triplets list | passage stringlengths 6 20.1k | __index_level_0__ int64 0 834 |
|---|---|---|
[
"Leonardo's fighting vehicle",
"instance of",
"invention"
] | Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle is one of the conceptions of the revered Italian polymath and artist Leonardo da Vinci.Design
The concept was designed while Leonardo da Vinci was under the patronage of Ludovico Sforza in 1487. Sometimes described as a prototype of modern tanks, Leonardo's armored vehicle represent... | 3 |
[
"Engineers of the human soul",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Joseph Stalin"
] | "Engineers of the human soul" was a term applied to writers and other cultural workers by Joseph Stalin. | 0 |
[
"Engineers of the human soul",
"instance of",
"term"
] | "Engineers of the human soul" was a term applied to writers and other cultural workers by Joseph Stalin.In the Soviet Union
The phrase was apparently coined by Yury Olesha. Viktor Shklovsky said that Olesha used it in a meeting with Stalin at the home of Maxim Gorky, and it was subsequently used by Stalin, who said «Ка... | 2 |
[
"Socialism in one country",
"instance of",
"political theory"
] | Socialism in one country was a Soviet state policy to strengthen socialism within the country rather than socialism globally. Given the defeats of the 1917–1923 European communist revolutions, Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Bukharin encouraged the theory of the possibility of constructing socialism in the Soviet Union. The ... | 2 |
[
"Mathematical induction",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Blaise Pascal"
] | In India, early implicit proofs by mathematical induction appear in Bhaskara's "cyclic method".None of these ancient mathematicians, however, explicitly stated the induction hypothesis. Another similar case (contrary to what Vacca has written, as Freudenthal carefully showed) was that of Francesco Maurolico in his Arit... | 3 |
[
"Mathematical induction",
"has part(s)",
"base case"
] | Mathematical induction proves that we can climb as high as we like on a ladder, by proving that we can climb onto the bottom rung (the basis) and that from each rung we can climb up to the next one (the step).
A proof by induction consists of two cases. The first, the base case, proves the statement for
... | 11 |
[
"Mathematical induction",
"has part(s)",
"inductive step"
] | Mathematical induction is a method for proving that a statement
P
(
n
)
{\displaystyle P(n)}
is true for every natural number
n
{\displaystyle n}
, that is, that the infinitely many cases
... | 12 |
[
"Mathematical induction",
"has part(s)",
"inductive hypothesis"
] | Mathematical induction is a method for proving that a statement
P
(
n
)
{\displaystyle P(n)}
is true for every natural number
n
{\displaystyle n}
, that is, that the infinitely many cases
... | 13 |
[
"Mathematical induction",
"instance of",
"proof technique"
] | Mathematical induction is a method for proving that a statement
P
(
n
)
{\displaystyle P(n)}
is true for every natural number
n
{\displaystyle n}
, that is, that the infinitely many cases
... | 16 |
[
"Anamnesis (philosophy)",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Plato"
] | In Plato's theory of epistemology, anamnesis (; Ancient Greek: ἀνάμνησις) is the recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth, the claim that learning consists of rediscovering knowledge from within. Plato develops the theory of Anamnesis in his dialogues Meno, Phaedo, and Phaedrus.Meno
In Meno, Plato's char... | 0 |
[
"Anamnesis (philosophy)",
"facet of",
"epistemology"
] | In Plato's theory of epistemology, anamnesis (; Ancient Greek: ἀνάμνησις) is the recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth, the claim that learning consists of rediscovering knowledge from within. Plato develops the theory of Anamnesis in his dialogues Meno, Phaedo, and Phaedrus.Meno
In Meno, Plato's char... | 1 |
[
"Anamnesis (philosophy)",
"instance of",
"theory"
] | In Plato's theory of epistemology, anamnesis (; Ancient Greek: ἀνάμνησις) is the recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth, the claim that learning consists of rediscovering knowledge from within. Plato develops the theory of Anamnesis in his dialogues Meno, Phaedo, and Phaedrus.Meno
In Meno, Plato's char... | 3 |
[
"Methexis",
"instance of",
"philosophical concept"
] | In theatre, methexis (Ancient Greek: μέθεξις; also methectics), is "group sharing". Originating from Greek theatre, the audience participates, creates and improvises the action of the ritual.
In philosophy, methexis is the relation between a particular and a form (in Plato's sense), e.g. a beautiful object is said to p... | 1 |
[
"Noocracy",
"instance of",
"form of government"
] | Noocracy (, from Greek word noucracy) where nous means 'wise' and
kratos means 'rule' therefore 'rule of the wise' ) is a form of government where decision making is done by wise people. The idea is proposed by various philosophers such as Plato, Gautama Buddha and Confucius. | 1 |
[
"Geocentric model",
"opposite of",
"heliocentrism"
] | First, from anywhere on Earth, the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions, they also appear to revolve around Earth about once per day. The stars appeared to be fixed on a celestial sphere rotating once each day about an axis through the geographic poles ... | 1 |
[
"Geocentric model",
"subclass of",
"superseded scientific theory"
] | In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under most geocentric models, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbit Earth. The geocentric model was the predominant descripti... | 5 |
[
"Aristotelian logic",
"has quality",
"syllogism"
] | Syllogism in the first figure
In the Prior Analytics translated by A. J. Jenkins as it appears in volume 8 of the Great Books of the Western World, Aristotle says of the First Figure: "... If A is predicated of all B, and B of all C, A must be predicated of all C." In the Prior Analytics translated by Robin Smith, Aris... | 3 |
[
"Aristotelian logic",
"subclass of",
"term logic"
] | In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to formal logic that began with Aristotle and was developed further in ancient history mostly by his followers, the Peripatetics. It was revived after the third century CE by Porphyry's ... | 4 |
[
"Aristotelian physics",
"instance of",
"superseded scientific theory"
] | Methods
nature is everywhere the cause of order.
While consistent with common human experience, Aristotle's principles were not based on controlled, quantitative experiments, so they do not describe our universe in the precise, quantitative way now expected of science. Contemporaries of Aristotle like Aristarchus rejec... | 2 |
[
"Aristotle's biology",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Aristotle"
] | 20th and 21st century interest
Zoologists have frequently mocked Aristotle for errors and unverified secondhand reports. However, modern observation has confirmed one after another of his more surprising claims, including the active camouflage of the octopus and the ability of elephants to snorkel with their trunks whi... | 0 |
[
"South Pole",
"continent",
"Antarctica"
] | The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles (20,004 km) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis o... | 0 |
[
"South Pole",
"opposite of",
"North Pole"
] | The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles (20,004 km) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis o... | 2 |
[
"South Pole",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Roald Amundsen"
] | Historic monuments
Amundsen's Tent
The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the An... | 3 |
[
"South Pole",
"instance of",
"geographic region"
] | The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles (20,004 km) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis o... | 4 |
[
"South Pole",
"instance of",
"geographical pole"
] | The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles (20,004 km) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis o... | 5 |
[
"South Pole",
"different from",
"south geomagnetic pole"
] | The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles (20,004 km) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis o... | 8 |
[
"South Pole",
"different from",
"South Magnetic Pole"
] | The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles (20,004 km) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis o... | 9 |
[
"South Pole",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"Antarctic Treaty area"
] | The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles (20,004 km) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis o... | 14 |
[
"Calculus",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Isaac Newton"
] | Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
It has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus; the former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes of... | 0 |
[
"Calculus",
"has part(s)",
"integral calculus"
] | Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
It has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus; the former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes of... | 10 |
[
"Calculus",
"has part(s)",
"differential calculus"
] | Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
It has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus; the former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes of... | 12 |
[
"Calculus",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
] | Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
It has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus; the former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes of... | 19 |
[
"Puiseux series",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Isaac Newton"
] | x
−
2
+
2
x
−
1
... | 0 |
[
"Puiseux series",
"named after",
"Victor Puiseux"
] | x
−
2
+
2
x
−
1
... | 1 |
[
"Newtonian telescope",
"subclass of",
"reflecting telescope"
] | The Newtonian telescope, also called the Newtonian reflector or just a Newtonian, is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton, using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror. Newton's first reflecting telescope was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known... | 2 |
[
"Liquid-mirror telescope",
"has quality",
"advantage"
] | Moon-based liquid-mirror telescopes
Low-temperature ionic liquids (below 130 kelvins) have been proposed as the fluid base for an extremely large-diameter spinning liquid-mirror telescope to be based on the Moon. Low temperature is advantageous in imaging long-wave infrared light, which is the form of light (extremely ... | 3 |
[
"Liquid-mirror telescope",
"has quality",
"cost"
] | Advantages and disadvantages
The greatest advantage of a liquid mirror is its small cost, about 1% of a conventional telescope mirror. This cuts down the cost of the entire telescope at least 95%. The University of British Columbia’s 6-meter Large Zenith Telescope cost about a fiftieth as much as a conventional telesco... | 5 |
[
"Liquid-mirror telescope",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Ernesto Capocci"
] | Liquid-mirror telescopes are telescopes with mirrors made with a reflective liquid. The most common liquid used is mercury, but other liquids will work as well (for example, low-melting point alloys of gallium). The liquid and its container are rotated at a constant speed around a vertical axis, which causes the surfac... | 8 |
[
"Newton disc",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Isaac Newton"
] | The Newton disc, also known as the disappearing colour disc, is a well-known physics experiment with a rotating disc with segments in different colours (usually Newton's primary colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet or ROYGBIV) appearing as white (or off-white or grey) when it spun rapidy about ... | 0 |
[
"Newton disc",
"named after",
"Isaac Newton"
] | The Newton disc, also known as the disappearing colour disc, is a well-known physics experiment with a rotating disc with segments in different colours (usually Newton's primary colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet or ROYGBIV) appearing as white (or off-white or grey) when it spun rapidy about ... | 1 |
[
"Newton disc",
"color",
"Roy G. Biv"
] | The Newton disc, also known as the disappearing colour disc, is a well-known physics experiment with a rotating disc with segments in different colours (usually Newton's primary colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet or ROYGBIV) appearing as white (or off-white or grey) when it spun rapidy about ... | 2 |
[
"Newton disc",
"instance of",
"optical toy"
] | The Newton disc, also known as the disappearing colour disc, is a well-known physics experiment with a rotating disc with segments in different colours (usually Newton's primary colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet or ROYGBIV) appearing as white (or off-white or grey) when it spun rapidy about ... | 3 |
[
"Newton polynomial",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Isaac Newton"
] | In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, a Newton polynomial, named after its inventor Isaac Newton, is an interpolation polynomial for a given set of data points. The Newton polynomial is sometimes called Newton's divided differences interpolation polynomial because the coefficients of the polynomial are calcu... | 0 |
[
"Newton polynomial",
"named after",
"Isaac Newton"
] | In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, a Newton polynomial, named after its inventor Isaac Newton, is an interpolation polynomial for a given set of data points. The Newton polynomial is sometimes called Newton's divided differences interpolation polynomial because the coefficients of the polynomial are calcu... | 1 |
[
"Newtonianism",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Isaac Newton"
] | Background
Newton's Principia Mathematica, published by the Royal Society in 1687 but not available widely and in English until after his death, is the text generally cited as revolutionary or otherwise radical in the development of science. The three books of Principia, considered a seminal text in mathematics and phy... | 0 |
[
"Special relativity",
"instance of",
"scientific theory"
] | In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates:
The laws of physics are invariant (identical) in all inertial frames of reference (that is, fr... | 1 |
[
"Special relativity",
"instance of",
"physical law"
] | In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates:
The laws of physics are invariant (identical) in all inertial frames of reference (that is, fr... | 2 |
[
"Special relativity",
"described by source",
"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"
] | In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates:
The laws of physics are invariant (identical) in all inertial frames of reference (that is, fr... | 4 |
[
"Mass–energy equivalence",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Albert Einstein"
] | In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstein's formula:
E
=
m
... | 0 |
[
"Mass–energy equivalence",
"instance of",
"concept in physics"
] | In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstein's formula:
E
=
m
... | 4 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Albert Einstein"
] | Development and acceptance
Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905, building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work.
Einstein developed general... | 0 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"has quality",
"spacetime"
] | Special relativity
Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime. It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity). Special relativity is based on two postulates whic... | 1 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"has quality",
"mass–energy equivalence"
] | Relativity of simultaneity: Two events, simultaneous for one observer, may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion.
Time dilation: Moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer's "stationary" clock.
Length contraction: Objects are measured to be shortened in th... | 3 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"has quality",
"time dilation"
] | Special relativity
Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime. It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity). Special relativity is based on two postulates whic... | 4 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"has part(s)",
"general relativity"
] | The laws of physics are the same for all observers in any inertial frame of reference relative to one another (principle of relativity).
The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the light source.The resultant theory copes with experiment bette... | 5 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"has quality",
"relativity"
] | The laws of physics are the same for all observers in any inertial frame of reference relative to one another (principle of relativity).
The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the light source.The resultant theory copes with experiment bette... | 6 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"instance of",
"scientific theory"
] | The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein; special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively. Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. General relativity explains the law of grav... | 10 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"has part(s)",
"special relativity"
] | Special relativity
Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime. It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity). Special relativity is based on two postulates whic... | 12 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"has quality",
"length contraction"
] | Relativity of simultaneity: Two events, simultaneous for one observer, may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion.
Time dilation: Moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer's "stationary" clock.
Length contraction: Objects are measured to be shortened in th... | 14 |
[
"Theory of relativity",
"instance of",
"branch of physics"
] | The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein; special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively. Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. General relativity explains the law of grav... | 18 |
[
"Equivalence principle",
"depicts",
"inertial mass"
] | In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in... | 0 |
[
"Equivalence principle",
"depicts",
"gravitational mass"
] | In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in... | 1 |
[
"Equivalence principle",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Albert Einstein"
] | In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in... | 2 |
[
"Equivalence principle",
"facet of",
"general relativity"
] | In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in... | 3 |
[
"Equivalence principle",
"depicts",
"mass"
] | In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in... | 5 |
[
"Equivalence principle",
"instance of",
"physical law"
] | Tests of the weak equivalence principle
Tests of the weak equivalence principle are those that verify the equivalence of gravitational mass and inertial mass. An obvious test is dropping different objects, ideally in a vacuum environment, e.g., inside the Fallturm Bremen drop tower. | 6 |
[
"Unified field theory",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Albert Einstein"
] | In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a pair of physical and virtual fields. According to the modern discoveries in physics, forces are not transmitted directly between intera... | 0 |
[
"Unified field theory",
"discoverer or inventor",
"James Clerk Maxwell"
] | History
Classic theory
The first successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric curren... | 1 |
[
"Tokamak",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Andrei Sakharov"
] | A tokamak (; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field to confine plasma in the shape of a torus. The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power. As of 2016, it was the leading candidate for a practical fusio... | 0 |
[
"Tokamak",
"uses",
"magnetic confinement fusion"
] | A tokamak (; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field to confine plasma in the shape of a torus. The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power. As of 2016, it was the leading candidate for a practical fusio... | 3 |
[
"Tokamak",
"subclass of",
"fusion reactor"
] | A tokamak (; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field to confine plasma in the shape of a torus. The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power. As of 2016, it was the leading candidate for a practical fusio... | 9 |
[
"Evolution",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Charles Darwin"
] | Darwinian revolution
The crucial break from the concept of constant typological classes or types in biology came with the theory of evolution through natural selection, which was formulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace in terms of variable populations. Darwin used the expression "descent with modification" rath... | 0 |
[
"Evolution",
"has immediate cause",
"natural selection"
] | In biology, evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation tends to exist within any given population as a result of genetic mutati... | 2 |
[
"Evolution",
"follows",
"Lamarckism"
] | Pre-Darwinian
The "New Science" of the 17th century rejected the Aristotelian approach. It sought to explain natural phenomena in terms of physical laws that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order. However, this new approach was... | 5 |
[
"Evolution",
"cause",
"genetic drift"
] | In biology, evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation tends to exist within any given population as a result of genetic mutati... | 6 |
[
"Evolution",
"instance of",
"type of process"
] | In biology, evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation tends to exist within any given population as a result of genetic mutati... | 25 |
[
"Natural selection",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Charles Darwin"
] | Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial ... | 0 |
[
"Natural selection",
"facet of",
"evolution"
] | Evolution by means of natural selection
A prerequisite for natural selection to result in adaptive evolution, novel traits and speciation is the presence of heritable genetic variation that results in fitness differences. Genetic variation is the result of mutations, genetic recombinations and alterations in the karyot... | 2 |
[
"Natural selection",
"cause",
"competition"
] | Cell and molecular biology
In 1881, the embryologist Wilhelm Roux published Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus (The Struggle of Parts in the Organism) in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo, occurring at all levels, from molecules t... | 3 |
[
"Natural selection",
"facet of",
"Darwinism"
] | By resource being competed for
Finally, selection can be classified according to the resource being competed for. Sexual selection results from competition for mates. Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection, sometimes at the expense of viability. Ecological selection is natural selection via any mea... | 4 |
[
"Natural selection",
"facet of",
"modern evolutionary synthesis"
] | The modern synthesis
Natural selection relies crucially on the idea of heredity, but developed before the basic concepts of genetics. Although the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, was a contemporary of Darwin's, his work lay in obscurity, only being rediscovered in 1900. With the early 20th c... | 5 |
[
"Natural selection",
"cause",
"genetic variation"
] | Evolution by means of natural selection
A prerequisite for natural selection to result in adaptive evolution, novel traits and speciation is the presence of heritable genetic variation that results in fitness differences. Genetic variation is the result of mutations, genetic recombinations and alterations in the karyot... | 6 |
[
"Pangenesis",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Charles Darwin"
] | Collapse
Galton's experiments on rabbits
Darwin's half-cousin Francis Galton conducted wide-ranging inquiries into heredity which led him to refute Charles Darwin's hypothetical theory of pangenesis. In consultation with Darwin, he set out to see if gemmules were transported in the blood. In a long series of experiment... | 0 |
[
"Pangenesis",
"instance of",
"superseded scientific theory"
] | Pangenesis was Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity, in which he proposed that each part of the body continually emitted its own type of small organic particles called gemmules that aggregated in the gonads, contributing heritable information to the gametes. He presented this 'provisional hypothesis' in... | 4 |
[
"Linnaeus's flower clock",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Carl Linnaeus"
] | Linnaeus's flower clock was a garden plan hypothesized by Carl Linnaeus that would take advantage of several plants that open or close their flowers at particular times of the day to accurately indicate the time.
According to Linnaeus's autobiographical notes, he discovered and developed the floral clock in 1748. It b... | 0 |
[
"Linnaeus's flower clock",
"described by source",
"Philosophia Botanica"
] | Linnaeus's flower clock was a garden plan hypothesized by Carl Linnaeus that would take advantage of several plants that open or close their flowers at particular times of the day to accurately indicate the time.
According to Linnaeus's autobiographical notes, he discovered and developed the floral clock in 1748. It b... | 3 |
[
"Pascal's wager",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Blaise Pascal"
] | Pascal's wager is a philosophical argument presented by the seventeenth-century French mathematician, philosopher, physicist and theologian Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). It posits that human beings wager with their lives that God either exists or does not.
Pascal argues that a rational person should live as though God exi... | 0 |
[
"Pascal's wager",
"named after",
"Blaise Pascal"
] | Pascal's wager is a philosophical argument presented by the seventeenth-century French mathematician, philosopher, physicist and theologian Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). It posits that human beings wager with their lives that God either exists or does not.
Pascal argues that a rational person should live as though God exi... | 1 |
[
"Pascal's wager",
"instance of",
"argument"
] | Pascal's wager is a philosophical argument presented by the seventeenth-century French mathematician, philosopher, physicist and theologian Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). It posits that human beings wager with their lives that God either exists or does not.
Pascal argues that a rational person should live as though God exi... | 5 |
[
"Pascal's calculator",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Blaise Pascal"
] | History
Blaise Pascal began to work on his calculator in 1642, when he was 18 years old. He had been assisting his father, who worked as a tax commissioner, and sought to produce a device which could reduce some of his workload. Pascal received a Royal Privilege in 1649 that granted him exclusive rights to make and sel... | 2 |
[
"Pascal's barrel",
"instance of",
"experiment"
] | Pascal's barrel
Pascal's barrel is the name of a hydrostatics experiment allegedly performed by Blaise Pascal in 1646. In the experiment, Pascal supposedly inserted a long vertical tube into a barrel filled with water. When water was poured into the vertical tube, the increase in hydrostatic pressure caused the barr... | 0 |
[
"Pascal's barrel",
"discoverer or inventor",
"Blaise Pascal"
] | Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a principle in fluid mechanics given by Blaise Pascal that states that a pressure change at any point in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere. The law w... | 1 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He is a long-tenured professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.
In the early 1960s, Kleinrock pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his... | 0 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"country of citizenship",
"United States of America"
] | Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He is a long-tenured professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.
In the early 1960s, Kleinrock pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his... | 2 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"occupation",
"computer scientist"
] | Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He is a long-tenured professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.
In the early 1960s, Kleinrock pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his... | 3 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"occupation",
"professor"
] | Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He is a long-tenured professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.
In the early 1960s, Kleinrock pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his... | 5 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"educated at",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
] | Education and career
Leonard Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13, 1934, to a Jewish family, and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951. He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York, and a master's degree and a doctorate (Ph.D.) in ... | 9 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"employer",
"University of California, Los Angeles"
] | Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He is a long-tenured professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.
In the early 1960s, Kleinrock pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his... | 10 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"field of work",
"queueing theory"
] | Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He is a long-tenured professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.
In the early 1960s, Kleinrock pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his... | 13 |
[
"Leonard Kleinrock",
"educated at",
"City College of New York"
] | Education and career
Leonard Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13, 1934, to a Jewish family, and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951. He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York, and a master's degree and a doctorate (Ph.D.) in ... | 15 |
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