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Pipette-Common pipettes-The micropipette was invented and patented in 1960 by Dr. Heinrich Schnitger in Marburg, Germany. Afterwards, the co-founder of the biotechnology company Eppendorf, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and initiated the global and general use of micropipettes in labs. In 1972, the adjusta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Common pipettes-Electronic pipette To minimize the possible development of musculoskeletal disorders due to repetitive pipetting, electronic pipettes commonly replace the mechanical version. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Common pipettes-Positive displacement pipette These are similar to air displacement pipettes, but are less commonly used and are used to avoid contamination and for volatile or viscous substances at small volumes, such as DNA. The major difference is that the disposable tip is a microsyringe (plastic), composed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Common pipettes-Volumetric pipettes Volumetric pipettes or bulb pipette allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single vol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Common pipettes-Graduated pipettes Graduated pipettes are a type of macropipette consisting of a long tube with a series of graduations, as on a graduated cylinder or burette, to indicate different calibrated volumes. They also require a source of vacuum; in the early days of chemistry and biology, the mouth wa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Common pipettes-Pasteur pipette Pasteur pipettes are plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts of liquids, but are not graduated or calibrated for any particular volume. The bulb is separate from the pipette body. Pasteur pipettes are also called teat pipettes, droppers, eye droppers and chemical... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Specialized pipettes-Pipetting syringe Pipetting syringes are hand-held devices that combine the functions of volumetric (bulb) pipettes, graduated pipettes, and burettes. They are calibrated to ISO volumetric A grade standards. A glass or plastic pipette tube is used with a thumb-operated piston and PTFE seal ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Specialized pipettes-Van Slyke pipette A graduated pipette commonly used in medical technology with serologic pipettes for volumetric analysis. Invented by Donald Dexter Van Slyke.
Ostwald–Folin pipette A special pipette used in measuring viscous fluid such as whole blood. Common in medical technology laborator... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Specialized pipettes-Microfluidic pipette A recent introduction into the micropipette field integrates the versatility of microfluidics into a freely positionable pipette platform. At the tip of the device a localized flow zone is created, allowing for constant control of the nanoliter environment, directly in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Specialized pipettes-Invented by Alar Ainla, currently situated in the Biophysical Technology Lab at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.
Extremely low volume pipettes A zeptoliter pipette has been developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an all... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Specialized pipettes-Pipette aids A variety of devices have been developed for safer, easier, and more efficient pipetting. For example, a motorized pipette controller can aid liquid aspiration or dispensing using volumetric pipettes or graduated pipettes; a tablet can interact in real-time with the pipette and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Specialized pipettes-Robots Pipette robots are capable of manipulating the pipettes as humans would do. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Calibration-Pipette recalibration is an important consideration in laboratories using these devices. It is the act of determining the accuracy of a measuring device by comparison with NIST traceable reference standards. Pipette calibration is essential to ensure that the instrument is working according to expec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Proper pipetting posture is the most important element in establishing good ergonomic work practices. During repetitive tasks such as pipetting, maintaining body positions that provide a maximum of strength with the least amount of muscular stress is important to minimize the risk of injury... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Winged elbow pipetting Technique: elevated, “winged elbow”. The average human arm weighs approximately 6% of the total body weight. Holding a pipette with the elbow extended (winged elbow) in a static position places the weight of the arm onto the neck and shoulder muscles and reduces blood... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Corrective action: Position elbows as close to the body as possible, with arms and wrists extended in straight, neutral positions (handshake posture). Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should not exceed 12” from the worksurface.Ove... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Corrective action: Forearm rotation angle near 45° pronation (palm down) should be maintained to minimize carpal tunnel pressure during repetitive activity.Clenched fist pipetting Technique: Tight grip (clenched fist). Hand fatigue results from continuous contact between a hard object and s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Corrective action: Use pipettes with hooks or other attributes that allow a relaxed grip and/or alleviate need to constantly grip the pipette. This will reduce tension in the arm, wrist and hand.Thumb plunger pipetting Technique: Concentrated area of force (contact stress between a hard obj... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Corrective action: Use pipettes with large contoured or rounded plungers and buttons. This will disperse the pressure used to operate the pipette across the entire surface of the thumb or finger, reducing contact pressure to acceptable levels.Incorrect posture can have a strong impact on av... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Corrective action: Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should also not exceed 12” from the worksurface.Elbow strength pipetting Technique: Elbow flexion or abduction. Arm strength diminishes as elbow posture is deviated from a 90° po... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Posture and injuries-Corrective action: Keep forearm and hand elevation within 12” of the worksurface, which will allow the elbow to remain near a 90° position.Unlike traditional axial pipettes, ergonomic pipetting can affect posture and prevent common pipetting injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Pipette stand-Typically the pipettes are vertically stored on holder called pipette stands. In case of electronic pipettes, such stand can recharge their batteries. The most advance pipette stand can directly control electronic pipettes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pipette-Alternatives-An alternative technology, especially for transferring small volumes (micro and nano litre range) is acoustic droplet ejection. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Truncated 24-cells-In geometry, a truncated 24-cell is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional uniform polytope) formed as the truncation of the regular 24-cell.
There are two degrees of truncations, including a bitruncation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Truncated 24-cell-The truncated 24-cell or truncated icositetrachoron is a uniform 4-dimensional polytope (or uniform 4-polytope), which is bounded by 48 cells: 24 cubes, and 24 truncated octahedra. Each vertex joins three truncated octahedra and one cube, in an equilateral triangular pyramid vertex ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Truncated 24-cell-Cartesian coordinates The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated 24-cell having edge length sqrt(2) are all coordinate permutations and sign combinations of: (0,1,2,3) [4!×23 = 192 vertices]The dual configuration has coordinates at all coordinate permutation and signs ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Truncated 24-cell-Projections The parallel projection of the truncated 24-cell into 3-dimensional space, truncated octahedron first, has the following layout: The projection envelope is a truncated cuboctahedron.
Two of the truncated octahedra project onto a truncated octahedron lying in the center o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-The bitruncated 24-cell. 48-cell, or tetracontoctachoron is a 4-dimensional uniform polytope (or uniform 4-polytope) derived from the 24-cell. E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope.
It is constructed by bitruncating the 24-cell (truncating at halfway to the d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-Seen in a configuration matrix, all incidence counts between elements are shown. The diagonal f-vector numbers are derived through the Wythoff construction, dividing the full group order of a subgroup order by removing one mirror at a time. Edges exist at 4 symmetry positions. Squ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-Coordinates The Cartesian coordinates of a bitruncated 24-cell having edge length 2 are all permutations of coordinates and sign of: (0, 2+√2, 2+√2, 2+2√2) (1, 1+√2, 1+√2, 3+2√2) Projections Projection to 2 dimensions Projection to 3 dimensions Related regular skew polyhedron The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-Disphenoidal 288-cell The disphenoidal 288-cell is the dual of the bitruncated 24-cell. It is a 4-dimensional polytope (or polychoron) derived from the 24-cell. It is constructed by doubling and rotating the 24-cell, then constructing the convex hull.
Being the dual of a uniform p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-Thus, the 288-cell is the only non-regular 4-polytope which is the convex hull of a quaternionic group, disregarding the infinitely many dicyclic (same as binary dihedral) groups; the regular ones are the 24-cell (≘ 2T or <2,3,3>, order 24) and the 600-cell (≘ 2I or <2,3,5>, order... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-The vertices can be coloured in 2 colours, say red and yellow, with the 24 Hurwitz units in red and the 24 duals in yellow, the yellow 24-cell being congruent to the red one. Thus the product of 2 equally coloured quaternions is red and the product of 2 in mixed colours is yellow. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-Placing a fixed red vertex at the north pole (1,0,0,0), there are 6 yellow vertices in the next deeper “latitude” at (√2/2,x,y,z), followed by 8 red vertices in the latitude at (1/2,x,y,z). The complete coordinates are given as linear combinations of the quaternionic units 1,i,j,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-Layer 2 is a 2-sphere circumscribing a regular octahedron whose edges have length 1. A tetrahedron with vertex north pole has 1 of these edges as long edge whose 2 vertices are connected by short edges to the north pole. Another long edge runs from the north pole into layer 1 and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-There are 192 long edges with length 1 connecting equal colours and 144 short edges with length √2–√2 ≈ 0.765367 connecting mixed colours. 192*2/48 = 8 long and 144*2/48 = 6 short, that is together 14 edges meet at any vertex.
The 576 faces are isosceles with 1 long and 2 short ed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Bitruncated 24-cell-The 288 cells are tetrahedra with 4 short edges and 2 antipodal and perpendicular long edges, one of which connects 2 red and the other 2 yellow vertices. All the cells are congruent. 288*4/48 = 24 cells meet at a vertex. 288*2/192 = 3 cells meet at a long edge, 288*4/144 = 8 at a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated 24-cells-Related polytopes-B4 family of uniform polytopes: F4 family of uniform polytopes: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PEX10-PEX10-Peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PEX10 gene. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PEX10-Function-Peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 is involved in import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. This protein localizes to the peroxisomal membrane. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PEX10-Clinical significance-Mutations in this gene result in phenotypes within the Zellweger spectrum of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, ranging from neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy to Zellweger syndrome. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
PEX10-Interactions-PEX10 has been shown to interact with PEX12 and PEX19. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
WebFinger-WebFinger-WebFinger is a protocol specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force IETF that allows for discovery of information about people and things identified by a URI. Information about a person might be discovered via an acct: URI, for example, which is a URI that looks like an email address. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
WebFinger-WebFinger-WebFinger is specified as the discovery protocol for OpenID Connect, which is a protocol that allows one to more easily log in to various sites on the Internet.The WebFinger protocol is used by federated software, such as GNU social, Diaspora, or Mastodon, to discover users on federated nodes and po... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
WebFinger-Example-Basic example with profile page and business card Client request: Server response: Usage on Mastodon On Mastodon, any federated servers can look up users by sending a request to the WebFinger endpoint on other servers. Here is an example for the user@Mastodon@mastodon.social: Client request:Server res... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conformal map projection-Conformal map projection-In cartography, a conformal map projection is one in which every angle between two curves that cross each other on Earth (a sphere or an ellipsoid) is preserved in the image of the projection; that is, the projection is a conformal map in the mathematical sense. For exa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conformal map projection-Properties-A conformal projection can be defined as one that is locally conformal at every point on the map, albeit possibly with singular points where conformality fails. Thus, every small figure is nearly similar to its image on the map. The projection preserves the ratio of two lengths in th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conformal map projection-Properties-In a conformal projection, parallels and meridians cross rectangularly on the map. The converse is not necessarily true. The counterexamples are equirectangular and equal-area cylindrical projections (of normal aspects). These projections expand meridian-wise and parallel-wise by dif... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conformal map projection-Properties-As proven by Leonhard Euler in 1775, a conformal map projection cannot be equal-area, nor can an equal-area map projection be conformal. This is also a consequence of Carl Gauss's 1827 Theorema Egregium [Remarkable Theorem]. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conformal map projection-List of conformal projections-Mercator projection (conformal cylindrical projection) Mercator projection of normal aspect (Every rhumb line is drawn as a straight line on the map.) Transverse Mercator projection Gauss–Krüger coordinate system (This projection preserves lengths on the central me... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Conformal map projection-Applications-Large scale Many large-scale maps use conformal projections because figures in large-scale maps can be regarded as small enough. The figures on the maps are nearly similar to their physical counterparts.
A non-conformal projection can be used in a limited domain such that the proje... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nintendo Zone-Nintendo Zone-Nintendo Zone was a download service and an extension of the DS Download Station. Users could access content, third-party data, and other services from a hotspot or download station. The service had demos of upcoming and currently available games and may have location-specific content. When ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nintendo Zone-History-In collaboration with the restaurant chain McDonald's, the service originated in the Kantō, Chūkyō and Kansai regions of Japan. Over 1,000 DS Download Stations in Japan were planned to be converted into Nintendo Zones to enable SpotPass communications. Nintendo Zone content was available at over 2... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nintendo Zone-History-In December 2013, a new feature was added on in celebration of National StreetPass Weekend. This feature combined and mixed together all Nintendo Zones within North America into one and allowed users who come across a Nintendo Zone to streetpass and exchange data with other 3DS users from all arou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nintendo Zone-Locations-North American Nintendo 3DS users were able to access the Nintendo Zone inside these following places: Best Buy, Home Depot, and CrossIron Mills in Canada; and AT&T Retail Store, and McDonald's in the USA. Users could find nearby Nintendo Zones by searching for their city or postal code on the N... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nintendo Zone-DS Download Station-The DS Download Station was an in-store demo service launched by Nintendo in early 2006. As the name states, these are stations that can be used to download game demos and trailers to a Nintendo DS. The download station consisted of a standard retail DS hidden inside a sealed box with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Objective correlative-In literary criticism, an objective correlative is a group of things or events which systematically represent emotions. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Theory-The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective correlative, Eliot's essay "Hamlet and Hi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Theory-The works of Eliot were translated into Italian by Montale, who earned the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Origin of terminology-The term was coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston (1779-1843), and was introduced by T.S. Eliot, rather casually, into his essay "Hamlet and His Problems" (1919); its subsequent vogue in literary criticism, Eliot said, astonished him. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Origin of terminology-In "Hamlet and His Problems", Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience: The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an "objective correlative"; in other words, a set of objects... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Origin of terminology-It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as "most certainly an artistic failure": Eliot felt that Hamlet's strong emotions "exceeded the facts" of the play, which is to say they were not supported by an "objective correlative... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Criticisms-One possible criticism of Eliot's theory includes his assumption that an author's intentions concerning expression will be understood in one way only. This point is stated by Balachandra Rajan as quoted in David A. Goldfarb's "New Reference Works in Literary Theory" with these words: "E... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Examples-A famous haiku by Yosa Buson entitled, The Piercing Chill I Feel illustrates the use of objective correlative within poetry:The piercing chill I feel:my dead wife's comb, in our bedroom,under my heel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Objective correlative-Examples-In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys, songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me. He makes reference to T.S. Eliot's topic, "the Objective Correlative", as the subject being every girl, or any girl. In adherence to this reference, the author ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Distearoylphosphatidylcholine-Distearoylphosphatidylcholine-Distearoylphosphatidylcholine is a phosphatidylcholine, a kind of phospholipid. It is a natural constituent of cell membranes, eg. soybean phosphatidylcholines are mostly different 18-carbon phosphatidylcholines (including minority of saturated DSPC), and thei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia is a regional anaesthetic technique, which combines the benefits of both spinal anaesthesia and epidural anaesthesia and analgesia. The spinal component gives a rapid onset of a predictable block. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Indications-This technique also allows for better post operative pain relief. The epidural catheter may be left in place for up to 72 hours if required. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Indications-In labouring women, the onset of analgesia is more rapid with combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia compared with epidural analgesia. Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia in labour was formerly thought to enable women to mobilise for longer compared with epidu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Insertion technique-Combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia is a highly specialised technique which should only be administered by a properly trained anaesthetic practitioner working with full aseptic technique.The needle-through-needle technique involves the introduction of a Tuoh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Maintenance technique-When the epidural catheter has been inserted, the techniques of maintenance of block are very similar to those of epidural anaesthesia. The intensity of the block may be adjusted as desired. Large doses of local anaesthetic can produce sufficient anaesthesi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Equipment-A standard epidural pack may be used with a standard spinal needle. However, the standard length of a spinal needle (90mm) may be insufficiently long to reach the subarachnoid space through the Tuohy needle. An extra-long needle (e.g., 120 mm) may be required. Alternat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia-Complications-Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia in labouring women is associated with more pruritus if fentanyl (25 μg) is given intrathecally, than low-dose epidural analgesia. However, no difference has been found in the incidence of post dural puncture headache, requir... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chrysanthemum bonsai-Chrysanthemum bonsai-Chrysanthemum bonsai (Japanese: 菊の盆栽, romanized: Kiku no bonsai, lit. 'Chrysanthemum tray planting', pronunciation ) is a Japanese art form using cultivation techniques to produce, in containers, chrysanthemum flowers that mimic the shape and scale of full size trees, called bo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chrysanthemum bonsai-Cultivation and care-Bonsai cultivation and care requires techniques and tools that are specialized to support the growth and maintenance of the flowers in small containers. There are several cultivated varieties of chrysanthemum that possess the ability to be trained into many of the traditional b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chrysanthemum bonsai-Styles-Various bonsai styles exist, such as the cascade style, the clinging to a rock style, and the forest style. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
JWH-185-JWH-185-JWH-185 is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor ligand from the naphthoylindole family. It is the carbonyl-reduced derivative of related compound JWH-081. The binding affinity of JWH-185 for the CB1 receptor is reported as Ki = 17 ± 3 nM.In the United States, all CB1 receptor agonists of the 3-(1-naphthylme... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TTUSB-TTUSB-The Numark TTUSB is a belt-driven turntable with a USB audio interface. This allows the user to transfer music from a record onto a computer, from which it can then be burnt onto an audio CD. Introduced in December 2005, the TTUSB was the first turntable of its kind to have been released to the consumer mar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TTUSB-Product features-Anti-skating control 33-1/3 and 45RPM playback speeds ±10% adjustable pitch control RCA line outputs USB output 1/8" stereo minijack input Moving magnet phono cartridge | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-FtsZ-FtsZ is a protein encoded by the ftsZ gene that assembles into a ring at the future site of bacterial cell division (also called the Z ring). FtsZ is a prokaryotic homologue of the eukaryotic protein tubulin. The initials FtsZ mean "Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z." The hypothesis was that cell div... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-History-In the 1960s scientists screened for temperature sensitive mutations that blocked cell division at 42 °C. The mutant cells divided normally at 30°, but failed to divide at 42°. Continued growth without division produced long filamentous cells (Filamenting temperature sensitive). Several such mutants were d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-History-In 1992-3 three labs independently discovered that FtsZ was related to eukaryotic tubulin, which is the protein subunit that assembles into microtubules. This was the first discovery that bacteria have homologs of eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins. Later work showed that FtsZ was present in, and essential f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-History-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are eukaryotic organelles that originated as bacterial endosymbionts, so there was much interest in whether they use FtsZ for division. Chloroplast FtsZ was first discovered by Osteryoung, and it is now known that all chloroplasts use FtsZ for division. Mitochondrial FtsZ was ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-History-In 2014, scientists identified two FtsZ homologs in archaea, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-During cell division, FtsZ is the first protein to move to the division site, and is essential for recruiting other proteins that produce a new cell wall (septum) between the dividing cells. FtsZ's role in cell division is analogous to that of actin in eukaryotic cell division, but, unlike the actin-myosi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-Recently, proteins similar to tubulin and FtsZ have been discovered in large plasmids found in Bacillus species. They are believed to function as components of segrosomes, which are multiprotein complexes that partition chromosomes/plasmids in bacteria. The plasmid homologs of tubulin/FtsZ seem to have co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-The contractile ring (the "Z ring") FtsZ has the ability to bind to GTP and also exhibits a GTPase domain that allows it to hydrolyze GTP to GDP and a phosphate group. In vivo, FtsZ forms filaments with a repeating arrangement of subunits, all arranged head-to-tail. These filaments form a ring around the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-The GTP hydrolyzing activity of the protein is not essential to the formation of filaments or cell division. Mutants defective in GTPase activity often still divide, but sometimes form twisted and disordered septa. It is unclear as to whether FtsZ actually provides the physical force that results in divis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-There are two models for how FtsZ might generate a constriction force. One model is based on the observation that FtsZ protfilaments can be straight or curved. The transition from straight to curved is suggested to generate a bending force on the membrane. Another model is based on sliding protofilaments.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-In other models, FtsZ does not provide the contractile force but provides the cell a spatial scaffold for other proteins to execute the division of the cell. This is akin to the creating of a temporary structure by construction workers to access hard-to-reach places of a building. The temporary structure ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-The scaffold theory is supported by information that shows that the formation of the ring and localization to the membrane requires the concerted action of a number of accessory proteins. ZipA or the actin homologue FtsA permit initial FtsZ localization to the membrane. Following localization to the membr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-Recent super-resolution imaging in several species supports a dynamic scaffold model, in which small clusters of FtsZ protofilaments or protofilament bundles move unidirectionally around the ring's circumference by treadmilling, anchored to the membrane by FtsA and other FtsZ-specific membrane tethers. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-Septal localization and intracellular signaling The formation of the Z-ring closely coincides with cellular processes associated with replication. Z-ring formation coincides with the termination of genome replication in E. coli and 70% of chromosomal replication in B. subtilis. The timing of Z-ring format... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-Communicating distress FtsZ polymerization is also linked to stressors like DNA damage. DNA damage induces a variety of proteins to be manufactured, one of them called SulA. SulA prevents the polymerization and GTPase activity of FtsZ. SulA accomplishes this task by binding to self-recognizing FtsZ sites.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Function-Preventing DNA damage Like SulA, there are other mechanisms that prevent cell division that would result in disrupted genetic information sent to daughter cells. So far, two proteins have been identified in E. coli and B. subtilis that prevent division over the nucleoid region: Noc and SlmA. Noc gene knoc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FtsZ-Clinical significance-The number of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains is currently increasing; thus, the determination of drug targets for the development of novel antimicrobial drugs is urgently needed. The potential role of FtsZ in the blockage of cell division, together with its high degree of conservation ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Niobium(V) chloride-Niobium(V) chloride-Niobium(V) chloride, also known as niobium pentachloride, is a yellow crystalline solid. It hydrolyzes in air, and samples are often contaminated with small amounts of NbOCl3. It is often used as a precursor to other compounds of niobium. NbCl5 may be purified by sublimation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Niobium(V) chloride-Structure and properties-Niobium(V) chloride forms chloro-bridged dimers in the solid state (see figure). Each niobium centre is six-coordinate, but the octahedral coordination is significantly distorted. The equatorial niobium–chlorine bond lengths are 225 pm (terminal) and 256 pm (bridging), whils... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Niobium(V) chloride-Preparation-Industrially, niobium pentachloride is obtained by direct chlorination of niobium metal at 300 to 350 °C: 2 Nb + 5 Cl2 → 2 NbCl5In the laboratory, niobium pentachloride is often prepared from Nb2O5, the main challenge being incomplete reaction to give NbOCl3. The conversion can be effect... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Niobium(V) chloride-Uses-Niobium(V) chloride is the main precursor to the alkoxides of niobium, which find uses in sol-gel processing. It is also the precursor to many other Nb-containing reagents, including most organoniobium compounds.
In organic synthesis, NbCl5 is a very specialized Lewis acid in activating alkenes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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