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4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain-4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain-4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A2 (solute carrier family 3 member 2) gene.SLC3A2 comprises the heavy subunit of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) that is also known as CD98 (cl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain-Function-SLC3A2 is a member of the solute carrier family and encodes a cell surface, transmembrane protein with an alpha-amylase domain. The protein exists as the heavy chain of a heterodimer, covalently bound through di-sulfide bonds to one of several possible light chains. It asso... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain-Interactions-SLC3A2 has been shown to interact with SLC7A7.Additionally, SLC3A2 is a constituent member of the system xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter, complexing with SLC7A11. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Headstarting-Headstarting-Headstarting is a conservation technique for endangered species, in which young animals are raised artificially and subsequently released into the wild. The technique allows a greater proportion of the young to reach independence, without predation or loss to other natural causes.For endangere... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Eul-yong Ta-Eul-yong Ta (Korean: 을용타; Hanja: 乙容打) is a South Korean internet phenomenon used to describe the incident when South Korean footballer Lee Eul-yong slapped Chinese forward Li Yi in the back of his head in a match against China in December 2003, or to describe the slap itself. The incident led to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Background-Koreaphobia "Koreaphobia" (공한증) has been coined by Chinese journalists to describe expectation of China losing against Korea. The Korea Republic national football team went head-to-head against the Chinese team 26 times as of 2006. The results of the match were 15 wins and 11 draws. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Background-Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea The Korean media has said that the popularity of Eul-yong Ta is a result of anger over Chinese-Korean geographical disputes. Prior to the time of the match, South Korea had been involved in geographical disputes with China regarding Goguryeo, Jiandao, and Northeast... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Background-The match The two countries faced each other during the East Asian Cup 2003. During the match, South Korea was winning by one point after the first half, as Yoo Sang-Chul headed the ball passed by Lee. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Background-In the second half of the game, Chinese forward Li Yi deliberately kicked Lee's right shin after Lee completed a pass. Having recovered from a recent ankle injury, Lee was upset at Li's foul play and slapped Li on the back of his head, thereafter which Li Yi started to roll on the ground grabbing... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Reaction and influence-When Lee received a red card for violence, the Korean media accused Li Yi of "Hollywood action." At the same time, the media described Lee's expression in the picture as "proud" and "remorseless." The picture of Li Yi painfully clasping his head in front of Lee who is casting an angry... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Reaction and influence-Korean websites, especially DC Inside known for high-level digital image editing and digital photography, began to photoshop and produce numerous parodies to ridicule the incident. Initially, the photoshopped works showed Lee holding a hammer or a chainsaw. Photoshopped works of the K... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Reaction and influence-Eul-yong Ta has been used to portray anti-Chinese sentiments and other social and political issues of South Korea such as strained relations between Korea and Japan. Eul-yong Ta became popular once again when South Korean gymnast Yang Tae Young lost to Paul Hamm in 2004 Summer Olympic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eul-yong Ta-Reaction and influence-Lee's reaction Lee Eul-yong had seen the parodies of Eul-yong Ta "just once." He regrets the incident and has said that he should have controlled his temper as a veteran on the field. To a question asking him whether he was offended, he responded that he was not offended by the parodi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nasal palatal approximant-Nasal palatal approximant-The nasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j̃⟩, that is, a j with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j~, and in the Americanist phone... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nasal palatal approximant-Features-Features of the nasal palatal approximant: Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articula... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nasal palatal approximant-Occurrence-[j̃], written ny, is a common realization of /j/ before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Yoruba, Ewe and Bini languages. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology-Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology-The Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It was established in 1882 as the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry by The Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.174. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MDGRAPE-4-MDGRAPE-4-MDGRAPE-4 is a supercomputer under development at the RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC) in Suita, Osaka, Japan. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-While prior H5N1 strains have been known, they were significantly different from the current H5N1 strain on a genetic level, making the global spread of this new strain unprecedented. The current H5N1 strain is a fast-mutating, highly pathogenic avian influenz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-In January 2005 an outbreak of avian influenza affected thirty three out of sixty four cities and provinces in Vietnam, leading to the forced killing of nearly 1.2 million poultry. Up to 140 million birds are believed to have died or been killed because of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-January-An outbreak of avian influenza affected thirty three out of sixty four cities and provinces in Vietnam, leading to the forced killing of nearly 1.2 million poultry. Up to 140 million birds are believed to have died or been killed because of the outbreak. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-February-"Surveillance stepped up in province where Cambodia's first human avian influenza case was detected". | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-March-Vietnam and Thailand have seen several isolated cases where human-to-human transmission of the virus has been suspected in care-givers of H5N1 patients, including a mother of a girl who died from H5N1 and two nurses. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-April-"The Ministry of Health in Vietnam has provided WHO with official confirmation of an additional eight human cases of H5N1 avian influenza. Two of the cases were recently detected, between 2 and 8 April, in Hung Yen and Ha Tay Provinces, respectively. Both patients are alive. The othe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-May-"Since January 2004, when human cases of H5N1 avian influenza were first reported in the current outbreak, 97 cases and 53 deaths have been reported in Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Vietnam, with 76 cases and 37 deaths, has been the most severely affected country, followed by Thailan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-June-"[T]esting of clinical specimens by international experts working in Vietnam provided further suggestive evidence of more widespread infection with the virus, raising the possibility of community-acquired infection" but "the detection of H5N1 in clinical specimens is technically chall... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-July-A death in Jakarta was the first confirmed human fatality in Indonesia.
On July 28, avian influenza was reported to have killed two more people in Vietnam, raising the death toll to sixty. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-August-August 3, 2005 WHO said it was following closely reports from China that at least 38 people have died and more than 200 others have been made ill by a swine-borne virus in Sichuan Province. Sichuan Province, where infections with Streptococcus suis have been detected in pigs in a co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-September-September 30, 2005 David Nabarro, the newly appointed Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, warned the world that an outbreak of avian influenza could kill 5 to 150 million people. Also, due to a bipartisan effort of the United States Senate, $4 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-September-Agricultural ministers of Association of South East Asian Nations announced a three-year plan to counter the spread of the disease. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-October-October 13, 2005 The EU Health Commissioner Markos Kyprianou confirmed that tests on the dead turkeys found on farms in Kiziksa, Turkey, showed that they had died from the H5N1 strain. Even before the test results were available, some 5,000 birds and poultry have been culled in the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-November-November 12, 2005 Kuwait has reported positive testing of two birds, one infected with H5N1, and the other with the H5N2 virus, making them the first cases of infection in the Middle East. A flamingo holding the H5N1 virus was found dead by the sea, as Gulf News reports, it was ki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Global spread of H5N1 in 2005-December-December 30, 2005 "China confirms its third human death from bird flu. That brings the death toll [...] to 74, comprising 14 victims in Thailand, four in Cambodia, 11 in Indonesia, 42 in Vietnam and three in China." | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunnel injection-Tunnel injection-Tunnel injection is a field electron emission effect; specifically a quantum process called Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, whereby charge carriers are injected to an electric conductor through a thin layer of an electric insulator. It is used to program NAND flash memory. The process used... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tunnel injection-Tunnel injection-An alternative to tunnel injection is the spin injection. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Camptodactyly, tall stature, and hearing loss syndrome-Camptodactyly, tall stature, and hearing loss syndrome-Camptodactyly, tall stature, and hearing loss syndrome, also known as CATSHL syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder which consists of camptodactyly, tall height, scoliosis, and hearing loss. Occasionally, develop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-Pastiche-A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche pays homage to the work it imitates, rather than mocking it.The word pastiche is a French cognate of the Italian noun p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-Pastiche-Allusion is not pastiche. A literary allusion may refer to another work, but it does not reiterate it. Moreover, allusion requires the audience to share in the author's cultural knowledge. Both allusion and pastiche are mechanisms of intertextuality. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-Literature In literary usage, the term denotes a literary technique employing a generally light-hearted tongue-in-cheek imitation of another's style; although jocular, it is usually respectful. The word implies a lack of originality or coherence, an imitative jumble, but with the advent of postmodernism... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-David Lodge's novel The British Museum Is Falling Down (1965) is a pastiche of works by Joyce, Kafka, and Virginia Woolf. In 1991 Alexandra Ripley wrote the novel Scarlett, a pastiche of Gone with the Wind, in an unsuccessful attempt to have it recognized as a canonical sequel.
In 2017, John Banville pu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-Music Charles Rosen has characterized Mozart's various works in imitation of Baroque style as pastiche, and Edvard Grieg's Holberg Suite was written as a conscious homage to the music of an earlier age. Some of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's works, such as his Variations on a Rococo Theme and Serenade for S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-"Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen is unusual as it is a pastiche in both senses of the word, as there are many distinct styles imitated in the song, all "hodge-podged" together to create one piece of music. A similar earlier example is "Happiness is a Warm Gun" by the Beatles. One can find musical "pastiches... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-A pastiche Mass is a musical Mass where the constituent movements come from different Mass settings. Most often this convention has been chosen for concert performances, particularly by early-music ensembles. Masses are composed of movements: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei; for example, the Mi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-Musical theatre In musical theatre, pastiche is often an indispensable tool for evoking the sounds of a particular era for which a show is set. For the 1971 musical Follies, a show about a reunion of performers from a musical revue set between the World Wars, Stephen Sondheim wrote over a dozen songs in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-Film Pastiche can also be a cinematic device whereby filmmakers pay homage to another filmmaker's style and use of cinematography, including camera angles, lighting, and mise en scène. A film's writer may also offer a pastiche based on the works of other writers (this is especially evident in historical... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-In cinema, the influence of George Lucas' Star Wars films (spawning their own pastiches, such as the 1983 3D film Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn) can be regarded as a function of postmodernity. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pastiche-By art-Architecture In discussions of urban planning, the term "pastiche" may describe developments as imitations of the building styles created by major architects: with the implication that the derivative work is unoriginal and of little merit, and the term is generally attributed without reference to its ur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Vitalism-Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that ele... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-Ancient times The notion that bodily functions are due to a vitalistic principle existing in all living creatures has roots going back at least to ancient Egypt. In Greek philosophy, the Milesian school proposed natural explanations deduced from materialism and mechanism. However, by the time of Lucret... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-Medieval In Europe, medieval physics was influenced by the idea of pneuma, helping to shape later aether theories. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-Early modern Vitalists included English anatomist Francis Glisson (1597–1677) and the Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733–1794) is considered to be the father of epigenesis in embryology, that is, he marks the point when embryonic development began to be described... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-In the 17th century, modern science responded to Newton's action at a distance and the mechanism of Cartesian dualism with vitalist theories: that whereas the chemical transformations undergone by non-living substances are reversible, so-called "organic" matter is permanently altered by chemical transf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-19th century Jöns Jakob Berzelius, one of the early 19th century founders of modern chemistry, argued that a regulative force must exist within living matter to maintain its functions. Berzelius contended that compounds could be distinguished by whether they required any organisms in their synthesis (o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) after his famous rebuttal of spontaneous generation, performed several experiments that he felt supported vitalism. According to Bechtel, Pasteur "fitted fermentation into a more general programme describing special reactions that only occur in living organisms. These are irre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-20th century Hans Driesch (1867–1941) interpreted his experiments as showing that life is not run by physicochemical laws. His main argument was that when one cuts up an embryo after its first division or two, each part grows into a complete adult. Driesch's reputation as an experimental biologist dete... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-Vitalism has become so disreputable a belief in the last fifty years that no biologist alive today would want to be classified as a vitalist. Still, the remnants of vitalist thinking can be found in the work of Alistair Hardy, Sewall Wright, and Charles Birch, who seem to believe in some sort of nonmat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-Other vitalists included Johannes Reinke and Oscar Hertwig. Reinke used the word neovitalism to describe his work, claiming that it would eventually be verified through experimentation, and that it was an improvement over the other vitalistic theories. The work of Reinke influenced Carl Jung.John Scott... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-History-By 1931, biologists had "almost unanimously abandoned vitalism as an acknowledged belief." | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Emergentism-Contemporary science and engineering sometimes describe emergent processes, in which the properties of a system cannot be fully described in terms of the properties of the constituents. This may be because the properties of the constituents are not fully understood, or because the interactions betw... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Emergentism-Whether emergence should be grouped with traditional vitalist concepts is a matter of semantic controversy. According to Emmeche et al. (1997): On the one hand, many scientists and philosophers regard emergence as having only a pseudo-scientific status. On the other hand, new developments in physic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Mesmerism-A popular vitalist theory of the 18th century was "animal magnetism", in the theories of Franz Mesmer (1734–1815). However, the use of the (conventional) English term animal magnetism to translate Mesmer's magnétisme animal can be misleading for three reasons: Mesmer chose his term to clearly disting... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Mesmerism-Mesmer felt that this particular force/power only resided in the bodies of humans and animals. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Mesmerism-Mesmer chose the word "animal," for its root meaning (from Latin animus="breath") specifically to identify his force as a quality that belonged to all creatures with breath; viz., the animate beings: humans and animals.Mesmer's ideas became so influential that King Louis XVI of France appointed two c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Medical philosophies-Vitalism has a long history in medical philosophies: many traditional healing practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces. In the Western tradition founded by Hippocrates, these vital forces were associated with the four temperaments and humours; Eastern trad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Criticism-Vitalism has sometimes been criticized as begging the question by inventing a name. Molière had famously parodied this fallacy in Le Malade imaginaire, where a quack "answers" the question of "Why does opium cause sleep?" with "Because of its dormitive virtue (i.e., soporific power)." Thomas Henry Hu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Criticism-Another criticism is that vitalists have failed to rule out mechanistic explanations. This is rather obvious in retrospect for organic chemistry and developmental biology, but the criticism goes back at least a century. In 1912, Jacques Loeb published The Mechanistic Conception of Life, in which he d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vitalism-Sources-Birch, Charles; Cobb, John B (1985). The Liberation of Life: From the Cell to the Community. CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521315142.
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. Vol. 29. 2007. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bunkering-Bunkering-Bunkering is the supplying of fuel for use by ships (such fuel is referred to as bunker), including the logistics of loading and distributing the fuel among available shipboard tanks. A person dealing in trade of bunker (fuel) is called a bunker trader. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bunkering-Bunkering-The term bunkering originated in the days of steamships, when coal was stored in bunkers. Nowadays, the term bunker is generally applied to the petroleum products stored in tanks, and bunkering to the practice and business of refueling ships. Bunkering operations take place at seaports and include t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bunkering-Two types of Bunkering-The two most common types of bunkering procedure at sea is Ship to Ship bunkering (STS) where one ship acts as a terminal whilst the other moors. The second type is the Stern line bunkering which is the easiest but is the risky way of transferring oil during bad weather. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bunkering-Bunkering in maritime law-In many maritime contracts, such as charter parties, contracts for carriage of goods by sea, and marine insurance policies, the ship-owner or ship operator is required to ensure that the ship is seaworthy. Seaworthiness requires not only that the ship be sound and properly crewed, bu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bunkering-Bunkering in maritime law-The International Maritime Organisation is an agency of the United Nations responsible for the prevention of marine pollution by ships. On 1 January 2020, the agency began enforcing the IMO 2020 regulation of MARPOL Annex VI to minimise bunkering's environmental impact. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-NADPH oxidase-NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes used by neutrophil white blood cells to engulf microorganisms. Human iso... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Reaction-NADPH oxidase catalyzes the production of a superoxide free radical by transferring one electron to oxygen from NADPH.NADPH + 2O2 ↔ NADP+ + 2O−2 + H+ | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Types-In mammals, NADPH oxidase is found in two types: one in white blood cells (neutrophilic) and the other in vascular cells, differing in biochemical structure and functions. Neutrophilic NADPH oxidase produces superoxide almost instantaneously, whereas the vascular enzyme produces superoxide in minute... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Types-Neutrophilic type The isoform found in neutrophils is made up of six subunits. These subunits are: a Rho GTPase, usually Rac1 or Rac2 (Rac stands for Rho-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) Five phagocytic oxidase subunits: gp91phox (NOX2) p22phox (CYBA) p40phox (NCF4) p47phox (NCF1) p67phox (NCF2... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Structure-The whole structure of the membrane-bound vascular enzyme is composed of five parts: two cytosolic subunits (p47phox and p67phox), a cytochrome b558 which consists of gp91phox, p22phox and a small G protein Rac. Generation of the superoxide in vascular NADPH occurs by a one-electron reduction of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Biological function-NADPH oxidases (NOXes) are one of the major sources of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and they still are the focus of extensive research interest due to their exclusive function in producing ROS under normal physiological conditions. The NADPH oxidase complex is dormant under ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Biological function-Regulation Careful regulation of NADPH oxidase activity is crucial to maintain a healthy level of ROS in the body. The enzyme is dormant in resting cells but becomes rapidly activated by several stimuli, including bacterial products and cytokines. Vascular NADPH oxidases are regulated ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Pathology-Superoxides are crucial in killing foreign bacteria in the human body. Consequently, under-activity can lead to an increased susceptibility to organisms such as catalase-positive microbes, and over-activity can lead to oxidative stress and cell damage. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Pathology-Excessive production of ROS in vascular cells causes many forms of cardiovascular disease including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis is caused by the accumulation of macrophages containing cholesterol (foam cells) in artery walls (in the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Pathology-It has also been shown that NADPH oxidase plays a role in the mechanism that induces the formation of sFlt-1, a protein that deactivates certain proangiogenic factors that play a role in the development of the placenta, by facilitating the formation of reactive oxygen species, which are suspecte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NADPH oxidase-Pathology-Inhibition NADPH oxidase can be inhibited by apocynin, nitric oxide (NO), and diphenylene iodonium. Apocynin acts by preventing the assembly of the NADPH oxidase subunits. Apocynin decreases influenza-induced lung inflammation in mice in vivo and so may have clinical benefits in the treatment of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Mutant-Super Mutant-Super Mutants are a fictional race of posthuman beings from the post-apocalyptic Fallout video game franchise. The Super Mutants were first introduced in 1997's Fallout as the results of human experimentation with a strain of the Forced Evolutionary Virus (FEV), a genetically engineered viral ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Mutant-Characteristics-Super Mutants are first introduced in the first Fallout as part of an ambitious effort by a grotesque mutated being known as "The Master of the Super Mutants", to create a single, perfect "master race" and remove inequalities which have been the cause of strife among humans. The FEV, an art... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Mutant-Development-According to producer Tim Cain, the Fallout development team conceived of a faction of mutants who grow their ranks by dipping people into virus vats. During the discussion, a team member wondered what would happen if more than one person was dropped into the vat. The team decided to conceptual... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Mutant-Appearances-Super Mutants have appeared in every Fallout video game as both hostile antagonists and supporting non-player characters, beginning with 1997's Fallout which takes place after a global nuclear war had destroyed most of human civilization a century earlier. Information about how the "Master of S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Mutant-Cultural impact-Promotion and merchandise Super Mutants are featured as part of a range of Fallout-themed Funko Pop figurines which were first released in 2015, and are described one of the franchise's "iconic characters". Super Mutants have been marketed as figurines for Fallout: Wasteland Warfare, a mini... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Mutant-Cultural impact-Critical reception and analysis Commenting on Adamowicz's developer diary post in 2008, Joseph Leray from Destructoid praised the creative vision and art style for the Super Mutants of Fallout 3 as "delightfully twisted", and said these aesthetic elements were key ingredients "that makes po... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Super Mutant-Cultural impact-Fandom Super Mutants are a recognizable element of the Fallout franchise. Some characters are particularly popular with players. Fawkes from Fallout 3 was among the top-voted characters in a RPG character poll organized by IGN in 2014. Super Mutant characters and their physiology are also t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Oncostatin M-Oncostatin M, also known as OSM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSM gene.OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 group of cytokines. Of these cytokines it most closely resembles leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in both structure and function. As yet poorl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Discovery, isolation and cloning-The human form of OSM was originally isolated in 1986 from the growth media of PMA treated U-937 histiocytic lymphoma cells by its ability to inhibit the growth of cell lines established from melanomas and other solid tumours. A robust protein, OSM is stable between pH2 and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Structure-Primary sequence analysis of OSM allocates it to the gp130 group of cytokines. OSM most resembles LIF, bearing 22% sequence identity and 30% similarity. Incidentally the genes for OSM and LIF occur in tandem on human chromosome 22. Both LIF and OSM genes have very similar gene structures sharing ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Structure-The three-dimensional structure of human OSM has been solved to atomic resolution, confirming the predicted long chain four helix bundle topology. Comparing this structure with the known structures of other known LC cytokines shows it to be most closely related to LIF (RMSD of 2.1 Å across 145 eq... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Receptors-Receptors for OSM can be found on a variety of cells from a variety of tissues. In general cells derived from endothelial and tumour origins express high levels of OSM receptors, whereas cells of Haematopoietic origin tend to express lower numbers. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Receptors-Scatchard analysis of radio ligand binding data from 125I-OSM binding to a variety of OSM responsive cell lines produced curvilinear graphs which the authors interpreted as the presence of two receptor species, a high affinity form with an approximate dissociation constant Kd of 1-10 pM, and a lo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Receptors-The ability of OSM to signal via two receptor complexes conveniently offers a molecular explanation to the shared and unique effects of OSM with respect to LIF. Thus common biological activities of LIF and OSM are mediated through the type I receptor and OSM specific activities are mediated throu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oncostatin M-Receptors-The murine homologue of OSM was not discovered until 1996, whereas the murine OSMR homologue was not cloned until 1998. Until recently, it was thought that mOSM only signals through the murine type II receptor, namely through mOSMR/mgp130 complexes, because of a low affinity for the type I recept... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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