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Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Transforming D-pad controllers Transforming D-pad "special edition" controllers were released in the US on November 9, 2010, and in Europe during February 2011. The main feature of this controller is a D-pad that can be rotated to adapt to the user's gameplay, becoming either a "plus" (4-way)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Gears of War 3 "Limited Collector's Edition" controllers were released on September 20, 2011, to coincide with the launch of Gears of War 3. The controllers are metallic red with a black "Infected Omen" symbol and feature a transforming D-pad. Unlike the "Transforming D-pad" Special Edition c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 "Limited Edition" controllers were released on November 8, 2011, in North America, Australasia and the EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) region to coincide with the release of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3. It features custom Modern Warfare 3 artwork (predo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Star Wars C-3PO "Limited Edition" controllers were released in April 2012 to coincide with the release of Kinect Star Wars. The controller is mirrored gold and black, and features a transforming D-pad, concave analog stick tops and standard colored face buttons. The black panel at the front o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Chrome Series "Special Edition" controllers were released in May 2012. The chrome series controllers are available in six colors: Blue, Red, Silver, Gold, Black and Purple. These controllers feature a transforming D-pad, concave analog stick tops and standard colored face buttons.
Black S con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Halo 4 "Limited Edition" controllers were released in November 2012. Two different controllers are available: Halo 4 branded "Limited Edition" 'exclusive controllers inspired by the game' were sold with the Halo 4 Limited Edition console bundle; two were included. These feature a transforming... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-UNSC Halo 4 "Limited Edition" controllers feature the United Nations Space Command (UNSC) emblem on a dark grey translucent case, and also feature a transforming D-pad, concave analog stick tops, standard colored face buttons and a glowing blue Xbox guide button. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Tomb Raider "Limited Edition" controllers were released in early March 2013 to complement the launch of Tomb Raider. They are red and feature a two layer color finish with laser etching to create a realistic and tactile worn appearance inspired by Lara's climbing axe from the game. These feat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Layout-Non-retail colors Launch Team Edition controllers were bundled with the "Xbox 360 Launch Team Edition", given exclusively to members of the Xbox launch team by Microsoft in November 2005. These white wireless controllers feature green accents at the front in place of the standard grey.
Yellow... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Guide button-The Xbox 360 controller has a guide button in the center of its face that provides a new functionality. This button is surrounded by a ring of lights divided into four quadrants that provide gamers with different types of information during game play. For instance, during a split screen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Accessories-Rechargeable Battery Pack The Rechargeable Battery Pack is a nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack, which provides up to 24 hours of continuous gaming for the wireless controller. It is an alternative to disposable AA batteries, which differ slightly in voltage and have higher disposa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Accessories-Wireless Gaming Receiver The Wireless Gaming Receiver (sold as "Crossfire Wireless Gaming Receiver" in the UK) allows wireless Xbox 360 accessories, such as wireless gamepads, racing wheels and headsets, to be used on a Windows-based PC. The device acts in a similar manner to an Xbox 360... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Accessories-Messenger Kit The Messenger Kit consists of a wired Xbox 360 headset and a small keyboard known as the "Chatpad". The Chatpad connects to the front of the controller and may be used for any standard text input on the console. It is not currently compatible with the wireless gaming receiv... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Non-gaming uses-The United States Navy has announced that it plans to use Xbox 360 controllers to control periscopes on new Virginia-class submarines, for both cost and familiarity reasons. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xbox 360 controller-Reception-The Xbox 360 controller received positive reviews when it was released. Before then, as IGN stated, the original Xbox controller was "huge, ugly, cheap, and uncomfortable" and concluded to be an "abomination". Many of these problems were corrected with Microsoft's releases of the Xbox cont... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of application virtualization software-Application virtualization software refers to both application virtual machines and software responsible for implementing them. Application virtual machines are typically used to allow application bytecode to run portabl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of virtual machines-JavaScript machines not included. See List of ECMAScript engines to find them.The table here summarizes elements for which the virtual machine designs are intended to be efficient, not the list of abilities present in any implementation.
V... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of virtual machines-Memory management in these portable virtual machines is addressed at a higher level of abstraction than in physical machines. Some virtual machines, such as the popular Java virtual machines (JVM), are involved with addresses in such a way... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of virtual machines-Code security generally refers to the ability of the portable virtual machine to run code while offering it only a prescribed set of abilities. For example, the virtual machine might only allow the code access to a certain set of functions... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of virtual machines-An interpreter allows programs made of virtual instructions to be loaded and run immediately without a potentially costly compile into native machine instructions. Any virtual machine which can be run can be interpreted, so the column desi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of virtual machines-Just-in-time compilation (JIT), refers to a method of compiling to native instructions at the latest possible time, usually immediately before or during the running of the program. The challenge of JIT is more one of implementation than of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of virtual machines-Ahead-of-time compilation (AOT) refers to the more classic method of using a precompiler to generate a set of native instructions which do not change during the runtime of the program. Because aggressive compiling and optimizing can take t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of virtual machines-Shared libraries are a facility to reuse segments of native code across multiple running programs. In modern operating systems, this generally means using virtual memory to share the memory pages containing a shared library across differen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comparison of application virtualization software-Comparison of application virtual machine implementations-In addition to the portable virtual machines described above, virtual machines are often used as an execution model for individual scripting languages, usually by an interpreter. This table lists specific virtual... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dad joke-Dad joke-A dad joke is a joke, typically a pun, often presented as a one-liner or a question and answer, but less often a narrative. Generally inoffensive, dad jokes are stereotypically told with sincere humorous intent or to intentionally provoke a negative reaction to their overly simplistic humor. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dad joke-Dad joke-Many dad jokes may be considered anti-jokes, deriving humor from a punchline that is intentionally not funny.A common type of dad joke goes as follows: A child will say to the father, "I'm hungry," to which the father will reply, "Hi, Hungry, I'm Dad."While the exact origin of the term dad joke is unk... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dad joke-Examples-Q: What does a highlighter say when it answers the phone? A: Yello!! Q: What's orange and sounds like a parrot? A: A carrot.
Q: What's brown and sticky? A: A stick.
Q: Where does a sick fish go? A: The dock.
Q: What do a tick and the Eiffel Tower have in common? A: They're both Paris sites.
Q: What's ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Identric mean-Identric mean-The identric mean of two positive real numbers x, y is defined as: lim lim exp ln ln if else It can be derived from the mean value theorem by considering the secant of the graph of the function ln x . It can be generalized to more variables according by the mean value theorem for divided ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Keratin 2A-Keratin 2A-Keratin 2A also known as keratin 2E or keratin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT2A gene.Keratin 2A is a type II cytokeratin. It is found largely in the upper spinous layer of epidermal keratinocytes and mutations in the gene encoding this protein have been associated with ichthyo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Floating airport-Floating airport-A floating airport is an airport built and situated on a very large floating structure (VLFS) located many miles out at sea utilizing a flotation type of device or devices such as pneumatic stabilized platform (PSP) technology.
As the population increases and land becomes more expensiv... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Floating airport-Early history-The first discussion of a floating airport was for trans-Atlantic flights. At that time a passenger aircraft capable of making the trip could be built, but because of the massive need for fuel for the flight, it had a limited payload. An article appeared in the January 1930 issue of Popul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Floating airport-Description-In theory, issues and problems of land-based airports could be minimized by locating airports several miles off the coast. Takeoffs and landings would be over water, not over populated areas, thereby eliminating noise pollution and reducing risks of aircraft crashes to the land-locked popul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Floating airport-Description-Since little of the ocean's surface is currently being used for human activity, growth and alterations in configuration would be relatively easy to achieve with minimal impact to the environment or to local residents who would utilize the airport. Water taxis or other high speed surface ves... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Floating airport-Description-A floating structure, such as a floating airport, is theorized to have less impact on the environment than the land-based alternative. It would not require much, if any, dredging or moving of mountains or clearing of green space and the floating structure provides a reef-like environment co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Floating airport-Modern Floating airport projects-In 2000, the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport sponsored the construction of Mega-Float, a 1000-metre floating runway in Tokyo Bay. After conducting several real aircraft landings, the Ministry concluded that floating runways' hydro-elastic respon... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Floating airport-Modern Floating airport projects-The pneumatic stabilized platform (PSP) was proposed as a means for constructing a new floating airport for San Diego in the Pacific Ocean, at least three miles off the tip of Point Loma. However, this proposed design was rejected in October 2003 due to very high cost, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PIGA-PIGA-Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A (PIG-A, or phosphatidylinositol glycan, class A) is the catalytic subunit of the phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzyme, which in humans is encoded by the PIGA gene.This gene encodes a protein required for synthesis of N-acety... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PIGA-Interactions-PIGA has been shown for interact with PIGQ. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-In enzymology, a 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.176) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate + NADP+ ⇌ 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate + NADPH + H+Thus, th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 12alpha-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 12-oxidoreductase. Other names in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Multiplicative partitions of factorials-Multiplicative partitions of factorials-Multiplicative partitions of factorials are expressions of values of the factorial function as products of powers of prime numbers. They have been studied by Paul Erdős and others.The factorial of a positive integer is a product of decreasi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-Negligible function-In mathematics, a negligible function is a function μ:N→R such that for every positive integer c there exists an integer Nc such that for all x > Nc, |μ(x)|<1xc.
Equivalently, we may also use the following definition.
A function μ:N→R is negligible, if for every positive polyno... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-History-The concept of negligibility can find its trace back to sound models of analysis. Though the concepts of "continuity" and "infinitesimal" became important in mathematics during Newton and Leibniz's time (1680s), they were not well-defined until the late 1810s. The first reasonably rigorous d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-History-This classic definition of continuity can be transformed into the definition of negligibility in a few steps by changing parameters used in the definition. First, in the case x0=∞ with f(x0)=0 , we must define the concept of "infinitesimal function": (Infinitesimal) A continuous function ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-History-Next, we replace ε>0 by the functions 1/xc where c>0 or by poly (x) where poly (x) is a positive polynomial. This leads to the definitions of negligible functions given at the top of this article. Since the constants ε>0 can be expressed as poly (x) with a constant polynomial this ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-Use in cryptography-In complexity-based modern cryptography, a security scheme is provably secure if the probability of security failure (e.g., inverting a one-way function, distinguishing cryptographically strong pseudorandom bits from truly random bits) is negligible in terms of the input x = cry... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-Use in cryptography-Nevertheless, the general notion of negligibility doesn't require that the input parameter x is the key length n . Indeed, x can be any predetermined system metric and corresponding mathematical analysis would illustrate some hidden analytical behaviors of the system. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-Use in cryptography-The reciprocal-of-polynomial formulation is used for the same reason that computational boundedness is defined as polynomial running time: it has mathematical closure properties that make it tractable in the asymptotic setting (see #Closure properties). For example, if an attack ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-Use in cryptography-In practice one might want to have more concrete functions bounding the adversary's success probability and to choose the security parameter large enough that this probability is smaller than some threshold, say 2−128. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-Closure properties-One of the reasons that negligible functions are used in foundations of complexity-theoretic cryptography is that they obey closure properties. Specifically, If f,g:N→R are negligible, then the function x↦f(x)+g(x) is negligible.
If f:N→R is negligible and p is any real polyno... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Negligible function-Examples-n↦a−n is negligible for any a≥2 .f(n)=3−n is negligible.
log n is negligible.
log log n is negligible.
log n is not negligible, for positive c .Assume n>0 , we take the limit as n→∞ Negligible: f(n)=1/xn/2 log (nk) for k≥1 log n)k for k≥1 f(n)=1/xn Non-negligible: f(n)=1n1n log ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Log-polar coordinates-In mathematics, log-polar coordinates (or logarithmic polar coordinates) is a coordinate system in two dimensions, where a point is identified by two numbers, one for the logarithm of the distance to a certain point, and one for an angle. Log-polar coordinates are closely con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Definition and coordinate transformations-Log-polar coordinates in the plane consist of a pair of real numbers (ρ,θ), where ρ is the logarithm of the distance between a given point and the origin and θ is the angle between a line of reference (the x-axis) and the line through the origin and the po... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Definition and coordinate transformations-and the formulas for transformation from log-polar to Cartesian coordinates are cos sin θ.
By using complex numbers (x, y) = x + iy, the latter transformation can be written as x+iy=eρ+iθ i.e. the complex exponential function. From this follows that basic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Some important equations in log-polar coordinates-Laplace's equation Laplace's equation in two dimensions is given by ∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2=0 in Cartesian coordinates. Writing the same equation in polar coordinates gives the more complicated equation r∂∂r(r∂u∂r)+∂2u∂θ2=0 or equivalently (r∂∂r)2u+∂2u∂θ2=0 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Some important equations in log-polar coordinates-Cauchy–Riemann equations A similar situation arises when considering analytical functions. An analytical function f(x,y)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) written in Cartesian coordinates satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equations: ∂u∂x=∂v∂y,∂u∂y=−∂v∂x If the function i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Discrete geometry-In order to solve a PDE numerically in a domain, a discrete coordinate system must be introduced in this domain. If the domain has rotational symmetry and you want a grid consisting of rectangles, polar coordinates are a poor choice, since in the center of the circle it gives ris... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Discrete geometry-Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator The latter coordinate system is for instance suitable for dealing with Dirichlet and Neumann problems. If the discrete coordinate system is interpreted as an undirected graph in the unit disc, it can be considered as a model for an electrical network... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Discrete geometry-In the case with the continuous disc, it follows that if the conductance is homogeneous, let's say γ=1 everywhere, then the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator satisfies the following equation Λγ2+∂2∂θ2=0 In order to get a good discrete model of the Dirichlet problem, it would be usef... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Discrete geometry-Image analysis Already at the end of the 1970s, applications for the discrete spiral coordinate system were given in image analysis ( image registration ) . To represent an image in this coordinate system rather than in Cartesian coordinates, gives computational advantages when r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Log-polar coordinates-Discrete geometry-Log-polar coordinates can also be used to construct fast methods for the Radon transform and its inverse. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Excisive triad-Excisive triad-In topology, a branch of mathematics, an excisive triad is a triple (X;A,B) of topological spaces such that A, B are subspaces of X and X is the union of the interior of A and the interior of B. Note B is not required to be a subspace of A. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Strip the willow-Strip the willow-Strip the willow is a country or barn dance. It has variations depending upon whether it is being performed as a movement in a larger dance or a complete dance in itself.
The form described here is that commonly used as part of a Scottish country dance. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Strip the willow-Strip the willow-The dancers form a longways set (a row of gentlemen facing their partners, a row of ladies) of four couples. The 'objective' is to move the top couple to the bottom of the set, and the other couples move up one position. A brief description of the dance would be: The top couple link ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Strip the willow-Strip the willow-Thus if the set is (lower case ladies, upper case gentlemen): the movements are: (down) Clockwise whole turn A with a for 16 beats.
Anticlockwise half turn a with B.
Clockwise half turn A with a.
Anticlockwise half turn a with C.
Clockwise half turn A with a.
Anticlockwise half turn a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Strip the willow-Music-Under the title "Drops of Brandy" the "tunearch" website has 10 transcriptions of the melody. The earliest, dated to 1734 was in manuscript format in David Young's "Drummond Castle/Duke of Perth Manuscript". A more famous collection, O'Neill's "Dance Music of Ireland: 1001 Gems" (1907) has listed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-DOS-DOS (, ) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. The DOS family primarily consists of Microsoft's MS-DOS and a rebranded version, IBM PC DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-D... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-DOS-Although the name has come to be identified specifically with this particular family of operating systems, DOS is a platform-independent acronym for disk operating system, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe DOS/360 from 1966. Other... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-Origins IBM PC DOS (and the separately sold MS-DOS) and its predecessor, 86-DOS, ran on Intel 8086 16-bit processors. It was developed to be similar to Digital Research's CP/M—the dominant disk operating system for 8-bit Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 microcomputers—in order to simplify porting CP/M applications ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-When IBM introduced the IBM PC, built with the Intel 8088 microprocessor, they needed an operating system. Chairman John Opel had a conversation with fellow United Way National Board Executive Committee member Mary Maxwell Gates, who referred Opel to her son Bill Gates for help with an 8088-compatible build... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached Seattle Computer Products. There, programmer Tim Paterson had developed a variant of CP/M-80, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit Intel 8086 CPU card for the S-100 bus. The system was initially named QDOS (Quick and Dirty Ope... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies, which supplied the operating system for their own hardware, sometimes under their own names. Microsoft later required the use of the MS-DOS name, with the exception of the IBM variant. IBM continued to develop their version, PC DOS, for the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-In the mid-1980s, Microsoft developed a multitasking version of DOS. This version of DOS is generally referred to as "European MS-DOS 4" because it was developed for ICL and licensed to several European companies. This version of DOS supports preemptive multitasking, shared memory, device helper services an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-Digital Research attempted to regain the market lost from CP/M-86, initially with Concurrent DOS, FlexOS and DOS Plus (both compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software), later with Multiuser DOS (compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software) and DR DOS (compatible with MS-DOS software). Digital Res... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-Gordon Letwin wrote in 1995 that "DOS was, when we first wrote it, a one-time throw-away product intended to keep IBM happy so that they'd buy our languages." Microsoft expected that it would be an interim solution before Xenix. The company planned to improve MS-DOS over time, so it would be almost indistin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-IBM, however, did not want to replace DOS. After AT&T began selling Unix, Microsoft and IBM began developing OS/2 as an alternative. The two companies later had a series of disagreements over two successor operating systems to DOS, OS/2 and Windows. They split development of their DOS systems as a result. T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-The FreeDOS project began on 26 June 1994, when Microsoft announced it would no longer sell or support MS-DOS. Jim Hall then posted a manifesto proposing the development of an open-source replacement. Within a few weeks, other programmers including Pat Villani and Tim Norman joined the project. A kernel, th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-Decline Early versions of Microsoft Windows ran on MS-DOS. By the early 1990s, the Windows graphical shell saw heavy use on new DOS systems. In 1995, Windows 95 was bundled as a standalone operating system that did not require a separate DOS license. Windows 95 (and Windows 98 and ME, that followed it) took... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-History-Continued use As of 2023, available compatible systems are FreeDOS, ROM-DOS, PTS-DOS, RxDOS and REAL/32. Some computer manufacturers, including Dell and HP, sell computers with FreeDOS as an OEM operating system.
Embedded systems DOS's structure of accessing hardware directly allows it to be used in embedde... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS related operating systems are commonly associated with machines using the Intel x86 or compatible CPUs, mainly IBM PC compatibles. Machine-dependent versions of MS-DOS were produced for many non-IBM-compatible x86-based machines, with variations from relabelling of the Microsoft distrib... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system with basic kernel functions that are non-reentrant: only one program at a time can use them, and DOS itself has no functionality to allow more than one program to execute at a time. The DOS kernel provides various functions for programs (an application pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-DOS provides the ability for shell scripting via batch files (with the filename extension .BAT). Each line of a batch file is interpreted as a program to run. Batch files can also make use of internal commands, such as GOTO and conditional statements.The operating system offers an application programming int... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-Boot sequence The bootstrap loader on PC-compatible computers, the master boot record, is located beginning at the boot sector, the first sector on the first track (track zero), of the boot disk. The ROM BIOS will load this sector into memory at address 0000h:7C00h, and typically check for a signature "55h A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-If the loaded boot sector happens to be a Master Boot Record (MBR), as found on partitioned media, it will relocate itself to 0000h:0600h in memory, otherwise this step is skipped. The MBR code will scan the partition table, which is located within this sector, for an active partition (modern MBRs check if b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-The sector content loaded at 0000h:7C00h constitutes a VBR now. VBRs are operating system specific and cannot be exchanged between different DOS versions in general, as the exact behaviour differs between different DOS versions. In very old versions of DOS such as DOS 1.x, the VBR would load the whole IO.SYS... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-In later DOS versions, where the VBR has loaded only the first 3 sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory, the loaded portion contains another boot loader, which will then load the remainder of itself into memory, using the root directory information stored at 0000h:0500h. For most versions, the fil... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-The DOS system initialization code will initialize its built-in device drivers and then load the DOS kernel, located in MSDOS.SYS on MS-DOS systems, into memory as well. In Windows 9x, the DOS system initialization code and built-in device drivers and the DOS kernel are combined into a single IO.SYS file whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-The startup batch file AUTOEXEC.BAT is then run by the shell.The DOS system files loaded by the boot sector must be contiguous and be the first two directory entries. As such, removing and adding this file is likely to render the media unbootable. It is, however, possible to replace the shell at will, a meth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-This limitation does not apply to any version of DR DOS, where the system files can be located anywhere in the root directory and do not need to be contiguous. Therefore, system files can be simply copied to a disk provided that the boot sector is DR DOS compatible already.
In PC DOS and DR DOS 5.0 and above... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-File system DOS uses a filesystem which supports 8.3 filenames: 8 characters for the filename and 3 characters for the extension. Starting with DOS 2 hierarchical directories are supported. Each directory name is also 8.3 format but the maximum directory path length is 64 characters due to the internal curre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-DOS uses the File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem. This was originally FAT12 which supported up to 4078 clusters per drive. DOS 3.0 added support for FAT16 which used 16-bit allocation entries and supported up to 65518 clusters per drive. Compaq MS-DOS 3.31 added support for FAT16B which removed the 32‑MiB... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-Starting with DOS 3.1, file redirector support was added to DOS. This was initially used to support networking but was later used to support CD-ROM drives with MSCDEX. IBM PC DOS 4.0 also had preliminary installable file system (IFS) support but this was unused and removed in DOS 5.0. DOS also supported Bloc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-Drive naming scheme In DOS, drives are referred to by identifying letters. Standard practice is to reserve "A" and "B" for floppy drives. On systems with only one floppy drive DOS assigns both letters to the drive, prompting the user to swap disks as programs alternate access between them. This facilitates c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-Reserved device names There are reserved device names in DOS that cannot be used as filenames regardless of extension as they are occupied by built-in character devices. These restrictions also affect several Windows versions, in some cases causing crashes and security vulnerabilities.The reserved names are:... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-AUX typically defaults to COM1, and PRN to LPT1 (LST), but these defaults can be changed in some versions of DOS to point to other serial or parallel devices. The PLT device (present only in some HP OEM versions of MS-DOS) was reconfigurable as well.Filenames ended with a colon (:) such as NUL: conventionall... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-Memory management DOS was designed for the Intel 8088 processor, which can only directly access a maximum of 1 MiB of RAM. Both IBM and Microsoft chose 640 kibibytes (KiB) as the maximum amount of memory available to programs and reserved the remaining 384 KiB for video memory, the read-only memory of adapte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-DOS under OS/2 and Windows The DOS emulation in OS/2 and Windows runs in much the same way as native applications do. They can access all of the drives and services, and can even use the host's clipboard services. Because the drivers for file systems and such forth reside in the host system, the DOS emulatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-In Windows 3.1 and 9x, the DOS virtual machine is provided by WINOLDAP. WinOldAp creates a virtual machine based on the program's PIF file, and the system state when Windows was loaded. The DOS graphics mode, both character and graphic, can be captured and run in the window. DOS applications can use the Wind... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-The emulated DOS in OS/2 and Windows NT is based upon DOS 5. Although there is a default configuration (config.sys and autoexec.bat), one can use alternate files on a session-by-session basis. It is possible to load drivers in these files to access the host system, although these are typically third-party. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
DOS-Design-Under OS/2 2.x and later, the DOS emulation is provided by DOSKRNL. This is a file that represents the combined IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, the system calls are passed through to the OS/2 windowing services. DOS programs run in their own environment, the bulk of the DOS utilities are provided by bound DOS / O... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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