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Television guidance-History-Walleye US interest in television guidance largely ended in the post-war period. Nevertheless, small-scale development continued, and a team at the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS) developed a way to automatically track light or dark spots on a television image, a concept today known as an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Television guidance-History-Most work focused on MACLOS weapons instead, and led to the development of the AGM-12 Bullpup which was considered to be so accurate it was referred to as a "silver bullet". Early use of the Bullpup demonstrated that the silver bullet was too difficult to use and exposed the launch aircraft ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Television guidance-History-Kh-59 The Soviet Kh-59 is a long-range land attack missile that turns on its television camera after 10 kilometres (6 mi) of travel from the launch aircraft. It has a maximum range of 200 kilometres (120 mi), and is used in a fashion essentially identical to that of the Walleye. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dracula (color scheme)-Dracula (color scheme)-Dracula is a color scheme for a large collection of desktop apps and website, with a focus on code editors and terminal emulators, created by Zeno Rocha. The scheme is exclusively available in dark mode. Packages that implement the color scheme have been published for many ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dracula (color scheme)-History-Zeno Rocha began working on Dracula in 2013 after having his computer stolen at a hospital in Madrid, Spain. Upon installing a new code editor and terminal emulator, he could not find a color scheme that he liked, so he decided to create his own. He always believed in the cost of context ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dracula (color scheme)-Reception-Over the years, Dracula became popular among software developers. Joey Sneddon of omg!ubuntu! recommended Dracula, noting its wide compatibility, as well as its open source nature. Writing for SpeckyBoy Magazine, Eric Karkovack reported that "Dracula is a dark theme that presents some g... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-Shapiro reaction-The Shapiro reaction or tosylhydrazone decomposition is an organic reaction in which a ketone or aldehyde is converted to an alkene through an intermediate hydrazone in the presence of 2 equivalents of organolithium reagent. The reaction was discovered by Robert H. Shapiro in 1967. The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-Reaction mechanism-In a prelude to the actual Shapiro reaction, a ketone or an aldehyde (1) is reacted with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide(2) to form a p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone (or tosylhydrazone) which is a hydrazone (3). Two equivalents of strong base such as n-butyllithium abstract the proton from the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-Scope-The position of the alkene in the product is controlled by the site of deprotonation by the organolithium base. In general, the kinetically favored, less substituted site of differentially substituted tosylhydrazones is deprotonated selectively, leading to the less substituted vinyllithium interm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-Scope-Importantly, the Shapiro reaction cannot be used to synthesize 1-lithioalkenes (and the resulting functionalized derivatives), as sulfonylhydrazones derived from aldehydes undergo exclusive addition of the organolithium base to the carbon of the C–N double bond. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-Catalytic Shapiro reaction-Traditional Shapiro reactions require stoichiometric (sometimes excess) amounts of base to generate the alkenyllithium reagents. To combat this problem, Yamamoto and coworkers developed an efficient stereoselective and regioselective route to alkenes using a combination of ke... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-Catalytic Shapiro reaction-The required phenylaziridinylhydrazone was prepared from the condensation of undecan-6-one with 1-amino-2-phenylaziridine. Treatment of the phenylaziridinylhydrazone with 0.3 equivalents of LDA in ether resulted in the alkene shown below with a cis:trans ratio of 99.4:0.6. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-Catalytic Shapiro reaction-The high stereoselectivity is obtained by the preferential abstraction of the α-methylene hydrogen syn to the phenylaziridine, and is also accounted for by the internal chelation of the lithiated intermediated. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-A one pot in situ combined Shapiro-Suzuki reaction-The Shapiro reaction can also be combined with the Suzuki reaction to produce a variety of olefin products. Keay and coworkers have developed methodology that combines these reactions in a one pot process that does not require the isolation of the boro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shapiro reaction-An application of the Shapiro reaction in total synthesis-The Shapiro reaction has been used to generate olefins towards to complex natural products. K. Mori and coworkers wanted to determine the absolute configuration of the phytocassane group of a class of natural products called phytoalexins. This w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RSS tracking-RSS tracking-RSS tracking is a methodology for tracking RSS feeds. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RSS tracking-History-RSS feeds have been around since 1999 as a form of internet marketing, however unlike other forms of publishing information on the internet, it is difficult to track the usage of RSS feeds. Feed tracking methods have been growing in popularity | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RSS tracking-Technology-There are currently many methods of tracking RSS feeds, all with their own problems in terms of accuracy. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RSS tracking-Technology-Method 1 Transparent 1×1 pixel images - These images can be embedded within the content of the RSS feed by linking to the image which should be held on the web server. The number of requests made can be measured by using the web server log files. This will give a rough estimate as to how many ti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RSS tracking-Technology-The problem with this method is that not all RSS feed aggregators will display images and parse HTML.
Method 2 Third-party services - There are services available on the Internet that will syndicate your RSS feed and then track all requests made to their syndication of your RSS feed. These servi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
RSS tracking-Technology-Method 4 Estimating number of subscribers from the log files. Some aggregators (for example, Bloglines and Google Reader) include a number of unique users on whose behalf the feed is being downloaded in the HTTP request. Other readers -- such as web browsers -- can be counted by noting the numbe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
USP8P1-USP8P1-Ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USP8P1 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gnaural-Gnaural-Gnaural is brainwave entrainment software for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux licensed under GPL-2.0-or-later. Gnaural is free software for creating binaural beats intended to be used as personal brainwave synchronization software, for scientific research, or by professionals. Gnaural allows for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clipping (medicine)-Clipping (medicine)-Clipping is a surgical procedure performed to treat an aneurysm. If the aneurysm is intracranial, a craniotomy is performed, and afterwards an Elgiloy (Phynox) or titanium Sugita clip is affixed around the aneurysm's neck. Surgical clipping was introduced by Walter Dandy of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chernozem-Chernozem-Chernozem (from Russian: чернозём, tr. chernozyom, IPA: [tɕɪrnɐˈzʲɵm]; "black ground"), also called black soil, is a black-colored soil containing a high percentage of humus (4% to 16%) and high percentages of phosphorus and ammonia compounds. Chernozem is very fertile soil and can produce high agri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chernozem-Distribution-The name comes from the Russian terms for black and soil, earth or land (chorny + zemlya). The soil, rich in organic matter presenting a black color, was first identified by the Russian geologist Vasily Dokuchaev in 1883 in the tallgrass steppe or prairie of Eastern Ukraine and Western Russia. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chernozem-Distribution-Chernozem cover about 230 million hectares of land. There are two "chernozem belts" in the world. One is the Eurasian steppe which extends from eastern Croatia (Slavonia), along the Danube (northern Serbia, northern Bulgaria (Danubian Plain), southern and eastern Romania (Wallachian Plain and Mol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chernozem-Distribution-The terrain can also be found in small quantities elsewhere (for example, on 1% of Poland), Hungary, and Texas. It also exists in Northeast China, near Harbin. The only true chernozem in Australia is located around Nimmitabel, some of the richest soils on the continent.Previously, there was a bla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chernozem-Canadian and United States soil classification-Chernozemic soils are a soil type in the Canadian system of soil classification and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).
Chernozemic soil type "equivalents", in the Canadian system, WRB, and US Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chernozem-History-Theories of Chernozem origin: 1761: Johan Gottschalk Wallerius (plant decomposition) 1763: Mikhail Lomonosov (plant and animal decomposition) 1799: Peter Simon Pallas (reeds marsh) 1835: Charles Lyell (loess) 1840: Sir Roderick Murchison (weathered from Jurassic marine shales) 1850: Karl Eichwald (pea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chernozem-History-1929: Otto Schlüter (man-made) 1999: Michael W. I. Schmidt (neolithic biomass burning)As seen in the list above, the 19th and 20th-century discussions on the pedogenesis of Chernozem originally stemmed from climatic conditions from the early Holocene to roughly 5500 BC. However, no single paleo-climat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Onechanbara Z2: Chaos (お姉チャンバラZ2 ～カオス～, OneeChanbara Z2) is a 2014 hack and slash video game developed by Tamsoft. Part of the Oneechanbara series, it is the sequel to the 2012 Japan-exclusive Xbox 360 title OneChanbara Z ~ Kagura ~ (お姉チャンバラZ ~カグラ~, OneeChanbara Z), and the f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Gameplay-The gameplay has been compared to Bayonetta, and revolves around hack and slash combat. Throughout the game, two sets of playable characters can be swapped with on the fly, each boasting their own unique attacks and abilities (the characters at hand depend on the given stage). Throughout ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Gameplay-Players will battle a variety of enemies, mainly zombies, werewolves, ghouls, and demons. In order to defeat these foes, weapons such as swords, chainsaws, and guns are available. Slaying enemies will result in the dismemberment of limbs, as well as an in-game combo.
After completing a le... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Plot-The Banefuls and the Vampirics are two ancient rival demonic bloodlines. After the numbers of both factions dwindled to almost nothing it was thought that the blood feud was over. After the Vampiric sisters Kagura and Saaya defeated their treacherous adoptive mother, the Vampire Queen Carmill... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Plot-Carmilla's throne room became a battleground once again as the two pairs of sisters battled for supremacy. The battle, however, was undecided, as the floor beneath them collapsed sending the four into the abyss below, but not before glancing a mysterious, slender, green-haired woman now sitti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Plot-Saaya and Saki are thrust into a pocket hell dimension but are able to escape by co-operating to defeat the waves of undead blocking their exit. They escape to the castle village but are attacked by a masked undead assassin known as Misha. Misha bests the girls and seriously injures Saaya. Ka... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Plot-The four girls arrive at the scene where the results of Kagura and Saaya's vampiric bites finally take their effects on Aya and Saki's Baneful bodies, granting them similar transformations known as Xtatics. The four cut their way through floor after floor of zombified ZPF whilst chasing Misha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Plot-Anna contacts the party with news that the green-haired woman has returned to Carmilla's castle. The girls follow and attempt to evade the awaiting zombie army by navigating a network of tunnels. Despite many traps set for them, the girls successfully confront the green-haired woman in the no... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Plot-The girls agree to put the ancient blood feud behind them and make their alliance permanent. Later, Anna contacts the girls and reveals Evange's origins. Evange was a researcher working for Carmilla who used the castle's facilities to further her own cause. She was also Misery's older sister. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Release-All launch editions in North America came packaged as the Banana Split Limited Edition, which included an 80-page art book, soundtrack CD, and exclusive costumes.The game will feature dual audio support between the original Japanese voice cast and an all-new English voice cast. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Reception-Onechanbara Z2: Chaos received mixed reviews from critics, currently averaging a 59.22% on GameRankings and a 59/100 on Metacritic, respectively. Praise was given to the games character models and addictive combat, while criticism was drawn to its dated environmental graphics. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Reception-The game fared well with Famitsu reviewers, whose combined scores added to a 31/40 (8/8/8/7).Kyle MacGregor of Destructoid awarded the game a 5.5/10. MacGregor praised the game's combat, character designs, and sexual fan service, while taking issue to the "linear and repetitive mission s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Onechanbara Z2: Chaos-Reception-Matt Sainsbury, reviewing for DigitallyDownloaded.net, gave the game a 9/10, saying that while technical bugs existed, such as a sometimes poor camera, they never detracted from the fast paced combat. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Otak-otak-Otak-otak (lit. brains in Malay and Indonesian) is a Southeast Asian fish cake made of ground fish mixed with spices and wrapped in leaf parcels. Otak-otak is traditionally served steamed or grilled, encased within the leaf parcel it is cooked in, and can be eaten solely as a snack or with steamed r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Otak-otak-The earliest preparations of otak-otak is believed to have originated in Palembang cuisine of South Sumatra, where it takes the form of grilled banana leaf parcels filled with a mixture of ground fish, tapioca starch and spices. Regional varieties which bear the name otak-otak are widely known acros... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Origins and distribution-Otak-otak is widely spread on both sides of the Straits of Malacca. It is believed that the dish was a fusion of Malay (Palembangese) and Peranakan origins. In Indonesia, the name of the dish is said to be derived from the notion that the Palembang otak-otak resembles brain matter: th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Composition-Otak-otak is made by mixing fish paste with a mixture of spices. The type of fish used to make otak-otak might vary: mackerel is commonly used in Malaysia, while ikan tenggiri (wahoo) is popular ingredient in Indonesia. Other types of fish such as bandeng (milkfish) and the more expensive ikan bel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Composition-In Malaysia, it is usually a mixture between fish paste, chili peppers, garlic, shallots, turmeric, lemon grass and coconut milk. The mixture is then wrapped in either banana, coconut or nipa palm leaf that has been softened by steaming, then grilled or steamed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Regional varieties-There are different varieties of otak-otak originating from different regions. Although otak-otak is traditionally made with fish meat, modern versions of otak-otak may use crab or prawn meat or even fish head. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Regional varieties-In Indonesia, otak-otak is commonly associated with Palembang, South Sumatra. However, other regions in Indonesia are also popular for their otak-otak recipes, such as in Jakarta and Makassar. In Palembang, people eat otak-otak with cuko (Palembangese sweet and sour spicy vinegar sauce), wh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Regional varieties-Muar-style otak-otak is wrapped inside attap (Nipa palm) leaves and clipped using stapler or toothpick at both ends before being grilled or roasted on the stove. While fish otak-otak is most common, Muar-style otak-otak may also be made with prawns, cuttlefish, crab meat, fish head and even... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Regional varieties-In Philippines, Tausūg people created utak-utak made of shredded tuna meat mixed with spices, grated coconut and then fried in vegetable oil. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Otak-otak-Similar dishes-A type of delicacy similar to otak-otak from the Malaysian state of Terengganu is called sata. A similar Indonesian dish employing banana leaf is called pepes. Other types of otak-otak include dishes called pais ikan, botok that are made of fish paste cooked in banana leaves. The northern Phil... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cycle graph-Cycle graph-In graph theory, a cycle graph or circular graph is a graph that consists of a single cycle, or in other words, some number of vertices (at least 3, if the graph is simple) connected in a closed chain. The cycle graph with n vertices is called Cn. The number of vertices in Cn equals the number o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cycle graph-Terminology-There are many synonyms for "cycle graph". These include simple cycle graph and cyclic graph, although the latter term is less often used, because it can also refer to graphs which are merely not acyclic. Among graph theorists, cycle, polygon, or n-gon are also often used. The term n-cycle is so... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cycle graph-Properties-A cycle graph is: 2-edge colorable, if and only if it has an even number of vertices 2-regular 2-vertex colorable, if and only if it has an even number of vertices. More generally, a graph is bipartite if and only if it has no odd cycles (Kőnig, 1936). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cycle graph-Properties-Connected Eulerian Hamiltonian A unit distance graphIn addition: As cycle graphs can be drawn as regular polygons, the symmetries of an n-cycle are the same as those of a regular polygon with n sides, the dihedral group of order 2n. In particular, there exist symmetries taking any vertex to any ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cycle graph-Directed cycle graph-A directed cycle graph is a directed version of a cycle graph, with all the edges being oriented in the same direction.
In a directed graph, a set of edges which contains at least one edge (or arc) from each directed cycle is called a feedback arc set. Similarly, a set of vertices conta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cycle graph-Sources-Diestel, Reinhard (2017). Graph Theory (5 ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-53621-6. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans-Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans-Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans-Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans-Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans-Legend-A guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Psychologism-Psychologism-Psychologism is a family of philosophical positions, according to which certain psychological facts, laws, or entities play a central role in grounding or explaining certain non-psychological facts, laws, or entities. The word was coined by Johann Eduard Erdmann as Psychologismus, being transl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Psychologism-Definition-The Oxford English Dictionary defines psychologism as: "The view or doctrine that a theory of psychology or ideas forms the basis of an account of metaphysics, epistemology, or meaning; (sometimes) spec. the explanation or derivation of mathematical or logical laws in terms of psychological fact... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Psychologism-Viewpoints-John Stuart Mill was accused by Edmund Husserl of being an advocate of a type of logical psychologism, although this may not have been the case. So were many nineteenth-century German philosophers such as Christoph von Sigwart, Benno Erdmann, Theodor Lipps, Gerardus Heymans, Wilhelm Jerusalem, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Birkhoff's theorem (equational logic)-Birkhoff's theorem (equational logic)-In logic, Birkhoff's theorem in equational logic states that an equality t = u is a semantic consequence of a set of equalities E, if and only if t = u can be proven from the set of equalities. It is named after Garrett Birkhoff. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-Dandelion coffee-Dandelion 'coffee' (also dandelion tea) is a tisane made from the root of the dandelion plant. The roasted dandelion root pieces and the beverage have some resemblance to coffee in appearance and taste, and it is thus commonly considered a coffee substitute. Dandelion root is used for ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-History-The usage of the dandelion plant dates back to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Additionally, for over a thousand years, Chinese traditional medicine has been known to incorporate the plant.Susanna Moodie explained how to prepare dandelion 'coffee' in her memoir of living in Canada, Ro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-History-Dandelion 'coffee' was later mentioned in a Harpers New Monthly Magazine story in 1886. In 1919, dandelion root was noted as a source of cheap 'coffee'. It has also been part of edible plant classes dating back at least to the 1970s. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-Harvesting-Harvesting dandelion roots requires differentiating 'true' dandelions (Taraxacum spp.) from other yellow daisy-like flowers such as catsear and hawksbeard. True dandelions have a ground-level rosette of deep-toothed leaves and hollow straw-like stems. Large plants that are 3–4 years old, wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-Harvesting-Dandelion roots that are harvested in the spring have sweeter and less bitter notes, while fall-harvested roots are richer and more bitter. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-Preparation-The dandelion plant must be two years old before removing the root. After harvesting, the dandelion roots are dried, chopped, and roasted. After harvesting, the dandelion roots are sliced lengthwise and placed to dry for two weeks in a warm area. When ready, the dried roots are oven-roasted... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-Health claims and uses-Although popular in alternative health circles, there is no empirical evidence that dandelion root or its extracts can treat any medical condition. In addition, very few high-quality clinical trials have been performed to investigate its effects.Health risks associated with dande... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dandelion coffee-Chemistry-Unroasted Taraxacum officinale (among other dandelion species) root contains: Sesquiterpene lactonesTaraxacin (a guaianolide) Phenylpropanoid glycosides: dihydroconiferin, syringin, and dihydrosyringin Taraxacoside(a cylated gamma-butyrolactone glycoside) LactupircinCarotenoidsLutein Violaxan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pavoraja-Pavoraja-Pavoraja is a genus of skates in the family Arhynchobatidae from deeper waters off Australia. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pavoraja-Description-Pavoraja are relatively small skates. The disc is semi-oval to heart-shaped. The snout has a small fleshy process at the tip. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pavoraja-Species-There are six species: Pavoraja alleni McEachran & Fechhelm, 1982 (Allen's skate) Pavoraja arenaria Last, Mallick & Yearsley, 2008 (Sandy skate) Pavoraja mosaica Last, Mallick & Yearsley, 2008 (Mosaic skate) Pavoraja nitida (Günther, 1880) (Peacock Skate) Pavoraja pseudonitida Last, Mallick & Yearsley,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deaeration-Deaeration-Deaeration is the removal of air molecules (usually meaning oxygen) from another gas or liquid. It can refer to: Use of a deaerator.
Degasification, the removal of dissolved gases, such as oxygen, from liquids. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Natural killer cell-Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and represent 5–20% of all circulating lympho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Natural killer cell-NK cells can be identified by the presence of CD56 and the absence of CD3 (CD56+, CD3−). NK cells differentiate from CD127+ common innate lymphoid progenitor, which is downstream of the common lymphoid progenitor from which B and T lymphocytes are also derived. NK cells are known... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Early history-In early experiments on cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells, both in cancer patients and animal models, investigators consistently observed what was termed a "natural" reactivity; that is, a certain population of cells seemed to be able to lyse tumor cells without hav... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Early history-The human data were confirmed, for the most part, by West et al. using similar techniques and the same erythroleukemic target cell line, K562. K562 is highly sensitive to lysis by human NK cells and, over the decades, the K562 51chromium-release assay has become the most commonly used ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Early history-Using discontinuous density centrifugation, and later monoclonal antibodies, natural killing ability was mapped to the subset of large, granular lymphocytes known today as NK cells. The demonstration that density gradient-isolated large granular lymphocytes were responsible for human N... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-NK cell subsets-NK cells can be classified as CD56bright or CD56dim. CD56bright NK cells are similar to T helper cells in exerting their influence by releasing cytokines. CD56bright NK cells constitute the majority of NK cells, being found in bone marrow, secondary lymphoid tissue, liver, and skin. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-NK cell receptors-NK cell receptors can also be differentiated based on function. Natural cytotoxicity receptors directly induce apoptosis (cell death) after binding to Fas ligand that directly indicate infection of a cell. The MHC-independent receptors (described above) use an alternate pathway to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-NK cell receptors-NK cell receptor types (with inhibitory, as well as some activating members) are differentiated by structure, with a few examples to follow: Activating receptors Ly49 (homodimers), relatively ancient, C-type lectin family receptors, are of multigenic presence in mice, while humans ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-NK cell receptors-TLR – Toll-like receptors are receptors that belong in the group of Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) which are typical for the cells of innate immunity but are expressed also on NK cells. They recognize PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (damage-associated ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-NK cell receptors-Inhibitory receptors Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) belong to a multigene family of more recently evolved Ig-like extracellular domain receptors; they are present in nonhuman primates, and are the main receptors for both classical MHC I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) and n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-NK cell receptors-CD94/NKG2 (heterodimers), a C-type lectin family receptor, is conserved in both rodents and primates and identifies nonclassical (also nonpolymorphic) MHC I molecules such as HLA-E. Expression of HLA-E at the cell surface is dependent on the presence of nonamer peptide epitope deri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-NK cell receptors-ILT or LIR (immunoglobulin-like receptor) — are recently discovered members of the Ig receptor family.
Ly49 (homodimers) have both activating and inhibitory isoforms. They are highly polymorphic on the population level; though they are structurally unrelated to KIRs, they are the f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-Cytolytic granule mediated cell apoptosis NK cells are cytotoxic; small granules in their cytoplasm contain proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes. Upon release in close proximity to a cell slated for killing, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Infected cells are routinely opsonized with antibodies for detection by immune cells. Antibodies that bind to antigens can be recognised by FcγRIII (CD16) receptors expressed on NK cells, resulting in NK activation, release of cytolytic g... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-Cytokine-induced NK and Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation Cytokines play a crucial role in NK cell activation. As these are stress molecules released by cells upon viral infection, they serve to signal to the NK cell the presence of viral pathogens in the affected area. Cytokines invo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-The inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles, which could explain why NK cells preferentially kill cells that possess low levels of MHC class I molecules. This mode of NK cell target interaction is known as "missing-self recognition", a term coined by Klas Kärre and co-workers in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-Tumor cell surveillance Natural killer cells often lack antigen-specific cell surface receptors, so are part of innate immunity, i.e. able to react immediately with no prior exposure to the pathogen. In both mice and humans, NKs can be seen to play a role in tumor immunosurveillance by dire... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-If tumor cells do not cause inflammation, they will also be regarded as self and will not induce a T cell response. A number of cytokines are produced by NKs, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IFNγ, and interleukin (IL-10). TNFα and IL-10 act as proinflammatory and immunosuppressors... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-Clearance of senescent cells Natural killer cells (NK cells) and macrophages play a major role in clearance of senescent cells. Natural killer cells directly kill senescent cells, and produce cytokines which activate macrophages which remove senescent cells.Natural killer cells can use NKG2... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-Adaptive features of NK cells—"memory-like", "adaptive" and memory NK cells The ability to generate memory cells following a primary infection and the consequent rapid immune activation and response to succeeding infections by the same antigen is fundamental to the role that T and B cells p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-In mice, the majority of research was carried out with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and in models of hapten-hypersensitivity reactions. Especially, in the MCMV model, protective memory functions of MCMV-induced NK cells were discovered and direct recognition of the MCMV-ligand m157 by the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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