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Market engineering-Process-Implementation In this stage, the thoroughly evaluated design is realized and implemented as a software system. The market system can either be implemented from scratch or the prototype developed in the evaluation stage can be enhanced in an evolutionary process. This phase is supported by t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Market engineering-Process-Introduction In the last stage of the process, the electronic market is introduced. The introduction of the electronic market initiates its operation cycle. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Market engineering-Computer-aided market engineering-The Computer-Aided Market Engineering (CAME) tool suite meet2trade showcases a service engineering approach to the development of electronic markets as a service offering (Weinhardt et al. 2006, Neumann et al. 2005). For e-markets, the market operator—as service prov... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Market engineering-Computer-aided market engineering-The CAME tool suite provides a conceptual framework for designing e-markets, a process model to guide the design, and methods and tools supporting these design steps. These tasks are inherently interdisciplinary. The strategic task of defining the segment, in which t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Market engineering-Computer-aided market engineering-The CAME approach extends state-of-the-art methods, as it tackles all problems associated with the design of e-markets holistically. For example, Knowledge-based Auction Design Support (KADS) enables the market operator to decide on the principal auction format. Auct... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Market engineering-Computer-aided market engineering-This research work focuses on how to design and operate market services, how to gain knowledge for this task, and how to provide this knowledge to those who need to set up auctions, exchanges, or e-procurement platforms. CAME epitomizes an SSME approach and meet2trad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Market engineering-Literature-Kolitz, K. and C. Weinhardt (2006). MES - Ein Experimentalsystem zur Untersuchung elektronischer Märkte. MKWI 2006, Passau, Germany.
Neumann, D. (2004). Market Engineering - A Structured Design Process for Electronic Markets. Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Karlsruhe, Universität K... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rotavirus cis-acting replication element-Rotavirus cis-acting replication element-This family represents a rotavirus cis-acting replication element (CRE) found at the 3'-end of rotavirus mRNAs. The family is thought to promote the synthesis of minus strand RNA to form viral dsRNA. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pokémon DS-Pokémon DS-Pokémon DS may refer to these video games in the Pokémon series for Nintendo DS. It is widely accepted as the peak of Pokémon.
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Pokémon Platinum Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver Pokémon Black and White Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 Pokémon Ranger Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Geometric complexity theory-Geometric complexity theory-Geometric complexity theory (GCT), is a research program in computational complexity theory proposed by Ketan Mulmuley and Milind Sohoni. The goal of the program is to answer the most famous open problem in computer science – whether P = NP – by showing that the c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Geometric complexity theory-Geometric complexity theory-The idea behind the approach is to adopt and develop advanced tools in algebraic geometry and representation theory (i.e., geometric invariant theory) to prove lower bounds for problems. Currently the main focus of the program is on algebraic complexity classes. P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Geometric complexity theory-Geometric complexity theory-The approach is considered by some to be the only viable currently active program to separate P from NP. However, Ketan Mulmuley believes the program, if viable, is likely to take about 100 years before it can settle the P vs. NP problem.The program is pursued by ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conservation biology of parasites-Conservation biology of parasites-A large proportion of living species on Earth live a parasitic way of life. Parasites have traditionally been seen as targets of eradication efforts, and they have often been overlooked in conservation efforts. In the case of parasites living in the wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conservation biology of parasites-Conservation biology of parasites-The rationale for parasite conservation extends beyond their intrinsic value and ecological roles. Parasites offer potential benefits to human health and well-being. Many parasites produce bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical properties, which can b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conservation biology of parasites-Parasite role in ecosystems-Ranging from microscopic pathogens to larger organisms such as worms and arthropods, parasites exhibit remarkable diversity in their life cycles, transmission strategies, and host relationships. They can be found in virtually every ecosystem on Earth, includ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conservation biology of parasites-Conservation approaches-Conservation approaches for animal parasites encompass a range of strategies tailored to their unique characteristics and conservation requirements. Assessing the conservation status of parasites poses challenges, as traditional criteria such as those developed ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conservation biology of parasites-Endangered parasite species-A note published in 1990 pointed out that the captive breeding and reintroduction program to save the black-footed ferret would cause the loss of its specific parasites and demanded "equal rights for parasites". A paper in 1992 warned that not only the loss ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conservation biology of parasites-Examples of parasite conservation-The list below follows that of Mey (2005) Acutifrons caracarensis parasite of the extinct Guadalupe caracara (Caracara lutosa), Guadalupe Island, Mexico; Longimenopon dominicanum parasite of the extinct Guadalupe storm petrel, Oceanodroma macrodactyla,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equalization (communications)-Equalization (communications)-In telecommunication, equalization is the reversal of distortion incurred by a signal transmitted through a channel. Equalizers are used to render the frequency response—for instance of a telephone line—flat from end-to-end. When a channel has been equalized t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equalization (communications)-Equalization (communications)-Equalizers are critical to the successful operation of electronic systems such as analog broadcast television. In this application the actual waveform of the transmitted signal must be preserved, not just its frequency content. Equalizing filters must cancel o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equalization (communications)-Analog telecommunications-Audio lines Early telephone systems used equalization to correct for the reduced level of high frequencies in long cables, typically using Zobel networks. These kinds of equalizers can also be used to produce a circuit with a wider bandwidth than the standard tele... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equalization (communications)-Analog telecommunications-Television lines A similar approach to audio was taken with television landlines with two important additional complications. The first of these is that the television signal is a wide bandwidth covering many more octaves than an audio signal. A television equaliz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equalization (communications)-Analog telecommunications-The second issue is that phase equalization is essential for an analog television signal. Without it dispersion causes the loss of integrity of the original wave-shape and is seen as smearing of what were originally sharp edges in the picture.
Analog equalizer typ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equalization (communications)-Digital telecommunications-Modern digital telephone systems have less trouble in the voice frequency range as only the local line to the subscriber now remains in analog format, but DSL circuits operating in the MHz range on those same wires may suffer severe attenuation distortion, which ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equalization (communications)-Digital telecommunications-In digital communications, the equalizer's purpose is to reduce intersymbol interference to allow recovery of the transmit symbols. It may be a simple linear filter or a complex algorithm.
Digital equalizer types Linear equalizer: processes the incoming signal wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed code-A superimposed code such as Zatocoding is a kind of hash code that was popular in marginal punched-card systems. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Marginal punched-card systems-Many names, some of them trademarked, have been used for marginal punched-card systems: edge-notched cards, slotted cards, E-Z Sort, Zatocards, McBee, McBee Keysort, Flexisort, Velom, Rocket, etc.
The center of each card held the relevant information—typically the name an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Marginal punched-card systems-The user would find the particular cards relevant to a search by aligning the holes in the set of cards (using a card holder or card tray), inserting one or more knitting-needle-like rods all the way through the stack, so the desired cards (which had been notched or cut o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Marginal punched-card systems-A user could repeat this selection many times to form a complex Boolean searching query.
A card that was relevant to 2 or more subjects would have the slot(s) for each of those subjects cut out, so that card would drop out when either one or the other or both subjects was... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Marginal punched-card systems-The "superimposed code" coding systems, such as Zatocoding, saved space by entering several or all subjects in the same field; such a "superimposed code" stores much more information in less space, but at the cost of occasional "false" selections.Once you have a collectio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Marginal punched-card systems-Naturally, this also requires a separate list of every subject used in the collection that indicates which hole is punched for each subject.
Unfortunately, there may be thousands of distinct subjects in the collection, and it is impractical to punch thousands of holes in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-The Zatocoding system of information retrieval was developed by Calvin Mooers in 1947.Calvin Mooers invented Zatocoding at M.I.T., a mechanical information retrieval system based on superimposed codes, and formed the Zator Company in 1947 to commercialize its applications. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-The particular superimposed code used in that system is called Zatocoding, while the marginal-punched card information retrieval system as a whole is called "Zator".Setting up a superimposed code for a particular library goes something like this: Going through every card in the inde... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-The librarian looks at the physical edge-notched card, and notes the number of holes N in each card. (If N >= R, then we could use the "obvious way" mentioned above—the whole point of Zatocoding is that it works even when N is much less than R). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-The librarian chooses some number n of slots per subject—typically n=N(1−2−1r) On the list of all R subjects, for each subject write down which holes will be slotted for that subject. Rather than slotting one hole per subject in "the obvious way", a superimposed code will slot n ho... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-When a new book comes in, make a new card for it: Get a blank card with the standard N holes in it and write down the name of the book, etc. in the middle.
Write down the subjects covered by the book on the card.
For each of the top r subjects, look up that subject in the big list, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-When the card is finished, it may have up to r*n slots cut into it—but more likely at least some of the subject slot patterns overlapped, resulting in only v < r*n slots.Later, when we need to find books on some particular subject, we look up that subject in our list of all R subjec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-All of the cards that have been cut with that pattern will fall out.
It is possible that a few other, undesired cards may also fall out—cards who have several subjects whose hole patterns overlap in such a way as to mimic the desired pattern. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-The probability F of some undesired card with v slots cut in it falling through when we select some pattern of n needles is approximately F=(vN)n Most systems have a N large enough and r small enough such that, v < N/2 (i.e., the card is less than half-punched), so that probability... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Superimposed code-Superimposed codes-(Several variations of Zatocoding were developed. Bourne describes a variant "for newer retrieval systems that require high performance of the superimposed coding system", using an approach Mooers published in 1959.) Zatocoding Setting up a Zatocode for a particular list of R subjec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Archives of Toxicology-Archives of Toxicology-Archives of Toxicology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of toxicology. It was established in 1930 as Sammlung von Vergiftungsfällen, renamed in 1954 into Archiv für Toxikologie and obtained its current title in 1974. The journal is published by Spring... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Archives of Toxicology-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.153. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Neuromuscular therapy-Neuromuscular therapy-Neuromuscular Therapy (NMT) is an approach to soft tissue manual therapy. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of many conditions, although not all pathologies have shown treatment effects which persist over time. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sodium gluconate-Sodium gluconate-Sodium gluconate is a compound with formula NaC6H11O7. It is the sodium salt of gluconic acid. Its E number is E576. Sodium gluconate is widely used in textile dyeing, printing and metal surface water treatment. It is also used as a chelating agent, a steel surface cleaning agent, a cl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lob wedge-Lob wedge-A lob wedge, also known as a lofted wedge or an L-Wedge, is a wedge used in the sport of golf, known for being one of the shortest-hitting clubs and providing the most loft on a shot. Lob wedges are used to produce shots with a very high arc, and are most often used for shots over hazards and other ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lob wedge-Design-Lob wedges are part of the iron family of golf clubs and are designed for short, high arc shots. Lob wedges and ultra lob wedges are designed with the shortest shafts and the highest loft of all golf clubs. Regular lob wedges may come in a variety of lofts, usually starting around 56 degrees and approa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lob wedge-Use-Lob wedges can be used for a variety of shots including pitch and runs and pitching over an obstacle, particularly shots requiring a very high arc, a large amount of backspin or both. Pitching over an obstacle is used in situations where a hazard of some sort, usually a water hazard, bunker or tree, is lo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lob wedge-History-Traditional sets of golf irons did not always include the lob wedge. Before 1931, golfers used a single wedge, known as a "jigger", similar to the modern day pitching wedge. After 1931, additional wedges entered the golf bag starting with the sand wedge. The lob wedge was first envisioned by Dave Pelz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HTC Desire 510-HTC Desire 510-The HTC Desire 510 is a mid-range Android smartphone released by HTC in 2014. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HTC Desire 510-HTC Desire 510-The phone received mixed reviews. Eugene Kim of PC Magazine noted that despite having a 64-bit processor, the phone "under-delivers on most other fronts". Matt Hanson of TechRadar noted the phone's 4G connectivity and low price, but also that the phone made budget compromises on its intern... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Heinz Werner's orthogenetic principle-Heinz Werner's orthogenetic principle-Heinz Werner's orthogenetic principle is a foundation for current theories of developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology. Initially proposed in 1940, it was formulated in 1957 and states that "wherever development occurs it proc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Heinz Werner's orthogenetic principle-Heinz Werner's orthogenetic principle-In contrast to stage theories of development such as Sigmund Freud's description of psychosexual development that posited a particular sequence of behavior, Werner's principle provides a direction for development that can be applied to any beha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup language-A user interface markup language is a markup language that renders and describes graphical user interfaces and controls. Many of these markup languages are dialects of XML and are dependent upon a pre-existing scripting language engine, usually a JavaScript ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup language-The concept of the user interface markup languages is primarily based upon the desire to prevent the "re-invention of the wheel" in the design, development and function of a user interface; such re-invention comes in the form of coding a script for the entir... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup language-User interface markup languages, like most markup and programming languages, rely upon sub-application runtimes to interpret and render the markup code as program code that can be processed and put out in the desired form. In XML-based user interface markup ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-XFD XFD, which stands for XML Form Definition is the user interface markup language behind STARLIMS product ([1]), developed by Abbott Informatics. STARLIMS product has an entire ecosystem of runtime and design time tools to run and create visual forms usin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-QML QML is a cross-platform markup language for creating hardware-accelerated OpenGL-powered user interfaces for devices ranging from mobile to desktop. QML interfaces are manipulated using the JavaScript language. QML is part of the Qt software framework. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-MXML MXML is the XML-based user interface markup language introduced by Macromedia in March 2004. It is now part of the Open Source (http://opensource.adobe.com) Adobe Flex SDK version 4. MXML files compile into Flash SWF via the Flex SDK, and are rendered ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-UIML OASIS UIML is an XML-based standard user interface markup languages. It is an open standard where implementation is not restricted to a single vendor.
XUL The primary interface language of Mozilla Foundation products is XUL. XUL documents are rendered ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-UsiXML UsiXML (which stands for User Interface Extensible Markup Language) is an XML-compliant markup language that describes the UI for multiple contexts of use such as Character User Interfaces (CUIs), Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), Auditory User Inter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-WTKX WTKX is an XML-based markup language used for building Apache Pivot applications. Though it is most commonly used for defining the structure of an application's user interface, it can be used to declaratively construct any type of Java object hierarchy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-SVG Scalable Vector Graphics is a markup language for graphics proposed by the W3C that can support rich graphics for web and mobile applications. While SVG is not a user interface language, it includes support for vector/raster graphics, animation, interac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-SVG can also be superimposed upon another XML-compatible user interface markup language, such as XUL and XForms, as the graphics-rich portion of a user interface.
TUIX TUIX is an XML based markup language for defining user interfaces in Tribiq CMS. Develope... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-XAML XAML is a markup system that underlies user interface components of Microsoft's .NET Framework 3.0 and above. Its scope is more ambitious than that of most user interface markup languages, since program logic and styles are also embedded in the XAML do... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-Some people are critical of this design, as many standards (such as those already listed) exist for doing these things. However, it is expected to be developed with a visual tool where developers do not even need to understand the underlying markups.
I3ML I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-OpenLaszlo (LZX) OpenLaszlo is a runtime environment that comprises a runtime environment and an interface definition language (Laszlo XML - LZX). LZX is a declarative user interface language which defines the widgets, application layout and scripting eleme... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-HMVCUL Hierarchical Model View Controller User Interface Language (HMVCUL) is an XML markup user interface language which supports the creation and chaining of atomic MVC triad components used in constructing HMVC GUI applications. The associated runtime pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-WasabiXML WasabiXML is an XML markup language that is used to define the graphical interface in Wasabi powered applications. It is most commonly used with Winamp for making Winamp skins. WasabiXML had been developed by Nullsoft for Winamp, but it is also us... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-The root element in WasabiXML is <WasabiXML> (for Winamp skins, it is also <WinampAbstractionLayer>). The <skininfo> element shows the information for a skin. The graphical interface is held by the <container> element and the basic viewable GUI element is <... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
User interface markup language-User interface markup languages-WasabiXML has an XML namespace 'Wasabi::' which defines common GUI's without having the need to declare their image paths.
MARIA MARIA is a universal, declarative, multiple abstraction level, XML-based language for modelling interactive applications in ubiq... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Holt-Dern process-Holt-Dern process-The Holt-Dern process is a method by which silver and gold can be extracted from low-grade ores.The method was applied in mining at Park City, Utah and in the Tintic Mining District at the Tintic Smelter Site. It was named for George Dern and T.P. Holt. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HIST2H3C-HIST2H3C-Histone H3.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST2H3C gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HIST2H3C-Function-Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. This structure consists of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a nucleosome, an octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HIST2H3C-Interactions-HIST2H3C has been shown to interact with NCOA6. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bromargyrite-Bromargyrite-Bromyrite or bromargyrite is a natural mineral form of silver bromide found mainly in Mexico and Chile. Hardness is 1.5 to 2. Related are chlorargyrite and iodyrite.
It was first described in 1859 for an occurrence in Plateros, Zacatecas, Mexico where it occurred in a silver deposit as an oxid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Functional electrical stimulation-Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system. More specifically, FES can be used... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-Neurons are electrically active cells. In neurons, information is coded and transmitted as a series of electrical impulses called action potentials, which represent a brief change in cell electric potential of approximately 80–90 mV. Nerve signals are frequency modulated; i.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-The electrical charge can stimulate both motor and sensory nerves. In some applications, the nerves are stimulated to generate localized muscle activity, i.e., the stimulation is aimed at generating direct muscle contraction. In other applications, stimulation is used to act... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-When a nerve is stimulated, i.e., when sufficient electrical charge is provided to a nerve cell, a localized depolarization of the cell wall occurs resulting in an action potential that propagates toward both ends of the axon. Typically, one "wave" of action potentials will ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-In the case where sensory nerves are stimulated, the reflex arcs are triggered by the stimulation on sensory nerve axons at specific peripheral sites. One example of such a reflex is the flexor withdrawal reflex. The flexor withdrawal reflex occurs naturally when a sudden, p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-Nerves can be stimulated using either surface (transcutaneous) or subcutaneous (percutaneous or implanted) electrodes. The surface electrodes are placed on the skin surface above the nerve or muscle that needs to be "activated". They are noninvasive, easy to apply, and gener... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-(This statement is correct for all commercially available stimulators except MyndMove stimulator (developed my Milos R. Popovic), which has implemented a new stimulation pulse that allows the stimulator to generate muscle contractions without causing discomfort during stimul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-The other class of subcutaneous electrodes is implanted electrodes. These are permanently implanted in the consumer's body and remain in the body for the remainder of the consumer's life. Compared to surface stimulation electrodes, implanted and percutaneous electrodes poten... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Principles-Typical stimulation protocols used in clinical FES involves trains of electric pulses. Biphasic, charged balanced pulses are employed as they improve the safety of electrical stimulation and minimize some of the adverse effects. Pulse duration, pulse amplitude and pulse freq... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-History-Electrical stimulation had been utilized as far back as ancient Egypt, when it was believed that placing torpedo fish in a pool of water with a human was therapeutic. FES - which involves stimulating the target organ during a functional movement (e.g., walking, reaching for an ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-History-The first commercially available FES devices treated foot drop by stimulating the peroneal nerve during gait. In this case, a switch, located in the heel end of a user's shoe, would activate a stimulator worn by the user. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Spinal cord injury Injuries to the spinal cord interfere with electrical signals between the brain and the muscles, resulting in paralysis below the level of injury. Restoration of limb function as well as regulation of organ function are the main application of FES... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Walking in spinal cord injury Kralj and his colleagues described a technique for paraplegic gait using surface stimulation, which remains the most popular method in use today. Electrodes are placed over the quadriceps muscles and peroneal nerves bilaterally. The use... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-The Parastep's digital design allows a considerable reduction in rate of patient-fatigue by drastically reducing of stimulation pulse-width (100–140 microseconds) and pulse-rate (12–24 per sec.), to result, in walking times of 20–60 minutes and average walking dista... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Stroke and upper limb recovery In the acute stage of stroke recovery, the use of cyclic electrical stimulation has been seen to increase the isometric strength of wrist extensors. In order to increase strength of wrist extensors, there must be a degree of motor func... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Patients with hemiplegia following a stroke commonly experience shoulder pain and subluxation; both of which will interfere with the rehabilitation process. Functional electrical stimulation has been found to be effective for the management of pain and reduction of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Drop foot Drop foot is a common symptom in hemiplegia, characterized by a lack of dorsiflexion during the swing phase of gait, resulting in short, shuffling strides. It has been shown that FES can be used to effectively compensate for the drop foot during the swing ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-The term "orthotic effect" can be used to describe the immediate improvement in function observed when the individual switches on their FES device compared to unassisted walking. This improvement disappears as soon as the person switches off their FES device. In con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Stroke Hemiparetic stroke patients, who are impacted by the denervation, muscular atrophy, and spasticity, typically experience an abnormal gait pattern due to muscular weakness and the incapacity to voluntary contract certain ankle and hip muscles at the appropriat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Multiple sclerosis FES has also been found to be useful for treating foot drop in people with multiple sclerosis. The first use was reported in 1977 by Carnstam et al., who found that it was possible to generate strength increases through using peroneal stimulation.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-With NMES treatment there were measurable gains in ambulatory function.However, a further large observational study (n=187) was supportive of previous findings and found a significant improvement in orthotic effect for walking speed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-Cerebral palsy FES has been found to be useful for treating the symptoms of cerebral palsy. A recent randomised controlled trial (n=32) found significant orthotic and training effects for children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Improvements were found in ga... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-Common applications-National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines (NICE) (UK) NICE have issued full guidelines on the treatment of drop foot of central neurological origin (IPG278). NICE have stated that "current evidence on the safety and efficacy (in terms of improving... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional electrical stimulation-In popular culture-Mark Coggins' novel No Hard Feelings (2015) features a female protagonist with a spinal cord injury who regains mobility via advanced FES technology developed by a fictional biomedical startup. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gestonorone acetate-Gestonorone acetate-Gestonorone acetate, or gestronol acetate, also known as norhydroxyprogesterone acetate, is a progestin of the 19-norprogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone groups which was developed in the early 1960s but was never marketed. It is the C17α acetate ester of gestronol (17α-hydro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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