triplets
list | passage
stringlengths 6
20.1k
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
834
|
|---|---|---|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"country of citizenship",
"Algeria"
] |
Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 12
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"honorific prefix",
"professor"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 18
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"occupation",
"cosmologist"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 23
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"occupation",
"academic"
] |
Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 24
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"occupation",
"theoretical physicist"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 27
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"academic degree",
"Doctor of Philosophy"
] |
Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 31
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"employer",
"University of Texas at Dallas"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 36
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"position held",
"professor"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 37
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"occupation",
"physicist"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 39
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"field of work",
"theoretical physics"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 40
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"academic degree",
"Doctor of Philosophy in Physics"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 44
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"residence",
"Texas"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 63
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"work location",
"Dallas"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 70
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 80
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"affiliation",
"American Association for the Advancement of Science"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
| 95
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"educated at",
"Queen's University"
] |
Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 108
|
[
"Mustapha Ishak Boushaki",
"occupation",
"university teacher"
] |
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, gravitational lensing, and testing alternatives to general relativity; as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology, a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected in 2021 as Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) with the quote: "For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology, particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales, and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."Education and academic background
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki was born in Algeria, where he grew up and completed his pre-university studies in the city of Bouira. He moved to Montreal in 1987. In 1994, he received his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Quebec at Montreal, followed by an additional undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Montreal in 1998. He then attended Queen's University at Kingston where in 2003 he completed his PhD in general relativity and theoretical cosmology.His graduate work included studies on inhomogeneous cosmologies, wormholes, exact solutions in general relativity of compact objects (such as neutron stars), and an inverse approach to the Einstein field equations.Following the completion of his graduate studies, Ishak-Boushaki began work as a research associate at Princeton University until later entering a professorship at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2005. While at the University of Texas at Dallas, he formed an active group of cosmologists and astrophysicists, and was received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award in the years 2007 and 2018, as well as the University President's Excellence in Teaching Award He is an active member of the Dark Energy Science Collaboration: a collaboration of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, as well as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, both dedicated to constraining the properties of cosmic acceleration and dark energy, as well as testing the nature of gravity at cosmic scales.
| 109
|
[
"Richard Stanfield",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Richard Stanfield (23 June 1863 – 10 October 1950) was a British civil engineer active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Early life
Born in England on 23 June 1863, Stanfield was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, Manchester. In around 1877 he began an apprenticeship with the firm John Chadwick and Sons.
In 1883, he won a Senior Whitworth Scholarship and then studied mine engineering at the Royal School of Mines in London under Professor Thomas Minchin Goodeve.
He also studied metallurgy and assaying under Professor Sir William Roberts-Austen. He won the Bessemer Gold Medal for his class.
| 0
|
[
"Richard Stanfield",
"given name",
"Richard"
] |
Richard Stanfield (23 June 1863 – 10 October 1950) was a British civil engineer active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Early life
Born in England on 23 June 1863, Stanfield was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, Manchester. In around 1877 he began an apprenticeship with the firm John Chadwick and Sons.
In 1883, he won a Senior Whitworth Scholarship and then studied mine engineering at the Royal School of Mines in London under Professor Thomas Minchin Goodeve.
He also studied metallurgy and assaying under Professor Sir William Roberts-Austen. He won the Bessemer Gold Medal for his class.
| 4
|
[
"Richard Stanfield",
"educated at",
"The Manchester Grammar School"
] |
Early life
Born in England on 23 June 1863, Stanfield was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, Manchester. In around 1877 he began an apprenticeship with the firm John Chadwick and Sons.
In 1883, he won a Senior Whitworth Scholarship and then studied mine engineering at the Royal School of Mines in London under Professor Thomas Minchin Goodeve.
He also studied metallurgy and assaying under Professor Sir William Roberts-Austen. He won the Bessemer Gold Medal for his class.
| 7
|
[
"Richard Stanfield",
"family name",
"Stanfield"
] |
Richard Stanfield (23 June 1863 – 10 October 1950) was a British civil engineer active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Early life
Born in England on 23 June 1863, Stanfield was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, Manchester. In around 1877 he began an apprenticeship with the firm John Chadwick and Sons.
In 1883, he won a Senior Whitworth Scholarship and then studied mine engineering at the Royal School of Mines in London under Professor Thomas Minchin Goodeve.
He also studied metallurgy and assaying under Professor Sir William Roberts-Austen. He won the Bessemer Gold Medal for his class.
| 8
|
[
"Richard Stanfield",
"occupation",
"mining engineer"
] |
Early life
Born in England on 23 June 1863, Stanfield was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, Manchester. In around 1877 he began an apprenticeship with the firm John Chadwick and Sons.
In 1883, he won a Senior Whitworth Scholarship and then studied mine engineering at the Royal School of Mines in London under Professor Thomas Minchin Goodeve.
He also studied metallurgy and assaying under Professor Sir William Roberts-Austen. He won the Bessemer Gold Medal for his class.
| 9
|
[
"Muhammad Alhamid",
"country of citizenship",
"Indonesia"
] |
Muhammad Alhamid (Arabic: محمد الحامد, romanized: Muḥammad al-Ḥāmid, Arabic pronunciation: [(ʔ)mʊˈħæmmæd al-ħaːmid]; born September 17, 1971) is an Indonesian professor, academician, lecturer, and civil servant. Muhammad was the chairman of the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) for the period 2012–2017, after completing his duties as chairman of the Bawaslu, he was later appointed as a member of the Election Organization Ethics Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DKPP RI) for the period 2017–2022 and was inaugurated on 12 June 2017 by Indonesian President Joko Widodo.
As an academician, he completed his doctoral education at Airlangga University in 2007. Three years later, he was appointed chairman of the Political Science Department of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of the Hasanuddin University from 2010 to 2012. On February 28, 2015, he was confirmed as a professor in the field of Sociology in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University.
| 1
|
[
"Muhammad Alhamid",
"place of birth",
"Makassar"
] |
Biography
Early life and family
Muhammad was born in Makassar from a married couple who came from an Arab Indonesian family of the Ba 'Alawi sada clan named Sayyid Alhamid and Syarifah Aisyah Sadiq Alaydrus. He married an Indonesian Arab women with the surname Alhaddad named Lubena Umar Alahaddad. From his marriage to Lubena, he has 5 children named Fatimah Zahra, Jakfar Sodiq, Khadijah, Aisyah, and Umar Muchdar.
| 5
|
[
"Muhammad Alhamid",
"educated at",
"Airlangga University"
] |
Education
Muhammad completed his elementary school in 1984 in Makassar. After that he went to junior high school in SMP Negeri 7 in Ujung Tanah sub-district, Makassar and graduated in 1987. In 1990, he graduated from SMA Negeri 4 Makassar and the following year immediately continued his undergraduate education to Hasanuddin University, he graduated with Sarjana Ilmu Pemerintahan degree (Bachelor of Science in Government; abbreviated as SIP in Indonesia) in 1994. While he obtained the Master of Science (in Indonesia abbreviated as MSi) degree in 1999 at the same university. For the doctoral program, he completed it at Airlangga University in 2007.
| 7
|
[
"Muhammad Alhamid",
"educated at",
"Hasanuddin University"
] |
Education
Muhammad completed his elementary school in 1984 in Makassar. After that he went to junior high school in SMP Negeri 7 in Ujung Tanah sub-district, Makassar and graduated in 1987. In 1990, he graduated from SMA Negeri 4 Makassar and the following year immediately continued his undergraduate education to Hasanuddin University, he graduated with Sarjana Ilmu Pemerintahan degree (Bachelor of Science in Government; abbreviated as SIP in Indonesia) in 1994. While he obtained the Master of Science (in Indonesia abbreviated as MSi) degree in 1999 at the same university. For the doctoral program, he completed it at Airlangga University in 2007.
| 10
|
[
"Muhammad Alhamid",
"educated at",
"SMA Negeri 4 Makassar"
] |
Education
Muhammad completed his elementary school in 1984 in Makassar. After that he went to junior high school in SMP Negeri 7 in Ujung Tanah sub-district, Makassar and graduated in 1987. In 1990, he graduated from SMA Negeri 4 Makassar and the following year immediately continued his undergraduate education to Hasanuddin University, he graduated with Sarjana Ilmu Pemerintahan degree (Bachelor of Science in Government; abbreviated as SIP in Indonesia) in 1994. While he obtained the Master of Science (in Indonesia abbreviated as MSi) degree in 1999 at the same university. For the doctoral program, he completed it at Airlangga University in 2007.
| 13
|
[
"Muhammad Alhamid",
"award received",
"Satyalancana Karya Satya"
] |
Awards
As a form of his loyalty has become a civil servant, in 2012, Muhammad was awarded the Satyalancana Karya Satya 10 years service award by the Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Then in 2015, Joko Widodo, as the President of Indonesia, officially awarded the honor of the 1st Class of Star of the Defenders of Democracy (Bintang Penegak Demokrasi Utama) to Muhammad, who at the time served as Chairman of the Election Supervisory Board of the Republic of Indonesia, the same award was given to Husni Kamil Manik as Chairman of the General Elections Commission of the Republic of Indonesia. The honorific is given based on the Republic of Indonesia's Presidential Decree Number 85/TK/YEAR 2015 dated August 7, 2015 concerning the awarding of honors. The awarding was given in the framework of the 70th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia on August 13, 2015.
| 14
|
[
"Muhammad Alhamid",
"position held",
"Chairperson of Election Supervisory Board"
] |
Muhammad Alhamid (Arabic: محمد الحامد, romanized: Muḥammad al-Ḥāmid, Arabic pronunciation: [(ʔ)mʊˈħæmmæd al-ħaːmid]; born September 17, 1971) is an Indonesian professor, academician, lecturer, and civil servant. Muhammad was the chairman of the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) for the period 2012–2017, after completing his duties as chairman of the Bawaslu, he was later appointed as a member of the Election Organization Ethics Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DKPP RI) for the period 2017–2022 and was inaugurated on 12 June 2017 by Indonesian President Joko Widodo.
As an academician, he completed his doctoral education at Airlangga University in 2007. Three years later, he was appointed chairman of the Political Science Department of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of the Hasanuddin University from 2010 to 2012. On February 28, 2015, he was confirmed as a professor in the field of Sociology in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University.
| 15
|
[
"Alfred Stansfield",
"educated at",
"University of London"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His younger brother was the British physicist Herbert Stansfield (1872–1960). He was educated at the Royal College of Science, London and Royal College of Mines, London, graduating in 1891.He was a Research Assistant in Sir William Roberts-Austen's laboratories at the Royal Mint between 1891 and 1898 and obtained his Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Doctor of Science (DSc) degrees at the University of London. He supervised the Metallurgical Laboratories at the Royal School of Mines from 1898 to 1901.
| 5
|
[
"Alfred Stansfield",
"employer",
"McGill University"
] |
Career
Stansfield was appointed Professor of Metallurgy at McGill University, Montreal in 1901, and later became Birks Professor of Metallurgy and Head of Department of Metallurgy in 1912. He also served as a Commissioner of the Pyx of the Royal Canadian Mint at Ottawa from 1911 to 1931.His research focussed on pyrometry, the Solution Theory of Carburized Iron, the constitution of alloys, the burning of steel, smelting titaniferous ores of iron, electric smelting, graphical methods of teaching Thermochemistry and the investigation of metallurgical reactions at high temperatures. Consequently, he authored several reports for the Canadian government. He reported on the electric smelting of iron ores in Sweden in 1914, on Canadian magnesium production in 1915, and on the electric smelting of iron ores in British Columbia in 1918. In 1915, he was a Member of a Commission appointed by the Canadian Minister of Defence to investigate the feasibility of producing refined copper and zinc. Stansfield retired in 1936. He died in Montreal, Canada, on 5 February 1944.
| 7
|
[
"Alfred Stansfield",
"award received",
"Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada"
] |
Honours
Stansfield was an Associate of the Royal School of Mines (ARSM) and was awarded the Plummer Medal by the Engineering Institute of Canada in 1921. He served as Vice-President of the American Electrochemical Society from 1928 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC).
| 10
|
[
"Alfred Stansfield",
"educated at",
"Royal College of Science"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His younger brother was the British physicist Herbert Stansfield (1872–1960). He was educated at the Royal College of Science, London and Royal College of Mines, London, graduating in 1891.He was a Research Assistant in Sir William Roberts-Austen's laboratories at the Royal Mint between 1891 and 1898 and obtained his Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Doctor of Science (DSc) degrees at the University of London. He supervised the Metallurgical Laboratories at the Royal School of Mines from 1898 to 1901.
| 14
|
[
"Alfred Stansfield",
"occupation",
"metallurgist"
] |
Alfred Stansfield (1871 – 5 February 1944) was a British-Canadian metallurgist and Birks Professor of Metallurgy at McGill University, Montreal, Canada (1901–36).Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His younger brother was the British physicist Herbert Stansfield (1872–1960). He was educated at the Royal College of Science, London and Royal College of Mines, London, graduating in 1891.He was a Research Assistant in Sir William Roberts-Austen's laboratories at the Royal Mint between 1891 and 1898 and obtained his Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Doctor of Science (DSc) degrees at the University of London. He supervised the Metallurgical Laboratories at the Royal School of Mines from 1898 to 1901.Career
Stansfield was appointed Professor of Metallurgy at McGill University, Montreal in 1901, and later became Birks Professor of Metallurgy and Head of Department of Metallurgy in 1912. He also served as a Commissioner of the Pyx of the Royal Canadian Mint at Ottawa from 1911 to 1931.His research focussed on pyrometry, the Solution Theory of Carburized Iron, the constitution of alloys, the burning of steel, smelting titaniferous ores of iron, electric smelting, graphical methods of teaching Thermochemistry and the investigation of metallurgical reactions at high temperatures. Consequently, he authored several reports for the Canadian government. He reported on the electric smelting of iron ores in Sweden in 1914, on Canadian magnesium production in 1915, and on the electric smelting of iron ores in British Columbia in 1918. In 1915, he was a Member of a Commission appointed by the Canadian Minister of Defence to investigate the feasibility of producing refined copper and zinc. Stansfield retired in 1936. He died in Montreal, Canada, on 5 February 1944.
| 15
|
[
"Alfred Stansfield",
"father",
"Frederick Stansfield"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His younger brother was the British physicist Herbert Stansfield (1872–1960). He was educated at the Royal College of Science, London and Royal College of Mines, London, graduating in 1891.He was a Research Assistant in Sir William Roberts-Austen's laboratories at the Royal Mint between 1891 and 1898 and obtained his Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Doctor of Science (DSc) degrees at the University of London. He supervised the Metallurgical Laboratories at the Royal School of Mines from 1898 to 1901.
| 17
|
[
"Alfred Stansfield",
"sibling",
"Herbert Stansfield"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His younger brother was the British physicist Herbert Stansfield (1872–1960). He was educated at the Royal College of Science, London and Royal College of Mines, London, graduating in 1891.He was a Research Assistant in Sir William Roberts-Austen's laboratories at the Royal Mint between 1891 and 1898 and obtained his Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Doctor of Science (DSc) degrees at the University of London. He supervised the Metallurgical Laboratories at the Royal School of Mines from 1898 to 1901.
| 18
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"place of birth",
"Bradford"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His elder brother was the British-Canadian metallurgist Alfred Stansfield (1871–1944). He was educated at Ackworth School, Bradford Technical College and the Royal College of Science, London.
| 2
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"employer",
"University of Southampton"
] |
Career
Stansfield began his career as a Demonstrator in the Physical Laboratory at the Royal College of Science, then Evening Lecturer in Physics at the East London College, and later Lecturer in Physics and Electrical Engineering at Chelsea Polytechnic. He became Head of the Physics and Electrical Engineering Department at the Municipal Technical School, Blackburn in 1898, and then was an Honorary Research Fellow and later Lecturer in Physics at the Victoria University of Manchester from 1904 until 1912. Stansfield was appointed Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering at University College, Southampton, in 1912.His publications included papers in scientific journals on soap films, dynamos, the Michelson Interferometer, the Echelon Spectroscope, and one on the " Sensitiveness of the Human Skin as a Detector of Alternating Electric Fields". Stansfield died in Southampton, Hampshire, on 14 March 1960.
| 3
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"occupation",
"physicist"
] |
Career
Stansfield began his career as a Demonstrator in the Physical Laboratory at the Royal College of Science, then Evening Lecturer in Physics at the East London College, and later Lecturer in Physics and Electrical Engineering at Chelsea Polytechnic. He became Head of the Physics and Electrical Engineering Department at the Municipal Technical School, Blackburn in 1898, and then was an Honorary Research Fellow and later Lecturer in Physics at the Victoria University of Manchester from 1904 until 1912. Stansfield was appointed Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering at University College, Southampton, in 1912.His publications included papers in scientific journals on soap films, dynamos, the Michelson Interferometer, the Echelon Spectroscope, and one on the " Sensitiveness of the Human Skin as a Detector of Alternating Electric Fields". Stansfield died in Southampton, Hampshire, on 14 March 1960.
| 5
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"educated at",
"Royal College of Science"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His elder brother was the British-Canadian metallurgist Alfred Stansfield (1871–1944). He was educated at Ackworth School, Bradford Technical College and the Royal College of Science, London.
| 13
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"family name",
"Stansfield"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His elder brother was the British-Canadian metallurgist Alfred Stansfield (1871–1944). He was educated at Ackworth School, Bradford Technical College and the Royal College of Science, London.Career
Stansfield began his career as a Demonstrator in the Physical Laboratory at the Royal College of Science, then Evening Lecturer in Physics at the East London College, and later Lecturer in Physics and Electrical Engineering at Chelsea Polytechnic. He became Head of the Physics and Electrical Engineering Department at the Municipal Technical School, Blackburn in 1898, and then was an Honorary Research Fellow and later Lecturer in Physics at the Victoria University of Manchester from 1904 until 1912. Stansfield was appointed Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering at University College, Southampton, in 1912.His publications included papers in scientific journals on soap films, dynamos, the Michelson Interferometer, the Echelon Spectroscope, and one on the " Sensitiveness of the Human Skin as a Detector of Alternating Electric Fields". Stansfield died in Southampton, Hampshire, on 14 March 1960.
| 15
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"sibling",
"Alfred Stansfield"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His elder brother was the British-Canadian metallurgist Alfred Stansfield (1871–1944). He was educated at Ackworth School, Bradford Technical College and the Royal College of Science, London.Family
Stansfield married, in 1908, Edith Grubb the daughter of F. E. Grubb of Cahir Abbey, Tipperary, and Berkeley, California. They had one son, Ronald G. Stansfield. Edith's sister, Ethel Ernestine Grubb (1877–1942), married Herbert's brother Alfred Stansfield.
| 16
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"spouse",
"Edith Grubb"
] |
Family
Stansfield married, in 1908, Edith Grubb the daughter of F. E. Grubb of Cahir Abbey, Tipperary, and Berkeley, California. They had one son, Ronald G. Stansfield. Edith's sister, Ethel Ernestine Grubb (1877–1942), married Herbert's brother Alfred Stansfield.
| 17
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"father",
"Frederick Stansfield"
] |
Early life
Stansfield was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in 1872, the second son of Frederic and Mary Ellen Stansfield. His elder brother was the British-Canadian metallurgist Alfred Stansfield (1871–1944). He was educated at Ackworth School, Bradford Technical College and the Royal College of Science, London.
| 18
|
[
"Herbert Stansfield",
"child",
"Ronald G. Stansfield"
] |
Family
Stansfield married, in 1908, Edith Grubb the daughter of F. E. Grubb of Cahir Abbey, Tipperary, and Berkeley, California. They had one son, Ronald G. Stansfield. Edith's sister, Ethel Ernestine Grubb (1877–1942), married Herbert's brother Alfred Stansfield.
| 19
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 0
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"country of citizenship",
"United Kingdom"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 1
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"occupation",
"professor"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 3
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"honorific prefix",
"professor"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 4
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"employer",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 7
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 8
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"field of work",
"historical geography"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).Career
Whyte studied for his undergraduate and postgraduate degrees at the University of Edinburgh. His PhD thesis was on Agrarian change in lowland Scotland in the seventeenth century. He was appointed as Lecturer in Geography at Glasgow University and later as Lecturer at Lancaster University in 1979.Whyte's interest was in the evolution of landscape, economy and society in early-modern Scotland, ranging from agriculture and rural society to urban development. Later, he also extended his research to the study of landscape change and socio-economic changes in the upland areas of Northern England, in particular the process of parliamentary enclosure. He was also keenly interested in issues of landscape and heritage management in the English Lake District.During his career, he published 17 books and many journal articles. He was appointed to a personal chair in Historical Geography in 1996 and retired in 2012.Whyte was also involved in developing Lancaster's Centre for North-West Regional Studies and was Editor of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society's journal, Transactions, for several years. He was also a founder Member and Chairman of the Brindle Historical Society.
| 9
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"field of work",
"environmental history"
] |
Career
Whyte studied for his undergraduate and postgraduate degrees at the University of Edinburgh. His PhD thesis was on Agrarian change in lowland Scotland in the seventeenth century. He was appointed as Lecturer in Geography at Glasgow University and later as Lecturer at Lancaster University in 1979.Whyte's interest was in the evolution of landscape, economy and society in early-modern Scotland, ranging from agriculture and rural society to urban development. Later, he also extended his research to the study of landscape change and socio-economic changes in the upland areas of Northern England, in particular the process of parliamentary enclosure. He was also keenly interested in issues of landscape and heritage management in the English Lake District.During his career, he published 17 books and many journal articles. He was appointed to a personal chair in Historical Geography in 1996 and retired in 2012.Whyte was also involved in developing Lancaster's Centre for North-West Regional Studies and was Editor of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society's journal, Transactions, for several years. He was also a founder Member and Chairman of the Brindle Historical Society.
| 11
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"family name",
"Whyte"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 13
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"given name",
"Ian"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).
| 15
|
[
"Ian D. Whyte",
"occupation",
"historical geographer"
] |
Ian D. Whyte (23 January 1948 – 24 September 2019) was a British geographer and Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Lancaster. He was the author of many books, including Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration (1991), Climatic Change and Human Society (1995) and Scotland's Society and Economy in Transition (1997).Career
Whyte studied for his undergraduate and postgraduate degrees at the University of Edinburgh. His PhD thesis was on Agrarian change in lowland Scotland in the seventeenth century. He was appointed as Lecturer in Geography at Glasgow University and later as Lecturer at Lancaster University in 1979.Whyte's interest was in the evolution of landscape, economy and society in early-modern Scotland, ranging from agriculture and rural society to urban development. Later, he also extended his research to the study of landscape change and socio-economic changes in the upland areas of Northern England, in particular the process of parliamentary enclosure. He was also keenly interested in issues of landscape and heritage management in the English Lake District.During his career, he published 17 books and many journal articles. He was appointed to a personal chair in Historical Geography in 1996 and retired in 2012.Whyte was also involved in developing Lancaster's Centre for North-West Regional Studies and was Editor of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society's journal, Transactions, for several years. He was also a founder Member and Chairman of the Brindle Historical Society.
| 17
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Peter Michael Harman (11 December 1943 – 14 August 2014) was a British historian who was Professor of the History of Science at the University of Lancaster.Career
Harman was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, the son of Herbert and Gertrude (nee Harris) Heimann. He studied at Oriel College, Oxford and later at the University of Leeds. He was Assistant Lecturer at the University of Glasgow (1969–70) and at the University of Cambridge (1970–74) where he was a Fellow of Clare Hall (1971–74), before being appointed Lecturer at the University of Lancaster in 1974. He was appointed Reader in 1993 and Professor in 1999 until his retirement in 2007.Harman was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (1988–89 and 1990–91). As Zeeman Professor of the History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1995, his lectures were on the topic of The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell and were later published.Harman's research was focussed chiefly on the history of natural philosophy and physics in the 18th and 19th centuries, covering the period after Isaac Newton, with his most important work being his research on the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, which was supported by the Royal Society, the Leverhulme Trust (1986–87), the National Science Foundation (1988–89 and 1990–91), and the Arts and Humanities Research Board.
| 0
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"educated at",
"University of Oxford"
] |
Career
Harman was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, the son of Herbert and Gertrude (nee Harris) Heimann. He studied at Oriel College, Oxford and later at the University of Leeds. He was Assistant Lecturer at the University of Glasgow (1969–70) and at the University of Cambridge (1970–74) where he was a Fellow of Clare Hall (1971–74), before being appointed Lecturer at the University of Lancaster in 1974. He was appointed Reader in 1993 and Professor in 1999 until his retirement in 2007.Harman was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (1988–89 and 1990–91). As Zeeman Professor of the History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1995, his lectures were on the topic of The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell and were later published.Harman's research was focussed chiefly on the history of natural philosophy and physics in the 18th and 19th centuries, covering the period after Isaac Newton, with his most important work being his research on the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, which was supported by the Royal Society, the Leverhulme Trust (1986–87), the National Science Foundation (1988–89 and 1990–91), and the Arts and Humanities Research Board.
| 4
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"employer",
"University of Lancaster"
] |
Peter Michael Harman (11 December 1943 – 14 August 2014) was a British historian who was Professor of the History of Science at the University of Lancaster.Career
Harman was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, the son of Herbert and Gertrude (nee Harris) Heimann. He studied at Oriel College, Oxford and later at the University of Leeds. He was Assistant Lecturer at the University of Glasgow (1969–70) and at the University of Cambridge (1970–74) where he was a Fellow of Clare Hall (1971–74), before being appointed Lecturer at the University of Lancaster in 1974. He was appointed Reader in 1993 and Professor in 1999 until his retirement in 2007.Harman was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (1988–89 and 1990–91). As Zeeman Professor of the History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1995, his lectures were on the topic of The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell and were later published.Harman's research was focussed chiefly on the history of natural philosophy and physics in the 18th and 19th centuries, covering the period after Isaac Newton, with his most important work being his research on the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, which was supported by the Royal Society, the Leverhulme Trust (1986–87), the National Science Foundation (1988–89 and 1990–91), and the Arts and Humanities Research Board.
| 8
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"educated at",
"University of Leeds"
] |
Career
Harman was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, the son of Herbert and Gertrude (nee Harris) Heimann. He studied at Oriel College, Oxford and later at the University of Leeds. He was Assistant Lecturer at the University of Glasgow (1969–70) and at the University of Cambridge (1970–74) where he was a Fellow of Clare Hall (1971–74), before being appointed Lecturer at the University of Lancaster in 1974. He was appointed Reader in 1993 and Professor in 1999 until his retirement in 2007.Harman was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (1988–89 and 1990–91). As Zeeman Professor of the History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1995, his lectures were on the topic of The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell and were later published.Harman's research was focussed chiefly on the history of natural philosophy and physics in the 18th and 19th centuries, covering the period after Isaac Newton, with his most important work being his research on the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, which was supported by the Royal Society, the Leverhulme Trust (1986–87), the National Science Foundation (1988–89 and 1990–91), and the Arts and Humanities Research Board.
| 9
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"place of birth",
"Leeds"
] |
Career
Harman was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, the son of Herbert and Gertrude (nee Harris) Heimann. He studied at Oriel College, Oxford and later at the University of Leeds. He was Assistant Lecturer at the University of Glasgow (1969–70) and at the University of Cambridge (1970–74) where he was a Fellow of Clare Hall (1971–74), before being appointed Lecturer at the University of Lancaster in 1974. He was appointed Reader in 1993 and Professor in 1999 until his retirement in 2007.Harman was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (1988–89 and 1990–91). As Zeeman Professor of the History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1995, his lectures were on the topic of The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell and were later published.Harman's research was focussed chiefly on the history of natural philosophy and physics in the 18th and 19th centuries, covering the period after Isaac Newton, with his most important work being his research on the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, which was supported by the Royal Society, the Leverhulme Trust (1986–87), the National Science Foundation (1988–89 and 1990–91), and the Arts and Humanities Research Board.
| 10
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"given name",
"Peter"
] |
Peter Michael Harman (11 December 1943 – 14 August 2014) was a British historian who was Professor of the History of Science at the University of Lancaster.
| 11
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"given name",
"Michael"
] |
Peter Michael Harman (11 December 1943 – 14 August 2014) was a British historian who was Professor of the History of Science at the University of Lancaster.
| 12
|
[
"Peter M. Harman",
"family name",
"Harman"
] |
Peter Michael Harman (11 December 1943 – 14 August 2014) was a British historian who was Professor of the History of Science at the University of Lancaster.Career
Harman was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, the son of Herbert and Gertrude (nee Harris) Heimann. He studied at Oriel College, Oxford and later at the University of Leeds. He was Assistant Lecturer at the University of Glasgow (1969–70) and at the University of Cambridge (1970–74) where he was a Fellow of Clare Hall (1971–74), before being appointed Lecturer at the University of Lancaster in 1974. He was appointed Reader in 1993 and Professor in 1999 until his retirement in 2007.Harman was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University (1988–89 and 1990–91). As Zeeman Professor of the History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1995, his lectures were on the topic of The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell and were later published.Harman's research was focussed chiefly on the history of natural philosophy and physics in the 18th and 19th centuries, covering the period after Isaac Newton, with his most important work being his research on the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, which was supported by the Royal Society, the Leverhulme Trust (1986–87), the National Science Foundation (1988–89 and 1990–91), and the Arts and Humanities Research Board.
| 17
|
[
"El Sheikh Mahgoub Gaafar",
"occupation",
"microbiologist"
] |
Career
Upon his return to Sudan, Gaafar was appointed a Lecturer in the Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, University of Khartoum. He was subsequently promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1969, a Reader in 1972, and a Professor in 1974, the same year he was awarded an MD in Microbiology. In 1968, he established a mycetoma ward and clinic in Khartoum North Civil Hospital, and in 1972, Gaafar worked as Consultant to the World Health Organization in Teheran, Iran.Gaafar gained experience in clinical microbiology diagnosis at the West Middlesex University Hospital and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine between 1976 and 1977. He joined King Saud University as a Professor in medical microbiology in 1977 because he could not return to Sudan after the 1969 Sudanese coup d'état and Jaafar Nimeiry sizing power (1969–1985) due to his association with the National Umma Party which was banned. Gaafar established the Department of Microbiology, later recognised by the Royal College of Pathologists, and the Mycoses Clinic. He became the Founding Dean of the Department of Microbiology from 1979 until 1984.When the Sudanese Defence Minister Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab seized power from Sudanese President Jaafar Nimeiry in the 1985 Sudanese coup d'état, Gaafar returned to Sudan as a Professor and head of the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Khartoum, where he remained until 1988. He was then appointed as the Minister of Education, Higher Education and Scientific Research as part of the National Umma Party's Third coalition, which lasted until 1989 when Colonel (later Lieutenant General) Umar Hassan Ahmad al Bashir overthrew Sadiq al Mahdi and established the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation to rule Sudan.Gaafar served on the World Health Organisation Expert Committee (Parasitology) from 1975–1990. Between 1990 and 1995, he was selected as a Regional Adviser for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO. He then became a Director of Health Services Development until 1997, before becoming a Regional Adviser for Educational Development for Health between 1997 and 1998.Gaafar was the Editor-in-Chief for Eastern Mediterranean Health Services Journal (1990–1994), a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, a member of the Editorial Panel of Mycopathologia, a member of the Khartoum University Press Editorial Committee, and referee to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Gaafar was a Chairman of the Council of Omdurman Islamic University (1986–1988), and a Chairman of the Medical Research Council, Sudan (1986–1988).
| 8
|
[
"Islam",
"has quality",
"monotheism"
] |
Articles of faith
The Islamic creed (aqidah) requires belief in six articles: God, angels, revelation, prophets, the Day of Resurrection, and the divine decree.God
The central concept of Islam is tawḥīd (Arabic: توحيد), the oneness of God. Usually thought of as a precise monotheism, but also panentheistic in Islamic mystical teachings. God is seen as incomparable and without partners such as in the Christian Trinity, and associating partners to God or attributing God's attributes to others is seen as idolatory, called shirk. God is seen as transcendent of creation and so is beyond comprehension. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules and do not attribute forms to God. God is instead described and referred to by several names or attributes, the most common being Ar-Rahmān (الرحمان) meaning "The Entirely Merciful," and Ar-Rahīm (الرحيم) meaning "The Especially Merciful" which are invoked at the beginning of most chapters of the Quran.Islam teaches that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by God's command as expressed by the wording, "Be, and it is," and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal god and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Consciousness and awareness of God is referred to as Taqwa. Allāh is a term with no plural or gender being ascribed to it and is also used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews in reference to God, whereas ʾilāh (إله) is a term used for a deity or a god in general.
| 6
|
[
"Sunni Islam",
"has part(s)",
"Maturidi"
] |
Three group doctrines
Regarding the question which dogmatic tendencies are to be assigned to Sunnism, there is no agreement among Muslim scholars. Since the early modern period, is the idea that a total of three groups belong to the Sunnis: 1. those named after Abu l-Hasan al-Aschʿari (d. 935) Ashʿarites, 2. those named after Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 941) named Maturidites and 3. a differently named third group, which is traditionalistic-oriented and rejects the rational discourse of Kalām advocated by the Maturidites and Ashʿarites. The Syrian scholar ʿAbd al-Baqi Ibn Faqih Fussa (d. 1661) calls this third traditionalist group the Hanbalites. The late Ottoman thinker İsmail Hakkı İzmirli (d. 1946), who agreed to dividing Sunnis into these three groups, called the traditionalist group Salafiyya, but also used Athariyya as an alternative term. For the Maturidiyya he gives Nasafīyya as a possible alternative name. Another used for the traditionalist-oriented group is "people of Hadith" (ahl al-ḥadīṯ). It is used, for example, in the final document of the Grozny Conference. Only those "people of the Hadith" are assigned to Sunnism who practice tafwīḍ, i.e. who refrain from interpreting the ambiguous statements of the Quran.
| 8
|
[
"Sunni Islam",
"has part(s)",
"Athari"
] |
Traditionalist
Traditionalist or Athari theology is a movement of Islamic scholars who reject rationalistic Islamic theology (kalam) in favor of strict textualism in interpreting the Qur'an and sunnah. The name derives from "tradition" in its technical sense as translation of the Arabic word hadith. It is also sometimes referred to as athari as by several other names.
Adherents of traditionalist theology believe that the zahir (literal, apparent) meaning of the Qur'an and the hadith have sole authority in matters of belief and law; and that the use of rational disputation is forbidden even if it verifies the truth. They engage in a literal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally, and believe that their realities should be consigned to God alone (tafwid). In essence, the text of the Qur'an and Hadith is accepted without asking "how" or "Bi-la kaifa".
Traditionalist theology emerged among scholars of hadith who eventually coalesced into a movement called ahl al-hadith under the leadership of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. In matters of faith, they were pitted against Mu'tazilites and other theological currents, condemning many points of their doctrine as well as the rationalistic methods they used in defending them. In the 10th century AD al-Ash'ari and al-Maturidi found a middle ground between Mu'tazilite rationalism and Hanbalite literalism, using the rationalistic methods championed by Mu'tazilites to defend most tenets of the traditionalist doctrine. Although the mainly Hanbali scholars who rejected this synthesis were in the minority, their emotive, narrative-based approach to faith remained influential among the urban masses in some areas, particularly in Abbasid Baghdad.While Ash'arism and Maturidism are often called the Sunni "orthodoxy", traditionalist theology has thrived alongside it, laying rival claims to be the orthodox Sunni faith. In the modern era, it has had a disproportionate impact on Islamic theology, having been appropriated by Wahhabi and other traditionalist Salafi currents and have spread well beyond the confines of the Hanbali school of law.
| 12
|
[
"Christianity",
"founded by",
"Jesus"
] |
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church consists of those particular churches, headed by bishops, in communion with the pope, the bishop of Rome, as its highest authority in matters of faith, morality, and church governance. Like Eastern Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church, through apostolic succession, traces its origins to the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ. Catholics maintain that the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church" founded by Jesus subsists fully in the Catholic Church, but also acknowledges other Christian churches and communities and works towards reconciliation among all Christians. The Catholic faith is detailed in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.Of its seven sacraments, the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven, honoured in dogmas and devotions. Its teaching includes Divine Mercy, sanctification through faith and evangelization of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching, which emphasises voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church operates thousands of Catholic schools, universities, hospitals, and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations.
Canon law (Latin: jus canonicum) is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organisation and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church. The canon law of the Latin Church was the first modern Western legal system, and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West. while the distinctive traditions of Eastern Catholic canon law govern the 23 Eastern Catholic particular churches sui iuris.
As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The 2,834 sees are grouped into 24 particular autonomous Churches (the largest of which being the Latin Church), each with its own distinct traditions regarding the liturgy and the administering of sacraments. With more than 1.1 billion baptized members, the Catholic Church is the largest Christian church and represents 50.1% all Christians as well as one sixth of the world's population. Catholics live all over the world through missions, diaspora, and conversions.
| 0
|
[
"Christianity",
"named after",
"Jesus"
] |
Etymology
Early Jewish Christians referred to themselves as 'The Way' (Koinē Greek: τῆς ὁδοῦ, romanized: tês hodoû), probably coming from Isaiah 40:3, "prepare the way of the Lord". According to Acts 11:26, the term "Christian" (Χρῑστῐᾱνός, Khrīstiānós), meaning "followers of Christ" in reference to Jesus's disciples, was first used in the city of Antioch by the non-Jewish inhabitants there. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity/Christianism" (Χρῑστῐᾱνισμός, Khrīstiānismós) was by Ignatius of Antioch around 100 AD.
| 1
|
[
"Christianity",
"foundational text",
"Bible"
] |
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.4 billion followers representing one-third of the global population. Its adherents, known as Christians, are estimated to make up a majority of the population in 157 countries and territories. The coming of the Messiah, the Son of God, Jesus Christ, was prophesied in the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible) and chronicled in the New Testament, published together as the Christian biblical canon.
Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches, as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation, ecclesiology, ordination, and Christology. The creeds of various Christian denominations generally hold in common Jesus as the Son of God—the Logos incarnated—who ministered, suffered, and died on a cross, but rose from the dead for the salvation of mankind; and referred to as the gospel, meaning the "good news". Describing Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, with the Old Testament as the gospel's respected background.
Christianity began in the 1st century after the birth of Jesus as a Judaic sect with Hellenistic influence, in the Roman province of Judea. The disciples of Jesus spread their faith around the Eastern Mediterranean area, despite significant persecution. The inclusion of Gentiles led Christianity to slowly separate from Judaism (2nd century). Emperor Constantine the Great decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (313), later convening the Council of Nicaea (325) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire (380). The Church of the East and Oriental Orthodoxy both split over differences in Christology (5th century), while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East–West Schism (1054). Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Catholic Church in the Reformation era (16th century). Following the Age of Discovery (15th–17th century), Christianity expanded throughout the world via missionary work, extensive trade and colonialism. Christianity played a prominent role in the development of Western civilization, particularly in Europe from late antiquity and the Middle Ages.The six major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism (1.3 billion people), Protestantism (800 million), Eastern Orthodoxy (220 million), Oriental Orthodoxy (60 million), Restorationism (35 million), and the Church of the East (600 thousand). Smaller church communities number in the thousands despite efforts toward unity (ecumenism). In the West, Christianity remains the dominant religion even with a decline in adherence, with about 70% of that population identifying as Christian. Christianity is growing in Africa and Asia, the world's most populous continents. Christians remain greatly persecuted in many regions of the world, particularly in the Middle East, North Africa, East Asia, and South Asia.
| 9
|
[
"Christianity",
"has part(s)",
"Catholic Church"
] |
Churches and denominations
Christianity can be taxonomically divided into six main groups: Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, the Church of the East, and Restorationism. A broader distinction that is sometimes drawn is between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, which has its origins in the East–West Schism (Great Schism) of the 11th century. Recently, neither Western or Eastern World Christianity has also stood out, for example, in African-initiated churches. However, there are other present and historical Christian groups that do not fit neatly into one of these primary categories.
There is a diversity of doctrines and liturgical practices among groups calling themselves Christian. These groups may vary ecclesiologically in their views on a classification of Christian denominations. The Nicene Creed (325), however, is typically accepted as authoritative by most Christians, including the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and major Protestant (such as Lutheran and Anglican) denominations.
| 12
|
[
"Christianity",
"named after",
"Christ"
] |
Etymology
Early Jewish Christians referred to themselves as 'The Way' (Koinē Greek: τῆς ὁδοῦ, romanized: tês hodoû), probably coming from Isaiah 40:3, "prepare the way of the Lord". According to Acts 11:26, the term "Christian" (Χρῑστῐᾱνός, Khrīstiānós), meaning "followers of Christ" in reference to Jesus's disciples, was first used in the city of Antioch by the non-Jewish inhabitants there. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity/Christianism" (Χρῑστῐᾱνισμός, Khrīstiānismós) was by Ignatius of Antioch around 100 AD.
| 23
|
[
"Christianity",
"foundational text",
"New Testament"
] |
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.4 billion followers representing one-third of the global population. Its adherents, known as Christians, are estimated to make up a majority of the population in 157 countries and territories. The coming of the Messiah, the Son of God, Jesus Christ, was prophesied in the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible) and chronicled in the New Testament, published together as the Christian biblical canon.
Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches, as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation, ecclesiology, ordination, and Christology. The creeds of various Christian denominations generally hold in common Jesus as the Son of God—the Logos incarnated—who ministered, suffered, and died on a cross, but rose from the dead for the salvation of mankind; and referred to as the gospel, meaning the "good news". Describing Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, with the Old Testament as the gospel's respected background.
Christianity began in the 1st century after the birth of Jesus as a Judaic sect with Hellenistic influence, in the Roman province of Judea. The disciples of Jesus spread their faith around the Eastern Mediterranean area, despite significant persecution. The inclusion of Gentiles led Christianity to slowly separate from Judaism (2nd century). Emperor Constantine the Great decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (313), later convening the Council of Nicaea (325) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire (380). The Church of the East and Oriental Orthodoxy both split over differences in Christology (5th century), while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East–West Schism (1054). Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Catholic Church in the Reformation era (16th century). Following the Age of Discovery (15th–17th century), Christianity expanded throughout the world via missionary work, extensive trade and colonialism. Christianity played a prominent role in the development of Western civilization, particularly in Europe from late antiquity and the Middle Ages.The six major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism (1.3 billion people), Protestantism (800 million), Eastern Orthodoxy (220 million), Oriental Orthodoxy (60 million), Restorationism (35 million), and the Church of the East (600 thousand). Smaller church communities number in the thousands despite efforts toward unity (ecumenism). In the West, Christianity remains the dominant religion even with a decline in adherence, with about 70% of that population identifying as Christian. Christianity is growing in Africa and Asia, the world's most populous continents. Christians remain greatly persecuted in many regions of the world, particularly in the Middle East, North Africa, East Asia, and South Asia.
| 29
|
[
"Christianity",
"has part(s)",
"Christian denomination"
] |
Churches and denominations
Christianity can be taxonomically divided into six main groups: Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, the Church of the East, and Restorationism. A broader distinction that is sometimes drawn is between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, which has its origins in the East–West Schism (Great Schism) of the 11th century. Recently, neither Western or Eastern World Christianity has also stood out, for example, in African-initiated churches. However, there are other present and historical Christian groups that do not fit neatly into one of these primary categories.
There is a diversity of doctrines and liturgical practices among groups calling themselves Christian. These groups may vary ecclesiologically in their views on a classification of Christian denominations. The Nicene Creed (325), however, is typically accepted as authoritative by most Christians, including the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and major Protestant (such as Lutheran and Anglican) denominations.
| 31
|
[
"Christianity",
"has part(s)",
"low church"
] |
Churches and denominations
Christianity can be taxonomically divided into six main groups: Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, the Church of the East, and Restorationism. A broader distinction that is sometimes drawn is between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, which has its origins in the East–West Schism (Great Schism) of the 11th century. Recently, neither Western or Eastern World Christianity has also stood out, for example, in African-initiated churches. However, there are other present and historical Christian groups that do not fit neatly into one of these primary categories.
There is a diversity of doctrines and liturgical practices among groups calling themselves Christian. These groups may vary ecclesiologically in their views on a classification of Christian denominations. The Nicene Creed (325), however, is typically accepted as authoritative by most Christians, including the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and major Protestant (such as Lutheran and Anglican) denominations.
| 35
|
[
"Christianity",
"location",
"worldwide"
] |
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.4 billion followers representing one-third of the global population. Its adherents, known as Christians, are estimated to make up a majority of the population in 157 countries and territories. The coming of the Messiah, the Son of God, Jesus Christ, was prophesied in the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible) and chronicled in the New Testament, published together as the Christian biblical canon.
Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches, as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation, ecclesiology, ordination, and Christology. The creeds of various Christian denominations generally hold in common Jesus as the Son of God—the Logos incarnated—who ministered, suffered, and died on a cross, but rose from the dead for the salvation of mankind; and referred to as the gospel, meaning the "good news". Describing Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, with the Old Testament as the gospel's respected background.
Christianity began in the 1st century after the birth of Jesus as a Judaic sect with Hellenistic influence, in the Roman province of Judea. The disciples of Jesus spread their faith around the Eastern Mediterranean area, despite significant persecution. The inclusion of Gentiles led Christianity to slowly separate from Judaism (2nd century). Emperor Constantine the Great decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (313), later convening the Council of Nicaea (325) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire (380). The Church of the East and Oriental Orthodoxy both split over differences in Christology (5th century), while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East–West Schism (1054). Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Catholic Church in the Reformation era (16th century). Following the Age of Discovery (15th–17th century), Christianity expanded throughout the world via missionary work, extensive trade and colonialism. Christianity played a prominent role in the development of Western civilization, particularly in Europe from late antiquity and the Middle Ages.The six major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism (1.3 billion people), Protestantism (800 million), Eastern Orthodoxy (220 million), Oriental Orthodoxy (60 million), Restorationism (35 million), and the Church of the East (600 thousand). Smaller church communities number in the thousands despite efforts toward unity (ecumenism). In the West, Christianity remains the dominant religion even with a decline in adherence, with about 70% of that population identifying as Christian. Christianity is growing in Africa and Asia, the world's most populous continents. Christians remain greatly persecuted in many regions of the world, particularly in the Middle East, North Africa, East Asia, and South Asia.Demographics
With around 2.4 billion adherents according to a 2020 estimation by Pew Research Center, split into three main branches of Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox, Christianity is the world's largest religion. High birth rates and conversions in the global South were cited as the reasons for the Christian population growth. The Christian share of the world's population has stood at around 33% for the last hundred years, which means that one in three persons on Earth are Christians. This masks a major shift in the demographics of Christianity; large increases in the developing world have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Western Europe and North America. According to a 2015 Pew Research Center study, within the next four decades, Christianity will remain the largest religion; and by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.: 60According to some scholars, Christianity ranks at first place in net gains through religious conversion. As a percentage of Christians, the Catholic Church and Orthodoxy (both Eastern and Oriental) are declining in some parts of the world (though Catholicism is growing in Asia, in Africa, vibrant in Eastern Europe, etc.), while Protestants and other Christians are on the rise in the developing world. The so-called popular Protestantism is one of the fastest growing religious categories in the world. Nevertheless, Catholicism will also continue to grow to 1.63 billion by 2050, according to Todd Johnson of the Center for the Study of Global Christianity. Africa alone, by 2015, will be home to 230 million African Catholics. And if in 2018, the U.N. projects that Africa's population will reach 4.5 billion by 2100 (not 2 billion as predicted in 2004), Catholicism will indeed grow, as will other religious groups. According to Pew Research Center, Africa is expected to be home to 1.1 billion African Christians by 2050.In 2010, 87% of the world's Christian population lived in countries where Christians are in the majority, while 13% of the world's Christian population lived in countries where Christians are in the minority. Christianity is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas, Oceania, and Sub-Saharan Africa. There are also large Christian communities in other parts of the world, such as Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. In Asia, it is the dominant religion in Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, East Timor, and the Philippines. However, it is declining in some areas including the northern and western United States, some areas in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), northern Europe (including Great Britain, Scandinavia and other places), France, Germany, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, and some parts of Asia (especially the Middle East, due to the Christian emigration, and Macau).
The Christian population is not decreasing in Brazil, the southern United States, and the province of Alberta, Canada, but the percentage is decreasing. Since the fall of communism, the proportion of Christians has been stable or even increased in the Central and Eastern European countries. Christianity is growing rapidly in both numbers and percentage in China, other Asian countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, North Africa (Maghreb), Gulf Cooperation Council countries, and Oceania.Despite a decline in adherence in the West, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the region, with about 70% of that population identifying as Christian. Christianity remains the largest religion in Western Europe, where 71% of Western Europeans identified themselves as Christian in 2018. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76% of Europeans, 73% in Oceania and about 86% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77% in North America) identified themselves as Christians. By 2010 about 157 countries and territories in the world had Christian majorities.However, there are many charismatic movements that have become well established over large parts of the world, especially Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Since 1900, primarily due to conversion, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. From 1960 to 2000, the global growth of the number of reported Evangelical Protestants grew three times the world's population rate, and twice that of Islam. According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey from the University of Melbourne, since the 1960s there has been a substantial increase in the number of conversions from Islam to Christianity, mostly to the Evangelical and Pentecostal forms.
A study conducted by St. Mary's University estimated about 10.2 million Muslim converts to Christianity in 2015; according to the study significant numbers of Muslim converts to Christianity can be found in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Central Asia (including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and other countries), Indonesia, Malaysia, the Middle East (including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and other countries), North Africa (including Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia), Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Western World (including Albania, Belgium, France, Germany, Kosovo, the Netherlands, Russia, Scandinavia, United Kingdom, the United States, and other western countries). It is also reported that Christianity is popular among people of different backgrounds in Africa and Asia; according to a report by the Singapore Management University, more people in Southeast Asia are converting to Christianity, many of them young and having a university degree. According to scholar Juliette Koning and Heidi Dahles of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam there is a "rapid expansion" of Christianity in Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Korea. According to scholar Terence Chong from the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, since the 1980s Christianity is expanding in China, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, South Korea, and Vietnam.In most countries in the developed world, church attendance among people who continue to identify themselves as Christians has been falling over the last few decades. Some sources view this as part of a drift away from traditional membership institutions, while others link it to signs of a decline in belief in the importance of religion in general. Europe's Christian population, though in decline, still constitutes the largest geographical component of the religion. According to data from the 2012 European Social Survey, around a third of European Christians say they attend services once a month or more. Conversely, according to the World Values Survey, about more than two-thirds of Latin American Christians, and about 90% of African Christians (in Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Zimbabwe) said they attended church regularly. According to a 2018 study by the Pew Research Center, Christians in Africa and Latin America and the United States have high levels of commitment to their faith.Christianity, in one form or another, is the sole state religion of the following nations: Argentina (Catholic), Costa Rica (Catholic), the Kingdom of Denmark (Lutheran), England (Anglican), Greece (Greek Orthodox), Iceland (Lutheran), Liechtenstein (Catholic), Malta (Catholic), Monaco (Catholic), Norway (Lutheran), Samoa, Tonga (Methodist), Tuvalu (Reformed), and Vatican City (Catholic).There are numerous other countries, such as Cyprus, which although do not have an established church, still give official recognition and support to a specific Christian denomination.Catholic Church
The Catholic Church consists of those particular churches, headed by bishops, in communion with the pope, the bishop of Rome, as its highest authority in matters of faith, morality, and church governance. Like Eastern Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church, through apostolic succession, traces its origins to the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ. Catholics maintain that the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church" founded by Jesus subsists fully in the Catholic Church, but also acknowledges other Christian churches and communities and works towards reconciliation among all Christians. The Catholic faith is detailed in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.Of its seven sacraments, the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven, honoured in dogmas and devotions. Its teaching includes Divine Mercy, sanctification through faith and evangelization of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching, which emphasises voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church operates thousands of Catholic schools, universities, hospitals, and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations.
Canon law (Latin: jus canonicum) is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organisation and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church. The canon law of the Latin Church was the first modern Western legal system, and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West. while the distinctive traditions of Eastern Catholic canon law govern the 23 Eastern Catholic particular churches sui iuris.
As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The 2,834 sees are grouped into 24 particular autonomous Churches (the largest of which being the Latin Church), each with its own distinct traditions regarding the liturgy and the administering of sacraments. With more than 1.1 billion baptized members, the Catholic Church is the largest Christian church and represents 50.1% all Christians as well as one sixth of the world's population. Catholics live all over the world through missions, diaspora, and conversions.
| 37
|
[
"Jehovah's Witnesses",
"foundational text",
"Bible"
] |
Jehovah's Witnesses are members of a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reported a worldwide membership of approximately 8.5 million active adherents involved in evangelism, with 19.7 million attending the annual Memorial of Christ. Witnesses are directed by a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, known as the Governing Body, which establishes all doctrines for the religion based on their interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and the establishment of God's kingdom over Earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.The group emerged from the Bible Student movement founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell, who then founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881 to organize and print the movement's publications from Pennsylvania. A leadership dispute after Russell's death resulted in several groups breaking away, with Joseph Franklin Rutherford retaining control of the Watch Tower Society and its properties. Rutherford made significant organizational and doctrinal changes, including adoption of the name Jehovah's witnesses in 1931 to distinguish them from other Bible Student groups and symbolize a break with the legacy of Russell's traditions.Jehovah's Witnesses are known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and for refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider the use of God's name vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. They prefer to use their own Bible translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other Bible translations. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "The Truth" and consider themselves to be "in the Truth". They consider human society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning, a last resort for what they consider serious offenses. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.The group's position regarding conscientious objection to military service and refusal to salute state symbols (like national anthems and flags) has brought it into conflict with some governments. Consequently, some Jehovah's Witnesses have been persecuted and their activities are banned or restricted in some countries. Persistent legal challenges by Jehovah's Witnesses have influenced legislation related to civil rights in several countries.The organization has received criticism regarding biblical translation, doctrines, and alleged coercion of its members. The Watch Tower Society has made various unfulfilled predictions about major biblical events such as Christ's Second Coming, the advent of God's kingdom, and Armageddon. Their policies for handling cases of child sexual abuse have been the subject of various formal inquiries.
| 2
|
[
"Molokan",
"subclass of",
"Spiritual Christianity"
] |
The Molokans (Russian: молокан, IPA: [məlɐˈkan] or молоканин, "dairy-eater") are a Spiritual Christian sect that evolved from Eastern Orthodoxy in the East Slavic lands. Their traditions, especially dairy consumption during Christian fasts, did not conform to those of the Russian Orthodox Church, and they were regarded as heretics (sektanty). The term Molokan is an exonym used by their Orthodox neighbors. Members tend to identify themselves as Spiritual Christians (духовные христиане: dukhovnye khristiane).
There are almost as many different ways among Molokans as there are Molokans. Some built chapels for worship, kept sacraments, and revered saints and icons, while others (like Ikonobortsy, "icon-wrestlers") discarded these practices in the pursuit of individual approaches to scripture. In general, they rejected the institutionalized formalism of Orthodoxy and denominations with similar doctrines in favor of more emphasis on "Original Christianity" as they understood it. They emphasized spirituality and spiritual practice; such sacramental practices as water baptism have been permitted only as tangible signs and symbols of more important spiritual truths.
Similar to Presbyterians among Protestants and considered heretical by the Orthodox Church, they elect a council of dominant elders who preserve a sort of apostolic succession. Molokans had some practices similar to the European Quakers and Mennonites, such as pacifism, communal organization, spiritual meetings, and sub-groupings, but they arose in Russia together with the Doukhobors and Sabbatarians (also known as Subbotniks) and similar Spiritual Christian movements of Duhovnye Kristyanye and Ikonobortsy. They migrated into central Russia and Ukraine around the same time.
The Molokans have been compared to Protestants because they have multiple similar aspects since they reject the Orthodox priesthood and icons, have their own presbyters, hold the Bible as their main guide and interpret the sacraments "spiritually". They are in many ways similar to the Quakers.
| 10
|
[
"Ancient Church of the East",
"headquarters location",
"Baghdad"
] |
History
The Ancient Church of the East is yet another name historically used for the Church of the East. This name became officially used when a schism happened in 1964, due to a decision made by the Patriarch Mar Shimun XXIII Eshai, to switch over from the traditional Julian Calendar which the church has been following since its establishment before the mid first century CE to the Gregorian Calendar. Part of the Church of the East, then led by the Patriarch Mar Shimun XXIII Eshai, continued with the Patriarch's decision. This became the reason for the schism. The Ancient Church of the East in 1968 consecrated their own Patriarch, Mar Toma Darmo, who strongly opposed to the system of hereditary succession of the position of patriarch of the Church of the East, as well as its adoption of the Gregorian calendar "and other modernizing measures". Mar Darmo was also joined by "various other groups opposed to Mar Shimun."Since 1969, the see of the Ancient Church of the East is in Baghdad.Mar Yacob III Daniel was elected as new patriarch in June 2022. In the month of August, patriarch-elect Mar Yacob III Daniel abdicated, and on 12 November 2022 the Holy Synod elected Mar Gewargis Younan to take his place. The consecration of the Patriarch-elect is scheduled to take place in Baghdad in June 2023.
| 0
|
[
"Ancient Church of the East",
"instance of",
"Christian denomination"
] |
The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Toma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with the historical Church of the East (the ancient Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon), the others being the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church. The Ancient Church of the East is headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq.
| 3
|
[
"Right to homeland",
"foundational text",
"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
] |
The right to homeland is according to some legal scholars a universal human right, which is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including its Article 9. The concept evolved in German jurisprudence and is recognized in German constitutional law to a certain degree. Notable proponents of the concept include legal scholars Kurl Rabl, Rudolf Laun, Otto Kimminich, Dieter Blumenwitz, Felix Ermacora and Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. The concept is relevant to debates concerning ethnic cleansing in Europe after World War II (notably of Germans and Hungarians), ethnic cleansing in Palestine, Cyprus and other areas.
| 0
|
[
"Right to homeland",
"instance of",
"human rights"
] |
The right to homeland is according to some legal scholars a universal human right, which is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including its Article 9. The concept evolved in German jurisprudence and is recognized in German constitutional law to a certain degree. Notable proponents of the concept include legal scholars Kurl Rabl, Rudolf Laun, Otto Kimminich, Dieter Blumenwitz, Felix Ermacora and Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. The concept is relevant to debates concerning ethnic cleansing in Europe after World War II (notably of Germans and Hungarians), ethnic cleansing in Palestine, Cyprus and other areas.
| 1
|
[
"Right to family life",
"foundational text",
"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
] |
The right to family life is the right of all individuals to have their established family life respected, and to have and maintain family relationships. This right is recognised in a variety of international human rights instruments, including Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.International instruments
Both Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provide basis for the right to family life as a fundamental human right.Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948, clarifying universal rights held by all individuals regardless of subjective factors. Arguably the UDHR now represents customary international law, and as such has legally binding force over States.
The pertinent provision relating to the right to family lies in Article 16(3) of the UDHR:3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
| 0
|
[
"Right to family life",
"instance of",
"human rights"
] |
The right to family life is the right of all individuals to have their established family life respected, and to have and maintain family relationships. This right is recognised in a variety of international human rights instruments, including Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.Other international instruments
Americas
The American Convention on Human Rights is a regional human rights treaty that similarly provides for the right to family life under Article 17(1):1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.
| 1
|
[
"Right to family life",
"main subject",
"family"
] |
The right to family life is the right of all individuals to have their established family life respected, and to have and maintain family relationships. This right is recognised in a variety of international human rights instruments, including Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.Definition
The changing concept of family requires a subjective definition of what family entails. There is no contest that the relationship between husband and wife, unmarried (de facto) partners, parents and children, siblings, and ‘near relatives’ such as between grandparents and grandchildren represents family as required under the right to family life. Challenge exists where modern forms of family relationships have developed that the law has not yet explicitly recognised. The “existence… of family life is a question of fact” and is decided subjectively under each factual scenario. The European Court of Human Rights has stated that when considering what constitutes family relationships the Court “must necessarily take into account developments in society and changes in the perception of social, civil-status and relational issues, including the fact that there is not just one way or one choice in the sphere of leading and living one’s family or private life”. The ECHR first recognized that same-sex relationships fall under the right to family life in the 2010 Schalk and Kopf v. Austria case. Established family ties can be broken.
| 2
|
[
"LaVeyan Satanism",
"instance of",
"religion"
] |
LaVeyan Satanism is a nontheistic religion founded in 1966 by American occultist and author Anton LaVey. Scholars of religion have classified it as a new religious movement and a form of Western esotericism.LaVey established his movement in the U.S. state of California through the founding of his Church of Satan on Walpurgisnacht of 1966, which he proclaimed to be "the Year One", Anno Satanas—the first year of the "Age of Satan". His ideas were heavily influenced by the ideas and writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, Ayn Rand and Arthur Desmond. The church grew under LaVey's leadership, with regional grottos being founded across the United States. A number of these seceded from the church to form independent Satanic organizations during the early 1970s. In 1975, LaVey abolished the grotto system, after which LaVeyan Satanism became a far less organized movement, although it remained greatly influenced by LaVey's writings. In the coming years, members of the church left it to establish their own organizations, also following LaVey's ideas, among them John Dewey Allee's First Church of Satan and Karla LaVey's First Satanic Church.
The religion's doctrines, codified in LaVey's book, The Satanic Bible, are based on Materialism, rejecting the existence of supernatural beings, body-soul dualism, and life after death. Adherents do not believe that Satan literally exists and do not worship him. Instead, Satan is viewed as a positive archetype representing pride, carnality, and enlightenment. He is also embraced as a symbol of defiance against Abrahamic religions, which adherents criticize for suppressing humanity's natural instincts and encouraging irrationality. The religion propagates a naturalistic worldview, seeing mankind as animals existing in an amoral universe. It promotes a philosophy based on individualism and egoism, coupled with Social Darwinism and anti-egalitarianism.
LaVeyan Satanism involves the practice of magic, which encompasses two distinct forms; greater and lesser magic. Greater magic is a form of ritual practice and is meant as psychodramatic catharsis to focus one's emotional energy for a specific purpose. These rites are based on three major psycho-emotive themes: compassion (love), destruction (hate), and sex (lust). Lesser magic is the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology and glamour (or "wile and guile") to bend an individual or situation to one's will.The anthropologist Jean La Fontaine described LaVeyan Satanism as having "both elitist and anarchist elements", also citing one occult bookshop owner who referred to the church's approach as "anarchistic hedonism". In their study of Satanism, the religious studies scholars Asbjørn Dyrendal, James R. Lewis, and Jesper Aa. Petersen suggested that LaVey viewed his religion as "an antinomian self-religion for productive misfits, with a cynically carnivalesque take on life, and no supernaturalism". The sociologist of religion James R. Lewis even described LaVeyan Satanism as "a blend of Epicureanism and Ayn Rand's philosophy, flavored with a pinch of ritual magic." The historian of religion Mattias Gardell described LaVey's as "a rational ideology of egoistic hedonism and self-preservation", while Nevill Drury characterised LaVeyan Satanism as "a religion of self-indulgence". It has also been described as an "institutionalism of Machiavellian self-interest".The Church of Satan rejects the legitimacy of any other organizations who claim to be Satanists, dubbing them "Devil worshipers". Prominent Church leader Blanche Barton described Satanism as "an alignment, a lifestyle". LaVey and the church espoused the view that "Satanists are born, not made"; that they are outsiders by their nature, living as they see fit, who are self-realized in a religion which appeals to the would-be Satanist's nature, leading them to realize they are Satanists through finding a belief system that is in line with their own perspective and lifestyle.Instead of worshiping the Devil as a real figure, the image of Satan is embraced because of its association with social nonconformity and rebellion against the dominant system. LaVey embraced the iconography of Satan and the label of "Satanist" because it shocked people into thinking, and when asked about his religion, stated that "the reason it's called Satanism is because it's fun, it's accurate and it's productive".LaVey also conceptualised Satan as a symbol of the individual's own vitality, thus representing an autonomous power within, and a representation of personal liberty and individualism. Throughout The Satanic Bible, the LaVeyan Satanist's view of god is described as the Satanist's true "self"—a projection of his or her own personality—not an external deity. In works like The Satanic Bible, LaVey often uses the terms "god" and "Satan" interchangeably, viewing both as personifications of human nature.Despite his professed atheism, some passages of LaVey's writings left room for a literal interpretation of Satan, and some members of his Church understood the Devil as an entity that really existed. It is possible that LaVey left some ambivalence in his writings so as not to drive away those Church members who were theistic Satanists.
Both LaVey's writings and the publications of the church continue to refer to Satan as if he were a real being, in doing so seeking to reinforce the Satanist's self-interest.LaVey used Christianity as a negative mirror for his new faith, with LaVeyan Satanism rejecting the basic principles and theology of Christian belief. It views Christianity – alongside other major religions, and philosophies such as humanism and liberal democracy – as a largely negative force on humanity; LaVeyan Satanists perceive Christianity as a lie which promotes idealism, self-denigration, herd behavior, and irrationality. LaVeyans view their religion as a force for redressing this balance by encouraging materialism, egoism, stratification, carnality, atheism, and social Darwinism. LaVey's Satanism was particularly critical of what it understands as Christianity's denial of humanity's animal nature, and it instead calls for the celebration of, and indulgence in, these desires. In doing so, it places an emphasis on the carnal rather than the spiritual.
| 0
|
[
"LaVeyan Satanism",
"foundational text",
"The Satanic Bible"
] |
The Nine Satanic Statements
The Nine Satanic Statements are a set of nine assertions made by LaVey in the introductory chapters of The Satanic Bible. They are considered a touchstone of contemporary organized Satanism that constitute, in effect, brief aphorisms that capture Satanic philosophy. The first three statements touch on "indulgence", "vital existence" and "undefiled wisdom" which presents a positive view of the Satanist as a carnal, physical and pragmatic being, where enjoyment of physical existence and an undiluted view of this-worldly truth are promoted as the core values of Satanism, combining elements of Darwinism and Epicureanism. Statement four, five and six deal in matters of ethics, through "kindness to those who deserve it", "vengeance" and "responsibility to the responsible", painting a harsh picture of society and human relations by emphasizing justice rather than love. Statements seven, eight and nine reject the dignity of man, sin and the Christian church. Humans are characterized as "just another animal", traditional "sins" are promoted as means for gratification, and religion as mere business. The adversarial and antinomian aspect of Satan takes precedence in support of statements four through nine, with non-conformity being presented as a core ideal.
Satan represents indulgence instead of abstinence.
Satan represents vital existence instead of spiritual pipe dreams.
Satan represents undefiled wisdom instead of hypocritical self-deceit.
Satan represents kindness to those who deserve it, instead of love wasted on ingrates.
Satan represents vengeance instead of turning the other cheek.
Satan represents responsibility to the responsible instead of concern for psychic vampires.
Satan represents man as just another animal who, because of his "divine spiritual and intellectual development", has become the most vicious animal of all.
Satan represents all of the so-called sins, as they all lead to physical, mental, or emotional gratification.
Satan has been the best friend the Church has ever had, as he has kept it in business all these years.
| 1
|
[
"LaVeyan Satanism",
"founded by",
"Anton LaVey"
] |
LaVeyan Satanism is a nontheistic religion founded in 1966 by American occultist and author Anton LaVey. Scholars of religion have classified it as a new religious movement and a form of Western esotericism.LaVey established his movement in the U.S. state of California through the founding of his Church of Satan on Walpurgisnacht of 1966, which he proclaimed to be "the Year One", Anno Satanas—the first year of the "Age of Satan". His ideas were heavily influenced by the ideas and writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, Ayn Rand and Arthur Desmond. The church grew under LaVey's leadership, with regional grottos being founded across the United States. A number of these seceded from the church to form independent Satanic organizations during the early 1970s. In 1975, LaVey abolished the grotto system, after which LaVeyan Satanism became a far less organized movement, although it remained greatly influenced by LaVey's writings. In the coming years, members of the church left it to establish their own organizations, also following LaVey's ideas, among them John Dewey Allee's First Church of Satan and Karla LaVey's First Satanic Church.
The religion's doctrines, codified in LaVey's book, The Satanic Bible, are based on Materialism, rejecting the existence of supernatural beings, body-soul dualism, and life after death. Adherents do not believe that Satan literally exists and do not worship him. Instead, Satan is viewed as a positive archetype representing pride, carnality, and enlightenment. He is also embraced as a symbol of defiance against Abrahamic religions, which adherents criticize for suppressing humanity's natural instincts and encouraging irrationality. The religion propagates a naturalistic worldview, seeing mankind as animals existing in an amoral universe. It promotes a philosophy based on individualism and egoism, coupled with Social Darwinism and anti-egalitarianism.
LaVeyan Satanism involves the practice of magic, which encompasses two distinct forms; greater and lesser magic. Greater magic is a form of ritual practice and is meant as psychodramatic catharsis to focus one's emotional energy for a specific purpose. These rites are based on three major psycho-emotive themes: compassion (love), destruction (hate), and sex (lust). Lesser magic is the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology and glamour (or "wile and guile") to bend an individual or situation to one's will.
| 5
|
[
"Economic and Financial Committee (European Union)",
"chairperson",
"Thomas Wieser"
] |
Vice-Presidents
Alessandro Rivera (September 2021 – present)
Carlos San Basilio Pardo (November 2020 – August 2021)
Odile Renaud-Basso (June 2018 – October 2020)
Vincenzo La Via (2015 – 2016)
Vazil Hudak (September 2014 – June 2015)
Inigo Fernandez De Mesa Vargas (March – September 2014)
Georges Heinrich (March 2011 – February 2014)
Vittorio Grilli (March 2009 – March 2011)
Thomas Wieser (November 2005 – March 2009)
Kees van Dijkhuizen (May 2005 – November2005)
Lorenzo Bini Smaghi (April 2003 – May 2005)
Caio Koch-Weser (October 2001 – April 2003)
Johnny Åkerholm (February 1999 – October 2001)
| 0
|
[
"Economic and Financial Committee (European Union)",
"instance of",
"committee"
] |
The Economic and Financial Committee (EFC) is a European Union advisory body, defined by the article 134 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Its president is also the president of the Eurogroup Working Group, which prepares dossiers for approval by the Eurogroup, whose decisions are generally ratified by ECOFIN.
| 2
|
[
"GNU Project",
"industry",
"software"
] |
The GNU Project ( (listen)) is a free software, mass collaboration project announced by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its license.
In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system GNU (a recursive acronym meaning "GNU's not Unix!"), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as Linux.The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.
| 0
|
[
"GNU Project",
"product or material produced",
"software"
] |
The GNU Project ( (listen)) is a free software, mass collaboration project announced by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its license.
In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system GNU (a recursive acronym meaning "GNU's not Unix!"), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as Linux.The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.Free software
The GNU project uses software that is free for users to copy, edit, and distribute. It is free in the sense that users can change the software to fit individual needs. The way programmers obtain the free software depends on where they get it. The software could be provided to the programmer from friends or over the Internet, or the company a programmer works for may purchase the software.
| 1
|
[
"GNU Project",
"founded by",
"Richard Stallman"
] |
The GNU Project ( (listen)) is a free software, mass collaboration project announced by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its license.
In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system GNU (a recursive acronym meaning "GNU's not Unix!"), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as Linux.The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.
| 2
|
[
"GNU Project",
"movement",
"free software movement"
] |
The GNU Project ( (listen)) is a free software, mass collaboration project announced by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its license.
In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system GNU (a recursive acronym meaning "GNU's not Unix!"), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as Linux.The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.
| 3
|
[
"GNU Project",
"instance of",
"free software project"
] |
Free software
The GNU project uses software that is free for users to copy, edit, and distribute. It is free in the sense that users can change the software to fit individual needs. The way programmers obtain the free software depends on where they get it. The software could be provided to the programmer from friends or over the Internet, or the company a programmer works for may purchase the software.Copyleft
Copyleft is what helps maintain free use of this software among other programmers. Copyleft gives the legal right to everyone to use, edit, and redistribute programs or programs' code as long as the distribution terms do not change. As a result, any user who obtains the software legally has the same freedoms as the rest of its users do.
The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation sometimes differentiate between "strong" and "weak" copyleft. "Weak" copyleft programs typically allow distributors to link them together with non-free programs, while "strong" copyleft strictly forbids this practice. Most of the GNU Project's output is released under a strong copyleft, although some is released under a weak copyleft or a lax, push-over free software license.
| 4
|
[
"GNU Project",
"named after",
"GNU"
] |
The GNU Project ( (listen)) is a free software, mass collaboration project announced by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its license.
In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system GNU (a recursive acronym meaning "GNU's not Unix!"), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as Linux.The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.
| 5
|
[
"GNU Project",
"partially coincident with",
"Free Software Foundation"
] |
The GNU Project ( (listen)) is a free software, mass collaboration project announced by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its license.
In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system GNU (a recursive acronym meaning "GNU's not Unix!"), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as Linux.The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.Copyleft
Copyleft is what helps maintain free use of this software among other programmers. Copyleft gives the legal right to everyone to use, edit, and redistribute programs or programs' code as long as the distribution terms do not change. As a result, any user who obtains the software legally has the same freedoms as the rest of its users do.
The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation sometimes differentiate between "strong" and "weak" copyleft. "Weak" copyleft programs typically allow distributors to link them together with non-free programs, while "strong" copyleft strictly forbids this practice. Most of the GNU Project's output is released under a strong copyleft, although some is released under a weak copyleft or a lax, push-over free software license.
| 9
|
[
"GNU Project",
"part of",
"free software community"
] |
The GNU Project ( (listen)) is a free software, mass collaboration project announced by Richard Stallman on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its license.
In order to ensure that the entire software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system GNU (a recursive acronym meaning "GNU's not Unix!"), basing its design on that of Unix, a proprietary operating system. Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU project by Linus Torvalds, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the GNU General Public License. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as Linux.The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.
| 14
|
[
"Four Freedoms (software)",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Richard Stallman"
] |
Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software
The first formal definition of free software was published by FSF in February 1986. That definition, written by Richard Stallman, is still maintained today and states that software is free software if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms. The numbering begins with zero, not only as a spoof on the common usage of zero-based numbering in programming languages, but also because "Freedom 0" was not initially included in the list, but later added first in the list as it was considered very important.1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project
In 1983, Richard Stallman, longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, announced the GNU Project, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users. Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, Free Software Definition and "copyleft" ideas.
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.