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Home construction-History-While homes may have originated in pre-history, there are many notable stages through which cultures pass to reach the current level of modernization. Countries and communities throughout the world currently exhibit very diverse concepts of housing, at many different stages of home development... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Finding or buying parts-Two methods for constructing a home can be distinguished: the method in which architects simply assume free choice of materials and parts, and the method in which reclaimed materials are used, and the house is thus during its entire construction a "work in progress" (meaning ev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Finding or buying parts-The second method has been used throughout history, as materials have always been scarce.
In Britain, there is comparatively little demand for innovative homes produced through radically different production methods, materials, and components. Over the years, a combination of t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Specifications-Civil Site Plans, Architectural Drawings and Specifications comprise the document set needed to construct a new home. Specifications consist of a precise description of the materials to be used in construction. Specifications are typically organized by each trade required to construct a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Specifications-The modern family home has many more systems and facets of construction than one might initially believe. With sufficient study, an average person can understand everything there is to know about any given phase of home construction. The do it yourself (DIY) boom of the late twentieth c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Procedures-The process often starts with a planning stage in which plans are prepared by an architect and approved by the client and any regulatory authority. Then the site is cleared, foundations are laid and trenches for connection to services such as sewerage, water, and electricity are established... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Costs-The cost of building a house varies by country widely. According to data from the National Association of Realtors, the median cost of buying an existing single-family house in the United States is $274,600, whereas the average cost to build is $296,652.
Several different factors can impact the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Phases-Architectural design Building Code External construction Shallow foundation Light-frame construction Domestic water system Electrical wiring Building envelope Retaining walls Internal construction Ventilation Plumbing Air conditioning Electrical wiring Telephone wiring Ethernet wiring Insulatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Home size-According to data from the U.S. Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics found the average floor area of a home in the United States has steadily increased over the past one hundred years, with an estimated 18.5 square foot increase in the average floor area per year. In 1920, the average floor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Home construction-Criticism-Some have criticized the housebuilding industry. Mass housebuilders can be risk averse, preferring cost-efficient building methods rather than adopting new technologies for improved building performance. Traditional vernacular building methods that suit local conditions and climates can be d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Fore-edge painting-A fore-edge painting is a scene painted on the edges of book pages. There are two basic forms, including paintings on fanned edges and closed edges. For the first type, the book's leaves must be fanned, exposing the pages' edges for the picture to become visible. For the second clo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Fore-edge painting-The fundamental difference between the two fore-edge styles is that a painting on the closed edge is painted directly on the book's surface (the fore-edge being the opposite of the spine side). In contrast, the fanned fore-edge style has watercolor applied to the top or bottom marg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Fore-edge painting-To begin a fore-edge painting artists clamped the slightly fanned pages of a book between the boards of a special press that held them in place while keeping pressure off of the cover boards. While the paints used for fore-edge paintings are watercolors, artists needed to use them ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Variations-A single fore-edge painting includes a painting on only one side of the book page edges. Generally, gilt or marbling is applied by the bookbinder after the painting has dried to make the painting completely invisible until the pages are fanned. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Variations-A double fore-edge painting has paintings on both sides of the page margin so that one painting is visible when the leaves are fanned one way, and the other is visible when the leaves are fanned the other way. It is estimated that only 2-3% of fore-edge paintings are doubled.A triple fore-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-History-The earliest fore-edge paintings date as far back as the 10th century; these earliest paintings were symbolic designs, which may have been used for identification purposes, rather than decoration. Early English fore-edge paintings, believed to date to the 14th century, presented heraldic desi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-History-The technique was popularized in the 18th century by John Brindley (1732 - 1756), publisher, and bookbinder to the prince of Wales. and Edwards of Halifax, a distinguished family of bookbinders and booksellers. The Edwards were responsible for popularizing the technique in London, and contemp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Contemporary fore-edge paintings-Fore-edge painting as a craft is deemed critically endangered in the contemporary era. The Heritage Crafts Association (HCA) only lists four “craftspeople currently known” as working in this medium.The remaining artists that practice fore-edge painting are amateurs an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Contemporary fore-edge paintings-Martin Frost in Worthing, United Kingdom, is currently the only professional full-time fore-edge artist. He has created over 3,500 fore-edge paintings since he started his career in the 1970s. In 2019 he was presented with the MBE in the New Year Honours list by Queen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Contemporary fore-edge paintings-Dispelling the mystique of fore-edge paintings Artist Christopher Folwell, an artist based in the United Kingdom, showed how to create fore-edge paintings step by step in an article published in My Modern Met. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Collections-College of William and Mary's Earl Gregg Swem Library holds a collection of 709 fore-edge paintings in the Ralph H. Wark Collection, the largest collection of fore-edge painted books in America.
Loyola-Notre Dame Library, the library shared by Loyola University Maryland and Notre Dame of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fore-edge painting-Collections-The National Library of the Netherlands has a few fore-edge books, e.g. KW 1740 F 1 (a pendrawing and aquarelle in shades of blue, green, yellow and red, depicting a lake surrounded by mountains and on the righthand side a castle with docking place and boats) and KW 1740 F 2 (a pendrawing... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Raffinose-Raffinose-Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains. Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL), an enzyme which in th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Raffinose-Chemical properties-The raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) are alpha-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose, and the most common are the trisaccharide raffinose, the tetrasaccharide stachyose, and the pentasaccharide verbascose. RFOs are almost ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, being found in a large varie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Raffinose-Biochemical properties-Energy source It is non-digestible in humans and other monogastric animals (pigs and poultry) who do not possess the α-GAL enzyme to break down RFOs. These oligosaccharides pass undigested through the stomach and small intestine. In the large intestine, they are fermented by bacteria th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Raffinose-Disease relevance-Research has shown that the differential ability to utilize raffinose by strains of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, impacts their ability to cause disease and the nature of the disease. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Raffinose-Uses-Procedures concerning cryopreservation have used raffinose to provide hypertonicity for cell desiccation prior to freezing. Either raffinose or sucrose is used as a base substance for sucralose.
Raffinose is also used in: skin moisturizers and smoothers prebiotics (it promotes growth of lactobacilli and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Indoor cricket-Indoor cricket is a variant of and shares many basic concepts with cricket. The game is most often played between two teams each consisting of six or eight players.Several versions of the game have been in existence since the late 1960s, whilst the game in its present form began to take sh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-The game of cricket-In terms of the concept of the game indoor cricket is similar to cricket. Like its outdoor cousin, indoor cricket involves two batsmen, a bowler and a team of fielders. The bowler bowls the ball to the batsmen who must score runs. The team with the highest score at the end of the matc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Safety gear As a minimum, every male player, including the fielders have to wear an abdominal guard (box), with the person bowling the ball as an exception. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-The batsman are required to use batting gloves, primarily for preventing the bat from slipping out of the hands. Indoor batting gloves are readily available at cricket stores, however some indoor cricket facilities also provide basic non-slip gloves that can be shared during ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-One optional security gadget is safety goggles to prevent any serious injury to the eyes. As the game speed is usually very fast and the play rigorous, it is a demanding cardiovascular activity. It is recommended to have a doctor checkup before taking up indoor cricket, espec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Playing arena The length of an indoor cricket pitch is the same as a conventional cricket pitch, and has 3 stumps at each end, but there the similarities end. The arena is completely enclosed by tight netting, a few metres from each side and end of the pitch. The playing surf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Players Indoor cricket is played between 2 teams of 8 players. Each player must bowl 2 eight ball overs, and bat in a partnership for 4 overs. A faster version of the game exists, where each side is reduced to 6 players and each innings lasts 12 overs instead of 16. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Equipment The stumps used in indoor cricket are not, for obvious reasons, stuck in the ground. Instead, they are collapsible spring-loaded stumps that immediately spring back to the standing position when knocked over. The ball used in indoor cricket is a modified cricket bal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Scoring Scoring in indoor cricket is divided into 4 types: physical runs, bonus runs, the usual extras/sundries, and penalty-minus runs. Physical runs are scored by both batsmen completing a run from one crease to the other. Bonus runs are scored when the ball hits a net. Bon... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-On the bounce: 4 runs On the full: 6 runs Zone B or C onto Zone D: 3 runsNB: For bonus runs to be scored, at least one physical run must be scored. The bonus runs are then added to the physical runs. For example, a batsman strikes the ball, hits the back net on the full (6), ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Extras/sundries are the same as those in formal cricket and consist of wides, no-balls etcetera.
Penalty-minus runs are the set number of runs deducted from a team's score for each dismissal. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Dismissals A batsman can be dismissed in the same ways they can be in conventional cricket – with variations in the case of LBW and mankad (see below) – and with the exception of timed out. When a batsman gets dismissed, however, five runs are deducted from their total and th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-A method of dismissal in indoor cricket that is far more prevalent than its outdoor counterpart is the mankad. A mankad is given out if the bowler completes their bowling action without releasing the ball, breaks the stumps at their end without letting go of the ball and the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International rules overview-Result The team with the higher score at the conclusion of each innings is declared the winner of the match. The second innings continues for a full 16 overs even if the batting side passes the first innings total due to the possibility of a side finishing behind a total even... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-3 Dot balls Rule-Most indoor cricket centres employ a dot ball rule, where the scoreboard has to change at least every third ball. This means if the batsmen play 2 consecutive balls without a change in the scorecard (applies on multiple batsmen over multiple overs), the scorecard has to change on the 3rd... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-3 Dot balls Rule-Jackpot ball Rule Some indoor leagues have the first or last ball of a 'Skin' declared a jackpot ball. This means any runs scored on the jackpot ball will be doubled. e.g. if a '7' is hit, it will counted as 14 runs and if a wicket is lost, it will be counted as minus 10 runs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Types of match and competition-Indoor cricket is typically played either as a six- or eight-a-side match, and with six- or eight-ball overs respectively. The game can be played in men's, women's and mixed competitions. Permutations of the game include bonus overs (where the bonus score is double, dismiss... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Types of match and competition-Test matches are usually played in a group of matches called a "series" featuring two to four nations. These series can consist of three to five matches and where more than two nations are involved, may also include a finals series. Matches played at World Cup events are al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Types of match and competition-International competition is also organised for juniors and masters age groups. The matches are considered Test matches within their respective divisions.Since 1985, most Test series between Australia and New Zealand have played for the Trans Tasman trophy. Similarly, since... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Types of match and competition-National championships Each member nation of the WICF usually holds its own national titles. In Australia, states and territories compete in the Australian Indoor Cricket Championships (as well as the now defunct National League).The national competition in New Zealand is r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Types of match and competition-Minor Competition In addition to social competition played throughout the world there are several state leagues and competitions within each nation. Various states, provinces or geographical areas organise their own state championships (referred to in Australia as "Superlea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Types of match and competition-World Cup The Indoor Cricket World cup was first held in Birmingham, England in 1995 and has run every two or three years since. The event usually also features age-group, masters' and women's competitions. The last World Cup was held in Wellington (NZ) in October 2014. Aus... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Origin and development of indoor cricket-The first significant example of organised indoor cricket took place, somewhat unusually, in Germany. A tournament was held under the auspices of the Husum Cricket Club in a hall in Flensburg in the winter of 1968–69.It was not until the 1970s that the game began ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Origin and development of indoor cricket-Despite the early popularity of the sport in England, a different version of indoor cricket developed by two different parties in Perth, Western Australia in the late 1970s evolved into the sport known as indoor cricket today. Against the backdrop of the upheaval ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-International structure of indoor cricket-The World Indoor Cricket Federation is the international governing body of cricket. It was founded prior to the 1995 World Cup by representatives from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and England.Nations may either be full members or associate members of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Other forms of indoor cricket-Conventional cricket indoors Conventional cricket matches have taken place at covered venues (usually featuring a retractable roof) and can thus be regarded as cricket being played indoors, such as Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Australia. Such matches are relatively infreq... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indoor cricket-Other forms of indoor cricket-UK variant A version of indoor cricket (bearing greater resemblance to conventional cricket) is played exclusively in the United Kingdom. This variant sees the six players on each team utilise the same playing and protective equipment that can be found in outdoor cricket, an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Incontinentia pigmenti achromians-Incontinentia pigmenti achromians-Incontinentia pigmenti achromians (also known as "hypomelanosis of Ito") is a cutaneous condition characterized by various patterns of bilateral or unilateral hypopigmentation following the lines of Blaschko.: 548–9 Though the consistency of the skin ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indeterminacy in computation-Indeterminacy in computation-Indeterminacy is a property of formal systems that evolve in time (often conceptualized as a computation), in which complete information about the internal state of the system at some point in time admits multiple future trajectories.
In simpler terms, if such a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Indeterminacy in computation-Disambiguation-Indeterminancy in computation may refer to: quantum indeterminacy in quantum computers nondeterministic finite automata nondeterministic algorithmIn concurrency: indeterminacy in concurrent computation unbounded nondeterminism | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Earth3D-Earth3D-Earth3D was developed as part of a diploma thesis of Dominique Andre Gunia at Braunschweig University of Technology to display a virtual globe of the earth. It was developed before Google bought Keyhole, Inc and changed their product into Google Earth. Earth3D downloads its data (satellite imagery and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Earth3D-Earth3D-One of the strengths of Earth3D is the capacity of showing meteorological phenomena, like Low-pressure areas, anticyclones, etc. in near-real time.The original version of Earth3D was developed using Trolltech's QT framework. Later a version built with Java and JOGL was developed. But the demand for a Ja... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Earth3D-Earth3D-All these three projects can be retrieved from SourceForge's CVS (C++) or Subversion (Java) repository. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Antinovel-Antinovel-An antinovel is any experimental work of fiction that avoids the familiar conventions of the novel, and instead establishes its own conventions. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Antinovel-Origin of the term-The term ("anti-roman" in French) was brought into modern literary discourse by the French philosopher and critic Jean-Paul Sartre in his introduction to Nathalie Sarraute's 1948 work Portrait d’un inconnu (Portrait of a Man Unknown). However the term "anti-roman" (anti-novel) had been used... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Antinovel-Characteristics-The antinovel usually fragments and distorts the experience of its characters, presenting events outside of chronological order and attempting to disrupt the idea of characters with unified and stable personalities. Some principal features of antinovels include lack of obvious plot, minimal de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Antinovel-History-Although the term is most commonly applied to the French nouveau roman of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, similar traits can be found much further back in literary history. One example is Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy, a seemingly autobiographical novel that barely makes it as far as the title charact... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Antinovel-History-Aron Kibédi Varga has suggested that the novel in fact began as an antinovel, since the first novels such as Don Quixote subverted their form even as they were constructing the form of the novel.It was however in the postwar decades that the term first came into critical and general prominence. To the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graham cracker crust-Graham cracker crust-Graham cracker crust is a style of pie crust made from crushed graham crackers. Graham crackers are a sweet American cracker made from unbleached, whole wheat graham flour. The crust is usually flavored and stiffened with butter or vegetable oil and sometimes sugar. Graham crac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graham cracker crust-Origin-The invention of the graham cracker crust is credited to Monroe Boston Strause, who was known as the Pie King and also invented the chiffon pie. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3D Virtual Creature Evolution-3D Virtual Creature Evolution-3D Virtual Creature Evolution, abbreviated to 3DVCE, is an artificial evolution simulation program created by Lee Graham. Its purpose is to visualize and research common themes in body plans and strategies to achieve a fitness function of the artificial organi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3D Virtual Creature Evolution-Settings-3DVCE uses evolutionary algorithms to simulate evolution. The user sets the body plan restrictions (maximum number of segment types, branching segments’ length and depth limits, and size limits) and whether fitness score is scaled in relation to size. Limb interpenetration is also... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3D Virtual Creature Evolution-Simulation-Everything in the simulation is viewed from a first person viewpoint. After settings are determined, the first generation is generated from randomly created individuals. All creatures appear at the same spawning point and are made of segments or rectangular prisms connected to o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3D Virtual Creature Evolution-Creatures-Convergent evolution occurs often in 3DVCE, as similar structures and behaviors of the creatures form to maximize fitness. Two-Armed Jumpers consist of a small core and two large symmetrical "wings", and evolve in response to jumping and distance requirement. These creatures prop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3D Virtual Creature Evolution-Creatures-Many other types of creatures also form that do not necessarily fit the four main groups previously described by Lee Graham. Tall stick-like creatures also evolve to attain maximum height. Some users have been able to fix the water simulator to evolve creatures that swim. Many ot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knit picker-Knit picker-A knit picker is a fabric tool used to remove snags from clothes and fabrics.
It has a small hook that grabs the snag, and can then be pulled through to the interior side to remove it. The hook is very fine to ensure it gets under the snag. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shkarofsky function-Shkarofsky function-The Shkarofsky function is a physics formula which describes the behavior of microwaves. It is named after Canadian physicist Issie Shkarofsky (1931-2018), who first identified the function in 1966.N.M. Temme and S.S. Sazhin later developed this idea further to give what they cal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallactic angle-Parallactic angle-In spherical astronomy, the parallactic angle is the angle between the great circle through a celestial object and the zenith, and the hour circle of the object. It is usually denoted q. In the triangle zenith—object—celestial pole, the parallactic angle will be the position angle of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallactic angle-Uses-For ground-based observatories, the Earth atmosphere acts like a prism which disperses light of different wavelengths such that a star generates a rainbow along the direction that points to the zenith. So given an astronomical picture with a coordinate system with a known direction to the Celesti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallactic angle-Uses-The orientation of the disk of the Moon, as related to the horizon, changes throughout its diurnal motion and the parallactic angle changes equivalently. This is also the case with other celestial objects. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallactic angle-Uses-In an ephemeris, the position angle of the midpoint of the bright limb of the Moon or planets, and the position angles of their North poles may be tabulated. If this angle is measured from the North point on the limb, it can be converted to an angle measured from the zenith point (the vertex) as ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallactic angle-Derivation-The vector algebra to derive the standard formula is equivalent to the calculation of the long derivation for the compass course.
The sign of the angle is basically kept, north over east in both cases, but as astronomers look at stars from the inside of the celestial sphere, the definitio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallactic angle-Derivation-(The previous formula is the sine formula of spherical trigonometry.) The values of sin z and of cos φ are positive, so using atan2 functions one may divide both expressions through these without losing signs; eventually tan sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin cos tan sin cos h yields the angl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallactic angle-Derivation-For a sidereal target, by definition a target where δ and α are not time-dependent, the angle changes with a period of a sidereal day Ts.
Let dots denote time derivatives; then the hour angle changes as h˙=2πTs and the time derivative of the tan q expression is cos cos cos cos sin sin cos ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Traction control system-A traction control system (TCS), also known as ASR (from German: Antriebsschlupfregelung, lit. 'drive slippage regulation'), is typically (but not necessarily) a secondary function of the electronic stability control (ESC) on production motor vehicles, designed to prevent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Traction control system-The basic idea behind the need for a traction control system is the loss of road grip can compromise steering control and stability of vehicles. This is the result of the difference in traction of the drive wheels. The difference in slip may occur due to the turning of a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-History-The predecessor of modern electronic traction control systems can be found in high-torque, high-power rear-wheel-drive cars as a limited slip differential. A limited-slip differential is a purely mechanical system that transfers a relatively small amount of power to the non-slipping whee... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Operation-When the traction control computer (often incorporated into another control unit, such as the ABS module) detects one or more driven wheels spinning significantly faster than another, it invokes the ABS electronic control unit to apply brake friction to wheels spinning with lessened tr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Operation-This often occurs in conjunction with the powertrain computer reducing available engine torque by electronically limiting throttle application and/or fuel delivery, retarding ignition spark, completely shutting down engine cylinders, and a number of other methods, depending on the vehi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Components of traction control-Generally, the main hardware for traction control and ABS are mostly the same. In many vehicles, traction control is provided as an additional option for ABS.
Each wheel is equipped with a sensor that senses changes in its speed due to loss of traction.
The sensed ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Use of traction control-In road cars: Traction control has traditionally been a safety feature in premium high-performance cars, which otherwise need sensitive throttle input to prevent spinning driven wheels when accelerating, especially in wet, icy, or snowy conditions. In recent years, tracti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Use of traction control-In motorcycles: Traction control for production motorcycles was first available with the BMW K1 in 1988. Honda offered Traction Control as an option, along with ABS, on their ST1100 beginning about 1992. By 2009, traction control was an option for several models offered b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Use of traction control-In off-road vehicles: Traction control is used instead of or in addition to, the mechanical limited-slip or locking differential. It is often implemented with an electronic limited-slip differential, as well as other computerized controls of the engine and transmission. T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Use of traction control-Controversy in motorsports Very effective yet small units are available that allow the driver to remove the traction control system after an event if desired. In Formula One, an effort to ban traction control led to a change of rules for 2008: every car must have a standa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Traction control in cornering-Traction control is not just used for improving acceleration under slippery conditions. It can also help a driver to corner more safely. If too much throttle is applied during cornering, the driven wheels will lose traction and slide sideways. This occurs as underst... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Traction control system-Traction control in cornering-Automobile manufacturers state in vehicle manuals that traction control systems should not encourage dangerous driving or encourage driving in conditions beyond the driver's control. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frozen Evolution-Frozen Evolution-Frozen Evolution is a 2008 book written by parasitologist Jaroslav Flegr, which aims to explain modern developments in evolutionary biology. It also contains information boxes which clarify important topics in science like peer review, scientific journals, citation metrics, philosophy ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frozen Evolution-Frozen Evolution-The book also discusses Flegr's model of "frozen plasticity," a hypothesis which describes a possible mechanism for the evolution of adaptive traits. This hypothesis proposes that natural selection can only explain adaptation for a limited range of conditions, for instance when populat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frozen Evolution-Frozen Evolution-Biologist Brian K. Hall described the book as broad and integrative, but also combative, "verging on the disrespectful". Biologist Dan Graur described the book as "sloppily written, unprofessionally translated, inadequately conceived, improperly edited, dubiously syntaxed, and horribly... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Frozen Evolution-Reviews-Book review – Brian K. Hall, Evolution & Development Book review – by Dan Graur, The Quarterly Review of Biology | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Winding hole-Winding hole-A winding hole () is a widened area of a canal (usually in the United Kingdom), used for turning a canal boat such as a narrowboat. In sea ports an area for turning ships is usually called a turning basin. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Winding hole-Etymology-The word is commonly believed to derive from the practice of using the wind to assist with the turn.Another etymology, however, is the Old English word for turn - "windan", (pronounced with a short I (as in windlass, a handle for winding (long I) gears)). Much UK canal terminology comes from spok... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Winding hole-History-Because the average width of a canal channel (about 30' to 40' feet) is less than the length of a full-size narrow boat (72') it is not usually possible to turn a boat in the canal. Winding holes are typically indentations in the off-side (non-towpath side) of the canal, allowing sufficient space t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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