoms. Lofexidine, another a2 agonist, is an alternative to clonidine.iv) Clonidine plus naltrexone: - A more rapid detoxification can occur when clonidine is used along with naltrexone. Naltrexone, when given in opioid dependent patient, causes withdrawal symptoms because of its antagonistic action. These can be treated with clonidine. The addition of short acting Benzodiazepine (lorazepam or oxazepam) and NSAIDs, will help to relieve withdrawal symptoms not covered by clonidine. It should be kept in mind that naltrexone should not be used alone for detoxification (to treat withdrawal syptoms) as it precipitates or worsens the withdrawal syndrome.v) Other drugs : - Dextropropoxyphene, diphenoxylateb. Maintenance therapy:- explained above
| 4
|
Naloxone
|
Nalorphine
|
Butarphanol
|
Methadione
|
Psychiatry
|
Substance Abuse
|
ad1bca5c-d47b-4db6-ba81-8a44243e1d66
|
single
|
DNA depended RNA synthesis is inhibited by:
|
Rifampicin
| 1
|
Rifampicin
|
Ethambutol
|
Colchicine
|
Chloromycetin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
9f26336f-ad93-476d-b352-e927ca5b592c
|
single
|
Which of the following statements regarding the flow of lymph from lower limb is true?
|
Normally. the fluid in lymph is massaged by muscle contractions of the organs and contraction of aerioles and venules, with which they are often associated which increases the flow through lymph vessels lacking valves and smooth muscle Thus by massaging foot lymph flow can be increased Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 550
| 4
|
|ed with change from supine to standing position
|
|ed in increased capillary permeability
|
|ed in deep vein valve incompetence
|
|ed by massage of foot
|
Physiology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
4dc4fca8-fdd8-41ac-b5a2-ed0cc5696b1a
|
multi
|
Contraindication of liver transplant?
|
Ans. (c) MetastasisRef: Sabiston 19th edition, Page 657* Contraindications for Liver transplant:# Metastatic liver disease# Poor cardio-pulmonary reserve# Systemic infections (HIV is not a contraindication now)# Porto pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary artery pressure >50mmHg # Hepatopulmonary syndrome when PaO2 does not show improvement with 100% oxygen.
| 3
|
Acute fulminant hepatic failure
|
Metabolic Disease
|
Metastasis
|
Primary liver malignancy
|
Surgery
|
Transplantation
|
2b5946ed-dbdc-47b7-a409-f9f279b13e23
|
single
|
Meniscal injury occurs during:
|
Ref: Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures, 8th ed.Explanation:Mechanism of injury to MeniscusDamage to the meniscus is due to rotational forces directed to a flexed knee (as may occur w-ith twisting sports) is the usual underlying mechanism of injury.A valgus force applied to a Hexed knee with the foot planted and the femur rotated externally can result in a lateral meniscus tear.A varus force applied to the flexed knee when the foot is planted and the femur rotated internally can result in a tear of the medial meniscus.Symptoms and SignsThe patient's chief complaints are usually knee pain and swellingAnother typical complaint i s joint locking, when the patient is unable to straighten the leg fully. This can be accompanied by a clicking feeling.A tear of the meniscus commonly follows a trauma which involves rotation of the knee while it was slightly bent.In meniscal tears, pressing on the joint line on the affected side typically produces tenderness.The McMurrav test involves pressing on the joint line while stressing the meniscus fusing flexion-extension movements and varus or valgus stress).Stein man n test (with the patient sitting) and the Apley grind test (a grinding maneuver while the patient lies prone and the knee is bent 90deg) also elicit painBending the knee (into hyperflexion if tolerable), and especially squatting, is typically a painful maneuver if the meniscus is tornThe Cooper's sign is a subjective symptom of pain in the affected knee when turning over in bed at night.Meniscal tear causes pain with a twisting motion of the knee as the meniscal fragment gets pinched, and the capsular attachment gets stretched causing the complaint of pain.
| 3
|
Rotation
|
Extension
|
Rotation and Flexion
|
Flexion
|
Orthopaedics
|
Knee Ligament Injuries
|
306616e8-402c-420a-a4ef-d442e779c972
|
single
|
Zero order kinetics is independent of ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Plasma concentration o Rate of elimination in zero order kinetics is independent of plasma concentration (see above explanation).
| 1
|
Plasma concentration
|
Clearance
|
Volume of distribution
|
Half life
|
Pharmacology
| null |
e297ae54-65c4-4d73-9330-b27a20545aaa
|
single
|
Spinal shock is characterised by -a) Spasticityb) Wastingc) Sensory lossd) urinary retentione) Areflexia
| null | 4
|
abd
|
acd
|
bde
|
cde
|
Medicine
| null |
610f2d96-bf48-43c7-8e96-f8fe476d9609
|
single
|
Which of the following is true regarding non-competitive enzyme inhibition?
|
In case of non-competitive enzyme inhibition Vmax decreases and Km remains the same.
| 2
|
Vmax increases
|
Vmax decreases
|
Km increases
|
Km decreases
|
Biochemistry
| null |
803af4d5-8dbc-4c8f-b14b-21af13053c77
|
multi
|
Occipitofrontal is muscle is present in which layer of scalp:
|
Ans. A. Aponeurotic layerThe term scalp is applied to the soft tissues covering the vault of skull. It extends anteriorly up to the eyebrows (superciliary arches), posteriorly up to the superior nuchal lines, and laterally on each side up to superior temporal line. The scalp consists of five layers. From superficial to deep these are as follows:1. Skin. 2. Connective tissue (superficial fascia). 3. Aponeurosis (occipitofrontal is muscle and its aponeurosis). 4. Loose areolar tissue. 5. Pericranium.
| 1
|
Aponeurotic layer
|
Subaponeurotic layer
|
Dense connective tissue layer
|
Loose connective tissue layer
|
Anatomy
|
Head & Neck
|
fbb17b41-708d-493b-8ee2-4403261f01ab
|
single
|
Gleason's staging is used in:
|
Ans: A (Ca prostate) Ref: Bailey & Love s Short Practice of Surgery, 25th Edition & Internet SourcesExplanation:The Gleason Grading SystemIt is used to help evaluate the prognosis of men with prostate cancer.It also predicts prognosis and helps guide therapy.Scoring based upon its microscopic appearance on histopathology.Cancers with a higher Gleason score are more aggressive and have a worse prognosis.The pathologist assigns a Gleason score based on the sum ot' two numbers:The first number is the grade of the most common tumor pattern.The second number is the grade of the second most common pattern.If there are three patterns the first number is the most common and the second is the one with the highest grade.
| 1
|
Ca prostate
|
Ca bladder
|
Ca pancreas
|
Ca colon
|
Surgery
|
Prostate Cancer
|
7304abd1-d146-4143-ae01-8d102ae7b5fb
|
single
|
The distance between tympanic membrane and medial wall of middle ear at the level of centre is:
|
(d) 2mm(Ref. BD Chaurasia, Human Anatomy 6th ed., Vol 3, page 277)Part of the middle ear cavityDistance from lateral to medial wallEpitympanum6mm (widest)Mesotympanum (centre)2mm (narrowest)Hypotympanum4mm
| 4
|
3 mm
|
4 mm
|
6 mm
|
2 mm
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
5217c6d9-9a1b-4a77-b32f-64f242ad76b8
|
multi
|
Dystrophic calcification occur in all except -(
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Normal kidney
| 3
|
Rheumatic hea disease
|
Lymph node
|
Normal kidney
|
Aneurysm
|
Pathology
| null |
72e6f5b0-4ba3-4e63-b874-bc37fcf15b72
|
multi
|
A patient with peptic ulcer disease undergone billroth 2 gastrectomy. Later the patient presented with postprandial pain. On endoscopy oedematous and inflamed gastric mucosa has been found. What is the preferred diagnosis
|
Reflex of duodenal juices into the stomach after billroth surgery e will cause inflamed gastric mucosa. Treatment of choice is roux en y gastrojejunostomy.
| 1
|
Alkaline gastritis
|
Dumping syndrome
|
Gastroparesis
|
None of the above
|
Surgery
| null |
bc50d685-8468-4b36-86a5-dbf5f45a3b65
|
multi
|
In muscle cells, resting membrane potential is equal to the isoelectric potential of
|
The isoelectric potential of Cl- is -70mV and of K+ is -90mV.
According to ‘Ganong’ and ‘Principles of Medical Physiology’, the actual measured RMP of a nerve fibre is -70mV rather than the calculated value of -90mV.
So in nerve fibres, the RMP is equal to or closer to the isoelectric potential of Cl-.
Whereas in muscle cells, the RMP is -90mV, which is equal to the isoelectric potential of K+.
| 3
|
Na+
|
Cl-
|
K+
|
Mg++
|
Physiology
| null |
e3bbb17f-e7e4-4b6c-ac2a-6ae6f10deb50
|
single
|
Subcutaneous vaccine is -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e. measles Mode of administration of vaccines* BCG* intradermal* OPV* oral* DPT* Intramuscular* Measles* subcutaneously
| 4
|
BCG
|
Polio
|
DPT
|
Measles
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Principles of Immunization and Vaccination
|
0436a661-0888-4f34-855d-d105eb49cd49
|
single
|
True about shigella dysentriae except -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Produces mildest form of dysentry * Mildest form of dysentry is caused by Sh. Sonnei.
| 4
|
It invades colonic mucosa
|
It can cause HUS
|
Produces verocytotoxin
|
Produces mildest form of dysentry
|
Microbiology
| null |
89b8f81f-87a6-4e2a-b2cd-5a595b2caa26
|
multi
|
A female presented with a severe headache of sudden onset. On CT scan a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage is made. The most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is :
|
Ans. is 'b' ie. Berry Aneurysm (Ref. : Harrison, 17/e pl726 (16/e, p 2387, 15/e, p 238))" Excluding head trauma the most common cause of SAH is rupture of a saccular aneurysma (Berry aneurysm or congenital aneurysm). "Berry aneurysms - also k/a as congenital aneurysm although they are not present at birth. There is however a congenital defect of the media of the artery, which becomes the site of aneurysm in later life.Common sites :Junction of the anterior communicating artery with the anterior cerebral artery* (MC).Junction of the post communicating artery with the 1C A* (Internal carotid artery)The bifurcation of MCA* (Middle carotid artery)
| 2
|
Middle meningeal artery
|
Berry aneurysm rupture
|
Basilar artery
|
Subdural venous sinuses
|
Unknown
| null |
5f099f2b-0b6c-4995-9181-70369c47206b
|
single
|
Pulsus paradoxus is seen in all except :
|
Answer is A (IPPV) Pulsus paradoxus is not a feature of IPPV. Pulsus paradoxus may be seen in association with cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis (infrequent) and COPD. Causes of Pulsus Paradoxus 1. Clinical Disease States Cardiac Tamponade (common) Constrictive Pericarditis (Infrequent) Superior vena cava syndrome Obstructive Airway disease (Emphysema) Acute Asthma Pulmonary embolism Hypovolemic shock 2. In the absence of clincal disease Obesity Pregnancy What is Pulsus Paradoxus Normally the aerial pulse volume and aerial blood pressure decreases during inspiration and increases during expiration. Pulsus paradoxus is an aggravation of a normal process and hence also called pulses normalis aggregans. In pulses paradoxus the decrease in systolic aerial pressure during inspiration is accentuated. What then in the paradox: In patients with pericardial tamponade, airway obstruction or superior vena caval obstruction, the decrease in systolic aerial pressure may be so much that the peripheral pulse may completely disappear during inspiration. The paradox is that the hea sounds may still be heard on auscultation over the apex at a time when no pulse is palpable at the radial aery.
| 1
|
IPPV
|
COPD
|
Cardiac Temponade
|
Constrictive pericarditis
|
Medicine
| null |
8eb81a4a-3ff4-46da-b56f-21711a6c6ebd
|
multi
|
The following are characteristic of autism except ___________
|
Autistic disorder:- Pervasive developmental disorders. Also called autistic spectrum disorders, cluster of syndromes that share marked abnormalities in the development of social and communicative skills. Symptoms: Qualitative impairment in social interaction as manifested by two of the following- impairment in use of multiple non verbal behaviors( eye gaze, facial expression, body postures) , failure to develop peer relationships, lack of sharing of enjoyment, lack of social or emotional reciprocity. Qualitative impairment in communication in at least one of the following areas- delay or total lack of spoken languages, marked impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others, stereotyped or repetitive use if languages and lack of varied spontaneous play. Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities as manifested by preoccupation with one or more restricted patterns of interests; inflexible adherence to nonfunctional routines or rituals ; repetitive motor mannerisms( such as rocking, hand flipping, finger flicking) and preoccupation with pas of objects. Intelligence is variable. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition
| 1
|
Onset after 6 years of age
|
Repetitive behaviour
|
Delayed language development
|
Severe deficit in social interaction
|
Pediatrics
|
Growth and development
|
2e8dd29e-d95a-4d37-a864-e4a59f466924
|
multi
|
Which among the following is not an RNA virus?
|
Ans: b (hepatitis B) Ref:Ananthanarayan, 7 p. 547Among the hepatitis virus only DNA virus is hepatitis B virus (Hepadna virus). Just go through theFeatureHAVHBVHCVHDVHEVAgentSSRNA icosahedral,capsid unenvelopedDSRNAComplex structure envelopedSSRNA envelopedSS defective virus envelopedSSRNA unenvelopedClassificationPicoma virus(enterovirus typelll)Hepadna virusFlaviUnknowncalcivirusTransmissionfaecooralparentralparentralparentralfaecooralIP15-45 days(2-6 weeks)30-180 days(2-6 mon)30-90 days 1-3 mon30-50 days 1-2 mon50-60 days 1/2 - 2 monthOnsetacuteinsiduousinsiduousinsiduousacuteIllnessmildOcc. severemoderateOcc. severeMild except in pregnancy (fulminant in 40 %)Carrier statenilcommonpresentNil(only with HBV)niloncogenicityNilyesyesnilNilSpecific Rx.Ig & vaccineIg& vaccinenilHBV vaccineNil
| 2
|
Hepatits A
|
Hepatitis B
|
Hepatitis C
|
Hepatitis D
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
6185a27a-a703-48e7-b947-f36509811a86
|
single
|
An old man enters the hospital with myocardial infarction and a severe ventricular arrhythmia. The antiarrhythmic drug chosen has a narrow therapeutic window. The minimum toxic plasma concentration is 1.5 times the minimum therapeutic plasma concentration. The half life is 6 hrs. It is essential to maintain the plasma concentration above the minimum therapeutic level to prevent a possible lethal arrhythmia. Of the following, the most appropriate dosing regimen would be
| null | 4
|
Once a day
|
Twice a day
|
Four times a day
|
Constant intravenous infusion
|
Pharmacology
| null |
d6426c2a-1da1-4523-906a-741cfeb77d13
|
multi
|
The most common indication for tracheostomy is:
|
Historically, the main indication for a tracheostomy was to bypass upper airway obstruction caused by a foreign body or infection, paicularly diphtheria. Nowadays upper airway obstruction is the least common indicator for tracheostomy. Almost two thirds of tracheostomies are currently performed on intubated intensive care patients, mainly to aid removal of secretions from the distal tracheobronchial tree and to facilitate weaning from distal tracheobronchial tree in acute respiratory failure and prolonged ventilation
| 2
|
Laryngeal diphtheria
|
Foreign body aspiration
|
Carcinoma
|
Asthma
|
ENT
| null |
5e745d6b-e03c-43e0-a20c-46c7d5a7e313
|
single
|
Absolute contraindication of OCP's is:
| null | 1
|
Breast cancer
|
Mentally ill
|
Migraine
|
Fibroid
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
a94b5a12-bac7-45a8-b9a2-db8ced7eebd5
|
multi
|
Epicritic perception of pain occurs at the level of
| null | 2
|
Thalamus
|
Area 3, 1, 2
|
Areas 5, 7
|
Pulvinar
|
Physiology
| null |
e5e017a0-2f53-4392-9722-956936faed9a
|
single
|
A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of a lump in his neck. Examination shows
a thyroid nodule, Laboratory studies show serum calcitonin is elevated, and serum calcium is
normal
Despite high serum calcitonin levels, which of the following mechanisms best explains the normal calcium levels in this patient?
| null | 3
|
Concurrent parathyroid adenoma
|
Concurrent parathyroid hyperplasia
|
High levels of calcitonin down reQulates its receptor
|
Increase in PTH in response to hypocalcemia
|
Medicine
| null |
ef1bbbc6-c2a7-403c-96b6-f42d6d44027c
|
single
|
Aflatoxin is produced by the fungus?
|
Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin that is produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Exposure to aflatoxin can cause hepatic necrosis later progressing to cirrhosis. It also acts as a carcinogen and can produce hepatocellular carcinoma.
| 1
|
Aspergillus flavus
|
Aspergillus fumigatus
|
Aspergillus niger
|
Penicillium marneffei
|
Microbiology
|
Mycology
|
0d5dede3-bc48-4bfb-bc7b-01e5cbdf29e1
|
single
|
Ram Prashad is admitted to Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital with respiratory infection for which antibiotic tobramycin is ordered. The clearance and Vd of tobramycin in him are 160 ml/min and 40 L, respectively. If you wish to give Ram Prashad an intravenous loading dose to achieve the therapeutic plasma concentration of 4 mg/L rapidly, how much should be given?
|
Loading dose = Vd x target plasma cone.
= 40 L x 4 mg/L
= 160 mg
Clearance plays no role in the determination of loading dose. It is given to confuse you.
| 4
|
0.1 mg
|
10 mg
|
115.2 mg
|
160 mg
|
Pharmacology
| null |
f0b1a64c-3784-4deb-9b6c-10b0ef6eb573
|
single
|
Extra cervical rib usually compresses which pa of brachial plexus -
|
THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME Neurological and vascular symptoms and signs in the upper limbs may be produced by compression of the LOWER TRUNK of the brachial plexus (C8 and T1) and subclan vessels between the clavicle and the first rib. The subclan aery and lower brachial trunk pass through a triangle based on the first rib and bordered by scalenus anterior and medius. These neurovascular structures are made taut when the shoulders are braced back and the arms held tightly to the sides; an extra rib (or its fibrous equivalent extending from a large costal process), or an anomalous scalene muscle, exaggerates this effect by forcing the vessel and nerve upwards. REF:Apley&;s system of ohopaedics- 9th edn - pg no 292.
| 4
|
Lateral cord
|
Upper trunk
|
Middle trunk
|
Lower trunk
|
Orthopaedics
|
Miscellaneous
|
14263e2b-6bb5-4b61-ad08-6c96f024ec8b
|
multi
|
The following structure does not pass through flexor retinaculum
|
FLEXOR RETINACULUM Carpel tunnel.Transverse carpal ligament. Strong fibrous band which bridges anterior concavity of carpus and conves it into osseofibrous tunnel called carpal tunnel for the passage of flexor tendons of the digits. Rectangular.Formed due to thickening of deep fascia in front of carpal bones. Attachments: medial-pisiform, hook of hamate.Lateral-tubercle of scaphoid and crest of trapezium. Structures passing superficial to flexor retinaculum:-(medial to lateral)1. Ulnar nerve 2. Ulnar aery 3. Posterior cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve.4. Tendon of palmaris longus.5. Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve.6. Superficial palmar branch of radial aery. Structures passing deep to flexor retinaculum:-1. Tendon of FDS2. Tendon of FDP 3. Tendon of FPL.4. median nerve. Ulnar bursa-tendons of FDS&FDP.Radial bursa- tendon of flexor pollicis Flexor carpi radialis pass through separate canal. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME:-Injury to median nerve in carpal tunnel.Causes:-Tenosynovitis of flexor tendons.MyxedemaRetention of fluid in pregnancy Fracture dislocation of lunate bone.Osteoahritis of wrist. Symptoms:-1. Feeling of burning pain or " pins & needles " along lateral 3 and half digits especially at night.2. Weakness of thenar muscles.3. No sensory loss over thenar eminence.4. Ape thumb deformity if left untreated.5. Positive phalens abd tinel's sign.Phalen' sign-flexion of both wrists against each other for one minute reproduces the symptoms.Tinel's sign- percussion over flexor retinaculum reproduces symptoms. MNEMONIC structures passing deep to flexor retinaculum:" SPM fuLLy Boring Flexor digitorum Superficialis tendon, flexor digitorum Profundus tendon, Median nerve, flexor poLLicis longus , Bursae - radial and ulnar. {Reference: vishram singh, page no.196,} Figure:9.15,page no:113,BD chaurasia , 6th edition,upper limb & thorax.
| 1
|
Ulnar N
|
Median N
|
Flexor digitorum profundus
|
Flexor digitorum superficialis
|
Anatomy
|
Upper limb
|
6c9ebdc7-8d66-4b68-982a-761223c5de66
|
single
|
To diagnosis foetal wellbeing of foetus, most reliable method -(UPSC 97)
|
To get started, sit with your feet up or lie on your side. Count each of your baby'smovements as one kick, and count until you reach 10 kicks or movements. Most of the time it will take less than a half-hour, but it could take as long as two hours. Log your recorded times into a Count the Kicks chart. The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (aka L-S or L/S ratio) is a test of fetal amniotic fluid to assess for fetal lung immaturity. Lungs require surfactant, a soap-like substance, to lower the surface pressure of the alveoli in the lungs. Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placentalhormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. HPL is present only during pregnancy, with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5-7 mg/L. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its biological half-life is 15 minutes.
| 4
|
L:S ratio
|
HPL levels
|
Kick test
|
Ultrasound
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Diagnosis in Obstetrics
|
43b33cf4-1938-4285-b9a1-6068a19e1bd7
|
single
|
Drug commonly used against enteric fever are all except-
|
Aminoglycosides are not given for enteric fever
| 1
|
Amikacin
|
Ciprofloxacin
|
Ceftriaxone
|
Azithromycin
|
Microbiology
| null |
b69ee41f-6de3-4002-a19f-4f21af1e880f
|
multi
|
Hiatus semilunaris is present in?
|
Middle meatus: Uncinate process is a hook-like structure running in from anterosuperior to the posteroinferior direction in the middle meatus. It&;s postero superior border is sharp and runs parallel to the anterior border of bulla ethmoidalis. This gap between the two is called hiatus semilunaris .it is two-dimensional space of 1-2 mm width. (Ref: Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat and head and neck surgery, Dhingra 7th edition, Pg no. 150)
| 2
|
Superior meatus
|
Middle meatus
|
Inferior meatus
|
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
|
ENT
|
Nose and paranasal sinuses
|
19dbb51a-75ee-4e72-b26c-711d85a582f7
|
single
|
After an incised wound, new collagen fibrils are seen along with a thick layer of growing epithelium. The approximate age of the wound is:
|
The approximate age of the wound in an incised wound, when new collagen fibrils are seen along with a thick layer of growing epithelium is 4-5 days.
| 1
|
4-5 days
|
About 1 week
|
12-24 hours
|
24-72 hours
|
Pathology
| null |
3c6ced6c-0e79-4933-a349-ffc7a598cd5a
|
single
|
Shoest skull diameter: March 2013
|
Ans. D i.e. Bimastoid Fetal skull Shoest diameter of fetal skull: Bimastoid (7.5 cm) Largest diameter of fetal skull: Mentoveical (14 cm)
| 4
|
Biparietal
|
Mentoveical
|
Bitemporal
|
Bimastoid
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
5288c03d-1e35-419b-8b16-dcd64ae7138c
|
single
|
Regarding yaws, all are true except -
|
Yaws is a chronic contagious non veneral disease. Reference; Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition.Pg no. 359
| 2
|
Caused by T. Peenue
|
Sexually transmitted
|
Croos active antibodies with syphilis
|
Drug of choice is penicillin
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
3fefd03a-5ba5-446e-a433-bdb6057d825f
|
multi
|
Surgery for undescended testis is recommended at what age?
|
Optimum age for surgery in case of undescended testis is 6 months. The surgical procedure done is called orchidopexy. Earlier intervention (Six months of age) should be considered in order to theoretically prevent the complications of crytorchidism that may be manifested before 1 year of age. Ref: Sabiston 20th Ed. ; Schwaz 11th Ed.
| 1
|
6 months
|
12 months
|
24 months
|
36 months
|
Surgery
|
All India exam
|
d52c957e-e1ae-48cc-8e0d-2f8732fc08ee
|
single
|
Subepidermal bistreing is seen in all except ?
|
Ans:D. i.e. Pemphigus Causes of Subepidermal Blistering includes :Bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, erythema multiforme, TEN, friction blisters.Causes of Intraepidermal Blistering includes :Acute eczema, varicella, herpes simplex, pemphigus
| 4
|
Pemphigus vulgaris
|
Dermatitis herpetiformis
|
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
|
Pemphigus
|
Skin
| null |
5ba6e1a4-e250-4eb6-b7f5-dc26445d2227
|
multi
|
Palmer's sign is pregnancy refers to (8-12 weeks):
|
Rhythmic contractions of uterus
| 1
|
Rhythmic contractions of uterus
|
Pulsations in the lateral fornix
|
Discoloration of vagina
| null |
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
8d668755-ce52-4377-baf4-e721a00f1f24
|
multi
|
Schizophrenia with the worst prognosis
|
Hebephrenic schizophrenia Key Symptoms: Disorganized speech, behavior (often silly/ shallow) and flat or inappropriate affect Order of prognosis from good to bad in Schizophrenia: Catatonic > Paranoid > Undifferentiated > Hebephrenic > Simple Reference: Oxford Handbook of psychiatry; 3rd edition; Chapter 6; Schizophrenia and related psychoses
| 3
|
Catatonic
|
Paranoid
|
Hebephrenic
|
Undifferentiated
|
Psychiatry
|
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
|
170029ac-2a8e-43a6-ad55-e31059a55b20
|
single
|
Most common type of schizophrenia
|
D i.e. Paranoid
| 4
|
Simple
|
Hebephrenic
|
Catatonic
|
Paranoid
|
Psychiatry
| null |
1fa5ede1-d052-468a-8027-150d486cb0cc
|
single
|
The drug most likely to be responsible for acute pancreatitis is :
| null | 1
|
Didanosine
|
Ketoconazole
|
Saquinavir
|
Zidovudine
|
Pharmacology
| null |
ab2a8fc4-5d06-4a45-95f9-bc98aed2b916
|
single
|
Ideal speed for most rotary NiTi Instrument is
|
Most endodontic rotary systems are used in the speed range of 300-350 RPM. Light speed is ued at 1200 rpm
| 1
|
300-350 rpm
|
350-500 rpm
|
500-600 rpm
|
100-200 rpm
|
Dental
| null |
94eba4f1-7251-4f74-bf7e-0ad3423fde77
|
single
|
Investigation of choice for Posterior urethral valves:
|
Ans. a (MCU). (Ref. Sutton Radiology 7th ed. 1017, 1061)- MCU is IOC for PU valve and VUR.Posterior urethral valves (PUV)# Varying degree of chronic urethral obstruction due to fusion and prominence of plicae colliculi, normal concentric folds of urethra.# Usually located in posterior urethra just distal to the level verumontanum.c;# It is the most common cause of severe obstructive uropathy in infants and children.# MCU is 'gold standard' in diagnosis of PUV.# Rx: Cystoscopic fulguration of the valves.Three types of PUV are described :
| 1
|
Micturating Cystourethrography (MCU)
|
Ultrasound
|
Intravenous Pyelography
|
Retrograde urethrography
|
Radiology
|
Genito Urinary System
|
2deca00a-f289-4105-931d-8d2019b354c2
|
single
|
A 25-year-old man is involved in an automobile accident with resultant injuries including bilateral closed femur fractures, left pulmonary contusion, and closed head injury. On post-injury day 4, significant upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage begins. Endoscopic examination reveals an area of confluent ulceration with bleeding in the gastric fundus. Endoscopic hemostasis fails. Appropriate immediate management includes:
|
Initial effos to control gastric hemorrhage consist of gastric lavage using warmed saline. Lavage serves to fragment existing clots and to remove any pooled blood, reducing fibrinolysis at bleeding sites. Over 80% of patients who present with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage stop bleeding using this approach. Definitive treatment of ongoing acute active stress bleeding by antacids is largely unsuccessful. Administration of H2-receptor blocking agents once active gastrointestinal bleeding has commenced is also usually ineffective as a definitive form of therapy. The endoscope has become the preferred therapeutic as well as diagnostic instrument with electrocautery and laser photocoagulation capabilities. If endoscopic therapy fails, angiography offers an additional means for the control of bleeding by selective infusion of vasopressin into the splanchnic circulation the left gastric aery. Vasopressin is administered by continuous infusion through the catheter at a rate of 0.2 to 0.4 IU/min for a maximum of 48 to 72 hours. About 10% to 20% of patients with acute stress ulcers continue to bleed or have recurrent bleeding despite these measures. In these patients, total gastrectomy has a moality ranging from 17% to 100%. In general, operative moality rates for acute stress-induced hemorrhage range from 30% to 60% regardless of the surgical procedure undeaken.
| 3
|
Lavage of gastric contents with iced saline
|
Urgent total gastrectomy
|
Selective aerial infusion of vasopressin the left gastric aery
|
Inseion of Sangstaken-Blakemore balloon
|
Surgery
|
Stomach & Duodenum
|
d1c90183-37c3-433d-b217-fbc7b541d31c
|
multi
|
Triangular relation of Elbow is maintained in
|
D i.e. Supracondylar fracture
| 4
|
Fracture ulna
|
Anterior dislocation of Elbow
|
Posterior dislocation of Elbow
|
Supracondylar fracture
|
Surgery
| null |
4b000b25-970e-4448-8207-2fccf25dd4e1
|
single
|
Vaginal defence is lost:
|
Vaginal pH: newborn infant -4.5 to 7 pubey -alkaline to acidic reproductive age -4 to 5.5 pregnancy -3.5 to 4.5 post menopausal -6 to 8 Acidity of vagina is because of doderlein's bacilli. It is a rod-shaped gram-positive bacillus which grows anaerobically on acid media. It appears in the vagina 3-4 days after bih and disappears after 10-14 days. It appears again at pubey and disappears after menopause. Its function is to conve glycogen present in vaginal mucosa into lactic acid so that the vaginal PH is maintained towards acidic side, which prevents other pathogenic organisms from invading the vagina. Ref: D.C Dutta's Textbook of GynaecologyPg no:7,6th edition
| 2
|
Within 10 days of bih
|
After 10 days of bih
|
During pregnancy
|
At pubey
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Anatomy of the female genital tract
|
1e4aa405-24ac-4dc2-abad-ebcd47e977d0
|
single
|
Primary health centre was proposed under:
|
Bhore committee in 1946 gave the concept of primary health care centre as a basic health care unit. Ref: Park 22nd edition pg: 800.
| 2
|
Srivastava committee
|
Bhore committee
|
Kaar Singh committee
|
None of the above
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
541a2af8-555d-4ada-a0a6-577b69d47ac6
|
multi
|
Natural habitat of Schistosoma (blood flukes) ?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above
| 4
|
Veins of the urinary bladder
|
Poal & pelvic veins
|
Vesical plexuses
|
All of the above
|
Microbiology
| null |
5b073b29-c3e5-41f6-9964-ff2de8119acc
|
multi
|
A patient sustains a knife wound through the right fouh intercostals space, 2 cm to the right of the sternum. The area most likely penetrated by the knife is the
|
The right border of the hea is approximately 1 to 2 cm to the right of the right border of the sternum; therefore, the knife probably did not hit the hea. The middle lobe of the right lung extends from the level of the fouh costochondral junction to the level of the fifth intercostal space. The middle lobe is most likely at the level of the fouh intercostal space.
| 2
|
Right upper lobe of the lung
|
Right middle lobe of the lung
|
Right lower lobe of the lung
|
Right atrium of the hea
|
Anatomy
|
Thorax
|
6ed275d2-a711-461f-beb1-aca540311498
|
single
|
Duputryens contracture commonly affects: September 2005
|
Ans. B: Ring Finger Dupuytren's contracture is more common among people with diabetes, alcoholism, or epilepsy. Dupuytren contracture, a disease of the palmar fascia, results in the thickening and shoening of fibrous bands in the hands and fingers. The ring finger is the one affected most commonly. It is usually limited to the medial three fingers. This disease entity belongs to the group of fibromatoses that include plantar fibromatosis (Ledderhose disease), penile fibromatosis (Peyronie disease), and fibromatosis of the dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints (Garrod nodes or knuckle pads).
| 2
|
Little finger
|
Ring finger
|
Middle finger
|
Index finger
|
Surgery
| null |
b7d9688e-4eb7-4d3a-ae88-01e1ac397d54
|
single
|
Hemiparesis is NOT a feature of:
|
Patients with veebral aery occlusion may present as posterior inferior cerebellar aery syndrome with cerebellar and brainstem signs such as dysahria, iplsilateral limb ataxia, veigo, nystagmus, ipsilateral Horner's syndrome, ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature of face, ipsilateral pharyngeal and laryngeal paralysis, contralateral loss of pain and temperature in limbs and trunk. Occlusion of stem of middle cerebral aery results in contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral hemianopia, contralateral hemianesthesia, aphasia, contralateral neglect and dressing difficulties. Occlusion of ACA, distal to anterior communicating aery result in contralateral leg weakness, contralateral leg sensory loss and urinary incontinence. Occlusion of ACA proximal to ACCA result in bilateral leg weakness, sensory loss, urinary incontinence, and frontal release signs. Ref: Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science By Sandra A. Jacobson page 567.
| 4
|
Carotid aery occlusion
|
MCA occlusion
|
AC A occlusion
|
Veebral aery occlusion
|
Medicine
| null |
ba7c2757-ee9a-4c98-bfa1-acef6adfa8b6
|
single
|
Preterm baby with PDA, which is the least likely findings?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., CO2 washout PDA in preterm neonate o In previous explanations I have explained that chances of spontaneous closure of PDA are higher in premature infants as there is no structural abnormality. However, you should keep in mind that this fact is true when we are comparing the spontaneous closure of PDA between term and pre-term neonate. Overall, the percentage of spontaneous closure of PDA in preterm neonate is very low. To avoid confusion, I am explaining following facts in brief:? 1) Normal neonate :- Ductus aeriosus closes functionally within about 15 hours of bih. 2) PDA in term (mature) neonate :- The persistence of ductus aeriosus beyond 24 hours after bih is considered as PDA in term neonate. Spontaneous closure of PDA does not usually occur because PDA results from structural abnormality. 3) PDA in pre-term (pre-mature) neonate :- The ductus aeriosus in pre-term neonate is not as responsive to increased oxygen content as it is in term neonate. However, there is no structural abnormality. i) Chances of spontaneous closure are very less (compared to normal term neonate). ii)Chances of spontaneous closure are more than the term-neonate with PDA. However, in premature neonate, where hypoxic pulmonary disease is commonplace, the ductus being sensitive to hypoxia, remains open. o So, it is very unlikely that spontaneous closure of PDA will occur in pre-term neonate. But chances are more when compared to term neonate with PDA (not normal term neonate in which ductus aeriosus closes within 15 hours of bih). Manifestations of PDA in pre-term neonate 1) Apnea for unexplained reasons in an infant recovering from RDS; 2) A hyperdynamic precordium, bounding peripheral pulses, wide pulse pressure, and a continuous or systolic murmur with or without extension into diastole or an apical diastolic murmur, multiple clicks resembling the shaking of dice; 3) Carbon dioxide retention; 4) Increasing oxygen dependence; 5) X-ray evidence of cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary vascular markings; and 6) Hepatomegaly o Increased pulmonary blood flow and compromised ventricular function accompanying dropping pulmonary resistance in the setting of a PDA is a significant risk factor for pulmonary hemorrhage. o The greatest risk factor for NEC is prematurity. Any etiology which leads on to hemodynamic or hypoxic insult predisposes to NEC. PDA is common in preterm infants and it definitely causes hemodynamic stress and is a risk factor for development of NEC.
| 1
|
CO2 washout
|
Bounding pulses
|
Pulmonary hemorrhage
|
Necrotising enterocolitis
|
Pediatrics
| null |
2914f119-98dd-4c93-ac21-88e91f6c0480
|
single
|
Increased acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid indicates -
|
(A) (Open neural tube defects) (1998 - Nelson 19th)* Failure of closure of the neural tube allows excretion of fetal substances (a-fetoprotein , acetylecholinesterase) into the amniotic fluid, serving as biochemical and markers of a neural tube defects (NTD).* Prenatal screening of maternal serum of AFP in the 16th - 18th week gestation is an effective method for identifying pregnancies at risk for features with NTDA in utero.* Risk factor for neural tube defects (william obs)i) Family history of NTD-First degree relative 2 - 3% Autosomal dominant or Autosomal recessive - 20 - 3% times highter.ii) Exposure to certain environmental agents, malnutrition.iii) Diabetes (Hyper glycemia/Matemal obesity).iv) Hyperthermiav) Drugs - valproic acid, carbamazepine, Aminopterin and isotretinoin (Anacephaly or encephalocele)vi) Genetic syndrome with known recurrence risk Meckel - Gruber, Roberts - SC, Phocomelia, Jarco Levin and HARDE syndrome.vii) Trisomy 13 and 18 and Triploidy all have 1% recurrence risk.* Major NTDs include - spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, encephalocele, anencephaly, caudal regression syndrome, dermal sinus, tethered cord, syringomyelia, diastematomyelia and lipoma involving the conus medullaris and / or filum terminale and the rare condition anencephaly.Prevention - The U.S. Public health service has recommended that all women of child bearing age and who are capable of becoming pregnant take 0.4 mg folic acid daily.* Nuchal translucency is used for screening of Down syndrome in antenatal USG**
| 1
|
Open neural tube defects
|
Oesophageal atresia
|
Down syndrome
|
Edwards syndrome
|
Pediatrics
|
Miscellaneous
|
561f6314-6a70-44a7-9b05-4b60f7201797
|
single
|
15/F complains of anterior knee pain, increased on climbing stairs and getting up after prolonged sitting. Diagnosis is:
|
Given scenario suggests diagnosis of Chondromalacia patellae Plica syndrome- anterior knee pain, clicking, clunking, and a popping sensation on patellofemoral loading activity such as squatting Patellofemoral ahritis will be seen at a later age and will have pain in all movements of knee. Bipaite patella is congenital fragmentation of patella and is usually asymptomatic.
| 1
|
Chondromalacia patellae
|
Bipaite patellae
|
Plica syndrome
|
Patellofemoral ahritis
|
Orthopaedics
|
Neuromuscular disorders
|
35cd4faf-f262-4883-9836-4de77f1a505b
|
single
|
Which of the following pain is not referred to ear
|
Reffered pain to ear: Benign ulcers or malignant lesions of the base of tongue tonsil pillars palate Ref: Dhingra 7e pg 435.
| 4
|
Pharynx
|
Teeth
|
Angle of TM joint
|
Vestibule of nose
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
d8d33903-6c01-46eb-926f-8903350eae35
|
single
|
Paget's disease of nipple is stained positive for:
|
Paget's disease may be confused with superficial spreading melanoma. Differentiation from pagetoid intraepithelial melanoma is based on the presence of S-100 antigen immunostaining in melanoma and carcinoembryonic antigen immunostaining in Paget's disease. Surgical therapy for Paget's disease may involve lumpectomy, mastectomy, or modified radical mastectomy, depending on the extent of involvement and the presence of invasive cancer. Ref: Schwaz's principle of surgery 9th edition, chapter 17.
| 1
|
CEA
|
S 100
|
Both of the above
|
None of the above
|
Surgery
| null |
989f2093-2103-48b5-ab55-bcb551077201
|
multi
|
The following is true about term "New Families' -
|
- all nuclear families of less then 10 years duration is termed as new families. - the concept is impoant in view of studies relating to family planning. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:684 <\p>
| 2
|
It is variant of the 3-generation family
|
It is applied to all nuclear families of less then 10 years duration
|
It is variant of the joint family
|
It is applied to all nuclear families of less then 2 years duration
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Social science, Mental health & Genetics
|
6e84a2d0-8f9b-4eb1-9808-e6389dd7c02b
|
multi
|
Which of these is not a derivative of 3rd pharyngeal/ branchial arch:
|
Ans. (a) Lesser cornuRef: Inderbir Singh's Embroyology, 7th ed. /119-120Lesser cornu of hyoid is derived from 2nd branchial arch.1st Branchial arch2nd Branchial arch3rd Branchial arch4th Branchial arch6th Branchial arch* Malleus and Incus* Maxilla* Mandible* Muscle of mastication* Stapes* Upper half of body of hyoid* Lesser cornu of hyoid* Muscle of facial expression* Lower part of body of hyoid* Greater cornu of hyoid* Thymus* Stylopharyngeus* Upper thyroid cartilage* Cricothyroid muscle* Lower half of thyroid cartilage* Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corniculate cartilage* All intrinsic laryngeal muscle except cricothyroidNerve: Mandibular branch of CN 5thFacial NerveGlossopharyngeal nerveVagus + Superior Laryngeal nerveVagus + Recurrent laryngeal nerve
| 1
|
Lesser cornu
|
Greater cornu
|
Stylopharyngeus
|
Lower hyoid
|
ENT
|
Larynx
|
91fc0a8a-7251-4962-823f-afb03cdf85ec
|
single
|
The following drug is effective in treatment of ptyriasis versicolor ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ketoconazole Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor) Tinea versicolor is a misnomer as it is not caused by dermatophyte; Pityriasis versicolor is more appropriate term. It is caused by a nondermatophyte fungus called Pityrosporum ovale (Malasezia furfur). It usually affects young adults. Clinical features There are multiple small scaly hypopigmented macules (macules may be hyperpigmented also). Scaling is furfuraceous or rice powder like. Macules sta around the hair follicles and then merge with each other to form large areas. Affects trunk and shoulders (mainly chest and back). There may be loosening of scales with finger nails -4 Coupled onle or stroke of nail. Lesions are recurrent in nature (may reappear after treatment). Diagnosis of P.versicolor Examination of scales in 10% KOH shows sho hyphae and round spores (Sphagetti and meat ball appearance). Wood's lamp shows apple green fluorescence (blue-green fluorescence). Skin surface biopsy --) A cyanoacrylate adhesive (crazy glue) is used to remove the layer of stratum corneum on glass slide and then stained with PAS reagent. Treatment of P.versicolor Systemic agents : - Systemic azoles provide a convenient therapeutic option. Drugs used are ketoconazole, Fluconazole or intraconazole. Topical antifungals :- Topical antifungals used are : - i. Azoles --> Clotrimazole, econazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole. ii. Others --> Selenium Sulfide, Sodium thiosulphate, whield's ointment (3% salicylic acid + 6% Benzoic acid).
| 1
|
Ketoconazole
|
Metronidazole
|
Griseofulvin
|
Chloroquine
|
Skin
| null |
69cda036-fe20-4d53-be80-5e563c9122f2
|
single
|
Hypoxia due to the slowing of circulation is seen in which of the following?
|
Hypoxia is O2 deficiency at the tissue level. Traditionally, hypoxia has been divided into four types.Type of hypoxiaSignificanceHypoxic hypoxia The PO2 of the aerial blood is reduced.Anemic hypoxia The aerial PO2 is normal but the amount of hemoglobin available to carry O2 is reducedStagnant hypoxia The blood flow to a tissue is so low that adequate O2 is not delivered to it despite a normal PO2 and hemoglobin concentrationHistotoxic hypoxia The amount of O, delivered to a tissue is adequate. But, because of the action of a toxic agent, the tissue cells cannot make use of the O2 supplied to them.Effects of hypoxia on cellsHypoxia causes the production of transcription factors (hypoxia-inducible factors; HIFs). In hypoxic cells, the subunits dimerize with subunits, and the dimers activate genes that produce angiogenic factors and erythropoietin.(Refer: Ganong&;s Review of Medical physiology 24th edition,pg no: 649,653)
| 4
|
Anemic hypoxia
|
Histotoxic hypoxia
|
Hypoxic hypoxia
|
Stagnant hypoxia
|
Anatomy
|
All India exam
|
5a21646a-c5db-4e8d-b73b-8fc2d46f2fd6
|
single
|
A male was brought unconscious with external injuries. CT brain showed no midline shift, but basal cistern were compressed with multiple small hemorrhages. Diagnosis is: AIIMS 06
|
Ans. Diffuse axonal injuries
| 4
|
Cerebral contusion
|
Cerebral laceration
|
Multiple infarcts
|
Diffuse axonal injuries
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
6e5af7a0-f15a-4f05-b529-19195adbb0be
|
multi
|
Infectivity of HBsAg is best/commonly diagnosed by-
| null | 1
|
HBeAg
|
HbsAg
|
HBV DNA
|
Anti HBs Ag
|
Microbiology
| null |
11480ad5-d375-4976-80a6-81641180058a
|
single
|
Accuracy refers to:
| null | 3
|
Sensitivity
|
Specificity.
|
Both
|
Any of the above.
|
Dental
| null |
4d60298d-8c2e-45db-9a18-64bcc4a7dd18
|
multi
|
A patient has Hb 6 gm% folic acid 82g/ml, vitamin B12 60 pg/ml, serum iron 180g/dl, and MCV-104.The diagnosis is -
| null | 2
|
Iron deficiency anaemia
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency
|
Folic acid deficiency
|
Pyridoxine deficiency
|
Medicine
| null |
e875d41c-f9a2-4fb0-bd6a-308b7dc01472
|
single
|
Predisposing factors for coronary aery disease include, all Except:
|
Predisposing factors for coronary aery disease include an increased lipoprotein &;a&; and not lipoprotein &;6&;. REF: Harrison book of internal medicine 21ST EDITION
| 2
|
Homocysteinemia
|
| Lipoprotein B
|
| Fibrinogen
|
| plasminogen activator inhibitors 1
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
760f2023-6644-4361-8a2f-92b7ba531f54
|
multi
|
Cell swelling is seen in all except?
|
Ans. (c) CalcificationRef: Robbiris pathology 9th ed. 140-41, 65* Cellular swelling may occur due to cellular hypoxia, which damages the sodium-potassium membrane pump; it is reversible when the cause is eliminated.* Cellular swelling is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.* On microscopic examination, small clear vacuoles may be seen within the cytoplasm; these represent distended and pinched-off segments of the endoplasmic reticulum.* This pattern of non-lethal injury is sometimes called hydropic change or vacuolar degeneration.* The ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury include: Blebbing blunting, distortion of microvilli, loosening of intercellular attachments, mitochondrial changes, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum.
| 3
|
Infection
|
Malignancy
|
Calcification
|
Hypoxia
|
Pathology
|
Cellular Pathology
|
ec8bacc4-c74d-439f-b81a-d6b49b5ecd2c
|
multi
|
If during blood transfusion reaction develops in the form of incompatibility, the first thing to be done is
| null | 1
|
Stop the transfusion
|
Inj Hydrocortisone to be given
|
Inj Chlorpheneramine maleate to be given
|
Inj Frusemide to be given
|
Surgery
| null |
2376676b-4585-44fe-b5e3-31b38eedd1f9
|
single
|
(HIT)Head impulse test is used to diagnose?
|
Option A & C ruled out as SAH presents with Nuchal rigidity. Option B- Sudden neck flexion causes shooting pain in the back which is feature of TABES DORSALIS. HIT test is a bedside technique used to diagnose reduction in vestibular function in one ear vs. the other. HINTS exam (Head Impulse, Nystagmus and Test for Skew Detion) can be used to differentiate acute continuous veigo. The 3 components of the HINTS exam include: HINTS Test Reassuring Finding Head Impulse Test Abnormal (corrective saccade) Nystagmus Unidirectional, horizontal Test of Skew No skew detion
| 4
|
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
|
Lhermite sign
|
Nuchal rigidity
|
Vestibular disease
|
Medicine
|
Headache And Migraine
|
fbafe949-e281-4310-bfab-53fe65e85921
|
single
|
Epiphora & lagopthalmous following VII nerve injury is due to-
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Failure of lacrimal pump o Symptomatic epiphora following facial paralysis is most often associated with one or more of the following -i) Impairment of eyelid closure.ii) A compromised lacrimal pump.iii) Lower lid laxity
| 1
|
Failure of lacrimal pump
|
Increased lacrimal secretion
|
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
|
None of the above
|
Ophthalmology
|
Intra Ocular Tumour
|
857d7af4-f62c-45ee-bb60-ad6677925d4d
|
multi
|
Poor prognostic indicator of Pott's paraplegia
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Healed disease Prognosis of Pott's paraplegia Good Poor Degree Paial (only sensory or motor) Complete paraplegia (grade IV) Duration Shoer Longer (> 12 months) Type Early (acute) onset Late (chronic) onset Speed of onset Slow (insidious) Rapid (sudden) Age Younger Old General condition Good Poor Veebral disease Active Healed Kyphotic deformity < 600 > 60deg Cord on MRI Normal Myelomalacia or syringomyelia Preoperative Wet lesion Dry lesion
| 3
|
Early onset
|
Active disease
|
Healed disease
|
Wet lesion
|
Surgery
| null |
1544dd2d-cc15-4352-9bb3-002524216a59
|
single
|
A 21 year old student is found to have hyperthyroidism. She is counselled on treatment options including radioactive iodine and antithyroid medications. Carbimazole acts on which part of the thyroid hormone synthesis pathway?
|
Iodide is actively transported into follicular cells by a sodium/iodide transporter (Fig. 18.6). Pendrin is found at the apical membrane, where it transports iodide into colloid. A defect in this transporter underlies Pend red's syndrome (congenital hypothyroidism and deafness). Thyroid peroxidase catalyses the conversion of iodide ions into organic iodine and couples it with tyrosine to form MIT and DIT. This later step is inhibited by thionamides such as carbimazole. DIT and MIT combine forming T4 and T3. The organification of iodide and coupling of iodinated tyrosine molecules occurs on the surface of thyroglobulin. This is subsequently cleaved, releasing thyroid hormone. Uncoupled iodinated tyrosine can be dehalogenated, allowing recycling of the iodine. The majority of T4 circulates bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).
| 4
|
Cleavage of thyroglobulin by proteolysis
|
Coupling of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) forming triiodothyronine CTsl and thyroxine (T4)
|
Dehalogenation of iodinated tyrosine to recycle iodide
|
Organification of iodide by thyroid peroxidase incorporating tyrosine forming MIT and DIT
|
Medicine
| null |
18221aab-d0e9-4194-98aa-3aad32aef0a0
|
multi
|
Sickle cell anemia is the clinical manifestation of homozygous genes for an abnormal haemoglobin molecule. The event responsible for the mutation in the B chain is -
|
D i.e. point mutation
| 4
|
Inseion
|
Deletion
|
Non disj unction
|
Point mutation
|
Biochemistry
| null |
9d839c27-fff0-49c5-8c46-f245d208d6bb
|
single
|
As compared to morphine, methadone is -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Superior analgesic and inferior hypnotic I mg of methadone can be substituted for 4 mg of morphine. Methadone is less hypnotic than morphine (sedative action is less intense).
| 1
|
Superior analgesic and inferior hypnotic
|
Superior hypnotic and inferior analgesic
|
Superior analgesic and superior hypnotic
|
Inferior analgenic and inferior hypnotic
|
Pharmacology
| null |
82e657d9-2911-4d2e-a004-b0a4c480a741
|
single
|
Drug of choice for primary syphilis is :
| null | 2
|
Ampicillin
|
Benzathine penicillin
|
Erythromycin
|
Tetracycline
|
Pharmacology
| null |
5616e3ae-1210-4582-bfe8-e538300e2559
|
single
|
Antiparkinson's drug known to cause cardiac valvular fibrosis is
|
Pergolide, ergot derivative, directly stimulates both D1 and D2 receptors. It has been widely used for parkinsonism but is no longer available because its use has been associated with the development of valvular hea disease.Reference: Katzung Pharmacology; 13th edition; Chapter 28; Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders
| 4
|
Levodopa
|
Ropinirole
|
Pramipexole
|
Pergolide
|
Pharmacology
|
Central Nervous system
|
aafd05ba-1121-4f53-b1cf-44ec4c586daa
|
single
|
Which of the following is a Rho kinase inhibitor? (AIIMS November.2013. May 2013. November 2012)
|
Ans. a. Fasudil (Ref: Katzung 11/e p203; Harrison 19/e p1590, 18/e p2011)Fasudil is a Rho kinase inhibitor leading to vasodilatation.FasudilRho kinase (protein kinase)-Vasocontrictor signalFasudil is a Rho kinase inhibitorQ leading to vasodilatation.New Anti-Anginal DrugsFasudilRho kinase inhibitorQTrimeiazidine* Metabolic modulatorsIvabardine* Direct bradycardic agentDedanonoate* Protein kinase G facilitatorGlybenclamide* Sulphonyl ureasOther New Anti-Anginaf DrugsThiazolidinedionesVasopeptidase inhibitorsNitric oxide donors (L-arginine)CapsaicinAmilorideRanolazine (Harrison 19/e p1590, 18/e p2011)MOA: Reduced contractility , due to blockade of late Na+ current that facilitates Ca2+ entry via Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, thus prevents CaJ- overloadQNicorandil (Harrison 19/e p1590, 18/e p2011)K' channel opener - reduction of free intracellular Ca2
| 1
|
Fasudil
|
Ranolazine
|
Amiloride
|
Nicorandil
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Anginal
|
368161c1-15ef-4d0b-986c-ff62ca444eb4
|
single
|
Efficacy of new drug A is compared with an existing drug B in:
|
Phase Unit of study Purpose PRECLINICAL PHASE Lab experiments Animals Pretesting CLINICAL PHASE Typical No. of patients Phase 0 Healthy human volunteers Micro - dosing Phase I Healthy human volunteers Safety and non - toxicity profile 10 to 30 usually healthy volunteers Phase II Patients Effectiveness Fewer than 100 Phase III Patients Comparison with existing drugs Hundreds or thousands Phase IV Patients Long term side effects Many thousands
| 3
|
Clinical trial phase I
|
Clinical trial phase II
|
Clinical trial phase III
|
Clinical trial phase IV
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
RCT, Trials
|
9d4a8b6b-e3fc-4eac-92bb-08cc589c7b54
|
single
|
Which is not true about Cryptococcus neoformans
|
It hydrolyses urea which differentiates Cryptococcus neoformans from non-pathogenic cryptococcus. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition
| 4
|
Grows at 37 o C
|
Grows on sabouraud's agar
|
Polysaccharide capsule
|
Urease negative
|
Microbiology
|
mycology
|
84379f6e-080b-4991-8a2d-0b7e54c4ffb6
|
multi
|
Most common site involved in Otosclerosis is
|
(A) Foot plate stapes # Stapedial Otosclerosis:> Stapedial otosclerosis causing stapes fixation and conductive deafness is the most common variety.> Here lesion starts just in front of the oval window in an area call 'fissula ante fenestram'.> This is the site predilection (anterior focus).> Lesion may be behind the oval window (posterior focus), around the margin of the stapes foot plate (circumferential), in the foot plate but annular ligament being free (biscuit type).> Sometimes, may completely obliterate the oval window niche (obliterative type).
| 1
|
Foot plate stapes
|
Malleus head
|
Incus
|
Ear drum
|
ENT
|
Miscellaneous (E.N.T.)
|
2b315cc8-deef-4b18-93e4-f6f6d4985b28
|
multi
|
True about NPCDCS is all except
|
Ans. c. CHC has facilities for diagnosis and treatment of CVD, Diabetes The NPCDCS program has two components viz. (i) Cancer and (ii) Diabetes, CVDs and Stroke. These two components have been integrated at different levels as far as possible for optimal utilization of the resources. The activities at State, Districts, CHC and Sub Centre level have been planned under the programme and will be closely monitored through NCD cell at different levels. The strategies proposed will be implemented in 20,000 Sub Centres and 700 Community Health Centre in 100 Districts across 21 States during 2010-12. O " height="592" align="left" width="63">Early diagnosis of diabetes, CVDs, Stroke and Cancer is done at District Hospital, not at CHC. Packages of services to be made available at different levels under NPCDCS Health Facility Packages of services Sub centre Health promotion for behavior change 'Oppounistic' Screening using B.P. measurement and blood glucose by strip method Referral of suspected cases to CHC CHC Prevention and health promotion including counselingdeg Early diagnosisdeg through clinical and laboratory investigations Common lab investigations: Blood Sugar, lipid profile, ECG, Ultrasound, X- ray etc.) Management of common CVD, diabetes and stroke cases (outpatient and in patients.)deg Home based care for bed ridden chronic cases Referral of difficult cases to District Hospital/higher health care facility District Hospital Early diagnosis of diabetes, CVDs, Stroke and CancerdegInvestigations: Blood Sugar, lipid profile, Kidney Function Test (KFT), Liver Function Test (LFT), ECG, Ultrasound, X-ray, colposcopy , mammography etc. (if not available, will be outsourced) Medical management of cases (Outpatient, inpatient and intensive Care )4. Follow up and care of bed ridden cases 5. Day care facility6. Referral of difficult cases to higher health care facility7. Health promotion for behavior change Teiary CancerCentre Comprehensive cancer care including prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, minimalaccess surgery after care, palliative care and rehabilitation
| 3
|
Separate centre for stroke, DM
|
Implementation in some 5 states over 10 district
|
CHC has facilities for diagnosis and treatment of CVD, Diabetes
|
Day care facilities are available at subcentre
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
4b5c6a1c-cb79-4c70-be72-40389732c847
|
multi
|
The court which can sentence imprisonment for a maximum of 10 years
|
Answer: c) Assistant Sessions court (KS NARAYAN REDDY 33rd ED P-7)COURTS OF LAWCourtImprisonmentFineSupreme courtAny sentenceAny amount of fineHigh courtAny sentence authorized by lawAny amount of fineSessions courtAny sentence authorized by law (but death sentence must be confirmed by High court)Any amount of fineAssistant sessions court10 years imprisonmentAny amount of fineChief Judicial magistrateChief Metropolitan Magistrate7 years imprisonmentAny amount of fineFirst class Judicial magistrateMetropolitan Magistrate3 years imprisonment10000 rupeesSecond class judicial magistrate1 year imprisonment5000 rupees
| 3
|
Chief Judicial Magistrate
|
First class Judicial Magistrate
|
Assistant Sessions court
|
Additional Sessions court
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn
|
01e7819e-9e1f-45a9-9efb-47c58351c08b
|
single
|
Where are the dentists feet during any procedure when four handed dentistry is practiced
| null | 2
|
On the stool support rim
|
On the floor
|
On the dental chair base
|
Where ever is convenient
|
Dental
| null |
8540bfe2-1f5b-40e0-97bd-ad1409247046
|
single
|
Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting
|
Postoperative nausea and vomiting is most common in women, young people, and patients who have received opioids during surgery. Surprisingly, perhaps the one advantage of smoking is that smokers tend to have less postoperative nausea and vomiting than nonsmokers. Similarly, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting is lower in the geriatric population.
| 1
|
Female gender
|
Smoking
|
Age over 60 years
|
Surgery on the breast
|
Anaesthesia
|
Preoperative assessment and monitoring in anaesthesia
|
a9e6e097-c028-439a-ae33-13d34946a4c3
|
single
|
All are symptoms of molar pregnancy except:
|
Ans: B (Symptoms of Hypothyroidism) Ref: Shaw's textbook, of gynaecology 15th ed. Pg 253Explanation: (See the following tabletCLASSIC CLINICAL FEATURES OF COMPLETE MOLEAmenorrhoea of 8- 12 weeksAbnormal vaginal bleedingLower abdominal painHyperemesis gravidarumFeatures of early onset preeclampsia (< 20 weeks)Uterine Ht > POGAbsence of fetal parts and fhrExpulsion of grape like vesiclesTheca lutein cyst of ovariesSymptoms of Hyperthyroidism (High HCG can mimic TSH)Serum HCG > 100000 miu/mlUSG : Snow storm appearance
| 2
|
Amenorrhea
|
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
|
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
|
Expulsion of grape like vesicles
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Miscellaneous (Gynae)
|
43750f16-4629-47f4-8a9d-ce18c65bd8a8
|
multi
|
Which of the following passes through the foramen magnum EXCEPT
|
A i.e Veebral Aery
| 1
|
Veebral Aery
|
Sympathetic chain
|
Xlth cranial nerve
|
Internal carotid Aery
|
Anatomy
| null |
fc5ebc0f-59d5-4a69-8f69-5c435154cfba
|
multi
|
Subaortic stenosis is not associated with?
| null | 2
|
Ventricular septal defect
|
Aortic regargitation
|
Patent ductus arteriosus
|
Coarctation of aorta
|
Medicine
| null |
803b132f-2cfb-48d7-8541-0c85eaa73d25
|
single
|
A 85 year old female developed multiple blisters on trunk and thighs. Nikolsky's sign negative. The lesions came on and off. The most probable diagnosis is NOT RELATED-DERMATOLOGY
|
.
| 2
|
Pemphigus vulgaris
|
Bullous pemphigoid
|
Lichen planus
|
Lepra reaction
|
Pharmacology
|
All India exam
|
b84bbadc-bb1f-4519-87c6-921699366010
|
single
|
Amyl nitrite is used as antidote in which poisoning?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cyanide
| 1
|
Cyanide
|
Cholinesterase
|
Benzodiazepine
|
Barbiturate
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
4c9a0ca7-c057-4f5e-8a75-c19d6227bd66
|
single
|
Hypoglycemia is an impoant feature of which of the following condition?
|
.
| 2
|
Hypoparathyroid
|
Addison disease
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
All of the above
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
fbfa1bbc-002e-4313-9ed8-eb3a6a9dffb8
|
multi
|
There is no cyanosis in severe anemia because -
|
Ans is 'a' i.e. Certain min. amount of reduced Hb should be present o Cyanosis is a blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of >5g/dl reduced hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface. Now since in anemia the total amount of hemoglobin is decreased, the amount of reduced Hb to produce Cyanosis is not sufficient.
| 1
|
Certain min. amount of reduced Hb should be present
|
In anemia, O2 saturation increases
|
Hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin production
|
O2 hemoglobin curve shifts to right
|
Pathology
|
Misc. (R.B.C)
|
be6a8fe5-fe54-4dc5-85b7-35be03560c68
|
single
|
A 65 year old lady underwent mastectomy for Carcinoma breast. Later she developed frontal headache, pain in temple region and around eye. Her ESR is 55 mm/hour. What is the most probable diagnosis?
|
GIANT CELL AERITIS Headache, scalp tenderness, visual symptoms, jaw claudication, or throat pain The temporal aery is usually normal on physical examination but may be nodular, enlarged, tender, or pulseless Blindness Results from occlusive aeritis of the posterior ciliary branch of the ophthalmic aery Ischemic optic neuropathy may produce no funduscopic findings for the first 24-48 hours after the onset of blindness Asymmetry of pulses in the arms, a murmur of aoic regurgitation, or bruits heard near the clavicle resulting from subclan aery stenoses identify an affected aoa or its major branches Foy percent of patients with giant cell aeritis have nonclassic symptoms at presentation, primarily respiratory tract problems (most frequently dry cough), mononeuritis multiplex (most frequently with painful paralysis of a shoulder), or fever of unknown origin The fever can be as high as 40degC and is frequently associated with rigors and sweats Unexplained head or neck pain in an older patient may signal the presence of giant cell aeritis Diagnosis An elevated ESR, with a median result of about 65 mm/h, occurs in more than 90% of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell aeritis Magnetic resonance angiography or CT angiography establishes the diagnosis by demonstrating long stretches of narrowing of the subclan and axillary aeries Imaging of the temporal aery with ultrasound, MRI, or CT angiography can sometimes obte the need for biopsy Temporal aery biopsy -Diagnostic findings of giant cell aeritis may still be present 2 weeks (or even considerably longer) after staing coicosteroids . TREATMENT The urgency of early diagnosis and treatment in giant cell aeritis relates to the prevention of blindness When a patient has symptoms and findings suggestive of temporal aeritis, therapy with prednisone, 60 mg daily orally, is initiated immediately Prednisone should be continued in a dosage of 60 mg/day for 1-2 months before tapering Intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (eg, 1 g/day for 3 days) may help patients with visual loss and may increase chance of remission; however, data suppoing this recommendation are preliminary Low-dose aspirin (~81 mg/day orally) may reduce the risk of visual loss or stroke and should be added to prednisone Tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody Phase 2 clinical trials have shown that patients initially treated withtocilizumaband prednisone were able to be tapered off prednisone faster than those who were treated with prednisone alone After 1 year of treatment,tocilizumabachieves coicosteroid-free remission in approximately 50% of patients
| 4
|
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
|
Meningeal metastasis
|
Frontal sinusitis
|
Giant cell aeritis
|
Medicine
|
JIPMER 2019
|
0fff791e-7073-496c-8af2-e92d78482a2d
|
single
|
The most effective means of Limiting applied loads to abutment teeth in a distal extension partial denture is by
| null | 4
|
Using a stress breaker
|
Using acrylic replacement teeth
|
Splinting abutments to adjacent teeth
|
Maintaining a stable base tissue relationship
|
Dental
| null |
218c9ff6-832f-4123-9dda-4f9ce289e437
|
single
|
Continuous murmur is present in
|
A continuous murmur is predicated on a pressure gradient that persists between two cardiac chambers or blood vessels across systole and diastole.The murmurs
typically begin in systole, envelop the second heart sound (S 2 ), and continue through some portion of diastole.
They can often be difficult to distinguish from individual systolic and diastolic murmurs in patients with mixed valvular heart disease.
The classic example of a continuous murmur is that associated with a patent ductus arteriosus, which usually is heard in the second or third interspace at a slight distance from the sternal border. Other causes of a continuous murmur include a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with creation of an aortic–right atrial or right ventricular fistula, a coronary or great vessel arteriovenous fistula, and an arteriovenous fistula constructed to provide dialysis access.
| 3
|
cardiomyopathy
|
MS
|
PDA
|
cardiac tamponade
|
Medicine
| null |
496ee96f-286c-4796-8490-20abc3e6f333
|
single
|
Function of endonucleases:-
|
Endonuclease Exonuclease Cut in between the DNA sequence Cut from the sides either from 5' or from 3' side Cut ds DNA Cut ss & ds DNA
| 1
|
Cut DNA at specific DNA sequences
|
Enhancers
|
To find out antibiotic resistances
|
To point out the coding regions
|
Biochemistry
|
Basics of DNA
|
999fea48-cf9d-495e-82de-dc137ae28888
|
single
|
Which is a clean surgery
|
.In adults surgical management includes * It includes herniotomy, i.e. excision of hernial sac and herniorrhaphy (strengthening of the posterior wall of inguinal canal either by repair or mesh). Precipitating causes should be treated first, like TURP for BPH, dilatation of stricture urethra, treatment of chronic bronchitis. Patient is advised to avoid smoking. * Hernioplasty is the present choice (ideal) for all inguinal and groin hernias. Mesh is placed either onlay (over conjoint tendon to inguinal ligament) or inlay (in preperitoneal space). Polypropylene mesh is used. Herniotomy is done prior to mesh placement. TEP (Totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic preperitoneal mesh repair) is preferred method. ref:SRB&;s manual of surgery,ed 3,pg no 686
| 1
|
Hernia surgery
|
Gastric surgery
|
Cholecystectomy
|
Rectal surgery
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
9e7fc1f1-55b9-433b-8ccf-23e740cd68d4
|
single
|
Which of the following drugs is supposed to prevent congenital neural tube defects -
|
Folic acid plays a role in synthesis of nucleic acids. It is needed for normal development of blood cells in the marrow. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 620
| 3
|
Thiamine
|
Riboflavin
|
Folic acid
|
Pyridoxine
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and health
|
9a6541ad-5180-499d-8a89-1cc8a796cefb
|
single
|
Pressure of normal uterine contractions is between 190-300 units. Which unit is being referred to here?
|
Ans. is a, i.e. Montevideo unitsRef Williams Obs, 23/e, p 4371 montevideo unit = Intensity of constraction x number of contractions in 10 mins.Montevideo unit is to define uterine activity.As per this:Clinical labour usually commences when uterine activity reaches values between 80-120 Montevideo units (This translates into approximate 3 contractions of 40 mm of Hg every 10 minutes).During labour--Normal uterine contractions are between 190-300 Montevideo units (At the time of delivery it is 300 Montevideo units)
| 1
|
Montevideo units
|
mm of Hg
|
cm of water
|
Joules/kg
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Normal Labour
|
c681b4b8-3daf-4407-9d52-b4e18032808f
|
single
|
LES pressure is decreased by all except:
|
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Pressure Decreased by Increased by Prostaglandin E1 and E2, Progesterone Theophylline Barbiturates, Diazepam, Dopamine CCB, Atropine, Nitrates Chocolate, Coffee Alcohol, Pippermint Smoking, Fat Bombesin, Angiotensin II PP, Substance P, Motilin Gastrin Antacids Cholinergics Domeperidone Metoclopramide PMT BD CAN decrease LES pressure; Prostaglandin E1 and E2, Progesterone, Morphine and Meperidine, Theophylline, Barbiturates, Diazepam, Dopamine, CCB, Atropine Nitrates CAPS Fat decrease LES pressure: Chocolate, Coffee, Alcohol, Pippermint, Smoking, Fat. PSM BAG increase LES pressure: PP, Substance P, Motilin, Bombesin, Angiotensin II, Gastrin
| 2
|
Alcohol
|
Gastrin
|
Fat
|
Peppermint
|
Surgery
|
Esophagus
|
43c59653-c0aa-498b-9bb4-8c0c3276735b
|
multi
|
Treatment of choice for aplastic anaemia is
|
The prognosis of severe aplastic anemia managed with suppoive therapy is only poor and more than 50% of people die, usually in the first year. The curative treatment for patients under 35 years of age is allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation if there is an available sibling donor. Older patients and those with suitable donors should proced to bone marrow transplantion as soon as possible. Reference : Davidson, 23rd Edition, page no : 969.
| 3
|
Blood transfusion
|
Oxymethalone
|
Bone marrow transplantation
|
Azathioprine
|
Medicine
|
Haematology
|
9308e6f7-2efe-4f52-b2dd-858fb18104c4
|
single
|
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