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Natural killer cell-Function-NK cell function in pregnancy As the majority of pregnancies involve two parents who are not tissue-matched, successful pregnancy requires the mother's immune system to be suppressed. NK cells are thought to be an important cell type in this process. These cells are known as "uterine NK cel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-NK cell evasion by tumor cells By shedding decoy NKG2D soluble ligands, tumor cells may avoid immune responses. These soluble NKG2D ligands bind to NK cell NKG2D receptors, activating a false NK response and consequently creating competition for the receptor site. This method of evasion occ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Function-Excessive NK cells Experimental treatments with NK cells have resulted in excessive cytokine production, and even septic shock. Depletion of the inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma reversed the effect. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Applications-Anticancer therapy Tumor-infiltrating NK cells have been reported to play a critical role in promoting drug-induced cell death in human triple-negative breast cancer. Since NK cells recognize target cells when they express nonself HLA antigens (but not self), autologous (patients' own) ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Applications-CAR-NK cells Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are genetically modified receptors targeting cell surface antigens that provide a valuable approach to enhance effector cell efficacy. CARs induce high-affinity binding of effector cells carrying this receptor to cells expressing the target... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Applications-NK-92 cells A more efficient way to obtain high numbers of NK cells is to expand NK-92 cells, an NK cell line with all the characteristics of highly active blood Natural Killer (NK) cells but with much broader and higher cytotoxicity. NK-92 cells grow continuously in culture and can be ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Applications-NKG2D-Fc Fusion Protein In a study at Boston Children's Hospital, in coordination with Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, in which immunocompromised mice had contracted lymphomas from EBV infection, an NK-activating receptor called NKG2D was fused with a stimulatory Fc portion of the EBV ant... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Applications-In Hodgkin lymphoma, in which the malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells are typically HLA class I deficient, immune evasion is in part mediated by skewing towards an exhausted PD-1hi NK cell phenotype, and re-activation of these NK cells appears to be one mechanism of action induced by... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-Applications-TLR ligands Signaling through TLR can effectively activate NK cell effector functions in vitro and in vivo. TLR ligands are than potentialy able to enhance NK cell effector functions during NK cell anti-tumor immunotherapy.Trastuzumab is a monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody that is used as a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-New findings-Innate resistance to HIV Recent research suggests specific KIR-MHC class I gene interactions might control innate genetic resistance to certain viral infections, including HIV and its consequent development of AIDS. Certain HLA allotypes have been found to determine the progression of H... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-New findings-Tissue-resident NK cells Most of our current knowledge is derived from investigations of mouse splenic and human peripheral blood NK cells. However, in recent years tissue-resident NK cell populations have been described. These tissue-resident NK cells share transcriptional similarity t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural killer cell-New findings-Adaptive NK cells against leukemia targets Natural killer cells are being investigated as an emerging treatment for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells have shown promise with their enhanced antileukemia functionality. It has been shown ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Batwing antenna-Batwing antenna-A batwing or super turnstile antenna is a broadcasting antenna used at VHF and UHF frequencies, named for its distinctive shape resembling a bat wing or bow tie. Stacked arrays of batwing antennas are used as television broadcasting antennas due to their omnidirectional characteristics. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Batwing antenna-Design and characteristics-Batwing antennas are a specialized type of crossed dipole antenna, a variant of the turnstile antenna. Two pairs of identical vertical batwing-shaped elements are mounted at right angles around a common mast. Element “wings” on opposite sides are fed as a dipole. To generate a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Batwing antenna-Design and characteristics-To reduce power radiated in the unwanted axial directions, in broadcast applications multiple bays fed in phase are stacked vertically with a spacing of approximately one wavelength, to create a collinear array. This generates an omnidirectional radiation pattern with increase... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Batwing antenna-Design and characteristics-The "batwing" shape of the elements is adapted from the butterfly antenna (a flattened biconical antenna), used because it gives the antenna a wide bandwidth of approximately 20% of operating frequency at a VSWR of 1.1:1. This makes the antenna design suitable for broadcasters... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Batwing antenna-Sources-Lo, Y.T.; Lee, S.W. (31 October 1993). Antenna Handbook. Vol. III: Antenna Applications. ISBN 0442015941. ISBN 978-0442015947 Markley, Don (1 Apr 2004). "Television antenna systems". Broadcast Engineering.
Milligan, Thomas A. (2005). Modern Antenna Design. Wiley-IEEE Press. ISBN 978-0-471-45776-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Diethyl sulfite-Diethyl sulfite-Diethyl sulfite (C4H10O3S) is an ester of sulfurous acid. Among other properties, diethyl sulfite inhibits the growth of mold spores during grain storage.Diethyl sulfite is used as an additive in some polymers to prevent oxidation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Pin grid array-A pin grid array (PGA) is a type of integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA, the package is square or rectangular, and the pins are arranged in a regular array on the underside of the package. The pins are commonly spaced 2.54 mm (0.1") apart, and may or may not cover the entire underside o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Chip mounting-The chip can be mounted either on the top or the bottom (the pinned side). Connections can be made either by wire bonding or through flip chip mounting. Typically, PGA packages use wire bonding when the chip is mounted on the pinned side, and flip chip construction when the chip is on the t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Chip mounting-Flip chip A flip-chip pin grid array (FC-PGA or FCPGA) is a form of pin grid array in which the die faces downwards on the top of the substrate with the back of the die exposed. This allows the die to have a more direct contact with the heatsink or other cooling mechanism. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Chip mounting-The FC-PGA was introduced by Intel with the Coppermine core Pentium III and Celeron processors based on Socket 370, and was later used for Socket 478-based Pentium 4 and Celeron processors. FC-PGA processors fit into zero insertion force (ZIF) Socket 370 and Socket 478-based motherboard soc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Material-Ceramic A ceramic pin grid array (CPGA) is a type of packaging used by integrated circuits. This type of packaging uses a ceramic substrate with pins arranged in a pin grid array. Some CPUs that use CPGA packaging are the AMD Socket A Athlons and the Duron. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Material-A CPGA was used by AMD for Athlon and Duron processors based on Socket A, as well as some AMD processors based on Socket AM2 and Socket AM2+. While similar form factors have been used by other manufacturers, they are not officially referred to as CPGA. This type of packaging uses a ceramic subst... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Material-Organic An organic pin grid array (OPGA) is a type of connection for integrated circuits, and especially CPUs, where the silicon die is attached to a plate made out of an organic plastic which is pierced by an array of pins which make the requisite connections to the socket.
Plastic Plastic pin ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Pin layout-Staggered pin The staggered pin grid array (SPGA) is used by Intel processors based on Socket 5 and Socket 7. Socket 8 used a partial SPGA layout on half the processor. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Pin layout-It consists of two square arrays of pins, offset in both directions by half the minimum distance between pins in one of the arrays. Put differently: within a square boundary the pins form a diagonal square lattice. There is generally a section in the center of the package without any pins. SPG... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Pin layout-Stud A stud grid array (SGA) is a short-pinned pin grid array chip scale package for use in surface-mount technology. The polymer stud grid array or plastic stud grid array was developed jointly by the Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) and Laboratory for Production Technology, Sie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pin grid array-Sources-Thomas, Andrew (August 4, 2010). "What the Hell is… a flip-chip?". The Register. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
"XSERIES 335 XEON DP-2.4G 512 MB". CNET. October 26, 2002. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
"SURFACE MOUNT NOMENCLATURE AND PACKAGING" (PDF). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointwise-Pointwise-In mathematics, the qualifier pointwise is used to indicate that a certain property is defined by considering each value f(x) of some function f.
An important class of pointwise concepts are the pointwise operations, that is, operations defined on functions by applying the operations to function v... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointwise-Pointwise operations-Formal definition A binary operation o: Y × Y → Y on a set Y can be lifted pointwise to an operation O: (X→Y) × (X→Y) → (X→Y) on the set X → Y of all functions from X to Y as follows: Given two functions f1: X → Y and f2: X → Y, define the function O(f1, f2): X → Y by Commonly, o and O ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointwise-Pointwise operations-Examples where f,g:X→R See also pointwise product, and scalar.
An example of an operation on functions which is not pointwise is convolution.
Properties Pointwise operations inherit such properties as associativity, commutativity and distributivity from corresponding operations on the co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointwise-Componentwise operations-Componentwise operations are usually defined on vectors, where vectors are elements of the set Kn for some natural number n and some field K . If we denote the i -th component of any vector v as vi , then componentwise addition is (u+v)i=ui+vi Componentwise operations can be de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointwise-Componentwise operations-A tuple can be regarded as a function, and a vector is a tuple. Therefore, any vector v corresponds to the function f:n→K such that f(i)=vi , and any componentwise operation on vectors is the pointwise operation on functions corresponding to those vectors. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointwise-Pointwise relations-In order theory it is common to define a pointwise partial order on functions. With A, B posets, the set of functions A → B can be ordered by f ≤ g if and only if (∀x ∈ A) f(x) ≤ g(x). Pointwise orders also inherit some properties of the underlying posets. For instance if A and B are conti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointwise-Pointwise relations-Similarly, a projection operator k is called a kernel operator if and only if k ≤ idA.An example of an infinitary pointwise relation is pointwise convergence of functions—a sequence of functions with converges pointwise to a function f if for each x in X | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kexec-Kexec-kexec, abbreviated from kernel execute and analogous to the Unix/Linux kernel call exec, is a mechanism of the Linux kernel that allows booting of a new kernel from the currently running one. Essentially, kexec skips the bootloader stage and hardware initialization phase performed by the system firmware (BI... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kexec-Kexec-The new kernel will usually expect all hardware devices to be in a well defined state, in which they are after a system reboot because the system firmware resets them to a "sane" state. Bypassing a real reboot may leave devices in an unknown state, and the new kernel will have to recover from that.Support f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lauttis-Lauttis-Lauttis is a shopping centre in Lauttasaari, Helsinki, Finland. It was opened on 1 December 2016.
Lauttis is a so-called hybrid building, where the same building houses a parking lot, a shopping centre and apartments. Lauttis has about 6000 m2 of business space and about 10000 m2 of apartments. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lauttis-Businesses and services-The shopping centre has a total of 25 businesses and has a direct connection to the Lauttasaari metro station. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lauttis-Businesses and services-Lauttis includes the food stores K-Supermarket and S-Market, as well as Alko, a pharmacy, the rewarded restaurant Pizzeria Luca, Hanko Sushi, Salaattibaari, Wayne's cafe, Espresso House, a Jungle Juice bar and the Fazer bakery Gateau. The shopping centre also includes the nature product ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lauttis-Businesses and services-Lauttis was built in place of the old Lauttasaari shopping centre, which was demolished in 2014. K-Supermarket, S-Market, Alko, Instrumentarium and R-kioski were also present in the old shopping centre. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lauttis-Environmental certificate-The Lauttis shopping centre has been awarded a gold-level LEED gold environmental certificate because of its solution of building heating and modern solutions for control of heating, cooling and lighting. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lauttis-Naming competition-The name "Lauttis" has a long history dating back to the 1920s. The name "Lauttis" was chosen as the winner of a naming competition held by YIT. Most of the entries were variations of the name Lauttasaari. There were almost 800 entries.There were four finalists, of which Lauttis received the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase-6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase-In enzymology, a 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.46) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoate + H2O ⇌ 2 6-aminohexanoate. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohex... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase-Structural studies-As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1WYB, 1WYC, and 2DCF. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Antibody (or immunoglobulin) structure is made up of two heavy-chains and two light-chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds. The arrangement or processes that put together different parts of this an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-B-Cell development-During the development of B cells, the immunoglobulin gene undergoes sequences of rearrangements that lead to formation of the antibody repertoire. For example, in the lymphoid cell, a partial rearrangement of the heavy-chain gene occurs which is fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-B-Cell development-Finally, further class switching follows as the cell keep dividing and differentiating. For instance, IgM switches to IgG which switches to IgA that eventually switches to IgE | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-The multigene organization of immunoglobulin genes-From studies and predictions such as Dreyer and Bennett's, it shows that the light chains and heavy chains are encoded by separate multigene families on different chromosomes. They are referred to as gene segments and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-The multigene organization of immunoglobulin genes-Light chain multigene family The light chain gene has three gene segments. These include: the light chain variable region (V), joining region (J), and constant region (C) gene segments. The variable region of light is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-The multigene organization of immunoglobulin genes-Heavy-chain multigene family Heavy chain contains similar gene segments such as VH, JH and CH, but also has another gene segment called D (diversity). Unlike the light chain multigene family, VDJ gene segments code fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Variable-region rearrangements-The variable region rearrangements happen in an orderly sequence in the bone marrow. Usually, the assortment of these gene segments occurs at B cell maturation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Light chain DNA-The kappa and lambda light chains undergo rearrangements of the V and J gene segments. In this process, a functional Vlambda can combine with four functional Jλ –Cλ combinations. On the other hands, Vk gene segments can join with either one of the Jk f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Heavy chain DNA-The rearrangements of heavy-chains are different from the light chains because DNA undergoes rearrangements of V-D-J gene segments in the heavy chains. These reorganizations of gene segments produce gene sequence from 5 prime to 3 prime ends such as a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Mechanism of variable region rearrangements-It is understood that rearrangement occurs between specific sites on the DNA called recombination signal sequences (RSSs). The signal sequences are composed of a conserved palindromic heptamer and a conserved AT- rich noname... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Generation of antibody diversity-Antibody diversity is produced by genetic rearrangement after shuffling and rejoining one of each of the various gene segments for the heavy and light chains. Due to mixing and random recombination of the gene segments errors can occur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes-Class-switching-When the B cells get activated, class switching can occur. The class switching involves switch regions that made up of multiple copies of short repeats (GAGCT and TGGGG). These switches occur at the level of rearrangements of the DNA because there is a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Riddle of the Labyrinth-The Riddle of the Labyrinth-The Riddle of the Labyrinth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code is a 2013 nonfiction book by Margalit Fox, about the process of deciphering the Linear B script, and particularly the contributions of classicist Alice Kober. Fox, who has degrees in linguistics, reli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Riddle of the Labyrinth-Synopsis-The Riddle of the Labyrinth recounts the history of Linear B, from its 1900 discovery in the Minoan ruins of Crete through its ultimate decipherment in the early 1950s, and describes the work of three people who attempted to solve the puzzle. The language in which the script was wri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Riddle of the Labyrinth-Writing-While working on her first book, Fox turned to a random page in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, which contained an entry for Linear B. Hoping to learn more about Ventris, an amateur linguist who was historically given near-total credit for the decipherment, Fox contact... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Riddle of the Labyrinth-Reception-The Riddle of the Labyrinth was named to The New York Times Editor's Choice list in June 2013, and was named one of the Times 100 Notable Books of 2013. It was awarded the William Saroyan International Prize for Writing in 2014.In his New York Times review, Matti Friedman called Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-MPU-401-The MPU-401, where MPU stands for MIDI Processing Unit, is an important but now obsolete interface for connecting MIDI-equipped electronic music hardware to personal computers. It was designed by Roland Corporation, which also co-authored the MIDI standard. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Design-Released around 1984, the original MPU-401 was an external breakout box providing MIDI IN/MIDI OUT/MIDI THRU/TAPE IN/TAPE OUT/MIDI SYNC connectors, for use with a separately-sold interface card/cartridge ("MPU-401 interface kit") inserted into a computer system. For this setup, the following "interface k... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-Later, Roland would put most of the electronics originally found in the breakout box onto the interface card itself, thus reducing the size of the breakout box. Products released in this manner: MPU-401N: an external interface, specifically designed for use with the NEC PC-98 series notebook computers.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-MPU-IPC: for the IBM PC/IBM XT/IBM AT and compatibles (8 bit ISA). It had a 25-pin female connector for the breakout box, even though only nine pins were used, and only seven were functionally different: both 5V and ground use two pins each. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-MPU-IPC-T: for the IBM PC/IBM XT/IBM AT and compatibles (8 bit ISA). The MIDI SYNC connector was removed from this Taiwanese-manufactured model, and the previously hardcoded I/O address and IRQ could be set to different values with jumpers. The break-out box has three DIN connectors for MIDI (1xIN and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-MPU-IMC: for the IBM PS/2's Micro Channel Architecture bus. In earlier models both I/O address and IRQ were hardcoded to IRQ 2 (causing serious problems with the hard disk as it also uses that IRQ); in later models the IRQ could be set with a jumper. It had a 9-pin female connector for the breakout box... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-S-MPU/AT (Super MPU): for the IBM AT and compatibles (16 bit ISA). It had a Mini-DIN female connector for the breakout box. The MIDI SYNC, TAPE IN, TAPE OUT, METRONOME OUT connectors was removed, but a second MIDI IN connector was added. An application to assign resources (plug and play) must be run to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-S-MPU-IIAT (Super MPU II): for the IBM or compatible Plug and Play PC's (16 bit ISA). It had a Mini-DIN female connector for the breakout box with two MIDI In connectors and two MIDI Out connectors. An application to assign resources (plug and play) must be run to use the card in DOS. This application ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-LAPC-I: for the IBM PC and compatibles. Includes the Roland CM-32L sound source. A breakout box for this card, the MCB-1, was sold separately.
LAPC-N: for the NEC PC-98. Includes the Roland CM-32LN sound source. A breakout box for this card, the MCB-2, was sold separately.
RAP-10: for the IBM AT and co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-SCP-55: for the IBM and compatible laptops (PCMCIA). Includes the Roland SC-55 sound source. A breakout box for this card, the MCB-3, was sold separately. MPU-401 UART mode only.Still later, Roland would get rid of the breakout box completely and put all connectors on the back of the interface card its... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Variants-MPU-401AT: for IBM AT and "100% compatibles". Includes a connector for Wavetable daughterboards.
MPU-PC98: for the NEC PC-98.
MPU-PC98II: for the NEC PC-98.
S-MPU/PC (Super MPU PC-98): for the NEC PC-98.
S-MPU/2N (Super MPU II N): for the NEC PC-98.
SCC-1: for the IBM PC and compatibles. Includes the R... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Clones-By the late 1980s other manufacturers of PCBs developed intelligent MPU-401 clones. Some of these, like Voyetra, were equipped with Roland chips whereas others had reverse-engineered ROMs (Midiman / Music Quest).Examples: Midiman MM-401 (8BIT, non Roland chip set, also sold as part of the Midiman PC Desk... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Modes-The MPU-401 can work in two modes, normal mode and UART mode. "Normal mode" would provide the host system with an 8-track sequencer, MIDI clock output, SYNC 24 signal output, Tape Sync and a metronome; as a result of these features, it is often called "intelligent mode". Compare this to UART mode, which r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Modes-As computers became more powerful, the features offered in "intelligent mode" became obsolete, as implementing them in the host system's software became more efficient (than paying for dedicated hardware that will do them). As a result, the UART mode became the dominant mode of operation, with many clones... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-SoftMPU-In the mid 2010s a hobbyist platform software interface, SoftMPU, was written that upgrades UART (non intelligent) MPU-401 interfaces to an intelligent MPU-401 interface, however this only works for the DOS operating system. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-HardMPU-In 2015 a PCB (HardMPU) was developed that incorporates SoftMPU as logic on hardware (so that the PC's CPU does not have to process intelligent MIDI). Currently HardMPU only supports playback and not recording. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MPU-401-Contemporary interfaces-Physical MIDI connections are increasingly replaced with the USB interface, and a USB to MIDI converter in order to drive musical peripherals which do not yet have their own USB ports. Often, peripherals are able to accept MIDI input through USB and convert it for the traditional DIN con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Graphite oxide-Graphite oxide (GO), formerly called graphitic oxide or graphitic acid, is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios, obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidizers and acids for resolving of extra metals. The maximally oxidized bulk product is a yellow solid with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-History and preparation-Graphite oxide was first prepared by Oxford chemist Benjamin C. Brodie in 1859, by treating graphite with a mixture of potassium chlorate and fuming nitric acid. He reported synthesis of "paper-like foils" with 0.05 mm thickness. In 1957 Hummers and Offeman developed a safer, quic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Structure-The structure and properties of graphite oxide depend on the particular synthesis method and degree of oxidation. It typically preserves the layer structure of the parent graphite, but the layers are buckled and the interlayer spacing is about two times larger (~0.7 nm) than that of graphite. S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Structure-Graphene oxide layers are about 1.1 ± 0.2 nm thick. Scanning tunneling microscopy shows the presence of local regions where oxygen atoms are arranged in a rectangular pattern with lattice constant 0.27 nm × 0.41 nm. The edges of each layer are terminated with carboxyl and carbonyl groups. X-ray... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Structure-Graphite oxide is hydrophilic and easily hydrated when exposed to water vapor or immersed in liquid water, resulting in a distinct increase of the inter-planar distance (up to 1.2 nm in saturated state). Additional water is also incorporated into the interlayer space due to high pressure induce... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Characterization-XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, AFM, TEM, SEM/EDX, etc. are some common techniques used to characterize GO samples. Experimental results of graphite/graphene oxide have been analyzed by calculation in detail. Since the distribution of oxygen functionalities on GO sheets is polydisperse, fractiona... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Surface properties-It is also possible to modify the surface of graphene oxide to change its properties. Graphene oxide has unique surface properties which make it a very good surfactant material stabilizing various emulsion systems. Graphene oxide remains at the interface of the emulsions systems due to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Relation to water-Graphite oxides absorb moisture in proportion to humidity and swell in liquid water. The amount of water absorbed by graphite oxides depends on the particular synthesis method and shows a strong temperature dependence. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Relation to water-Brodie graphite oxide selectively absorbs methanol from water/methanol mixtures in a certain range of methanol concentrations.Membranes prepared from graphite oxides (recently more often called "graphene oxide" membranes) are vacuum tight and impermeable to nitrogen and oxygen, but are ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Optical nonlinearity Nonlinear optical materials are of great importance for ultrafast photonics and optoelectronics. Recently, the giant optical nonlinearities of graphene oxide (GO) has proven useful for a number of applications. For example, the optical limiting of GO is indispensable in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-One of the most intriguing and unique properties of GO is that its electrical and optical properties can be tuned dynamically by manipulating the content of oxygen-containing groups through either chemical or physical reduction methods. The tuning of the optical nonlinearities has been demon... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Graphene manufacture Graphite oxide has attracted much interest as a possible route for the large-scale production and manipulation of graphene, a material with extraordinary electronic properties. Graphite oxide itself is an insulator, almost a semiconductor, with differential conductivity ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Water purification Graphite oxides were studied for desalination of water using reverse osmosis beginning in the 1960s. In 2011 additional research was released.In 2013 Lockheed Martin announced their Perforene graphene filter. Lockheed claims the filter reduces the energy costs of reverse o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Coating Optically transparent, multilayer films made from graphene oxide are impermeable under dry conditions. Exposed to water (or water vapor), they allow passage of molecules below a certain size. The films consist of millions of randomly stacked flakes, leaving nano-sized capillaries bet... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Related materials Dispersed graphene oxide flakes can also be sifted out of the dispersion (as in paper manufacture) and pressed to make an exceedingly strong graphene oxide paper.Graphene oxide has been used in DNA analysis applications. The large planar surface of graphene oxide allows sim... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Flexible rechargeable battery electrode Graphene oxide has been demonstrated as a flexible free-standing battery anode material for room temperature lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. It is also being studied as a high surface area conducting agent in lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Graphene oxide lens The optical lens has been playing a critical role in almost all areas of science and technology since its invention about 3000 years ago. With the advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques, continued miniaturization of the conventional optical lenses has always be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Recently, the excellent properties of newly discovered graphene oxide provide novel solutions to overcome the challenges of current planar focusing devices. Specifically, giant refractive index modification (as large as 10^-1), which is one order of magnitude larger than the current material... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-As a result, a novel ultrathin planar lens on a GO thin film has been realized recently using the DLW method. The distinct advantage of the GO flat lens is that phase modulation and amplitude modulation can be achieved simultaneously, which are attributed to the giant refractive index modula... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 320 nm at the minimum focal spot using a 650 nm input beam has been demonstrated experimentally, which corresponding to the effective NA of 1.24 (n=1.5), the largest NA of current micro lenses. Furthermore, ultra-broadband focusing capability from 500... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphite oxide-Applications-Energy conversion Photocatalytic water splitting is an artificial photosynthesis process in which water is dissociated into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), using artificial or natural light. Methods such as photocatalytic water splitting are currently being investigated to produce hydrogen as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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