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Colour centre-Cerebral achromatopsia-The extent of the symptoms and the damage is different from person to person. If a person has complete achromatopsia, then their entire visual field is devoid of colour. A person with dyschromatopsia, or incomplete achromatopsia, has similar symptoms to complete achromatopsia, but t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Eicosanoid-Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, around 20 carbon units in length. Eicosanoids are a sub-category of oxylipins, i.e. oxidized fatty acids of d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Eicosanoid-There are multiple subfamilies of eicosanoids, including most prominently the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins, and eoxins. For each subfamily, there is the potential to have at least 4 separate series of metabolites, two series derived from ω-6 PUFAs (arachidonic an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Fatty acid sources "Eicosanoid" (eicosa-, Greek for "twenty"; see icosahedron) is the collective term for straight-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of 20 carbon units in length that have been metabolized or otherwise converted to oxygen-containing products. The PUFA precursors to the ei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Adrenic acid (AdA), 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid, is an ω-6 fatty acid with four cis double bounds, each located between carbons 7-8, 10-11, 13-14, and 17-18.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), i.e.i.e. 5Z, 8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid is an ω-3 fatty acid with five cis double bonds, each ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Abbreviation A particular eicosanoid is denoted by a four-character abbreviation, composed of: its two-letter abbreviation (LT, EX or PG, as described above), one A-B-C sequence-letter, A subscript or plain script number following the designated eicosanoid's trivial name indicates the number of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-The AA-derived prostanoids have two double bonds (e.g. PGG2 or PGG2) while their AA-derived leukotrienes have four double bonds (e.g. LTB4 or LTB4). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Hydroperoxy-, hydroxyl-, and oxo-eicosanoids possess a hydroperoxy (-OOH), hydroxy (-OH), or oxygen atom (=O) substituents link to a PUFA carbon by a single (-) or double (=) bond. Their trivial names indicate the substituent as: Hp or HP for a hydroperoxy residue (e.g. 5-hydroperooxy-eicosatrae... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Classic eicosanoids Current usage limits the term eicosanoid to: ω-6 Series eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid: Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) include the following metabolites of arachidonic acid: 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 15-HETE), 20-Hydroxyeicosatetr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Other ω-3 series eicosapentaenoic acid-derived eicosanoids are analogs of ω-6 fatty acid-derived metabolites but contain a double bond between carbon 17 and 18 and therefore have one more double bound than their arachidonic acid-derived analogs. They include (HEPE is hydroxy-eicsapentaenoic acid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-ω-9 Series eicosanoids Hydroxy are derived form mead acid, is metabolized to the 3 double bond-containing analog of 5-HETE viz., 5-HETrE (see arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase#Mead acid).Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes, eoxins and prostanoids are sometimes termed "classic eicosanoids" Nonc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Hepoxilins (Hx) include the following arachidonic acid metabolites: HxA3 and HxB3 (see Hepoxilins).
Lipoxins (Lx) include the following metabolites of arachidonic acid: LxA4 and LxB4(see Specialized pro-resolving mediators).
Epi-lipoxins (epi-Lx) include the following metabolites of arachidonic ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Isoprostanes (isoP) are non-enzymatically formed derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids studied as markers of oxidative stress; they include the following arachidonic acid-derived isoP's which are named based on their structural similarities to PGs:D2-isoPs, E2-isoPs, A2-isoPs, and J2-isoPs;... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Isofurans are non-enzymatically formed derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids that possess a Furan ring structure; they are studied as markers of oxidative stress. There are 256 potentially different furan ring-containing isomers that can be derived from arachidonic acid. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Nomenclature-Endocannabinoids are certain glycerolipids or dopamine that are esterified to polyunsaturated fatty acids that activate cannabinoid receptors. They include the following arachidonic acid-esterified agents: Arachidonoylethanolamine, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, O-arachido... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Eicosanoids typically are not stored within cells but rather synthesized as required. They derive from the fatty acids that make up the cell membrane and nuclear membrane. These fatty acids must be released from their membrane sites and then metabolized initially to products which most often are... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Fatty acid mobilization Eicosanoid biosynthesis begins when a cell is activated by mechanical trauma, ischemia, other physical perturbations, attack by pathogens, or stimuli made by nearby cells, tissues, or pathogens such as chemotactic factors, cytokines, growth factors, and even certain eicos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Peroxidation and reactive oxygen species Next, the free fatty acid is oxygenated along any of several pathways; see the Pathways table. The eicosanoid pathways (via lipoxygenase or COX) add molecular oxygen (O2). Although the fatty acid is symmetric, the resulting eicosanoids are chiral; the oxi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Four families of enzymes initiate or contribute to the initiation of the catalysis of fatty acids to eicosanoids: Cyclooxygenases (COXs): COX-1 and COX-2 initiate the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostanoids that contain two double bonds, i.e. the prostaglandins (e.g. PGE2), prostacyclin (i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Lipoxygenases (LOXs): 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX or ALOX5) initiates the metabolism of arachidonic acid to 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE) which then may be rapidly reduced to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) or further metabolized to the leukotrienes (e.g. LTB4 and LTC4); 5-HETE ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Epoxygenases: these are cytochrome P450 enzymes which generate nonclassic eicosanoid epoxides derived from: a) arachidonic acid viz., 5,6-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET), 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET (see Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid); b) eicosapentaenoic acid viz., 5,6,-epoxy-eicosatetraen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-There are elaborate mechanisms to prevent unwanted oxidation. COX, the lipoxygenases, and the phospholipases are tightly controlled—there are at least eight proteins activated to coordinate generation of leukotrienes. Several of these exist in multiple isoforms.Oxidation by either COX or lipoxyg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-The oxidation in eicosanoid generation is compartmentalized; this limits the peroxides' damage.
The enzymes that are biosynthetic for eicosanoids (e.g., glutathione-S-transferases, epoxide hydrolases, and carrier proteins) belong to families whose functions are involved largely with cellular det... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Prostanoid pathways Both COX1 and COX2 (also termed prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-1 (PTGS1) and PTGS2, respectively) metabolize arachidonic acid by adding molecular O2 between carbons 9 and 11 to form an endoperoxide bridge between these two carbons, adding molecular O2 to carbon 15 to yie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoate (HETE) and leukotriene (LT) pathways See Leukotriene#Synthesis, Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and Eoxin#Human biosynthesis. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO or ALOX5) converts arachidonic acid into 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), which may be released and rapidly reduced to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) by ubiquitous cellular glutathione-dependent peroxidases. Alternately, ALOX5 uses its LTA sy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-The enzyme arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO or ALOX12) metabolizes arachidonic acid to the S stereoisomer of 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE) which is rapidly reduced by cellular peroxidases to the S stereoisomer of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) or further metabolize... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-A subset of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) microsome-bound ω-hydroxylases (see 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by an omega oxidation reaction. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Biosynthesis-Epoxyeicosanoid pathway The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, and CYP2S1 metabolize arachidonic acid to the non-classic Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by converting one of the fatty acid's double bonds to its epoxide to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-The following table lists a sampling of the major eicosanoids that possess clinically relevant biological activity, the cellular receptors (see Cell surface receptor) that they stimulate or, where noted, antagonize to attain this activity, some of the major f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-HETEs and oxo-ETEs As indicated in their individual Wikipedia pages, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (which, like 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, acts through the OXER1 receptor), 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-Hydroxyeicosatetra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-Leukotrienes The three cysteinyl leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are potent bronchoconstrictors, increasers of vascular permeability in postcapillary venules, and stimulators of mucus secretion that are released from the lung tissue of asthmatic subjects ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-Lipoxins and epi-lipoxins LxA4, LxB4, 15-epi-LxA4, and 15-epi-LXB4, like other members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators) class of eicosanoids, possess anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving activity. In a randomized controlled trial, AT-LXA4 a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-Eoxins The eoxins (EXC4, EXD4, EXE5) are newly described. They stimulate vascular permeability in an ex vivo human vascular endothelial model system, and in a small study of 32 volunteers EXC4 production by eosinophils isolated from severe and aspirin-intoler... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-Resolvin metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid RvE1, 18S-RvE1, RvE2, and RvE3, like other members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators) class of eicosanoids, possess anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving activity. A synthetic analog of RvE1 is in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-Other metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid The metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid that are analogs of their arachidonic acid-derived prostanoid, HETE, and LT counterparts include: the 3-series prostanoids (e.g. PGE3, PGD3, PGF3α, PGI3, and TXA3), the hydrox... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-Function, pharmacology, and clinical significance-Epoxyeicosanoids The epoxy eicostrienoic acids (or EETs)—and, presumably, the epoxy eicosatetraenoic acids—have vasodilating actions on heart, kidney, and other blood vessels as well as on the kidney's reabsorption of sodium and water, and act to reduce blood... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-The ω-3 and ω-6 series-The reduction in AA-derived eicosanoids and the diminished activity of the alternative products generated from ω-3 fatty acids serve as the foundation for explaining some of the beneficial effects of greater ω-3 intake. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-The ω-3 and ω-6 series-Arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 ω-6) sits at the head of the "arachidonic acid cascade" – more than twenty eicosanoid-mediated signaling paths controlling a wide array of cellular functions, especially those regulating inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system.In the inflammato... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-The ω-3 and ω-6 series-The U.S. National Institutes of Health and the National Library of Medicine state that there is 'A' level evidence that increased dietary ω-3 improves outcomes in hypertriglyceridemia, secondary cardiovascular disease prevention, and hypertension.
There is 'B' level evidence ('good sci... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-The ω-3 and ω-6 series-They also note more preliminary evidence showing that dietary ω-3 can ease symptoms in several psychiatric disorders.Besides the influence on eicosanoids, dietary polyunsaturated fats modulate immune response through three other molecular mechanisms. They (a) alter membrane composition... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-The ω-3 and ω-6 series-Mechanisms of ω-3 action In general, the eicosanoids derived from AA promote inflammation, and those from EPA and from GLA (via DGLA) are less inflammatory, or inactive, or even anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving.
The figure shows the ω-3 and -6 synthesis chains, along with the major ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-The ω-3 and ω-6 series-Redness—An insect's sting will trigger the classic inflammatory response. Short acting vasoconstrictors — TXA2—are released quickly after the injury. The site may momentarily turn pale. Then TXA2 mediates the release of the vasodilators PGE2 and LTB4. The blood vessels engorge and the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eicosanoid-History-In 1930, gynecologist Raphael Kurzrok and pharmacologist Charles Leib characterized prostaglandin as a component of semen.
Between 1929 and 1932, Burr and Burr showed that restricting fat from animal's diets led to a deficiency disease, and first described the essential fatty acids.
In 1935, von Eule... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) is a network protocol standard for Ethernet that provides seamless failover against failure of any network component. This redundancy is invisible to the application. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Parallel Redundancy Protocol-PRP nodes have two ports and are attached to two separated networks of similar topology. PRP can be implemented entirely in software, i.e. integrated in the network driver. Nodes with single attachment can be attached to one network only. This is in contrast to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Parallel Redundancy Protocol-PRP and HSR are suited for applications that request high availability and short switchover time, such as: protection for electrical substation, synchronized drives, for instance in printing machines or high power inverters. For such applications, the recovery t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Parallel Redundancy Protocol-PRP does not cover end node failures, but redundant nodes may be connected via a PRP network. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Topology-Each PRP network node (DANP) has two Ethernet ports attached to two separate local area networks of arbitrary, but similar topology. The two LANs have no links connecting them and are assumed to be fail-independent, to avoid common mode failures. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Topology-Nodes with single attachment (such as a printer) are either attached to one network only (and therefore can communicate only with other nodes attached to the same network), or are attached through a RedBox, a device that behaves like a doubly attached node.Since HSR and PRP use the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Operation-A source node (DANP) sends simultaneously two copies of a frame, one over each port. The two frames travel through their respective LANs until they reach a destination node (DANP) with a certain time skew. The destination node accepts the first frame of a pair and discards the sec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Frame format-To simplify the detection of duplicates, the frames are identified by their source address and a sequence number that is incremented for each frame sent according to the PRP protocol. The sequence number, the frame size, the path identifier and an Ethertype are appended just be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Frame format-NOTE: all legacy devices should accept Ethernet frames up to 1528 octets, this is below the theoretical limit of 1535 octets. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Implementation-The two Ethernet interfaces of a node use the same MAC address. This is allowed since the two LANs have no connection. Therefore, PRP is a layer 2 redundancy, which allows higher layer network protocols to operate without modification. A PRP node needs only one IP address. Es... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Clock synchronization-IEC 62439-3 Annex C specifies the Precision Time Protocol Industry Profile that support a clock synchronization over PRP with an accuracy of 1 μs after 15 network elements, as profile of IEEE Std 1588 Precision Time Protocol.
Clocks can be doubly attached according to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Clock synchronization-This method works for several options in 1588, with Layer 2 / Layer 3 operation, and with peer-to-peer / end-to-end delay measurement. IEC 62439-3 defines these two profiles as: L3E2E (Layer 3, end-to-end) that addresses the requirements of ODVA L2P2P (Layer 2, peer-to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Legacy versions-The original standard IEC 62439:2010 incremented the sequence number of the Redundancy Control Trailer (RCT) in the PRP frames on a per-connection basis. This gave a good error detection coverage but made difficult the transition from PRP to the High-availability Seamless Re... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Parallel Redundancy Protocol-Applications-An interesting application of PRP was found in the area of wireless communication as "Timing Combiner" [], yielding significant improvement in packet loss and timing behaviour over parallel redundant wireless links. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sync sound-Sync sound-Sync sound (synchronized sound recording) refers to sound recorded at the time of the filming of movies. It has been widely used in movies since the birth of sound movies. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sync sound-History-Even in the silent film era, films were shown with sounds, often with musical accompaniment by a pianist or an orchestra keeping time with the screen action. The first synchronization was a turning recording device marked with a white spot. As the white spot rotated, the cameraman hand-cranked the ca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sync sound-History-In double-system film, speed variations of camera and recorder, as well as the elasticity of the magnetic recording tape, requires some positive means of keying the dialogue to its appropriate film frame. The inclusion on the sound recorder of a second, parallel, sync or "Pilotone" track, has been th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sync sound-History-This method was developed in the 1960s by pioneering filmmaker Richard Leacock. It was called Direct Cinema. Filmmakers abandoned the studio and went out on location to film, often with hand-held cameras. In 1972, Bell & Howell brought out a consumer version of a double-system Super-8 sound filmmakin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sync sound-History-At that time, Ricky Leacock, a professor in the MIT architecture department film section, developed a Super-8 film production system with a crystal-controlled camera, a crystal-generated Pilotone cassette recorder, a sprocketed magnetic film recorder, a flatbed editing table, and a projector. The MIT... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sync sound-Pioneering films-On the Bowery by Lionel Rogosin (1956) Chronicle of a Summer by Jean Rouch (1958) Les Raquetteurs by Michel Brault and Gilles Groulx (1958) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sync sound-Sync sound in Asia-In Hong Kong, sync sound was not widely used until the 1990s, as the generally noisy environment and lower production budgets made such a method impractical.Indian films shot using sync sound include the first Indian talkie Alam Ara released in 1931 and art house films such as Satyajit Ray... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Automatic message exchange-Automatic message exchange-Automatic message exchange (AME): In an adaptive high-frequency (HF) radio network, an automated process allowing the transfer of a message from message injection to addressee reception, without human intervention. Through the use of machine-addressable transport gu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP, also AlInGaP, InGaAlP, GaInP, etc.) is a semiconductor material that provides a platform for the development of novel multi-junction photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices, as it spans a direct bandgap f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-Formation-AlGaInP layer is often grown by heteroepitaxy on gallium arsenide or gallium phosphide in order to form a quantum well structure. Heteroepitaxy is a kind of epitaxy performed with materials that are different from each other. In heteroepitaxy, a crystalline film grows on a c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-Properties-AlGaInP is a semiconductor, which means that its valence band is completely full. The eV of the band gap between the valence band and the conduction band is small enough that it is able to emit visible light (1.7 eV - 3.1 eV). The band gap of AlGaInP is between 1.81 eV and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-Zinc blende structure-AlGaInP's structure is categorized within a specific unit cell called the zinc blende structure. Zinc blende/sphalerite is based on a face-centered cubic lattice of anions. It has 4 asymmetric units in its unit cell. It is best thought of as a face-centered cubic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-Applications-AlGaInP can be applied to: Light emitting diodes of high brightness Diode lasers Quantum well structures Solar cells (potential). The use of aluminium gallium indium phosphide with high aluminium content, in a five junction structure, can lead to solar cells with maximum ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-AlGaInP laser-A diode laser consists of a semiconductor material in which a p-n junction forms the active medium and optical feedback is typically provided by reflections at the device facets. AlGaInP diode lasers emit visible and near-infrared light with wavelengths of 0.63-0.76 μm. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-LED-AlGaInP can be used as an LED. An LED is composed of a p-n junction which contain a p-type and an n-type. The material used in the semiconducting element of an LED determines its color.AlGaInP is one of type of LEDs used for lighting systems. Another is indium gallium nitride (In... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide-Safety and toxicity aspects-The toxicology of AlGaInP has not been fully investigated. The dust is an irritant to skin, eyes and lungs. The environment, health and safety aspects of aluminium indium gallium phosphide sources (such as trimethylgallium, trimethylindium and phosphine) an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Urban rail transit in Canada-Urban rail transit in Canada encompasses a broad range of rail mass transit systems, including commuter rail, rapid transit, light rail, and streetcar systems. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Terminology-"Commuter rail" refers to urban passenger train service between a central city and its suburbs. Three such systems exist in Canada.
"Airport rail link" refers to rail transport between a central city and a nearby international airport. The Union Pearson Express is the only dedic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Italics indicate a line under construction. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Calgary Calgary Transit's CTrain network, which started operation in 1981, now has the second-highest weekday ridership of any light rail transit system in North America, surpassed only by Guadalajara light rail system in Mexico. The CTrain carried over 312,000 passengers p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Downtown Transit Mall along 7th Avenue South is shared by the Red and Blue lines.
The Red Line is a 32.2-kilometre (20.0 mi) line that connects the south and northwest legs via the downtown transit mall.
The Blue Line is a 23-kilometre (14 mi) line that connects the nor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Montreal Exo operates five commuter rail lines in Greater Montreal, including the Island of Montreal, Montreal, and South Shore. Each line terminates at Montreal Central Station or Lucien-L'Allier, both in downtown Montreal, with connections to the metro system. Most of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Montreal Metro is Canada's second-busiest rail transit system. Drawing inspiration from the Paris Métro, it uses rubber-tired metro technology, the only such system in Canada. The 69.2-kilometre (43.0 mi) system has 68 stations on four lines, which serve the north, east... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Green Line is a 22.1-kilometre (13.7 mi) line that runs northeast to southwest between Angrignon and Honoré-Beaugrand. The two ends are connected through a central section that runs under De Maisonneuve Boulevard in downtown Montreal.
The Orange Line is a 30.0-kilometre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Ottawa The O-Train began in 2001 as a light rail pilot project to supplement Ottawa's Transitway bus rapid transit system. This original line, now known as the Trillium Line, was relatively inexpensive to construct ($21 million) due to its single-track route along a little ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Confederation Line (Line 1) is a light rail line which runs east–west from Blair to Tunney's Pasture connecting to the Transitway at each terminus and with the Trillium Line at Bayview. The line runs both underground and on the surface and is completely grade-separated.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Trillium Line (Line 2) is an 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) diesel light rail line running north to south from Bayview station to Greenboro station, connecting with the Confederation Line at its northern terminus and the Transitway at its southern terminus. There are three passin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Toronto GO Transit operates commuter rail services in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, including the metropolitan areas of Toronto, Hamilton, Kitchener, Niagara, Oshawa, Barrie, and Guelph. Each of its seven lines terminate at Union Station in downtown Toronto. With 217,500 av... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-GO Transit's parent agency, Metrolinx, also operates the Union Pearson Express, an airport rail link between Union Station and Toronto Pearson International Airport. It opened in advance of the 2015 Pan American Games, sharing most of its routing with GO's Kitchener line be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Toronto Transit Commission's 76.9-kilometre (47.8 mi) subway is Canada's oldest rapid transit system, having opened as the "Yonge subway" in 1954. It is also Canada's busiest system, with 1,603,300 average weekday riders. It is an intermodal system, with three subway li... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Line 1 Yonge–University is Toronto's oldest, longest, and busiest. It forms a U-shape, with Union station at its base, connecting to Toronto's intercity and commuter rail hub. The eastern leg travels north along Yonge Street to Finch. The western leg travels northwest, conn... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Line 4 Sheppard is the shortest line on the system, with five stations along Sheppard Avenue in North York. It connects to Line 1 at Sheppard–Yonge station.Line 5 Eglinton and Line 6 Finch West are both light rail lines under construction. The two lines will be fully integr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-509 Harbourfront running between Union station and Exhibition Place via Queens Quay station.
512 St. Clair running along St. Clair Avenue West between St. Clair station and Gunns Loop via St. Clair West station.The central section of the 504 King route runs along the King S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Vancouver The West Coast Express is a commuter rail line operated by TransLink. The 69-kilometre (43 mi) line runs from Waterfront station in downtown Vancouver to Mission, with six stations in between. The line only operates during peak hours on weekdays, with five trains ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Expo Line is named after Expo 86, for which it was originally constructed. It connects Waterfront station, an intermodal transit station in Downtown Vancouver, with Burnaby, New Westminster, and northwest Surrey. It roughly follows a northwest–southeast direction. Since... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Millennium Line is named after the 3rd millennium, at the beginning of which it opened. Originally, it operated as a branch service of the Expo Line, following its alignment from Waterfront to Columbia station, before branching northeast back towards Vancouver through B... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-The Canada Line was built in advance of the 2010 Winter Olympics. It uses distinct technology from the rest of the system and runs roughly north–south from Waterfront station, splitting in Richmond to head west to the Vancouver International Airport and south to the Brighou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-Existing systems-Waterloo Region The first phase of the 19-kilometre (12 mi) Ion LRT system runs from Conestoga station in the City of Waterloo to Fairway station in Kitchener. It opened to the public on June 21, 2019. The system operates in reserved lanes on public streets and on private r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-In development-Gatineau Gatineau, Quebec is proposing a 26-kilometre (16 mi) LRT system that would connect with Ottawa's O-Train system. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-In development-Hamilton Hamilton's B-Line route, part of the region's BLAST rapid transit network, was a proposed light rail line to run east–west along King and Main streets, with McMaster University and Eastgate Square as its termini. However, in announcing the financing for the line, the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-In development-Longueuil In February 2020, the mayor of Longueuil, Quebec, proposed building a tramway in stages running east to west, from Hôpital Pierre Boucher in Longueuil to La Prairie. The proposed line would mostly run along a reconfigured Taschereau Boulevard passing Cégep Édouard-M... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban rail transit in Canada-In development-Montreal REM The Réseau express métropolitain is a light metro line under construction in Montreal. It is set to open in phases, beginning in 2023. When completed, it will consist of a central section connecting to the Green, Orange, and Blue metro lines, with four branches w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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