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Bus garage-Description-Often garages will feature rest rooms for drivers assigned to 'as required' duties, whereby they may be required to drive relief or replacement buses in the event of breakdown. The garage may also have 'light duties' drivers, who merely move the buses internally around the garage, often called sh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bus garage-United Kingdom-Several bus companies such as London Buses and Lothian Buses used to operate multiple storage garages around their operating area, supplemented by a central works facility. Central works have declined with increase in sub-contract engineering, and improvements in mechanical reliability of bus ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bus garage-United Kingdom-Bus garages will generally have large areas unobstructed by supporting columns as well as high roofs, especially for storage of double-decker buses. Recently in London, the transfer of routes from double-decker operation to articulated buses has caused problems at some garages that were found ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bus garage-United Kingdom-Some bus companies in the UK make use of outstations (or out-stations) as an additional bus storage facility. These are generally outdoor parking locations, where buses are stored overnight or between peaks, which are more conveniently located for operations, reducing dead mileage. There does ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bus garage-Largest-The largest bus depot in the world is Millennium Park Bus Depot In Delhi India, built for the Commonwealth Games in 2010. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Memorial bench-Memorial bench-A memorial bench, memorial seat or death bench is a piece of outdoor furniture which commemorates a dead person. Such benches are typically made of wood, but can also be made of metal, stone, or synthetic materials such as plastics. Typically memorial benches are placed in public places. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar eclipse of February 14, 1953-Solar eclipse of February 14, 1953-A partial solar eclipse occurred on February 14, 1953. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar eclipse of February 14, 1953-Related eclipses-Solar eclipses of 1950–1953 This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bok Prize-Bok Prize-The Bok Prize is awarded annually by the Astronomical Society of Australia and the Australian Academy of Science to recognise outstanding research in astronomy by honoring a student at an Australian university. The prize consists of the Bok Medal together with an award of $1000 and ASA membership fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bok Prize-History-The prize is named to commemorate the energetic work of Bart Bok in promoting the undergraduate and graduate study of astronomy in Australia, during his term (1957–1966) as Director of the Mount Stromlo Observatory. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Critical security parameter-Critical security parameter-In cryptography, a critical security parameter (CSP) is information that is either user or system defined and is used to operate a cryptography module in processing encryption functions including cryptographic keys and authentication data, such as passwords, the d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Potassium hydrosulfide-Potassium hydrosulfide-Potassium hydrosulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula KSH. This colourless salt consists of the cation K+ and the bisulfide anion [SH]−. It is the product of the half-neutralization of hydrogen sulfide with potassium hydroxide. The compound is used in the synthe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Potassium hydrosulfide-Potassium hydrosulfide-The structure of the potassium hydrosulfide resembles that for potassium chloride. Their structure is however complicated by the non-spherical symmetry of the SH− anions, but these tumble rapidly in the solid.Addition of sulfur gives dipotassium pentasulfide. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Potassium hydrosulfide-Synthesis-It is prepared by neutralizing aqueous KOH with H2S. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge integration-Knowledge integration-Knowledge integration is the process of synthesizing multiple knowledge models (or representations) into a common model (representation).
Compared to information integration, which involves merging information having different schemas and representation models, knowledge inte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge integration-Knowledge integration-Knowledge integration has also been studied as the process of incorporating new information into a body of existing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach. This process involves determining how the new information and the existing knowledge interact, how existing knowle... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge integration-Knowledge integration-A learning agent that actively investigates the consequences of new information can detect and exploit a variety of learning opportunities; e.g., to resolve knowledge conflicts and to fill knowledge gaps. By exploiting these learning opportunities the learning agent is able t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge integration-Knowledge integration-A possible technique which can be used is semantic matching. More recently, a technique useful to minimize the effort in mapping validation and visualization has been presented which is based on Minimal Mappings. Minimal mappings are high quality mappings such that i) all the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knowledge integration-Knowledge integration-The University of Waterloo operates a Bachelor of Knowledge Integration undergraduate degree program as an academic major or minor. The program started in 2008. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Specific heat capacity-In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol c) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat that must be added to one un... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Specific heat capacity-The specific heat capacity of a substance, especially a gas, may be significantly higher when it is allowed to expand as it is heated (specific heat capacity at constant pressure) than when it is heated in a closed vessel that prevents expansion (specific heat capacity at c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Specific heat capacity-The term specific heat may also refer to the ratio between the specific heat capacities of a substance at a given temperature and of a reference substance at a reference temperature, such as water at 15 °C; much in the fashion of specific gravity. Specific heat capacity is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Specific heat capacity-One of the first scientists to use the concept was Joseph Black, an 18th-century medical doctor and professor of medicine at Glasgow University. He measured the specific heat capacities of many substances, using the term capacity for heat. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Definition-The specific heat capacity of a substance, usually denoted by c or s, is the heat capacity C of a sample of the substance, divided by the mass M of the sample: where dQ represents the amount of heat needed to uniformly raise the temperature of the sample by a small increment dT Li... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Definition-These parameters are usually specified when giving the specific heat capacity of a substance. For example, "Water (liquid): cp = 4187 J⋅kg−1⋅K−1 (15 °C)" When not specified, published values of the specific heat capacity c generally are valid for some standard conditions for temperat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Definition-Specific heat capacity is an intensive property of a substance, an intrinsic characteristic that does not depend on the size or shape of the amount in consideration. (The qualifier "specific" in front of an extensive property often indicates an intensive property derived from it.) Vari... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Definition-On the other hand, if the expansion is prevented — for example by a sufficiently rigid enclosure, or by increasing the external pressure to counteract the internal one — no work is generated, and the heat energy that would have gone into it must instead contribute to the internal energ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Definition-Applicability The specific heat capacity can be defined and measured for gases, liquids, and solids of fairly general composition and molecular structure. These include gas mixtures, solutions and alloys, or heterogenous materials such as milk, sand, granite, and concrete, if considere... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Definition-The specific heat capacity can be defined also for materials that change state or composition as the temperature and pressure change, as long as the changes are reversible and gradual. Thus, for example, the concepts are definable for a gas or liquid that dissociates as the temperature... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Definition-The specific heat capacity is not meaningful if the substance undergoes irreversible chemical changes, or if there is a phase change, such as melting or boiling, at a sharp temperature within the range of temperatures spanned by the measurement. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Measurement-The specific heat capacity of a substance is typically determined according to the definition; namely, by measuring the heat capacity of a sample of the substance, usually with a calorimeter, and dividing by the sample's mass. Several techniques can be applied for estimating the heat ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Measurement-The specific heat capacities of gases can be measured at constant volume, by enclosing the sample in a rigid container. On the other hand, measuring the specific heat capacity at constant volume can be prohibitively difficult for liquids and solids, since one often would need impracti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Units-International system The SI unit for specific heat capacity is joule per kelvin per kilogram J/kg⋅K, J⋅K−1⋅kg−1. Since an increment of temperature of one degree Celsius is the same as an increment of one kelvin, that is the same as joule per degree Celsius per kilogram: J/(kg⋅°C). Sometimes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Units-The specific heat capacity of a substance (per unit of mass) has dimension L2⋅Θ−1⋅T−2, or (L/T)2/Θ. Therefore, the SI unit J⋅kg−1⋅K−1 is equivalent to metre squared per second squared per kelvin (m2⋅K−1⋅s−2). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Units-Imperial engineering units Professionals in construction, civil engineering, chemical engineering, and other technical disciplines, especially in the United States, may use English Engineering units including the pound (lb = 0.45359237 kg) as the unit of mass, the degree Fahrenheit or Ranki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Units-In those contexts, the unit of specific heat capacity is BTU/lb⋅°R, or 1 BTU/lb⋅°R = 4186.68J/kg⋅K. The BTU was originally defined so that the average specific heat capacity of water would be 1 BTU/lb⋅°F. Note the value's similarity to that of the calorie - 4187 J/kg⋅°C ≈ 4184 J/kg⋅°C (~.07... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Units-Calories In chemistry, heat amounts were often measured in calories. Confusingly, two units with that name, denoted "cal" or "Cal", have been commonly used to measure amounts of heat: the "small calorie" (or "gram-calorie", "cal") is 4.184 J, exactly. It was originally defined so that the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Units-The "grand calorie" (also "kilocalorie", "kilogram-calorie", or "food calorie"; "kcal" or "Cal") is 1000 small calories, that is, 4184 J, exactly. It was defined so that the specific heat capacity of water would be 1 Cal/(°C⋅kg).While these units are still used in some contexts (such as kil... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Physical basis-The temperature of a sample of a substance reflects the average kinetic energy of its constituent particles (atoms or molecules) relative to its center of mass. However, not all energy provided to a sample of a substance will go into raising its temperature, exemplified via the equ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Physical basis-Monatomic gases Quantum mechanics predicts that, at room temperature and ordinary pressures, an isolated atom in a gas cannot store any significant amount of energy except in the form of kinetic energy. Thus, heat capacity per mole is the same for all monatomic gases (such as the n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Physical basis-Therefore, the specific heat capacity (per unit of mass, not per mole) of a monatomic gas will be inversely proportional to its (adimensional) atomic weight A . That is, approximately, For the noble gases, from helium to xenon, these computed values are Polyatomic gases On the oth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Physical basis-These extra degrees of freedom or "modes" contribute to the specific heat capacity of the substance. Namely, when heat energy is injected into a gas with polyatomic molecules, only part of it will go into increasing their kinetic energy, and hence the temperature; the rest will go ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Physical basis-For example, the molar heat capacity of nitrogen N2 at constant volume is 20.6 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 (at 15 °C, 1 atm), which is 2.49 R . That is the value expected from theory if each molecule had 5 degrees of freedom. These turn out to be three degrees of the molecule's velocity vector, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Physical basis-This value for the specific heat capacity of nitrogen is practically constant from below −150 °C to about 300 °C. In that temperature range, the two additional degrees of freedom that correspond to vibrations of the atoms, stretching and compressing the bond, are still "frozen out"... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Relation between specific heat capacities Starting from the fundamental thermodynamic relation one can show, where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion, βT is the isothermal compressibility, and ρ is density.A derivation is discussed in the article Relations betw... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Specific heat capacity The specific heat capacity of a material on a per mass basis is which in the absence of phase transitions is equivalent to where C is the heat capacity of a body made of the material in question, m is the mass of the body, V is the volume of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Polytropic heat capacity The polytropic heat capacity is calculated at processes if all the thermodynamic properties (pressure, volume, temperature) change The most important polytropic processes run between the adiabatic and the isotherm functions, the polytropic ind... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Read more about the quantities of dimension one at BIPM In the Ideal gas article, dimensionless heat capacity C∗ is expressed as c^ Heat capacity at absolute zero From the definition of entropy the absolute entropy can be calculated by integrating from zero kelvins ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Solid phase The theoretical maximum heat capacity for larger and larger multi-atomic gases at higher temperatures, also approaches the Dulong–Petit limit of 3R, so long as this is calculated per mole of atoms, not molecules. The reason is that gases with very large mo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-The Dulong–Petit limit results from the equipartition theorem, and as such is only valid in the classical limit of a microstate continuum, which is a high temperature limit. For light and non-metallic elements, as well as most of the common molecular solids based on c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-For a more modern and precise analysis of the heat capacities of solids, especially at low temperatures, it is useful to use the idea of phonons. See Debye model. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Theoretical estimation The path integral Monte Carlo method is a numerical approach for determining the values of heat capacity, based on quantum dynamical principles. However, good approximations can be made for gases in many states using simpler methods outlined bel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Water (liquid): CP = 4185.5 J⋅K−1⋅kg−1 (15 °C, 101.325 kPa) Water (liquid): CVH = 74.539 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 (25 °C)For liquids and gases, it is important to know the pressure to which given heat capacity data refer. Most published data are given for standard pressure. Howeve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Calculation from first principles The path integral Monte Carlo method is a numerical approach for determining the values of heat capacity, based on quantum dynamical principles. However, good approximations can be made for gases in many states using simpler methods o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Relation between heat capacities Measuring the specific heat capacity at constant volume can be prohibitively difficult for liquids and solids. That is, small temperature changes typically require large pressures to maintain a liquid or solid at constant volume, imply... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-The heat capacity ratio, or adiabatic index, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to heat capacity at constant volume. It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Ideal gas For an ideal gas, evaluating the partial derivatives above according to the equation of state, where R is the gas constant, for an ideal gas Substituting this equation reduces simply to Mayer's relation: The differences in heat capacities as defined by the a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Specific heat capacity The specific heat capacity of a material on a per mass basis is which in the absence of phase transitions is equivalent to where C is the heat capacity of a body made of the material in question, m is the mass of the body, V is the volume of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Polytropic heat capacity The polytropic heat capacity is calculated at processes if all the thermodynamic properties (pressure, volume, temperature) change: The most important polytropic processes run between the adiabatic and the isotherm functions, the polytropic in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-Dimensionless heat capacity The dimensionless heat capacity of a material is where C is the heat capacity of a body made of the material in question (J/K), n is the amount of substance in the body (mol), R is the gas constant (J/(K⋅mol)), N is the number of molecules ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Derivations of heat capacity-More generally, the dimensionless heat capacity relates the logarithmic increase in temperature to the increase in the dimensionless entropy per particle S∗=S/NkB , measured in nats.
Alternatively, using base-2 logarithms, C∗ relates the base-2 logarithmic increase ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-In theory, the specific heat capacity of a substance can also be derived from its abstract thermodynamic modeling by an equation of state and an internal energy function. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-State of matter in a homogeneous sample To apply the theory, one considers the sample of the substance (solid, liquid, or gas) for which the specific heat capacity can be defined; in particular, that it has homogeneous composition and fixed mass M . Assume that the evolu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-The state of the material can then be specified by three parameters: its temperature T , the pressure P , and its specific volume ν=V/M , where V is the volume of the sample. (This quantity is the reciprocal 1/ρ of the material's density ρ=M/V .) Like T and P , th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-Those variables are not independent. The allowed states are defined by an equation of state relating those three variables: 0. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-The function F depends on the material under consideration. The specific internal energy stored internally in the sample, per unit of mass, will then be another function U(T,P,ν) of these state variables, that is also specific of the material. The total internal energy ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-Conservation of energy The absolute value of this quantity is undefined, and (for the purposes of thermodynamics) the state of "zero internal energy" can be chosen arbitrarily. However, by the law of conservation of energy, any infinitesimal increase MdU in the total int... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-For the heat capacity at constant pressure, it is useful to define the specific enthalpy of the system as the sum h(T,P,ν)=U(T,P,ν)+Pν . An infinitesimal change in the specific enthalpy will then be therefore If the pressure is kept constant, the second term on the left-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-Connection to equation of state In general, the infinitesimal quantities dT,dP,dV,dU are constrained by the equation of state and the specific internal energy function. Namely, Here (∂F/∂T)(T,P,V) denotes the (partial) derivative of the state equation F with respect to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-This analysis also holds no matter how the energy increment dQ is injected into the sample, namely by heat conduction, irradiation, electromagnetic induction, radioactive decay, etc. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-Relation between heat capacities For any specific volume ν , denote pν(T) the function that describes how the pressure varies with the temperature T , as allowed by the equation of state, when the specific volume of the material is forcefully kept constant at ν . Anal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-Then, from the fundamental thermodynamic relation it follows that This equation can be rewritten as where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion, βT is the isothermal compressibility,both depending on the state (T,P,ν) The heat capacity ratio, or adiabatic index, is t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-Calculation from first principles The path integral Monte Carlo method is a numerical approach for determining the values of heat capacity, based on quantum dynamical principles. However, good approximations can be made for gases in many states using simpler methods outli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Specific heat capacity-Thermodynamic derivation-Ideal gas For an ideal gas, evaluating the partial derivatives above according to the equation of state, where R is the gas constant, for an ideal gas PV=nRT,CP−CV=T(∂P∂T)V,n(∂V∂T)P,n,P=nRTV⇒(∂P∂T)V,n=nRV,V=nRTP⇒(∂V∂T)P,n=nRP.
Substituting this equation reduces simply to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ChemCatChem-ChemCatChem-ChemCatChem is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering heterogeneous, homogeneous, and biocatalysis. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.497. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-Coombs' method-Coombs' method or the Coombs rule is a ranked voting system which uses a ballot counting method for ranked voting created by Clyde Coombs. The Coombs' method is the application of Coombs rule to single-winner elections, similarly to instant-runoff voting, it uses candidate elimination and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-Procedures-Each voter rank-orders all of the candidates on their ballot. If at any time one candidate is ranked first (among non-eliminated candidates) by an absolute majority of the voters, that candidate wins. Otherwise, the candidate ranked last (again among non-eliminated candidates) by the largest n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-Procedures-In some sources, the elimination proceeds regardless of whether any candidate is ranked first by a majority of voters, and the last candidate to be eliminated is the winner. This variant of the method can result in a different winner than the former one (unlike in instant-runoff voting, where ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-An example-Imagine that Tennessee is having an election on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state. For this example, suppose that the entire electorate lives in these four cities and that everyone wants ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-An example-The candidates for the capital are: Memphis, the state's largest city, with 42% of the voters, but located far from the other cities Nashville, with 26% of the voters, near the center of the state Knoxville, with 17% of the voters Chattanooga, with 15% of the votersThe preferences of the voter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-An example-Memphis, having the most last-place votes (26+15+17=58), is therefore eliminated.
In the second round, Memphis is out of the running, and so must be factored out. Memphis was ranked first on Group A's ballots, so the second choice of Group A, Nashville, gets an additional 42 first-place votes,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-Use-The voting rounds used in the reality television program Survivor could be considered a variation of Coombs' method, with sequential voting rounds. Everyone votes for one candidate they support for elimination each round, and the candidate with a plurality of that vote is eliminated. A strategy diffe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coombs' method-Potential for strategic voting-The Coombs' method is vulnerable to three tactical voting strategies: compromising, push-over, and teaming. Coombs is sensitive to incomplete ballots, and how voters fill in the bottom of their ballots makes a big difference. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wechsler Memory Scale-Wechsler Memory Scale-The Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) is a neuropsychological test designed to measure different memory functions in a person. Anyone ages 16 to 90 is eligible to take this test. The current version is the fourth edition (WMS-IV) which was published in 2009 and which was designed t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wechsler Memory Scale-History-The original WMS was published by The Psychological Corporation (later acquired by Pearson), first in 1945, with revisions in 1987, 1997, and 2009.The WMS-IV was normed with the WAIS-IV in the United States. This resulted in a representative normative sample of 1,400 adults (between the ag... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C3-Benzenes-C3-Benzenes-The C3-benzenes are a class of organic aromatic compounds which contain a benzene ring and three other carbon atoms.
For the hydrocarbons with no further unsaturation, there are four isomers. The chemical formula for all the saturated isomers is C9H12.
There are three trimethylbenzenes, three et... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C3-Benzenes-Other-Saturated 1,2-Ethylmethylbenzene 1,3-Ethylmethylbenzene 1,4-Ethylmethylbenzene Cumene n-Propylbenzene Unsaturated trans-Propenylbenzene 4-Vinyltoluene | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Operational definition-An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct. In the words of American psychologist S.S. Stevens (1935), "An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept." For example, an operational... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Overview-An operational definition is designed to model or represent a concept or theoretical definition, also known as a construct. Scientists should describe the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) that define the concept with enough specificity such that other investigators can repl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Overview-A cake can be operationally defined by a cake recipe. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-Despite the controversial philosophical origins of the concept, particularly its close association with logical positivism, operational definitions have undisputed practical applications. This is especially so in the social and medical sciences, where operational definitions of key te... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-Philosophy The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on scientific realism, written by Richard Boyd, indicates that the modern concept owes its origin in part to Percy Williams Bridgman, who felt that the expression of scientific concepts was often abstract and unclear. Inspired b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-Science The special theory of relativity can be viewed as the introduction of operational definitions for simultaneity of events and of distance, that is, as providing the operations needed to define these terms.In quantum mechanics the notion of operational definitions is closely rel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-Business On October 15, 1970, the West Gate Bridge in Melbourne, Australia collapsed, killing 35 construction workers. The subsequent enquiry found that the failure arose because engineers had specified the supply of a quantity of flat steel plate. The word flat in this context lacked... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-In his managerial and statistical writings, W. Edwards Deming placed great importance on the value of using operational definitions in all agreements in business. As he said: "An operational definition is a procedure agreed upon for translation of a concept into measurement of some ki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-In computing Science uses computing. Computing uses science. We have seen the development of computer science. There are not many who can bridge all three of these. One effect is that, when results are obtained using a computer, the results can be impossible to replicate if the code i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-Some knowledge-based engineering projects experienced similarly that there is a trade-off between trying to teach programming to a domain expert versus getting a programmer to understand the intricacies of a domain. That, of course, depends upon the domain. In short, any team member h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-The International Society for Technology in Education has a brochure detailing an "operational definition" of computational thinking. At the same time, the ISTE made an attempt at defining related skills.A recognized skill is tolerance for ambiguity and being able to handle open-ended... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-In advanced modeling, with the requisite computational support such as knowledge-based engineering, mappings must be maintained between a real-world object, its abstracted counterparts as defined by the domain and its experts, and the computer models. Mismatches between domain models ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Operational definition-Application-In arguing for an object-based methodology, Peter Wegner suggested that "positivist scientific philosophies, such as operationalism in physics and behaviorism in psychology" were powerfully applied in the early part of the 20th century. However, computation has changed the landscape. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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