| --- |
| language: |
| - kk |
| license: cc-by-nc-4.0 |
| task_categories: |
| - text-generation |
| - question-answering |
| tags: |
| - kazakh |
| - agentic-ai |
| - tool-use |
| - function-calling |
| - argument-schema-mapping |
| - error-recovery |
| - retry-behavior |
| - multi-tool-use |
| - restaurant-reservation |
| - web-search |
| - llm-agents |
| pretty_name: Kazakh Argument Schema Mapping and Tool Error Recovery Dataset |
| size_categories: |
| - 1K<n<10K |
| dataset_info: |
| features: |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: query |
| dtype: string |
| - name: category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: tools |
| list: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mock_response |
| struct: |
| - name: account |
| dtype: string |
| - name: amount |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: aqi |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: articles |
| list: |
| - name: date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: balance |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: booking_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: booking_ref |
| dtype: string |
| - name: cart_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: change_24h |
| dtype: string |
| - name: city |
| dtype: string |
| - name: condition |
| dtype: string |
| - name: cost |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: currency |
| dtype: string |
| - name: day_of_week |
| dtype: string |
| - name: delivery_estimate |
| dtype: string |
| - name: distance_km |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: dominant_pollutant |
| dtype: string |
| - name: download_mbps |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: duration_min |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: event |
| dtype: string |
| - name: event_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: events |
| list: |
| - name: date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: tickets_available |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: venue |
| dtype: string |
| - name: feels_like |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: flights |
| list: |
| - name: airline |
| dtype: string |
| - name: arrival |
| dtype: string |
| - name: departure |
| dtype: string |
| - name: flight_no |
| dtype: string |
| - name: price_kzt |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: forecast |
| list: |
| - name: condition |
| dtype: string |
| - name: date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: temp_max |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: temp_min |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: formatted_address |
| dtype: string |
| - name: from |
| dtype: string |
| - name: hotel_name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: humidity |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: images |
| list: |
| - name: caption |
| dtype: string |
| - name: height |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: width |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: iso_time |
| dtype: string |
| - name: items |
| list: |
| - name: currency |
| dtype: string |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: in_stock |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: price |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: language |
| dtype: string |
| - name: lat |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: level |
| dtype: string |
| - name: link |
| dtype: string |
| - name: lon |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: message_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: order_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: original |
| dtype: string |
| - name: page_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ping_ms |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: pnr |
| dtype: string |
| - name: price |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: rate |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: recommendation |
| dtype: string |
| - name: remaining_balance |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: reservation_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: restaurant |
| dtype: string |
| - name: restaurants |
| list: |
| - name: address |
| dtype: string |
| - name: cuisine |
| dtype: string |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rating |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: results |
| list: |
| - name: id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: price_per_night |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: rating |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: snippet |
| dtype: string |
| - name: stars |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: route_summary |
| dtype: string |
| - name: score |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: seats |
| list: 'null' |
| - name: segments |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: sentiment |
| dtype: string |
| - name: server |
| dtype: string |
| - name: status |
| dtype: string |
| - name: summary |
| dtype: string |
| - name: symbol |
| dtype: string |
| - name: temperature |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: ticket_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: time |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timestamp |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timezone |
| dtype: string |
| - name: title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: to |
| dtype: string |
| - name: total_items |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: total_price |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: traffic_condition |
| dtype: string |
| - name: trains |
| list: |
| - name: arrival |
| dtype: string |
| - name: departure |
| dtype: string |
| - name: number |
| dtype: string |
| - name: price_coupe |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: price_platz |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: transaction_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: translated |
| dtype: string |
| - name: updated |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upload_mbps |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: videos |
| list: |
| - name: duration |
| dtype: string |
| - name: title |
| dtype: string |
| - name: url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: views |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: wind_kph |
| dtype: 'null' |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: parameters |
| struct: |
| - name: account |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: address |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: amount |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: api_key |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: body |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: cartId |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: category |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: checkin |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: city |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: cuisine |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: currency |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: date |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: datetime |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: days |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: duration |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: eventId |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: flightId |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: from |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: from_account |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: from_lang |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: guestName |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: guests |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: hotelId |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: language |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: limit |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: location |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: message |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mode |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: nights |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: pageToken |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: passengerName |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: paymentMethod |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: phone |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: platform |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: priceRange |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: productId |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: quantity |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: query |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: restaurantId |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: seatType |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: server |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: sort |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: subject |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: symbol |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: text |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: time |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: timezone |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: title |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: to |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: to_account |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: to_lang |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: type |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: units |
| struct: |
| - name: description |
| dtype: string |
| - name: required |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: difficulty |
| dtype: string |
| - name: answers |
| list: |
| - name: arguments |
| dtype: string |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: turns |
| list: |
| - name: content |
| dtype: string |
| - name: meta |
| struct: |
| - name: difficulty |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plan |
| dtype: string |
| - name: tags |
| list: string |
| - name: role |
| dtype: string |
| - name: tool_call |
| struct: |
| - name: arguments |
| dtype: string |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 18291766 |
| num_examples: 4028 |
| download_size: 3370881 |
| dataset_size: 18291766 |
| configs: |
| - config_name: default |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/train-* |
| --- |
| |
| # 🇰🇿 Kazakh Argument Schema Mapping and Tool Error Recovery Dataset |
|
|
| ## Dataset Summary |
|
|
| **Kazakh Argument Schema Mapping and Tool Error Recovery Dataset** is a Kazakh-language dataset designed for training and evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in agentic AI workflows that require accurate argument mapping, schema-following, tool-call correction, and recovery from invalid tool calls. |
|
|
| The dataset contains user requests, tool schemas, expected tool calls, mock tool responses, error messages, retry behavior, and complete multi-turn interaction traces. It focuses on scenarios where an assistant must understand a user’s intent in Kazakh, map the request into valid function-call arguments, detect or respond to tool errors, revise invalid arguments, and complete the task through one or more tools. |
|
|
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 📊 Dataset Statistics |
|
|
| ### General Metrics |
|
|
| | Metric | Count | |
| | :--- | :--- | |
| | **Total Samples** | 4,028 | |
| | **Total Words** (approx.) | 1,561,416 | |
| | **Avg. Words per Sample** | 387 | |
|
|
| ### Word Count Distribution Per Field |
|
|
| The following table shows the distribution of word counts across the main dataset fields. |
|
|
| | Field | Mean | Median | Min | Max | Total Words | |
| | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | |
| | **answers** | 47.3 | 41.0 | 6 | 305 | 190,620 | |
| | **category** | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | 4,028 | |
| | **difficulty** | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | 4,028 | |
| | **id** | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | 4,028 | |
| | **query** | 15.6 | 15.0 | 3 | 43 | 62,873 | |
| | **tools** | 85.7 | 82.0 | 24 | 159 | 345,317 | |
| | **turns** | 236.0 | 232.0 | 63 | 630 | 950,522 | |
|
|
|
|
|  |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Dataset Structure |
|
|
| Each dataset instance represents a complete tool-augmented interaction. A sample usually includes a Kazakh user request, available tools, expected function calls, simulated tool responses, possible error messages, retry attempts, and a final assistant answer. |
|
|
| ### Data Fields |
|
|
| - **`id`**: A unique identifier for the sample. |
|
|
| - **`query`**: The original user request in Kazakh. The query may require searching, booking, reservation, calculation, filtering, or other structured actions. |
|
|
| - **`category`**: The task category. For example, `05_argument_schema_mapping` indicates that the sample focuses on mapping user intent into correct tool arguments according to a given schema. |
|
|
| - **`tools`**: A list of tools available to the assistant. Each tool contains: |
| - `name`: the tool name; |
| - `description`: the tool’s purpose; |
| - `parameters`: the expected argument schema; |
| - `mock_response`: the expected response format. |
|
|
| - **`difficulty`**: The difficulty label of the sample. |
|
|
| - **`answers`**: The target tool calls expected from the assistant. This may include initial invalid calls, corrected calls, retries, or multiple sequential calls. |
|
|
| - **`turns`**: The full conversation trajectory, including: |
| - user request; |
| - assistant planning; |
| - tool calls; |
| - tool errors; |
| - retry attempts; |
| - successful tool responses; |
| - final answer. |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Data Instance |
|
|
| Below is one representative example from the dataset. The sample demonstrates tool-call argument mapping, invalid argument handling, retry behavior, and final task completion. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} |
|
|
| ```json |
| { |
| "id": "aliya_id_1", |
| "query": "Ертең кешкі сағат 19:00-де Алматыда жақсы итальяндық мейрамхана тауып, 4 адамға орын броньда.", |
| "category": "05_argument_schema_mapping", |
| "tools": [ |
| { |
| "name": "web.search", |
| "description": "Search the web for information", |
| "parameters": { |
| "query": { |
| "type": "string", |
| "description": "Search query", |
| "required": true |
| }, |
| "limit": { |
| "type": "int", |
| "description": "Number of results", |
| "required": false |
| } |
| }, |
| "mock_response": { |
| "results": [ |
| { |
| "title": "", |
| "snippet": "", |
| "url": "" |
| } |
| ] |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "name": "restaurant.reserve", |
| "description": "Make restaurant reservation", |
| "parameters": { |
| "restaurantId": { |
| "type": "string", |
| "description": "Restaurant ID", |
| "required": true |
| }, |
| "date": { |
| "type": "string", |
| "description": "Reservation date YYYY-MM-DD", |
| "required": true |
| }, |
| "time": { |
| "type": "string", |
| "description": "Time HH:MM", |
| "required": true |
| }, |
| "guests": { |
| "type": "int", |
| "description": "Number of guests", |
| "required": true |
| } |
| }, |
| "mock_response": { |
| "reservation_id": "", |
| "status": "", |
| "restaurant": "", |
| "time": "" |
| } |
| } |
| ], |
| "difficulty": "easy", |
| "answers": [ |
| { |
| "name": "web.search", |
| "arguments": "{\"query\": \"Алматыдағы үздік итальян мейрамханалары\", \"limit\": -5}" |
| }, |
| { |
| "name": "web.search", |
| "arguments": "{\"query\": \"Алматыдағы үздік итальян мейрамханалары\", \"limit\": 1}" |
| }, |
| { |
| "name": "restaurant.reserve", |
| "arguments": "{\"restaurantId\": \"ladolcevita_kz\", \"date\": \"2024-06-15\", \"time\": \"19:00\", \"guests\": 4}" |
| }, |
| { |
| "name": "restaurant.reserve", |
| "arguments": "{\"restaurantId\": \"ladolcevita_kz\", \"date\": \"2024-06-15\", \"time\": \"19:00\", \"guests\": 4}" |
| } |
| ], |
| "turns": [ |
| { |
| "role": "user", |
| "content": "Ертең кешкі сағат 19:00-де Алматыда жақсы итальяндық мейрамхана тауып, 4 адамға орын броньда." |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "Алдымен Алматыдағы итальян мейрамханаларын іздеп, кейін бронь жасаймын.", |
| "meta": { |
| "plan": "web.search + restaurant.reserve fetching data", |
| "tags": [], |
| "difficulty": "hard" |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "", |
| "tool_call": { |
| "name": "web.search", |
| "arguments": "{\"query\": \"Алматыдағы үздік итальян мейрамханалары\", \"limit\": -5}" |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "tool", |
| "content": "{\"error\": true, \"type\": \"Invalid arguments\", \"message\": \"Error of limits\", \"code\": 500}" |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "Деректерді алуды қайталаймын", |
| "meta": { |
| "plan": "Fix arguments ..", |
| "tags": [ |
| "invalid_args", |
| "retry" |
| ], |
| "difficulty": "hard" |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "", |
| "tool_call": { |
| "name": "web.search", |
| "arguments": "{\"query\": \"Алматыдағы үздік итальян мейрамханалары\", \"limit\": 1}" |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "tool", |
| "content": "{\"results\": [{\"title\": \"La Dolce Vita итальян мейрамханасы\", \"snippet\": \"La Dolce Vita — Алматыдағы ең танымал итальян мейрамханаларының бірі.\", \"url\": \"https://ladolcevita.kz\"}]}" |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "", |
| "tool_call": { |
| "name": "restaurant.reserve", |
| "arguments": "{\"restaurantId\": \"ladolcevita_kz\", \"date\": \"2024-06-15\", \"time\": \"19:00\", \"guests\": 4}" |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "tool", |
| "content": "{\"error\": true, \"type\": \"Invalid arguments\", \"message\": \"Error..\", \"code\": 500}" |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "Деректерді алуды қайталаймын", |
| "meta": { |
| "plan": "Fix arguments ..", |
| "tags": [ |
| "invalid_args", |
| "retry" |
| ], |
| "difficulty": "hard" |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "", |
| "tool_call": { |
| "name": "restaurant.reserve", |
| "arguments": "{\"restaurantId\": \"ladolcevita_kz\", \"date\": \"2024-06-15\", \"time\": \"19:00\", \"guests\": 4}" |
| } |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "tool", |
| "content": "{\"reservation_id\": \"ABC12345\", \"status\": \"confirmed\", \"restaurant\": \"La Dolce Vita\", \"time\": \"2024-06-15 19:00\"}" |
| }, |
| { |
| "role": "assistant", |
| "content": "Алматыдағы La Dolce Vita итальян мейрамханасынан 4 адамға 2024-06-15 күні 19:00-ге орын сәтті брондалды. (Дерек көзі: web.search + restaurant.reserve)" |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## Funding |
|
|
| This dataset was developed as part of the project funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan under Grant No. BR24993001, “Creation of a Large Language Model (LLM) to Support the Kazakh Language and Advance Technological Development.” |
|
|
| ## Citation |
|
|
| If you use this dataset in your research, please cite the following article: |
|
|
| ### APA |
|
|
| Kadyrbek, N., Tuimebayev, Z., Mansurova, M., & Viegas, V. (2025). The development of small-scale language models for low-resource languages, with a focus on Kazakh and direct preference optimization. *Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 9*(5), 137. [https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9050137](https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9050137) |
|
|
| ### BibTeX |
|
|
| ```bibtex |
| @article{kadyrbek2025development, |
| title = {The Development of Small-Scale Language Models for Low-Resource Languages, with a Focus on Kazakh and Direct Preference Optimization}, |
| author = {Kadyrbek, Nurgali and Tuimebayev, Zhanseit and Mansurova, Madina and Viegas, Vitor}, |
| journal = {Big Data and Cognitive Computing}, |
| volume = {9}, |
| number = {5}, |
| pages = {137}, |
| year = {2025}, |
| publisher = {MDPI}, |
| doi = {10.3390/bdcc9050137}, |
| url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/5/137} |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
