triplets list | passage stringlengths 6 20.1k | __index_level_0__ int64 0 834 |
|---|---|---|
[
"Alfio Rapisarda",
"position held",
"apostolic nuncio to Bolivia"
] | Biography
Alfio Rapisarda was born on 3 September 1933 in Zafferana Etnea, Province of Catania, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 14 July 1957. He earned a doctorate in canon law and entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962. He completed the course of studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1... | 9 |
[
"Alfio Rapisarda",
"position held",
"Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil"
] | Biography
Alfio Rapisarda was born on 3 September 1933 in Zafferana Etnea, Province of Catania, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 14 July 1957. He earned a doctorate in canon law and entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962. He completed the course of studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1... | 11 |
[
"Alfio Rapisarda",
"given name",
"Alfio"
] | Biography
Alfio Rapisarda was born on 3 September 1933 in Zafferana Etnea, Province of Catania, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 14 July 1957. He earned a doctorate in canon law and entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962. He completed the course of studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1... | 15 |
[
"Alfio Rapisarda",
"family name",
"Rapisarda"
] | Biography
Alfio Rapisarda was born on 3 September 1933 in Zafferana Etnea, Province of Catania, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 14 July 1957. He earned a doctorate in canon law and entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962. He completed the course of studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1... | 16 |
[
"Chã das Caldeiras",
"country",
"Cape Verde"
] | Chã das Caldeiras (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʃɐ̃ dɐʃ kalˈdɐjɾɐʃ]; “Plain of the Calderas”) is a small community of approximately 700 inhabitants in the crater of the volcano Pico do Fogo on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. The village consists of two main neighborhoods: Portela and Bangaeira, founded in 1920 and 1917,... | 2 |
[
"World Wide Web",
"different from",
"Internet"
] | Function
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used without much distinction. However, the two terms do not mean the same thing. The Internet is a global system of computer networks interconnected through telecommunications and optical networking. In contrast, the World Wide Web is a global collection of docu... | 0 |
[
"World Wide Web",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Tim Berners-Lee"
] | History
The Web was invented by English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN. He conceived it as an information management system using several concepts and technologies, the most fundamental of which was the connections that existed between information. The first proposal was written in 1989, and a... | 1 |
[
"World Wide Web",
"has part(s)",
"website"
] | Website
A website is a collection of related web resources including web pages, multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.
A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP) ne... | 2 |
[
"World Wide Web",
"has part(s)",
"deep web"
] | Search engine
A web search engine or Internet search engine is a software system that is designed to carry out web search (Internet search), which means to search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a web search query. The search results are generally presented in a line of re... | 4 |
[
"World Wide Web",
"instance of",
"information system"
] | The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet.Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web servers and can be accessed by programs such as web browsers. Servers and resources on ... | 6 |
[
"World Wide Web",
"instance of",
"hypertext system"
] | The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet.Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web servers and can be accessed by programs such as web browsers. Servers and resources on ... | 15 |
[
"HTTP",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Tim Berners-Lee"
] | History
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his 1945 essay "As We May Think". Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with i... | 0 |
[
"HTTP",
"different from",
"File Transfer Protocol"
] | The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other resources that the user ... | 6 |
[
"HTTP",
"instance of",
"computer network protocol"
] | Technical overview
HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server model. A web browser, for example, may be the client whereas a process, named web server, running on a computer hosting one or more websites may be the server. The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, whic... | 18 |
[
"HTTP",
"has part(s)",
"HTTP response"
] | Response syntax
A server sends response messages to the client, which consist of:
a status line, consisting of the protocol version, a space, the response status code, another space, a possibly empty reason phrase, a carriage return and a line feed, e.g.:HTTP/1.1 200 OKzero or more response header fields, each consisti... | 28 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Tim Berners-Lee"
] | Background
The concept of the semantic network model was formed in the early 1960s by researchers such as the cognitive scientist Allan M. Collins, linguist M. Ross Quillian and psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus as a form to represent semantically structured knowledge. When applied in the context of the modern internet,... | 0 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"subclass of",
"World Wide Web"
] | The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable.
To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as... | 1 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"uses",
"Extensible Markup Language"
] | Semantic Web solutions
The Semantic Web takes the solution further. It involves publishing in languages specifically designed for data: Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web Ontology Language (OWL), and Extensible Markup Language (XML). HTML describes documents and the links between them. RDF, OWL, and XML, by cont... | 2 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"uses",
"SPARQL"
] | Resource Description Framework (RDF), a general method for describing information
RDF Schema (RDFS)
Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS)
SPARQL, an RDF query language
Notation3 (N3), designed with human readability in mind
N-Triples, a format for storing and transmitting data
Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language)
W... | 3 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"uses",
"Resource Description Framework"
] | The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable.
To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as... | 4 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"uses",
"Uniform Resource Identifier"
] | One of the advantages of using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) is that they can be dereferenced using the HTTP protocol. According to the so-called Linked Open Data principles, such a dereferenced URI should result in a document that offers further data about the given URI. In this example, all URIs, both for edges... | 5 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"instance of",
"information system"
] | Future of applications
Tim O'Reilly, who coined the term Web 2.0, proposed a long-term vision of the Semantic Web as a web of data, where sophisticated applications are navigating and manipulating it. The data web transforms the World Wide Web from a distributed file system into a distributed database system. | 6 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"has part(s)",
"linked data"
] | The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable.
To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as... | 7 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"has quality",
"linked data"
] | Background
The concept of the semantic network model was formed in the early 1960s by researchers such as the cognitive scientist Allan M. Collins, linguist M. Ross Quillian and psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus as a form to represent semantically structured knowledge. When applied in the context of the modern internet,... | 8 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"uses",
"linked data"
] | The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable.
To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as... | 9 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"uses",
"ontology"
] | The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable.
To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as... | 12 |
[
"Semantic Web",
"uses",
"semantic data model"
] | The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable.
To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as... | 13 |
[
"WorldWideWeb",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Tim Berners-Lee"
] | History
Tim Berners-Lee wrote what would become known as WorldWideWeb on a NeXT Computer during the second half of 1990, while working for CERN, a European nuclear research agency. The first edition was completed "some time before" 25 December 1990, according to Berners-Lee, after two months of development. The browser... | 0 |
[
"WorldWideWeb",
"instance of",
"web browser"
] | WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion between the software and the World Wide Web) is the first web browser and web page editor. It was discontinued in 1994. It was the first WYSIWYG HTML editor.
The source code was released into the public domain on 30 April 1993. Some of the code still resides on Tim B... | 3 |
[
"WorldWideWeb",
"instance of",
"HTML editor"
] | WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion between the software and the World Wide Web) is the first web browser and web page editor. It was discontinued in 1994. It was the first WYSIWYG HTML editor.
The source code was released into the public domain on 30 April 1993. Some of the code still resides on Tim B... | 8 |
[
"Google Takeout",
"developer",
"Google"
] | Google Takeout, also known as Download Your Data, is a project by the Google Data Liberation Front that allows users of Google products, such as YouTube and Gmail, to export their data to a downloadable archive file.The user can select to export all of the available services or choose services from the above list. Take... | 1 |
[
"Google Takeout",
"instance of",
"project"
] | Google Takeout, also known as Download Your Data, is a project by the Google Data Liberation Front that allows users of Google products, such as YouTube and Gmail, to export their data to a downloadable archive file. | 3 |
[
"Advanced Power Management",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Intel"
] | Advanced power management (APM) is an API developed by Intel and Microsoft and released in 1992 which enables an operating system running an IBM-compatible personal computer to work with the BIOS (part of the computer's firmware) to achieve power management.
Revision 1.2 was the last version of the APM specification, r... | 0 |
[
"Impressionism",
"followed by",
"post-impressionism"
] | Impressionism emerged in France at the same time that a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting. The Impressionists, however, developed new techniques specific to the style. Encompassing what its adh... | 2 |
[
"Impressionism",
"named after",
"Impression, Sunrise"
] | Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, unusual visual angles, and inclusion of ... | 5 |
[
"Impressionism",
"instance of",
"art style"
] | Impressionism emerged in France at the same time that a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting. The Impressionists, however, developed new techniques specific to the style. Encompassing what its adh... | 8 |
[
"Impressionism",
"instance of",
"painting movement"
] | Impressionism emerged in France at the same time that a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting. The Impressionists, however, developed new techniques specific to the style. Encompassing what its adh... | 15 |
[
"Io (moon)",
"part of",
"Galilean moons"
] | Orbit and rotation
Io orbits Jupiter at a distance of 421,700 km (262,000 mi) from Jupiter's center and 350,000 km (217,000 mi) from its cloudtops. It is the innermost of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, its orbit lying between those of Thebe and Europa. Including Jupiter's inner satellites, Io is the fifth moon out... | 5 |
[
"Io (moon)",
"instance of",
"moon of Jupiter"
] | Future missions
There are two forthcoming missions planned for the Jovian system. The Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) is a planned European Space Agency mission to the Jovian system that is intended to end up in Ganymede orbit. JUICE is scheduled for launch in 2023, with arrival at Jupiter planned for July 2031. JUIC... | 9 |
[
"Callisto (moon)",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Galileo Galilei"
] | History
Discovery
Callisto was discovered independently by Simon Marius and Galileo Galilei in 1610, along with the three other large Jovian moons—Ganymede, Io, and Europa. | 0 |
[
"Callisto (moon)",
"named after",
"Kallisto"
] | Name
Callisto is named after one of Zeus's many lovers or other sexual partners in Greek mythology. Callisto was a nymph (or, according to some sources, the daughter of Lycaon) who was associated with the goddess of the hunt, Artemis. The name was suggested by Simon Marius soon after Callisto's discovery. Marius attrib... | 8 |
[
"Ganymede (moon)",
"part of",
"Galilean moons"
] | Orbit and rotation
Ganymede orbits Jupiter at a distance of 1,070,400 kilometres (665,100 mi), third among the Galilean satellites, and completes a revolution every seven days and three hours. Like most known moons, Ganymede is tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the planet, hence its day is also seven d... | 1 |
[
"Ganymede (moon)",
"named after",
"Ganymede"
] | Ganymede, or Jupiter III, is the largest and most massive natural satellite of Jupiter as well as in the Solar System, being a planetary-mass moon. It is the largest Solar System object without an atmosphere, despite being the only moon of the Solar System with a magnetic field. Like Titan it is larger than the planet ... | 2 |
[
"Ganymede (moon)",
"instance of",
"moon of Jupiter"
] | Name
Galileo claimed the right to name the moons he had discovered. He considered "Cosmian Stars" and settled on "Medicean Stars", in honor of Cosimo II de' Medici.The French astronomer Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc suggested individual names from the Medici family for the moons, but his proposal was not taken up. Si... | 5 |
[
"Ganymede (moon)",
"instance of",
"planetary-mass moon"
] | Physical characteristics
Size
With a diameter of about 5,270 kilometres (3,270 mi) and a mass of 1.48×1020 tonnes (1.48×1023 kg; 3.26×1023 lb), Ganymede is the largest and most massive moon in the Solar System. It is slightly more massive than the second most massive moon, Saturn's satellite Titan, and is more than twi... | 7 |
[
"Trapezium Cluster",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Galileo Galilei"
] | The Trapezium or Orion Trapezium Cluster, also known by its Bayer designation of Theta1 Orionis, is a tight open cluster of stars in the heart of the Orion Nebula, in the constellation of Orion. It was discovered by Galileo Galilei. On 4 February 1617 he sketched three of the stars (A, C and D), but missed the surround... | 0 |
[
"Trapezium Cluster",
"has part(s)",
"Theta1 Orionis C"
] | The Trapezium or Orion Trapezium Cluster, also known by its Bayer designation of Theta1 Orionis, is a tight open cluster of stars in the heart of the Orion Nebula, in the constellation of Orion. It was discovered by Galileo Galilei. On 4 February 1617 he sketched three of the stars (A, C and D), but missed the surround... | 7 |
[
"Trapezium Cluster",
"has part(s)",
"Theta1 Orionis B"
] | The Trapezium or Orion Trapezium Cluster, also known by its Bayer designation of Theta1 Orionis, is a tight open cluster of stars in the heart of the Orion Nebula, in the constellation of Orion. It was discovered by Galileo Galilei. On 4 February 1617 he sketched three of the stars (A, C and D), but missed the surround... | 9 |
[
"Trapezium Cluster",
"instance of",
"stellar association"
] | The Trapezium or Orion Trapezium Cluster, also known by its Bayer designation of Theta1 Orionis, is a tight open cluster of stars in the heart of the Orion Nebula, in the constellation of Orion. It was discovered by Galileo Galilei. On 4 February 1617 he sketched three of the stars (A, C and D), but missed the surround... | 11 |
[
"Galilean transformation",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Galileo Galilei"
] | Translation
Although the transformations are named for Galileo, it is the absolute time and space as conceived by Isaac Newton that provides their domain of definition. In essence, the Galilean transformations embody the intuitive notion of addition and subtraction of velocities as vectors.
The notation below describes... | 0 |
[
"Galilean transformation",
"named after",
"Galileo Galilei"
] | Translation
Although the transformations are named for Galileo, it is the absolute time and space as conceived by Isaac Newton that provides their domain of definition. In essence, the Galilean transformations embody the intuitive notion of addition and subtraction of velocities as vectors.
The notation below describes... | 1 |
[
"Galilean transformation",
"has part(s)",
"velocity"
] | Translation
Although the transformations are named for Galileo, it is the absolute time and space as conceived by Isaac Newton that provides their domain of definition. In essence, the Galilean transformations embody the intuitive notion of addition and subtraction of velocities as vectors.
The notation below describes... | 2 |
[
"Galilean transformation",
"has part(s)",
"time"
] | Translation
Although the transformations are named for Galileo, it is the absolute time and space as conceived by Isaac Newton that provides their domain of definition. In essence, the Galilean transformations embody the intuitive notion of addition and subtraction of velocities as vectors.
The notation below describes... | 4 |
[
"Galilean transformation",
"has part(s)",
"rotation matrix"
] | G(R′, v′, a′, s′) ⋅ G(R, v, a, s) = G(R′ R, R′ v + v′, R′ a + a′ + v′ s, s′ + s).The set of all Galilean transformations Gal(3) forms a group with composition as the group operation.
The group is sometimes represented as a matrix group with spacetime events (x, t, 1) as vectors where t is real and x ∈ R3 is a position ... | 10 |
[
"Square–cube law",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Galileo Galilei"
] | The square–cube law (or cube–square law) is a mathematical principle, applied in a variety of scientific fields, which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. It was first described in 1638 by Galileo Galilei in his Two New Sciences as the "...ratio o... | 0 |
[
"Square–cube law",
"instance of",
"scientific law"
] | The square–cube law (or cube–square law) is a mathematical principle, applied in a variety of scientific fields, which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. It was first described in 1638 by Galileo Galilei in his Two New Sciences as the "...ratio o... | 1 |
[
"PackBits",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Apple"
] | PackBits is a fast, simple lossless compression scheme for run-length encoding of data.
Apple introduced the PackBits format with the release of MacPaint on the Macintosh computer. This compression scheme can be used in TIFF files. TGA files also use this RLE compression scheme, but treats data stream as pixels instead... | 0 |
[
"Tholin",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Carl Sagan"
] | Overview
The term "tholin" was coined by astronomer Carl Sagan and his colleague Bishun Khare to describe the difficult-to-characterize substances they obtained in his Miller–Urey-type experiments on the methane-containing gas mixtures such as those found in Titan's atmosphere. Their paper proposing the name "tholin" s... | 0 |
[
"Tholin",
"color",
"red"
] | Moons
Titan
Titan tholins are nitrogen-rich organic substances produced by the irradiation of the gaseous mixtures of nitrogen and methane found in the atmosphere and surface of Titan. Titan's atmosphere is about 97% nitrogen, 2.7±0.1% methane and the remaining trace amounts of other gases. In the case of Titan, the ha... | 1 |
[
"Tholin",
"color",
"brown"
] | Dwarf planets
Pluto
Tholins occur on the dwarf planet Pluto and are responsible for red colors as well as the blue tint of the atmosphere of Pluto. The reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon, the largest of five moons of Pluto, is thought to be composed of tholins, produced from methane, nitrogen and related gas... | 3 |
[
"Tholin",
"has part(s)",
"organic compound"
] | Moons
Titan
Titan tholins are nitrogen-rich organic substances produced by the irradiation of the gaseous mixtures of nitrogen and methane found in the atmosphere and surface of Titan. Titan's atmosphere is about 97% nitrogen, 2.7±0.1% methane and the remaining trace amounts of other gases. In the case of Titan, the ha... | 5 |
[
"Tholin",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Bishun Khare"
] | Overview
The term "tholin" was coined by astronomer Carl Sagan and his colleague Bishun Khare to describe the difficult-to-characterize substances they obtained in his Miller–Urey-type experiments on the methane-containing gas mixtures such as those found in Titan's atmosphere. Their paper proposing the name "tholin" s... | 8 |
[
"Carbon chauvinism",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Carl Sagan"
] | Concept
The term was used as early as 1973, when scientist Carl Sagan described it and other human chauvinisms that limit imagination of possible extraterrestrial life. It suggests that human beings, as carbon-based life forms who have never encountered any life that has evolved outside the Earth's environment, may fin... | 0 |
[
"Carbon chauvinism",
"instance of",
"hypothesis"
] | Carbon chauvinism is a neologism meant to disparage the assumption that the chemical processes of hypothetical extraterrestrial life must be constructed primarily from carbon (organic compounds) because as far as we know, carbon's chemical and thermodynamic properties render it far superior to all other elements at for... | 2 |
[
"Carbon chauvinism",
"facet of",
"extraterrestrial life"
] | Carbon chauvinism is a neologism meant to disparage the assumption that the chemical processes of hypothetical extraterrestrial life must be constructed primarily from carbon (organic compounds) because as far as we know, carbon's chemical and thermodynamic properties render it far superior to all other elements at for... | 3 |
[
"Prince de la Moskowa",
"named after",
"Moskva River"
] | The titles of Duke of Elchingen (French: Duc d'Elchingen) and Prince of the Moskva (Prince de la Moskowa) were created by Napoleon, Emperor of the French, for the Marshal of the Empire Michel Ney. Both were victory titles; Ney was created Duke of Elchingen in 1808, after the Battle of Elchingen, and Prince of the Moskv... | 2 |
[
"Prince de la Moskowa",
"instance of",
"noble title"
] | The titles of Duke of Elchingen (French: Duc d'Elchingen) and Prince of the Moskva (Prince de la Moskowa) were created by Napoleon, Emperor of the French, for the Marshal of the Empire Michel Ney. Both were victory titles; Ney was created Duke of Elchingen in 1808, after the Battle of Elchingen, and Prince of the Moskv... | 3 |
[
"Pasteurization",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Louis Pasteur"
] | Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process of food preservation in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juices) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C (212 °F), to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life.
The process is intended to destroy or deactivate microorganisms and... | 0 |
[
"Pasteurization",
"named after",
"Louis Pasteur"
] | Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process of food preservation in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juices) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C (212 °F), to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life.
The process is intended to destroy or deactivate microorganisms and... | 1 |
[
"Pasteur effect",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Louis Pasteur"
] | The Pasteur effect describes how available oxygen inhibits ethanol fermentation, driving yeast to switch toward aerobic respiration for increased generation of the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Discovery
The effect was described by Louis Pasteur in 1857 in experiments showing that aeration of yeasted brot... | 0 |
[
"Pasteur effect",
"named after",
"Louis Pasteur"
] | The Pasteur effect describes how available oxygen inhibits ethanol fermentation, driving yeast to switch toward aerobic respiration for increased generation of the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Discovery
The effect was described by Louis Pasteur in 1857 in experiments showing that aeration of yeasted brot... | 1 |
[
"Fluorine",
"instance of",
"chemical element"
] | Noble gases
Noble gases, having complete electron shells, defied reaction with other elements until 1962 when Neil Bartlett reported synthesis of xenon hexafluoroplatinate; xenon difluoride, tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, and multiple oxyfluorides have been isolated since then. Among other noble gases, krypton forms a di... | 6 |
[
"Fluorine",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Henri Moissan"
] | Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas. As the most electronegative reactive element, it is extremely reactive, as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases.
A... | 8 |
[
"Fluorine",
"part of",
"perfluorinated compound"
] | Polymers
Polymers exhibit the same stability increases afforded by fluorine substitution (for hydrogen) in discrete molecules; their melting points generally increase too. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the simplest fluoropolymer and perfluoro analogue of polyethylene with structural unit –CF2–, demonstrates this chan... | 12 |
[
"Fluorine",
"has effect",
"fluorine exposure"
] | Toxicity
Elemental fluorine is highly toxic to living organisms. Its effects in humans start at concentrations lower than hydrogen cyanide's 50 ppm and are similar to those of chlorine: significant irritation of the eyes and respiratory system as well as liver and kidney damage occur above 25 ppm, which is the immediat... | 18 |
[
"Ampère's force law",
"instance of",
"physical law"
] | In magnetostatics, the force of attraction or repulsion between two current-carrying wires (see first figure below) is often called Ampère's force law. The physical origin of this force is that each wire generates a magnetic field, following the Biot–Savart law, and the other wire experiences a magnetic force as a cons... | 2 |
[
"Methane",
"has part(s)",
"hydrogen"
] | Methane (US: MEH-thayn, UK: MEE-thayn) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive fuel, alth... | 0 |
[
"Methane",
"has part(s)",
"carbon"
] | Fuel
Methane is used as a fuel for ovens, homes, water heaters, kilns, automobiles, turbines, etc. Activated carbon is used to store methane.
As the major constituent of natural gas, methane is important for electricity generation by burning it as a fuel in a gas turbine or steam generator. Compared to other hydrocarbo... | 1 |
[
"Methane",
"has effect",
"air pollution"
] | Public safety and the environment
Methane "degrades air quality and adversely impacts human health, agricultural yields, and ecosystem productivity".Methane is extremely flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane gas explosions are responsible for many deadly mining disasters. A methane gas explosion w... | 2 |
[
"Methane",
"instance of",
"alkane"
] | Etymology
Etymologically, the word methane is coined from the chemical suffix "-ane", which denotes substances belonging to the alkane family; and the word methyl, which is derived from the German methyl (1840) or directly from the French méthyle, which is a back-formation from the French méthylène (corresponding to En... | 5 |
[
"Methane",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Alessandro Volt"
] | Occurrence
Methane was discovered and isolated by Alessandro Volta between 1776 and 1778 when studying marsh gas from Lake Maggiore. It is the major component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. The major source of methane is extraction from geological deposits known as natural gas fields, with coal seam gas extractio... | 16 |
[
"Methane",
"has quality",
"odorlessness"
] | Properties and bonding
Methane is a tetrahedral molecule with four equivalent C–H bonds. Its electronic structure is described by four bonding molecular orbitals (MOs) resulting from the overlap of the valence orbitals on C and H. The lowest-energy MO is the result of the overlap of the 2s orbital on carbon with the in... | 37 |
[
"Methane",
"part of",
"methanogenesis"
] | Biological routes
Most of Earth's methane is biogenic and is produced by methanogenesis, a form of anaerobic respiration only known to be conducted by some members of the domain Archaea. Methanogens occupy landfills and other soils, ruminants (for example, cattle), the guts of termites, and the anoxic sediments below t... | 42 |
[
"Methane",
"part of",
"methane metabolic process"
] | Biological routes
Most of Earth's methane is biogenic and is produced by methanogenesis, a form of anaerobic respiration only known to be conducted by some members of the domain Archaea. Methanogens occupy landfills and other soils, ruminants (for example, cattle), the guts of termites, and the anoxic sediments below t... | 46 |
[
"Methane",
"instance of",
"group 14 hydride"
] | Methane (US: MEH-thayn, UK: MEE-thayn) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive fuel, alth... | 57 |
[
"Methane",
"subclass of",
"biogenic aliphatic hydrocarbon"
] | Biological routes
Most of Earth's methane is biogenic and is produced by methanogenesis, a form of anaerobic respiration only known to be conducted by some members of the domain Archaea. Methanogens occupy landfills and other soils, ruminants (for example, cattle), the guts of termites, and the anoxic sediments below t... | 58 |
[
"Methane",
"instance of",
"type of chemical entity"
] | Methane (US: MEH-thayn, UK: MEE-thayn) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive fuel, alth... | 61 |
[
"Methane",
"has quality",
"colorlessness"
] | Properties and bonding
Methane is a tetrahedral molecule with four equivalent C–H bonds. Its electronic structure is described by four bonding molecular orbitals (MOs) resulting from the overlap of the valence orbitals on C and H. The lowest-energy MO is the result of the overlap of the 2s orbital on carbon with the in... | 63 |
[
"Mingghan",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Genghis Khan"
] | Mingghan was a social-military unit of 1,000 households created by Genghis Khan. From this group could be recruited a Mongol regiment of 1,000 men. It is part of the ancient method of organization developed by the nomads of Central Asia based on the decimal system. Tumen, which included 10,000 households and soldiers, ... | 0 |
[
"Mingghan",
"subclass of",
"military unit"
] | Mingghan was a social-military unit of 1,000 households created by Genghis Khan. From this group could be recruited a Mongol regiment of 1,000 men. It is part of the ancient method of organization developed by the nomads of Central Asia based on the decimal system. Tumen, which included 10,000 households and soldiers, ... | 1 |
[
"Mingghan",
"has part(s)",
"soldier"
] | Mingghan was a social-military unit of 1,000 households created by Genghis Khan. From this group could be recruited a Mongol regiment of 1,000 men. It is part of the ancient method of organization developed by the nomads of Central Asia based on the decimal system. Tumen, which included 10,000 households and soldiers, ... | 2 |
[
"Leonardo's robot",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Leonardo da Vinci"
] | Leonardo's robot, or Leonardo's mechanical knight (Italian: Automa cavaliere, lit. "Automaton knight"), was a humanoid automaton designed and possibly constructed by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1495.The design notes for the robot appear in sketchbooks that were rediscovered in the 1950s. Leonardo is said to have... | 0 |
[
"Leonardo's robot",
"creator",
"Leonardo da Vinci"
] | Leonardo's robot, or Leonardo's mechanical knight (Italian: Automa cavaliere, lit. "Automaton knight"), was a humanoid automaton designed and possibly constructed by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1495.The design notes for the robot appear in sketchbooks that were rediscovered in the 1950s. Leonardo is said to have... | 1 |
[
"Leonardo's robot",
"instance of",
"humanoid robot"
] | Leonardo's robot, or Leonardo's mechanical knight (Italian: Automa cavaliere, lit. "Automaton knight"), was a humanoid automaton designed and possibly constructed by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1495.The design notes for the robot appear in sketchbooks that were rediscovered in the 1950s. Leonardo is said to have... | 2 |
[
"Leonardo's robot",
"instance of",
"invention"
] | Leonardo's robot, or Leonardo's mechanical knight (Italian: Automa cavaliere, lit. "Automaton knight"), was a humanoid automaton designed and possibly constructed by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1495.The design notes for the robot appear in sketchbooks that were rediscovered in the 1950s. Leonardo is said to have... | 3 |
[
"Sfumato",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Leonardo da Vinci"
] | Sfumato (Italian: [sfuˈmaːto], English: ) is a painting technique for softening the transition between colours, mimicking an area beyond what the human eye is focusing on, or the out-of-focus plane. It is one of the canonical painting modes of the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was the most prominent practitioner of sf... | 1 |
[
"Sfumato",
"instance of",
"painting technique"
] | Sfumato (Italian: [sfuˈmaːto], English: ) is a painting technique for softening the transition between colours, mimicking an area beyond what the human eye is focusing on, or the out-of-focus plane. It is one of the canonical painting modes of the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was the most prominent practitioner of sf... | 2 |
[
"Leonardo's crossbow",
"instance of",
"invention"
] | Design
The crossbow as a weapon had been around long before Leonardo's designs. However, his designs made the weapon more advanced and why Leonardo's crossbows stands out. If a crossbow is designed with a narrower shaft and a tapered bolt, which adjusts the nocking of arrows, it greatly improves the airflow of the bow ... | 3 |
[
"Leonardo's fighting vehicle",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Leonardo da Vinci"
] | Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle is one of the conceptions of the revered Italian polymath and artist Leonardo da Vinci.Design
The concept was designed while Leonardo da Vinci was under the patronage of Ludovico Sforza in 1487. Sometimes described as a prototype of modern tanks, Leonardo's armored vehicle represent... | 0 |
[
"Leonardo's fighting vehicle",
"creator",
"Leonardo da Vinci"
] | Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle is one of the conceptions of the revered Italian polymath and artist Leonardo da Vinci.Design
The concept was designed while Leonardo da Vinci was under the patronage of Ludovico Sforza in 1487. Sometimes described as a prototype of modern tanks, Leonardo's armored vehicle represent... | 1 |
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