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Datasets:
federetyk
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MELO-Benchmark

Tasks:
Text Retrieval
Sentence Similarity
Modalities:
Text
Formats:
parquet
Languages:
Bulgarian
Czech
Danish
Size:
1M - 10M
Tags:
entity-linking
occupations
multilingual
ranking
information-retrieval
ESCO
Libraries:
Datasets
pandas
Polars
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metadata
language:
  - bg
  - cs
  - da
  - de
  - en
  - es
  - et
  - fr
  - hr
  - hu
  - it
  - lt
  - lv
  - nl
  - 'no'
  - pl
  - pt
  - ro
  - sk
  - sl
  - sv
license: mit
task_categories:
  - text-retrieval
  - sentence-similarity
tags:
  - entity-linking
  - occupations
  - multilingual
  - ranking
  - information-retrieval
  - ESCO
configs:
  - config_name: aut_q_de_c_de
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: aut_q_de_c_de/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: aut_q_de_c_de/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: aut_q_de_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: aut_q_de_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: aut_q_de_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: bel_q_fr_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: bel_q_fr_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: bel_q_fr_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: bel_q_fr_c_fr
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: bel_q_fr_c_fr/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: bel_q_fr_c_fr/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: bel_q_nl_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: bel_q_nl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: bel_q_nl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: bel_q_nl_c_nl
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: bel_q_nl_c_nl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: bel_q_nl_c_nl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: bgr_q_bg_c_bg
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: bgr_q_bg_c_bg/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: bgr_q_bg_c_bg/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: bgr_q_bg_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: bgr_q_bg_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: bgr_q_bg_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: cze_q_cs_c_cs
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: cze_q_cs_c_cs/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: cze_q_cs_c_cs/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: cze_q_cs_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: cze_q_cs_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: cze_q_cs_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: deu_q_de_c_de
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: deu_q_de_c_de/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: deu_q_de_c_de/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: deu_q_de_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: deu_q_de_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: deu_q_de_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: dnk_q_da_c_da
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: dnk_q_da_c_da/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: dnk_q_da_c_da/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: dnk_q_da_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: dnk_q_da_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: dnk_q_da_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: esp_q_es_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: esp_q_es_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: esp_q_es_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: esp_q_es_c_es
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: esp_q_es_c_es/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: esp_q_es_c_es/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: est_q_et_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: est_q_et_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: est_q_et_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: est_q_et_c_et
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: est_q_et_c_et/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: est_q_et_c_et/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: fra_q_fr_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: fra_q_fr_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: fra_q_fr_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: fra_q_fr_c_fr
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: fra_q_fr_c_fr/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: fra_q_fr_c_fr/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: hrv_q_hr_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: hrv_q_hr_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: hrv_q_hr_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: hrv_q_hr_c_hr
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: hrv_q_hr_c_hr/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: hrv_q_hr_c_hr/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: hun_q_hu_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: hun_q_hu_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: hun_q_hu_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: hun_q_hu_c_hu
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: hun_q_hu_c_hu/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: hun_q_hu_c_hu/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: ita_q_it_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: ita_q_it_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: ita_q_it_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: ita_q_it_c_it
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: ita_q_it_c_it/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: ita_q_it_c_it/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: ltu_q_lt_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: ltu_q_lt_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: ltu_q_lt_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: ltu_q_lt_c_lt
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: ltu_q_lt_c_lt/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: ltu_q_lt_c_lt/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: lva_q_lv_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: lva_q_lv_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: lva_q_lv_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: lva_q_lv_c_lv
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: lva_q_lv_c_lv/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: lva_q_lv_c_lv/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: nld_q_nl_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: nld_q_nl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: nld_q_nl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: nld_q_nl_c_nl
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: nld_q_nl_c_nl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: nld_q_nl_c_nl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: nor_q_no_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: nor_q_no_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: nor_q_no_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: nor_q_no_c_no
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: nor_q_no_c_no/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: nor_q_no_c_no/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: pol_q_pl_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: pol_q_pl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: pol_q_pl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: pol_q_pl_c_pl
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: pol_q_pl_c_pl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: pol_q_pl_c_pl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: prt_q_pt_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: prt_q_pt_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: prt_q_pt_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: prt_q_pt_c_pt
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: prt_q_pt_c_pt/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: prt_q_pt_c_pt/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: rou_q_ro_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: rou_q_ro_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: rou_q_ro_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: rou_q_ro_c_ro
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: rou_q_ro_c_ro/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: rou_q_ro_c_ro/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: svk_q_sk_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: svk_q_sk_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: svk_q_sk_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: svk_q_sk_c_sk
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: svk_q_sk_c_sk/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: svk_q_sk_c_sk/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: svn_q_sl_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: svn_q_sl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: svn_q_sl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: svn_q_sl_c_sl
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: svn_q_sl_c_sl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: svn_q_sl_c_sl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: swe_q_sv_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: swe_q_sv_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: swe_q_sv_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: swe_q_sv_c_sv
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: swe_q_sv_c_sv/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: swe_q_sv_c_sv/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - config_name: usa_q_en_c_en
    data_files:
      - split: queries
        path: usa_q_en_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
      - split: corpus
        path: usa_q_en_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet

MELO Benchmark

This dataset contains the Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations (MELO) Benchmark for easy loading with the HuggingFace datasets library.

Dataset Description

MELO is a collection of 48 datasets for evaluating the linking of entity mentions in 21 languages to the ESCO Occupations multilingual taxonomy. It was built using high-quality, pre-existent human annotations.

Original paper abstract:

We present the Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations (MELO) Benchmark, a new collection of 48 datasets for evaluating the linking of entity mentions in 21 languages to the ESCO Occupations multilingual taxonomy. MELO was built using high-quality, pre-existent human annotations. We conduct experiments with simple lexical models and general-purpose sentence encoders, evaluated as bi-encoders in a zero-shot setup, to establish baselines for future research.

Original repository: https://github.com/Avature/melo-benchmark

Dataset Structure

Each subset (configuration) contains two splits:

  • queries: Query texts with their relevant corpus element indices
  • corpus: Corpus element texts

Schema

queries split:

Column Type Description
text string The query surface form
labels list[int] Indices of relevant corpus elements

corpus split:

Column Type Description
text string The corpus element surface form

Usage 

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load a specific subset
ds = load_dataset("federetyk/MELO-Benchmark", "ita_q_it_c_it")

# Access the data
query_surface_forms = ds["queries"]["text"]
corpus_surface_forms = ds["corpus"]["text"]
label_lists = ds["queries"]["labels"]

# Example: Get relevant corpus texts for the first query
query_idx = 0
print(f"Query: {query_surface_forms[query_idx]}")
print(f"Relevant corpus elements:")
for corpus_idx in label_lists[query_idx]:
    print(f"  - {corpus_surface_forms[corpus_idx]}")

Available Subsets

The subset names follow the pattern: {country}_q_{query_lang}_c_{corpus_lang(s)}

Subset ID Task Name Source Taxonomy Query Lang # Queries Target Taxonomy Corpus Lang # Corpus
usa_q_en_c_en USA-en-en O*NET en 633 ESCO v1.1.0 en 33,813
usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt USA-en-xx † O*NET en 633 ESCO v1.1.0 xx 150,140
aut_q_de_c_de AUT-de-de Austria de 1,120 ESCO v1.1.0 de 19,782
aut_q_de_c_en AUT-de-en Austria de 1,120 ESCO v1.1.0 en 33,813
bel_q_fr_c_fr BEL-fr-fr Belgium fr 328 ESCO v1.0.3 fr 15,227
bel_q_fr_c_en BEL-fr-en Belgium fr 328 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
bel_q_nl_c_nl BEL-nl-nl Belgium nl 328 ESCO v1.0.3 nl 24,070
bel_q_nl_c_en BEL-nl-en Belgium nl 328 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
bgr_q_bg_c_bg BGR-bg-bg Bulgaria bg 4,438 ESCO v1.0.3 bg 21,082
bgr_q_bg_c_en BGR-bg-en Bulgaria bg 4,438 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
cze_q_cs_c_cs CZE-cs-cs Czechia cs 988 ESCO v1.0.9 cs 13,333
cze_q_cs_c_en CZE-cs-en Czechia cs 988 ESCO v1.0.9 en 33,583
deu_q_de_c_de DEU-de-de Germany de 1,779 ESCO v1.0.3 de 19,135
deu_q_de_c_en DEU-de-en Germany de 1,779 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
dnk_q_da_c_da DNK-da-da Denmark da 734 ESCO v1.0.8 da 10,410
dnk_q_da_c_en DNK-da-en Denmark da 734 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
esp_q_es_c_es ESP-es-es Spain es 1,580 ESCO v1.0.8 es 16,502
esp_q_es_c_en ESP-es-en Spain es 1,580 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
est_q_et_c_et EST-et-et Estonia et 1,068 ESCO v1.0.8 et 4,956
est_q_et_c_en EST-et-en Estonia et 1,068 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
fra_q_fr_c_fr FRA-fr-fr France fr 1,435 ESCO v1.0.9 fr 15,217
fra_q_fr_c_en FRA-fr-en France fr 1,435 ESCO v1.0.9 en 33,583
hrv_q_hr_c_hr HRV-hr-hr Croatia hr 2,347 ESCO v1.0.3 hr 17,390
hrv_q_hr_c_en HRV-hr-en Croatia hr 2,347 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
hun_q_hu_c_hu HUN-hu-hu Hungary hu 362 ESCO v1.0.8 hu 16,923
hun_q_hu_c_en HUN-hu-en Hungary hu 362 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
ita_q_it_c_it ITA-it-it Italy it 362 ESCO v1.0.8 it 16,199
ita_q_it_c_en ITA-it-en Italy it 362 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
ltu_q_lt_c_lt LTU-lt-lt Lithuania lt 3,849 ESCO v1.0.8 lt 17,824
ltu_q_lt_c_en LTU-lt-en Lithuania lt 3,849 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
lva_q_lv_c_lv LVA-lv-lv Latvia lv 3,251 ESCO v1.0.8 lv 9,733
lva_q_lv_c_en LVA-lv-en Latvia lv 3,251 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
nld_q_nl_c_nl NLD-nl-nl Netherlands nl 2,605 ESCO v1.0.3 nl 24,070
nld_q_nl_c_en NLD-nl-en Netherlands nl 2,605 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
nor_q_no_c_no NOR-no-no Norway no 96 ESCO v1.0.8 no 7,821
nor_q_no_c_en NOR-no-en Norway no 96 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
pol_q_pl_c_pl POL-pl-pl Poland pl 1,937 ESCO v1.0.3 pl 8,879
pol_q_pl_c_en POL-pl-en Poland pl 1,937 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
prt_q_pt_c_pt PRT-pt-pt Portugal pt 379 ESCO v1.0.3 pt 11,671
prt_q_pt_c_en PRT-pt-en Portugal pt 379 ESCO v1.0.3 en 33,609
rou_q_ro_c_ro ROU-ro-ro Romania ro 3,273 ESCO v1.0.8 ro 14,833
rou_q_ro_c_en ROU-ro-en Romania ro 3,273 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
svk_q_sk_c_sk SVK-sk-sk Slovakia sk 2,040 ESCO v1.0.8 sk 12,899
svk_q_sk_c_en SVK-sk-en Slovakia sk 2,040 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
svn_q_sl_c_sl SVN-sl-sl Slovenia sl 3,222 ESCO v1.0.8 sl 15,487
svn_q_sl_c_en SVN-sl-en Slovenia sl 3,222 ESCO v1.0.8 en 33,583
swe_q_sv_c_sv SWE-sv-sv Sweden sv 2,883 ESCO v1.1.1 sv 7,506
swe_q_sv_c_en SWE-sv-en Sweden sv 2,883 ESCO v1.1.1 en 33,802

† The usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt subset contains a multilingual corpus with texts in German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch, Polish, and Portuguese.

Subset Naming Convention

  • {country}: ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code (e.g., ita for Italy, usa for USA)
  • q_{lang}: Query language (ISO 639-1 code)
  • c_{lang(s)}: Corpus language(s) (one or more ISO 639-1 codes)

Examples:

  • ita_q_it_c_it: Italian queries, Italian corpus (Italy)
  • ita_q_it_c_en: Italian queries, English corpus (Italy)
  • usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt: English queries, multilingual corpus (USA)

Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite the original MELO Benchmark paper:

@inproceedings{retyk2024melo,
  title        = {{MELO: An Evaluation Benchmark for Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations}},
  author       = {Federico Retyk and Luis Gasco and Casimiro Pio Carrino and Daniel Deniz and Rabih Zbib},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Recommender Systems for Human Resources
                  (RecSys in {HR} 2024), in conjunction with the 18th {ACM} Conference on
                  Recommender Systems},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://recsyshr.aau.dk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/RecSysHR2024-paper_2.pdf},
}

License

This dataset is licensed under the MIT License. See the LICENSE file for more information.