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Desktop environment-Examples of desktop environments-Mainstream desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems use the X Window System, and include KDE, GNOME, Xfce, LXDE, and Aqua, any of which may be selected by users and are not tied exclusively to the operating system in use. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Desktop environment-Examples of desktop environments-A number of other desktop environments also exist, including (but not limited to) CDE, EDE, GEM, IRIX Interactive Desktop, Sun's Java Desktop System, Jesktop, Mezzo, Project Looking Glass, ROX Desktop, UDE, Xito, XFast. Moreover, there exists FVWM-Crystal, which cons... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Desktop environment-Examples of desktop environments-X window managers that are meant to be usable stand-alone — without another desktop environment — also include elements reminiscent of those found in typical desktop environments, most prominently Enlightenment. Other examples include OpenBox, Fluxbox, WindowLab, Fvw... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Desktop environment-Examples of desktop environments-The Amiga approach to desktop environment was noteworthy: the original Workbench desktop environment in AmigaOS evolved through time to originate an entire family of descendants and alternative desktop solutions. Some of those descendants are the Scalos, the Ambient ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Desktop environment-Examples of desktop environments-OS/2 (and derivatives such as eComStation and ArcaOS) use the Workplace Shell. Earlier versions of OS/2 used the Presentation Manager.
The BumpTop project was an experimental desktop environment. Its main objective is to replace the 2D paradigm with a "real-world" 3D... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SPIM-SPIM-SPIM is a MIPS processor simulator, designed to run assembly language code for this architecture. The program simulates R2000 and R3000 processors, and was written by James R. Larus while a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The MIPS machine language is often taught in college-level assembly co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SPIM-SPIM-The name of the simulator is a reversal of the letters "MIPS".
SPIM simulators are available for Windows (PCSpim), Mac OS X and Unix/Linux-based (xspim) operating systems. As of release 8.0 in January 2010, the simulator is licensed under the standard BSD license. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SPIM-SPIM-In January, 2011, a major release version 9.0 features QtSpim that has a new user interface built on the cross-platform Qt UI framework and runs on Windows, Linux, and macOS. From this version, the project has also been moved to SourceForge for better maintenance. Precompiled versions of QtSpim for Linux (32-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SPIM-The SPIM operating system-The SPIM simulator comes with a rudimentary operating system, which allows the programmer usage of common used functions in a comfortable way. Such functions are invoked by the syscall-instruction. Then the OS acts depending on the values of specific registers.
The SPIM OS expects a label... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SPIM-SPIM Alternatives/Competitors-MARS (MIPS Assembler and Runtime Simulator) is a Java-based IDE for the MIPS Assembly Programming Language and an alternative to SPIM.
Its initial release was in 2005 and is under active development.Imperas is a suite of embedded software development tools for MIPS architecture which ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carbon tetraiodide-Carbon tetraiodide-Carbon tetraiodide is a tetrahalomethane with the molecular formula CI4. Being bright red, it is a relatively rare example of a highly colored methane derivative. It is only 2.3% by weight carbon, although other methane derivatives are known with still less carbon. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carbon tetraiodide-Structure-The tetrahedral molecule features C-I distances of 2.12 ± 0.02 Å. The molecule is slightly crowded with short contacts between iodine atoms of 3.459 ± 0.03 Å, and possibly for this reason, it is thermally and photochemically unstable.
Carbon tetraiodide crystallizes in tetragonal crystal st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carbon tetraiodide-Properties, synthesis, uses-Carbon tetraiodide is slightly reactive towards water, giving iodoform and I2. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It decomposes thermally and photochemically to tetraiodoethylene, C2I4. Its synthesis entails AlCl3-catalyzed halide exchange, which is conducted at r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carbon tetraiodide-Safety considerations-Manufacturers recommend that carbon tetraiodide be stored near 0 °C (32 °F). As a ready source of iodine, it is an irritant. Its LD50 on rats is 18 mg/kg. In general, perhalogenated organic compounds should be considered toxic, with the narrow exception of small perfluoroalkanes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Asystole-Asystole-Asystole (New Latin, from Greek privative a "not, without" + systolē "contraction") is the absence of ventricular contractions in the context of a lethal heart arrhythmia (in contrast to an induced asystole on a cooled patient on a heart-lung machine and general anesthesia during surgery necessitating... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Asystole-Asystole-Asystole should not be confused with very brief pauses in the heart's electrical activity—even those that produce a temporary flatline—that can occur in certain less severe abnormal rhythms. Asystole is different from very fine occurrences of ventricular fibrillation, though both have a poor prognosis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Asystole-Asystole-Asystolic patients (as opposed to those with a "shockable rhythm" such as coarse or fine ventricular fibrillation, or unstable ventricular tachycardia that is not producing a pulse, which can potentially be treated with defibrillation) usually present with a very poor prognosis. Asystole is found init... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Asystole-Cause-Possible underlying causes, which may be treatable and reversible in certain cases, include the Hs and Ts. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Asystole-Cause-Hypovolemia Hypoxia Hydrogen ions (acidosis) Hypothermia Hyperkalemia or hypokalemia Toxins (e.g. drug overdose) Cardiac tamponade Tension pneumothorax Thrombosis (myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism)While the heart is asystolic, there is no blood flow to the brain unless CPR or internal cardiac ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lie–Kolchin theorem-Lie–Kolchin theorem-In mathematics, the Lie–Kolchin theorem is a theorem in the representation theory of linear algebraic groups; Lie's theorem is the analog for linear Lie algebras.
It states that if G is a connected and solvable linear algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lie–Kolchin theorem-Lie–Kolchin theorem-That is, ρ(G) has an invariant line L, on which G therefore acts through a one-dimensional representation. This is equivalent to the statement that V contains a nonzero vector v that is a common (simultaneous) eigenvector for all ρ(g),g∈G It follows directly that every irreducib... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lie–Kolchin theorem-Lie–Kolchin theorem-The result for Lie algebras was proved by Sophus Lie (1876) and for algebraic groups was proved by Ellis Kolchin (1948, p.19).
The Borel fixed point theorem generalizes the Lie–Kolchin theorem. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lie–Kolchin theorem-Triangularization-Sometimes the theorem is also referred to as the Lie–Kolchin triangularization theorem because by induction it implies that with respect to a suitable basis of V the image ρ(G) has a triangular shape; in other words, the image group ρ(G) is conjugate in GL(n,K) (where n = dim V) ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lie–Kolchin theorem-Triangularization-The theorem applies in particular to a Borel subgroup of a semisimple linear algebraic group G. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lie–Kolchin theorem-Counter-example-If the field K is not algebraically closed, the theorem can fail. The standard unit circle, viewed as the set of complex numbers {x+iy∈C∣x2+y2=1} of absolute value one is a one-dimensional commutative (and therefore solvable) linear algebraic group over the real numbers which has a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isotope fractionation-Isotope fractionation-Isotope fractionation describes fractionation processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, phenomena which are taken advantage of in isotope geochemistry and other fields. Normally, the focus is on stable isotopes of the same element. Isotopic fractionation can b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isotope fractionation-Definition-Stable isotopes partitioning between two substances A and B can be expressed by the use of the isotopic fractionation factor (alpha): αA-B = RA/RBwhere R is the ratio of the heavy to light isotope (e.g., 2H/1H or 18O/16O). Values for alpha tend to be very close to 1. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isotope fractionation-Types-There are four types of isotope fractionation (of which the first two are normally most important): equilibrium fractionation, kinetic fractionation, mass-independent fractionation (or non-mass-dependent fractionation), and transient kinetic isotope fractionation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isotope fractionation-Example-Isotope fractionation occurs during a phase transition, when the ratio of light to heavy isotopes in the involved molecules changes. When water vapor condenses (an equilibrium fractionation), the heavier water isotopes (18O and 2H) become enriched in the liquid phase while the lighter isot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Isotope fractionation-Literature-Faure G., Mensing T.M. (2004), Isotopes: Principles and Applications (John Wiley & Sons).
Hoefs J., 2004. Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Springer Verlag).
Sharp Z., 2006. Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Prentice Hall). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Cloud chamber-A cloud chamber, also known as a Wilson cloud chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Cloud chamber-A cloud chamber consists of a sealed environment containing a supersaturated vapor of water or alcohol. An energetic charged particle (for example, an alpha or beta particle) interacts with the gaseous mixture by knocking electrons off gas molecules via electrostatic forces during collisions... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Invention-Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), a Scottish physicist, is credited with inventing the cloud chamber. Inspired by sightings of the Brocken spectre while working on the summit of Ben Nevis in 1894, he began to develop expansion chambers for studying cloud formation and optical phenomena in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Invention-The diffusion cloud chamber was developed in 1936 by Alexander Langsdorf. This chamber differs from the expansion cloud chamber in that it is continuously sensitized to radiation, and in that the bottom must be cooled to a rather low temperature, generally colder than −26 °C (−15 °F). Instead of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Structure and operation-Diffusion-type cloud chambers will be discussed here. A simple cloud chamber consists of the sealed environment, a warm top plate and a cold bottom plate (See Fig. 3). It requires a source of liquid alcohol at the warm side of the chamber where the liquid evaporates, forming a vapo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Structure and operation-Isopropanol, methanol, or other alcohol vapor saturates the chamber. The alcohol falls as it cools down and the cold condenser provides a steep temperature gradient. The result is a supersaturated environment. As energetic charged particles pass through the gas they leave ionizatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Structure and operation-Just above the cold condenser plate there is a volume of the chamber which is sensitive to ionization tracks. The ion trail left by the radioactive particles provides an optimal trigger for condensation and cloud formation. This sensitive volume is increased in height by employing ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Benefits and functionality-Particle Visualization: Cloud chambers allow scientists to observe the paths of charged particles as they pass through the chamber. By creating a supersaturated vapor environment, the particles ionize the vapor molecules, creating a visible trail of tiny droplets or clouds. This... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Other particle detectors-The bubble chamber was invented by Donald A. Glaser of the United States in 1952, and for this, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960. The bubble chamber similarly reveals the tracks of subatomic particles, but as trails of bubbles in a superheated liquid, usually liqu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud chamber-Other particle detectors-Similar condensation effects can be observed as Wilson clouds, also called condensation clouds, at large explosions in humid air and other Prandtl–Glauert singularity effects. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Popular beat combo-Popular beat combo-Popular beat combo, which originated as a synonym for "pop group", is a phrase within British culture. It may also be used more specifically to refer to The Beatles, or other such purveyors of beat music.
The phrase is frequently used in Private Eye and in the BBC panel game Have I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Popular beat combo-Derivation-It is widely held that the phrase "popular beat combo" was coined in an English courtroom in the 1960s, by a barrister in response to a judge asking (for the benefit of the court's records) "Who are The Beatles?"; the answer being "I believe they are a popular beat combo, m'lud."However, n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Protoaphin-aglucone dehydratase (cyclizing)-Protoaphin-aglucone dehydratase (cyclizing)-The enzyme protoaphin-aglucone dehydratase (cyclizing) (EC 4.2.1.73) catalyzes the chemical reaction protoaphin aglucone ⇌ xanthoaphin + H2OThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave ca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coeliac UK-Coeliac UK-Coeliac UK is a UK charity for people with coeliac disease - a condition estimated to affect 1 out of every 100 people and to be twice as common in women as in men - and the skin manifestation of the condition, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coeliac UK-History-Founded in 1968 by Amnesty International founder Peter Benenson, and Elizabeth Segall, Coeliac UK (originally called The Coeliac Society) launched the first symbol that acknowledged and advertised that a product contained no gluten, namely the Crossed Grain symbol. Noted clinician Sir Christopher Boo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3-Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3-Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM3 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Troponin-Troponin, or the troponin complex, is a complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin C, troponin I, and troponin T) that are integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle. Measurements of cardiac-specific troponins I and T are extensively used as diagnos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Function-Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue. In a relaxed muscle, tropomyosin blocks the attachment site for the myosin crossbridge, thus preventing contraction. When the muscle cell is stimulated to contract by an action potentia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Function-Troponin is found in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but the specific versions of troponin differ between types of muscle. The main difference is that the TnC subunit of troponin in skeletal muscle has four calcium ion-binding sites, whereas in cardiac muscle there are only three. The actual ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Physiology-In both cardiac and skeletal muscles, muscular force production is controlled primarily by changes in intracellular calcium concentration. In general, when calcium rises, the muscles contract and, when calcium falls, the muscles relax.Troponin is a component of thin filaments (along with actin and t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Physiology-Subunits TnT is a tropomyosin-binding subunit which regulates the interaction of troponin complex with thin filaments; TnI inhibits ATP-ase activity of acto-myosin; TnC is a Ca2+-binding subunit, playing the main role in Ca2+ dependent regulation of muscle contraction.TnT and TnI in cardiac muscle a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Research-Cardiac conditions Certain subtypes of troponin (cardiac I and T) are sensitive and specific indicators of damage to the heart muscle (myocardium). They are measured in the blood to differentiate between unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or acute corona... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Research-Non-cardiac conditions The distinction between cardiac and non-cardiac conditions is somewhat artificial; the conditions listed below are not primary heart diseases, but they exert indirect effects on the heart muscle.
Troponins are increased in around 40% of patients with critical illnesses such as s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Research-Chemotherapy agents can exert toxic effects on the heart (examples include anthracycline, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin). Several toxins and venoms can also lead to heart muscle injury (scorpion venom, snake venom, and venom from jellyfish and centipedes). Carbon monoxide poisoning o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Research-People with end-stage kidney disease can have chronically elevated troponin T levels, which are linked to a poorer prognosis. Troponin I is less likely to be falsely elevated.Strenuous endurance exercise such as marathons or triathlons can lead to increased troponin levels in up to one-third of subjec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Research-Prognostic use Elevated troponin levels are prognostically important in many of the conditions in which they are used for diagnosis.In a community-based cohort study indicating the importance of silent cardiac damage, troponin I has been shown to predict mortality and first coronary heart disease even... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Research-Subunits First cTnI and later cTnT were originally used as markers for cardiac cell death. Both proteins are now widely used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina, post-surgery myocardium trauma and some other related diseases with cardiac muscle injury. Both markers can be de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Troponin-Detection-Cardiac troponin T and I are measured by immunoassay methods.
Due to patent regulations, a single manufacturer (Roche Diagnostics) distributes cTnT.
A host of diagnostic companies make cTnI immunoassay methods available on many different immunoassay platforms.Troponin elevation following cardiac cell... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-ML (programming language)-ML (Meta Language) is a general-purpose functional programming language. It is known for its use of the polymorphic Hindley–Milner type system, which automatically assigns the types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations, and ensures type safe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Overview-Features of ML include a call-by-value evaluation strategy, first-class functions, automatic memory management through garbage collection, parametric polymorphism, static typing, type inference, algebraic data types, pattern matching, and exception handling. ML uses static scoping rul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Overview-ML's strengths are mostly applied in language design and manipulation (compilers, analyzers, theorem provers), but it is a general-purpose language also used in bioinformatics and financial systems.
ML was developed by Robin Milner and others in the early 1970s at the University of Ed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Examples-The following examples use the syntax of Standard ML. Other ML dialects such as OCaml and F# differ in small ways.
Factorial The factorial function expressed as pure ML: This describes the factorial as a recursive function, with a single terminating base case. It is similar to the des... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Examples-Part of the definition shown is optional, and describes the types of this function. The notation E : t can be read as expression E has type t. For instance, the argument n is assigned type integer (int), and fac (n : int), the result of applying fac to the integer n, also has type int... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Examples-This implementation of the factorial function is not guaranteed to terminate, since a negative argument causes an infinite descending chain of recursive calls. A more robust implementation would check for a nonnegative argument before recursing, as follows: The problematic case (when ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Examples-The function can be improved further by writing its inner loop as a tail call, such that the call stack need not grow in proportion to the number of function calls. This is achieved by adding an extra, accumulator, parameter to the inner function. At last, we arrive at List reverse Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Examples-This implementation of reverse, while correct and clear, is inefficient, requiring quadratic time for execution. The function can be rewritten to execute in linear time: This function is an example of parametric polymorphism. That is, it can consume lists whose elements have any type,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Examples-Modules Modules are ML's system for structuring large projects and libraries. A module consists of a signature file and one or more structure files. The signature file specifies the API to be implemented (like a C header file, or Java interface file). The structure implements the sign... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ML (programming language)-Examples-ML's standard libraries are implemented as modules in this way. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Transcriptome-The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells. The term can also sometimes be used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment. The term transcriptome is a portmanteau of the word... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Transcriptome-The early stages of transcriptome annotations began with cDNA libraries published in the 1980s. Subsequently, the advent of high-throughput technology led to faster and more efficient ways of obtaining data about the transcriptome. Two biological techniques are used to study the transcriptom... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Transcriptome-Data obtained from the transcriptome is used in research to gain insight into processes such as cellular differentiation, carcinogenesis, transcription regulation and biomarker discovery among others. Transcriptome-obtained data also finds applications in establishing phylogenetic relationsh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Etymology and history-The word transcriptome is a portmanteau of the words transcript and genome. It appeared along with other neologisms formed using the suffixes -ome and -omics to denote all studies conducted on a genome-wide scale in the fields of life sciences and technology. As such, transcriptome a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Transcription-The transcriptome encompasses all the ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts present in a given organism or experimental sample. RNA is the main carrier of genetic information that is responsible for the process of converting DNA into an organism's phenotype. A gene can give rise to a single-str... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Types of RNA transcripts-Almost all functional transcripts are derived from known genes. The only exceptions are a small number of transcripts that might play a direct role in regulating gene expression near the prompters of known genes. (See Enhancer RNA.) Gene occupy most of prokaryotic genomes so most... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Types of RNA transcripts-Long non-coding RNA/lncRNA: Non-coding RNA transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides long. Members of this group comprise the largest fraction of the non-coding transcriptome other than introns. It is not known how many of these transcripts are functional and how many are jun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Scope of study-In the human genome, all genes get transcribed into RNA because that's how the molecular gene is defined. (See Gene.) The transcriptome consists of coding regions of mRNA plus non-coding UTRs, introns, non-coding RNAs, and spurious non-functional transcripts. Several factors render the con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Methods of construction-Transcriptomics is the quantitative science that encompasses the assignment of a list of strings ("reads") to the object ("transcripts" in the genome). To calculate the expression strength, the density of reads corresponding to each object is counted. Initially, transcriptomes were... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Methods of construction-Currently, the two main transcriptomics techniques include DNA microarrays and RNA-Seq. Both techniques require RNA isolation through RNA extraction techniques, followed by its separation from other cellular components and enrichment of mRNA.There are two general methods of inferri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Methods of construction-DNA microarrays The first transcriptome studies were based on microarray techniques (also known as DNA chips). Microarrays consist of thin glass layers with spots on which oligonucleotides, known as "probes" are arrayed; each spot contains a known DNA sequence.When performing micro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Methods of construction-RNA sequencing RNA sequencing is a next-generation sequencing technology; as such it requires only a small amount of RNA and no previous knowledge of the genome. It allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of RNA transcripts, the former allowing discovery of new transc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Methods of construction-Single-cell transcriptomics Transcription can also be studied at the level of individual cells by single-cell transcriptomics. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a recently developed technique that allows the analysis of the transcriptome of single cells. With single-cell tr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Analysis-A number of organism-specific transcriptome databases have been constructed and annotated to aid in the identification of genes that are differentially expressed in distinct cell populations. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Analysis-RNA-seq is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of DNA microarrays is still used. RNA-seq measures the transcription of a specific gene by converting long RNAs into a library of cDNA fragments. The cDNA fragments are then se... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Applications-Mammals The transcriptomes of stem cells and cancer cells are of particular interest to researchers who seek to understand the processes of cellular differentiation and carcinogenesis. A pipeline using RNA-seq or gene array data can be used to track genetic changes occurring in stem and precu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Applications-Plants Transcriptome analysis have been used to study the evolution and diversification process of plant species. In 2014, the 1000 Plant Genomes Project was completed in which the transcriptomes of 1,124 plant species from the families viridiplantae, glaucophyta and rhodophyta were sequenced... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Relation to other ome fields-Similar to other -ome based technologies, analysis of the transcriptome allows for an unbiased approach when validating hypotheses experimentally. This approach also allows for the discovery of novel mediators in signaling pathways. As with other -omics based technologies, the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Relation to other ome fields-There are several -ome fields that can be seen as subcategories of the transcriptome. The exome differs from the transcriptome in that it includes only those RNA molecules found in a specified cell population, and usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Relation to other ome fields-The term meiome is used in functional genomics to describe the meiotic transcriptome or the set of RNA transcripts produced during the process of meiosis. Meiosis is a key feature of sexually reproducing eukaryotes, and involves the pairing of homologous chromosome, synapse an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Relation to other ome fields-Relation to proteome The transcriptome can be seen as a subset of the proteome, that is, the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Relation to other ome fields-However, the analysis of relative mRNA expression levels can be complicated by the fact that relatively small changes in mRNA expression can produce large changes in the total amount of the corresponding protein present in the cell. One analysis method, known as gene set enric... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Transcriptome-Transcriptome databases-Ensembl: [2] OmicTools: [3] Transcriptome Browser: [4] ArrayExpress: [5] | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nervine-Nervine-Nervine was a patent medicine tonic with sedative effects introduced in 1884 by Dr. Miles Medical Company (later Miles Laboratories which was absorbed into Bayer). It is a cognate of 'Nerve', and the implication was that the material worked to calm nervousness. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nervine-Formulation-One form of Nervine was formulated with the primary active ingredients sodium bromide, ammonium bromide, and potassium bromide, combined with sodium bicarbonate and citric acid in an effervescent tablet. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nervine-Modern appropriation of term-In the late 20th and early 21st century, promulgators of alternative medicine and herbalism have begun to use the term Nervine as an adjective. This is not a term used by mainstream medicine, where anxiolytic is the preferred term. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comonotonicity-Comonotonicity-In probability theory, comonotonicity mainly refers to the perfect positive dependence between the components of a random vector, essentially saying that they can be represented as increasing functions of a single random variable. In two dimensions it is also possible to consider perfect n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comonotonicity-Comonotonicity-For extensions of comonotonicity, see Jouini & Napp (2004) and Puccetti & Scarsini (2010). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comonotonicity-Definitions-Comonotonicity of subsets of Rn A subset S of Rn is called comonotonic (sometimes also nondecreasing) if, for all (x1, x2, . . . , xn) and (y1, y2, . . . , yn) in S with xi < yi for some i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}, it follows that xj ≤ yj for all j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comonotonicity-Definitions-This means that S is a totally ordered set.
Comonotonicity of probability measures on Rn Let μ be a probability measure on the n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn and let F denote its multivariate cumulative distribution function, that is := μ({(y1,…,yn)∈Rn∣y1≤x1,…,yn≤xn}),(x1,…,xn)∈Rn.
Furtherm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comonotonicity-Properties-An Rn-valued random vector X = (X1, . . . , Xn) is comonotonic if and only if it can be represented as (X1,…,Xn)=d(FX1−1(U),…,FXn−1(U)), where =d stands for equality in distribution, on the right-hand side are the left-continuous generalized inverses of the cumulative distribution functions FX... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Comonotonicity-Upper bounds-Upper Fréchet–Hoeffding bound for cumulative distribution functions Let X = (X1, . . . , Xn) be an Rn-valued random vector. Then, for every i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}, Pr Pr (Xi≤xi),(x1,…,xn)∈Rn, hence Pr min Pr (Xi≤xi),(x1,…,xn)∈Rn, with equality everywhere if and only if (X1, . . . , Xn) is com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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