text stringlengths 0 73.6k | source stringclasses 4
values |
|---|---|
IEEE 754-Required operations-For the binary interchange formats whose encoding follows the IEEE 754-2008 recommendation on placement of the NaN signaling bit, the comparison is identical to one that type puns the floating-point numbers to a sign–magnitude integer (assuming a payload ordering consistent with this compar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Exception handling-The standard defines five exceptions, each of which returns a default value and has a corresponding status flag that is raised when the exception occurs. No other exception handling is required, but additional non-default alternatives are recommended (see § Alternate exception handling).
The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Exception handling-Some decimal floating-point implementations define additional exceptions, which are not part of IEEE 754: Clamped: a result's exponent is too large for the destination format. By default, trailing zeros will be added to the coefficient to reduce the exponent to the largest usable value. If t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Exception handling-Rounded: a result's coefficient requires more digits than the destination format provides. An inexact exception is signaled if any non-zero digits are discarded.Additionally, operations like quantize when either operand is infinite, or when the result does not fit the destination format, wil... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Special values-Signed zero In the IEEE 754 standard, zero is signed, meaning that there exist both a "positive zero" (+0) and a "negative zero" (−0). In most run-time environments, positive zero is usually printed as "0" and the negative zero as "-0". The two values behave as equal in numerical comparisons, bu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Special values-Subnormal numbers Subnormal values fill the underflow gap with values where the absolute distance between them is the same as for adjacent values just outside the underflow gap. This is an improvement over the older practice to just have zero in the underflow gap, and where underflowing results ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Special values-Infinities The infinities of the extended real number line can be represented in IEEE floating-point datatypes, just like ordinary floating-point values like 1, 1.5, etc. They are not error values in any way, though they are often (depends on the rounding) used as replacement values when there i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Special values-IEEE 754 requires infinities to be handled in a reasonable way, such as (+∞) + (+7) = (+∞) (+∞) × (−2) = (−∞) (+∞) × 0 = NaN – there is no meaningful thing to do NaNs IEEE 754 specifies a special value called "Not a Number" (NaN) to be returned as the result of certain "invalid" operations, such... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Special values-The representation of NaNs specified by the standard has some unspecified bits that could be used to encode the type or source of error; but there is no standard for that encoding. In theory, signaling NaNs could be used by a runtime system to flag uninitialized variables, or extend the floating... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Design rationale-It is a common misconception that the more esoteric features of the IEEE 754 standard discussed here, such as extended formats, NaN, infinities, subnormals etc., are only of interest to numerical analysts, or for advanced numerical applications. In fact the opposite is true: these features are... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Design rationale-The special values such as infinity and NaN ensure that the floating-point arithmetic is algebraically complete: every floating-point operation produces a well-defined result and will not—by default—throw a machine interrupt or trap. Moreover, the choices of special values returned in exceptio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Design rationale-Subnormal numbers ensure that for finite floating-point numbers x and y, x − y = 0 if and only if x = y, as expected, but which did not hold under earlier floating-point representations. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Design rationale-On the design rationale of the x87 80-bit format, Kahan notes: "This Extended format is designed to be used, with negligible loss of speed, for all but the simplest arithmetic with float and double operands. For example, it should be used for scratch variables in loops that implement recurrenc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Design rationale-Correct rounding of values to the nearest representable value avoids systematic biases in calculations and slows the growth of errors. Rounding ties to even removes the statistical bias that can occur in adding similar figures.
Directed rounding was intended as an aid with checking error bound... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Design rationale-The mathematical basis of the operations, in particular correct rounding, allows one to prove mathematical properties and design floating-point algorithms such as 2Sum, Fast2Sum and Kahan summation algorithm, e.g. to improve accuracy or implement multiple-precision arithmetic subroutines relat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-Alternate exception handling The standard recommends optional exception handling in various forms, including presubstitution of user-defined default values, and traps (exceptions that change the flow of control in some way) and other exception handling models that interrupt the flow, such as tr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-The following are recommended arithmetic operations, which must round correctly: ex , 2x , 10 x ex−1 , 2x−1 , 10 x−1 ln x , log 2x , log 10 x ln (1+x) , log 2(1+x) , log 10 (1+x) x2+y2 x (1+x)n x1n xn , xy sin x , cos x , tan x arcsin x , arccos x , arctan x , atan2 (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-The recommended operations also include setting and accessing dynamic mode rounding direction, and implementation-defined vector reduction operations such as sum, scaled product, and dot product, whose accuracy is unspecified by the standard. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-As of 2019, augmented arithmetic operations for the binary formats are also recommended. These operations, specified for addition, subtraction and multiplication, produce a pair of values consisting of a result correctly rounded to nearest in the format and the error term, which is representabl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-As of 2019, the formerly required minNum, maxNum, minNumMag, and maxNumMag in IEEE 754-2008 are now deprecated due to their non-associativity. Instead, two sets of new minimum and maximum operations are recommended. The first set contains minimum, minimumNumber, maximum and maximumNumber. The s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-Expression evaluation The standard recommends how language standards should specify the semantics of sequences of operations, and points out the subtleties of literal meanings and optimizations that change the value of a result. By contrast, the previous 1985 version of the standard left aspect... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-Programming languages should allow a user to specify a minimum precision for intermediate calculations of expressions for each radix. This is referred to as preferredWidth in the standard, and it should be possible to set this on a per-block basis. Intermediate calculations within expressions s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Recommendations-Reproducibility The IEEE 754-1985 version of the standard allowed many variations in implementations (such as the encoding of some values and the detection of certain exceptions). IEEE 754-2008 has reduced these allowances, but a few variations still remain (especially for binary formats). The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Character representation-The standard requires operations to convert between basic formats and external character sequence formats. Conversions to and from a decimal character format are required for all formats. Conversion to an external character sequence must be such that conversion back using round to near... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Character representation-The original binary value will be preserved by converting to decimal and back again using: 5 decimal digits for binary16, 9 decimal digits for binary32, 17 decimal digits for binary64, 36 decimal digits for binary128.For other binary formats, the required number of decimal digits is lo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Character representation-When using a decimal floating-point format, the decimal representation will be preserved using: 7 decimal digits for decimal32, 16 decimal digits for decimal64, 34 decimal digits for decimal128.Algorithms, with code, for correctly rounded conversion from binary to decimal and decimal t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IEEE 754-Character representation-Hexadecimal literals The standard recommends providing conversions to and from external hexadecimal-significand character sequences, based on C99's hexadecimal floating point literals. Such a literal consists of an optional sign (+ or -), the indicator "0x", a hexadecimal number with o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Genoa Joint Laboratories-Genoa Joint Laboratories-Genoa Joint Laboratories (GJL) is a scientific research activity founded in 2002, combining expertise in electroceramics and electrochemistry of three facilities: National Research Council - Institute for Energetics and Interphases (CNR-IENI), Department of Chemical and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Genoa Joint Laboratories-Research focus-The focus of GJL's research is across four fundamental factors that are critical to production and implementation of High-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Synthesis and sintering of electrolytes Cell design, testing and analysis Electrocatalysis InterconnectsBridging these fou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Genoa Joint Laboratories-Affiliated research facilities-National Research Council - Institute for Energetics and Interphases (CNR-IENI) [1](Italian: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi) Department of Chemical and Process Engineering – University of Genova (DICHeP) [2](Italian: D... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
All-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase (geranyl-diphosphate specific)-All-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase (geranyl-diphosphate specific)-All-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase (geranyl-diphosphate specific) (EC 2.5.1.84, nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase, solanesyl diphosphate synthase, SolPP synthase, SPP-sy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Time's Arrow and Archimedes Point: New Directions for the Physics of Time is a 1996 book by Huw Price, on the physics and philosophy of the Arrow of Time. It explores the problem of the direction of time, looking at issues in thermodynamics, cosmolog... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 1 - The View From Nowhen Price briefly introduces the stock philosophical questions about time, starting with Saint Augustine's observations in Confessions, highlighting the questions 'What is the difference between past and future?', 'Could the future affect the past?... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-He then introduces the block universe view where the 'present' is regarded as a subjective notion, which changes from observer to observer, in the same way that the concept of 'here' changes depending on where the observer is. The block universe view rejects the notion that th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Finally, Price introduces two problems regarding the Arrow of Time, which he calls the taxonomy problem and the genealogy problem. The taxonomy problem is the problem characterizing and finding the relationship between different arrows of time (e.g. the thermodynamic and cosmo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 2 - "More apt to be Lost than Got": The Lessons of the Second Law Covers the thermodynamics arrow of time, arising from the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Discusses Ludwig Boltzmann and his development of the second law as a statistical law. The chapter also discusses B... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 3 - New Light of the Arrow of Radiation This chapter discusses the apparent asymmetry of radiation. Namely, radiation is often observed spreading outwards from a source, but coherent radiation is not observed converging in a sink. Price criticizes explanations of this ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 4 - Arrows and Errors in Contemporary Cosmology In this chapter Price tackles the problem of why entropy was low at the big bang and whether or not we should expect entropy to be low at the other temporal extreme of the universe. He introduces the Gold Universe model, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 5 - Innocence and Symmetry in Microphysics Price explores what he calls 'The Principle of Independence of Incoming Influences', which is the idea that systems are uncorrelated before they interact, but become correlated after interaction. He distinguishes two versions ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 6 - In Search of the Third Arrow This chapter explores the idea of causation. Price argues that ideas about causation exert greater influence on physicists than is generally acknowledged. He explores the argument that the temporal asymmetry of causation comes from phys... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 7 - Convention Objectified and the Past Unlocked The chapter introduces the 'conventionalist view' of causation: that the direction of causation is an anthropocentric convention and addresses some common criticisms of the view. The 'bilking argument' against retrocausa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 8 - Einstein's Issue: The Puzzle of Contemporary Quantum Theory This chapter is a self-contained introduction to quantum mechanics. It introduces the EPR paradox and the measurement problem. Bell's Theorem and the GHZ experiment are then introduced in the context of hi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Summary-Chapter 9 - The Case for Advanced Action Price notes that the independence assumption in Bell's Theorem can be relaxed in two ways: the first being that the measurement basis and the state of the quantum system are correlated through a common cause in the past, and the second ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Release-The book was published by Oxford University Press on the 9th October 1997. It was initially released in hardback, but is now available in hardback, paperback and ebook formats. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Reception-Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point was generally well received. Many reviewers found Price's arguments stimulating and praised his explanations of the issues. However, many took issues with some of his specific arguments. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point-Reception-Joel Lebowitz gave the book a mixed review for Physics Today where he called Price's arguments regarding backward causation "unconvincing", but praised the section on quantum mechanics, writing "his discussion ... of the Bohr-Einstein 'debate' about the completeness of the q... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking (psychology)-In cognitive psychology, chunking is a process by which small individual pieces of a set of information are bound together to create a meaningful whole later on in memory. The chunks, by which the information is grouped, are meant to improve short-term retention of the materi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking (psychology)-The phenomenon of chunking as a memory mechanism is easily observed in the way individuals group numbers, and information, in day-to-day life. For example, when recalling a number such as 12101946, if numbers are grouped as 12, 10, and 1946, a mnemonic is created for this num... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Modality effect-A modality effect is present in chunking. That is, the mechanism used to convey the list of items to the individual affects how much "chunking" occurs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Modality effect-Experimentally, it has been found that auditory presentation results in a larger amount of grouping in the responses of individuals than visual presentation does. Previous literature, such as George Miller's The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Memory training systems, mnemonic-Various kinds of memory training systems and mnemonics include training and drills in specially-designed recoding or chunking schemes. Such systems existed before Miller's paper, but there was no convenient term to describe the general strategy and no substantive ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Efficient Chunk sizes-According to the research conducted by Dirlam (1972), a mathematical analysis was conducted to see what the efficient chunk size is. We’re familiar with the size range that chunking holds, but Dirlam (1972) wanted to discover the most efficient chunk size. The mathematical fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Channel capacity, "Magic number seven", Increase of short-term memory-The word chunking comes from a famous 1956 paper by George A. Miller, "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information". At a time when information theory was beginning to be a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Expertise and skilled memory effects-Studies have shown that people have better memories when they are trying to remember items with which they are familiar. Similarly, people tend to create familiar chunks. This familiarity allows one to remember more individual pieces of content, and also more c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Expertise and skilled memory effects-Chunking models for education Many years of research has concluded that chunking is a reliable process for gaining knowledge and organization of information. Chunking provides explanation to the behavior of experts, such as a teacher. A teacher can utilize chun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking in motor learning-Chunking is a method of learning that can be applied in a number of contexts and is not limited to learning verbal material. Karl Lashley, in his classic paper on serial order, argued that the sequential responses that appear to be organized in a linear and flat fashion ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking in motor learning-Perlman found in his series of experiments that tasks that are larger in size and broken down into smaller sections had faster respondents than the task as a large whole. The study suggests that chunking a larger task into a smaller more manageable task can produce a bet... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking in infants-Chunking is used in adults in different ways which can include low-level perceptual features, category membership, semantic relatedness, and statistical co-occurrences between items. Although due to recent studies we are starting to realize that infants also use chunking. They ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking in infants-There have been studies that use different chunking models like PARSER and the Bayesian model. PARSER is a chunking model designed to account for human behavior by implementing psychologically plausible processes of attention, memory, and associative learning. In a recent study... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking in infants-Chunking in seven-month-old infants Previous research shows that the mechanism of chunking is available in seven-month-old infants. This means that chunking can occur even before the working memory capacity has completely developed. Knowing that the working memory has a very li... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking in infants-Chunking in 14-month-old infants Working memory appears to store no more than three objects at a time in newborns and early toddlers. A study conducted in 2014 on, Infants use temporal regularities to chunk objects in memory allowed for new information and knowledge. This resea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking as the learning of long-term memory structures-This usage derives from Miller's (1956) idea of chunking as grouping, but the emphasis is now on long-term memory rather than only on short-term memory. A chunk can then be defined as "a collection of elements having strong associations with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking as the learning of long-term memory structures-Chunking has also been used with models of language acquisition. The use of chunk-based learning in language has been shown to be helpful. Understanding a group of basic words and then giving different categories of associated words to build ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking learning style and short-term memory-Norris conducted a study in 2020 of chunking and short-term memory recollection and found that when a chunk is given it is stored as a single item even though it is a relatively large amount of information. This finding suggests that chunks should be l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking and working memory-A experiment was done to see how chunking could beneficial to patients who had Alzheimer’s disease. This study was based on the how chunking was used to improve working memory in normal young people. Working memory is impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chunking (psychology)-Chunking and Two-Factor Theory-Chekaf, Cowan, and Mathy (2016) looked at how immediate memory relates to the formation of chunks. In the immediate memory, they came up with a two-factor theory of the formation of chunks. These factors are compressibility and the order of the information. Compressi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Avulsion injury-In medicine, an avulsion is an injury in which a body structure is torn off by either trauma or surgery (from the Latin avellere, meaning "to tear off"). The term most commonly refers to a surface trauma where all layers of the skin have been torn away, exposing the underlying structures... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Skin avulsions-The most common avulsion injury, skin avulsion often occurs during motor vehicle collisions. The severity of avulsion ranges from skin flaps (minor) to degloving (moderate) and amputation of a finger or limb (severe). Suprafascial avulsions are those in which the depth of the removed skin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Skin avulsions-Rock climbing In rock climbing, a "flapper" is an injury in which parts of the skin are torn off, resulting in a loose flap of skin on the fingers. This is usually the result of friction forces between the climber's fingers and the holds, arising when the climber slips off a hold.
To fix ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Ear avulsions-The ear is particularly vulnerable to avulsion injuries because of its position on the side of the head. The most common cause of ear avulsions is human bites, followed by falls, motor vehicle collisions, and dog bites. A partially avulsed ear can be reattached through suturing or microvas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Eyelid avulsions-Eyelid avulsions are uncommon, but can be caused by motor vehicle collisions, dog bites, or human bites. Eyelid avulsions are repaired by suturing after a CT scan is performed to determine where damage to the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the eyelid has occurred. More severe inj... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Nail avulsions-Trauma to the nail can cause the nail plate to be torn from the nail bed. Unlike other types of avulsion, when a nail is lost, it is not typically reattached. Following the loss of the nail, the nail bed forms a germinal layer which hardens as the cells acquire keratin and becomes a new n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Brachial plexus avulsions-In brachial plexus avulsions, the brachial plexus (a bundle of nerves that communicates signals between the spine and the arms, shoulders, and hands) is torn from its attachment to the spinal cord. One common cause of brachial plexus avulsions is when a baby's shoulders rotate ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Tooth avulsions-During a tooth avulsion, a tooth is completely or partially (such that the dental pulp is exposed) detached from its socket. Secondary (permanent) teeth can be replaced and stabilised by a dentist. Primary (baby) teeth are not replaced because they tend to become infected and to interfer... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Periosteal avulsions-During a periosteal avulsion, the periosteum (a fibrous layer that surrounds a bone) detaches the bone's surface. An example of a periosteal avulsion is an ALPSA (anterior labral periosteal sleeve avulsion). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Avulsion injury-Surgical avulsions-An avulsion is sometimes performed surgically to relieve symptoms of a disorder, or to prevent a chronic condition from recurring. Small incision avulsion (also called ambulatory phlebectomy) is used to remove varicose veins from the legs in disorders such as chronic venous insufficie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Jean Walrand-Jean Walrand-Jean Camille Walrand is a professor of Computer Science at UC Berkeley. He received his Ph.D. from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences department at the University of California, Berkeley, and has been on the faculty of that department since 1982. He is the author of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Jean Walrand-Jean Walrand-Walrand has received numerous awards for his work over the years. He is a Fellow of the Belgian American Education Foundation and of the IEEE. Additionally, he is a recipient of the Lanchester Prize, the Stephen O. Rice Prize., the IEEE Kobayashi Award, and the ACM SIGMETRICS Achievement award... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Web Techniques-Web Techniques-Web Techniques (ISSN 1086-556X) was a monthly magazine published in the United States by CMP Technology. It covered topics aimed at web developers. It ran from February 1996 until its last issue in February 2002, after which it changed formats and titles, becoming New Architect. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Web Techniques-Columns-Programming with Perl, by Randal L. Schwartz At Your Server, by Jim Jagielski Java@Work, by Al Williams | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Web Techniques-Awards-Maggie Award, Best Signed Editorial in a trade publication, 2001 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Partial autocorrelation function-Partial autocorrelation function-In time series analysis, the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) gives the partial correlation of a stationary time series with its own lagged values, regressed the values of the time series at all shorter lags. It contrasts with the autocorrelation ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Partial autocorrelation function-Partial autocorrelation function-This function plays an important role in data analysis aimed at identifying the extent of the lag in an autoregressive (AR) model. The use of this function was introduced as part of the Box–Jenkins approach to time series modelling, whereby plotting the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Partial autocorrelation function-Definition-Given a time series zt , the partial autocorrelation of lag k , denoted ϕk,k , is the autocorrelation between zt and zt+k with the linear dependence of zt on zt+1 through zt+k−1 removed. Equivalently, it is the autocorrelation between zt and zt+k that is not account... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Partial autocorrelation function-Calculation-The theoretical partial autocorrelation function of a stationary time series can be calculated by using the Durbin–Levinson Algorithm:where ϕn,k=ϕn−1,k−ϕn,nϕn−1,n−k for 1≤k≤n−1 and ρ(n) is the autocorrelation function.The formula above can be used with sample autocorrelat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Partial autocorrelation function-Examples-The following table summarizes the partial autocorrelation function of different models: The behavior of the partial autocorrelation function mirrors that of the autocorrelation function for autoregressive and moving-average models. For example, the partial autocorrelation func... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Partial autocorrelation function-Autoregressive model identification-Partial autocorrelation is a commonly used tool for identifying the order of an autoregressive model. As previously mentioned, the partial autocorrelation of an AR(p) process is zero at lags greater than p. If an AR model is determined to be appropria... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Partial autocorrelation function-Autoregressive model identification-The partial autocorrelation of lags greater than p for an AR(p) time series are approximately independent and normal with a mean of 0. Therefore, a confidence interval can be constructed by dividing a selected z-score by n . Lags with partial autocor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glulx-Glulx-Glulx is a 32-bit portable virtual machine intended for writing and playing interactive fiction. It was designed by Andrew Plotkin to relieve some of the restrictions in the venerable Z-machine format. For example, the Z-machine provides native support for 16-bit integers, while Glulx natively supports 32-b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glulx-Versions and popularity-The Inform compiler, starting with version 6.30, can produce either Z-machine or Glulx story files. A Spanish interactive fiction development system called Superglús also uses Glulx.
Glulx continues to trail the Z-machine in popularity despite being a virtual machine more suited for contem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glulx-File and email extensions-The MIME type for Glulx is "application/x-glulx".
Glulx files have the file extension .ulx, but they are commonly archived in Blorb packages. For Blorb packages containing a Glulx work, accepted file extensions are .gblorb, .glb, .blorb and .blb. The former two extensions are intended to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Memetracker-Memetracker-A memetracker is a tool for studying the migration of memes across a group of people. The term is typically used to describe websites that either: analyze blog posts to determine what web pages are being discussed or cited most often on the World Wide Web, or allow users to vote for links to web... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Memetracker-Sample systems-The original publicly viewable memetracker was Blogdex, which is now defunct. However, many sites inspired by it exist today, such as: Digg.com (a popular social media site) Slashdot Reddit Technorati Techmeme Polymeme WikioMemetrackers are frequently characterized by purely automatic operati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Memetracker-Sample systems-The introduction of memetrackers was instrumental in the rise of blogs as a serious competitor to traditional printed news media. Through automating (or reducing to one click) the effort to spread ideas through word of mouth, it became possible for casual blog readers to focus on the best of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
City rhythm-City rhythm-City rhythm is a metaphor for the regular coming and going in cities, the repetitive activities, the sounds and smells that occur regularly in cities. The recognition of city rhythms is a useful metaphor, helping to understand modern city life. The concept of city rhythm makes it possible to und... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
City rhythm-City rhythm-Dominant rhythm is a metaphor used in conjunction with city rhythm. It is the most powerful rhythm in a city, enabling the shaping and forming of time and space, both within the city and in faraway places through networks.
These dominant rhythms are not fixed and indeed change. Religious rhythms... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IPCC list of greenhouse gases-IPCC list of greenhouse gases-This is a list of the most influential long-lived, well-mixed greenhouse gases, along with their tropospheric concentrations and direct radiative forcings, as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Abundances of these trace gases a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IPCC list of greenhouse gases-IPCC list of greenhouse gases-other short-lived gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, NOx) and aerosols (e.g. mineral dust, black carbon) that also vary more strongly over location and time. Ozone has warming influences comparable to nitrous oxide and CFCs, and is longer lived and more abundant in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IPCC list of greenhouse gases-IPCC list of greenhouse gases-many refrigerants and other halogenated gases that have been mass-produced in smaller quantities. Most are long-lived and well-mixed. Some are also listed in Appendix 8A of the 2013 IPCC Assessment Report.: 731–738 and Annex III of the 2021 IPCC WG1 Report: 4... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IPCC list of greenhouse gases-Combined Summary from IPCC Assessment Reports (TAR, AR4, AR5, AR6)-Mole fractions: μmol/mol = ppm = parts per million (106); nmol/mol = ppb = parts per billion (109); pmol/mol = ppt = parts per trillion (1012). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.