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Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency-Causes-Infections Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a transmissible retrovirus that can predispose individuals carrying the virus to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which leads to opportunistic infections.
Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) is a transmissible DNA v... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency-Pathophysiology-The C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) enzyme plays a role in the classical pathway of the complement cascade, which is a component of the immune system response that acts to protect the human body from a variety of foreign substances. As shown in the figure above, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency-Clinical Presentation-Acquired angioedema presents as mucosal swelling on external and/or internal surfaces of the body. Typical areas of swelling include the face, arms, and legs, while internally some individuals have swelling of the tongue and upper airways. In contrast to h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency-Diagnosis-Acquired angioedema is diagnosed through a supportive clinical examination usually in addition to laboratory evaluation. The clinical history consists of recurrent angioedema episodes, symptom onset after 30 years of age, and negative family history of hereditary angi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency-Management-Treatment of acquired angioedema is separated into two main parts. First controlling acute symptoms during angioedema attacks is crucial for preventing and lowering the risk of mortality. Second, managing AAE chronically with prophylactic treatment is important to im... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency-Prognosis-The evaluation of acquired angioedema usually prompts an investigation into the underlying cause. As mentioned in the causes section, malignancy or autoimmune disorders are the more common causes, which must be further explored and considered for treatment if found in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Anti-CRISPR-Anti-CRISPR (Anti-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or Acr) is a group of proteins found in phages, that inhibit the normal activity of CRISPR-Cas, the immune system of certain bacteria. CRISPR consists of genomic sequences that can be found in prokaryotic organisms, that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-History-Anti-CRISPR systems were first seen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa prophages, which disabled type I-F CRISPR–Cas system, characteristic of some strains of these bacteria. After analysing the genomic sequences of these phages, genes codifying five different Anti-CRISPR proteins (also named Acrs) were disc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-History-Later on, it was seen that phages that produced such proteins also encoded a putative transcriptional regulator named Aca 1 (anti-CRISPR associated 1) which was genetically located really close to the anti-CRISPR genes. This regulatory protein is supposed to be the responsible for the anti-CRISPR ge... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-History-The result of all this research has been the discovery of 21 different Anti-CRISPR protein families, despite other inhibitors may exist due to the quick mutational process of phages. Thus, more research is needed to unravel the complexity of anti-CRISPR systems. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Types-Anti-CRISPR genes can be found in different parts of the phage DNA: in the capsid, the tail and at the extreme end. Moreover, it has been found that many MGEs have two or even three Acr genes in a single operon, which suggest that they could have been exchanged between MGEs.As all proteins, Acr family... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Types-Attempts have been made to find common surrounding genetic features of anti-CRISPR genes, but without any success. Nevertheless, the presence of an aca gene just below anti-CRISPR genes has been observed.The first Acr protein families to be discovered were AcrF1, AcrF2, AcrF3, AcrF4 and AcrF5. These i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Structure-As exposed above, there is a wide spectrum of anti-CRISPR proteins, but few of these have been deeply studied. One of the most studied and well-defined Acrs is AcrIIA4, which inhibits Cas9, thus blocking the II-A CRISPR-Cas system of Streptococcus pyogenes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Structure-AcrIIA4 The protein was solved using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); it contains 87 residues and its molecular weight is 10.182 kDa. AcrIIA4 contains: 3 antiparallel β-strands (the first, from residues 16 to 19, the second, from 29 to 33, and the third, from 40 to 44) that form a β-sheet. This r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Structure-3 α-helices (the first, 2–13 residues, the second, 50–59 residues, and the third, 68–85 residues).
1 310 helix placed between the first (β1) and second (β2) β-strands, which starts at residue 22 and end in residue 25. The total helical part is composed of 40 residues, which is a 50,6% of the prote... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Structure-Loops joining the different secondary structures.There is a good definition of the secondary structures, as the three α-helices are packed near the three β-strands. Strikingly, between β3 strand, α2 and α3 helices, there is a hydrophobic core, originated by a cluster of aromatic side chains which ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Structure-AcrF1 On the other hand, there is another Acr, AcrF1, which may not have been as studied as the explained above, although there is a good description of its structure. It inhibits the I-F CRISPR-Cas system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maxwell et al. solved the 3D structure using NMR. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Structure-The protein contains 78 residues, between which interact to form secondary structures. The structure of AcrF1 is formed of two anti-parallel α-helices and a β-sheet, which contains four anti-parallel β-strands. This β-sheet is placed in the contrary side of the α-helical part, which creates a hydr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Structure-The different structures that form the protein create a strange combination, as Maxwell et al. conducted a DALI search in order to find similarities between other proteins, and they found no informative similarities. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Function-Avoiding destruction of the phage DNA The principal function of anti-CRISPR proteins is to interact with specific components of CRISPR-Cas systems, such as the effector nucleases, to avoid the destruction of the phage DNA (by binding or cleavage).A phage introduces its DNA into a prokaryotic cell, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Function-The procedure starts with the CRISPR locus being transcribed into crRNAs (CRISPR RNA). CrRNAs combine with Cas proteins forming a ribonucleoprotein complex called Cascade. This complex surveys the cell to find complementary sequences of the crRNA. When this sequence is found, the Cas3 nuclease is r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Function-The majority of Acr genes are located next to anti-CRISPR-associated (Aca) genes, which encode proteins with a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif. Aca genes are preserved, and researchers are using them to identify Acr genes, but the function of the proteins they encode is not totally clear. The Ac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Function-Phage-phage cooperation Moreover, it has been verified that bacteria with CRISPR-Cas systems are still partially immune to Acr. Consequently, initial abortive phage infections may be unable to hamper CRISPR immunity, but phage-phage cooperation can increasingly boost Acr production and promote immu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Function-Phage immune evasion It has become clear that Acr proteins play an important role in allowing phage immune evasion, though it is still unclear how anti-CRISPR proteins synthesis can overcome the host’s CRISPR-Cas system, which can shatter the phage genome within minutes after the infection. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Mechanisms-Within all the Anti-CRISPR proteins that have been discovered so far, mechanisms have been described for only 15 of among them. These mechanisms can be divided into three different types: crRNA loading interference, DNA binding blockage and DNA cleavage prevention.
CrRNA loading interference CrRN... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Mechanisms-DNA binding blockage AcrIIC2 has been shown not to be the only one capable of blocking DNA binding. There are 11 other Acr family proteins that can also carry it out. Some among those are AcrIF1, AcrIF2, and AcrIF10, which act on different subunits of the Cascade effector complex of the type I‐F ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Mechanisms-DNA cleavage prevention AcrE1, AcrIF3 and AcrIIC1 can prevent target DNA cleavage. Using X-ray crystallography, AcrE1 was discovered to bind to the CRISPR associated Cas3. Likewise, biochemical and structural analysis of AcrIF3 showed its capacity of binding to Cas3 as a dimer so as to prevent th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Applications-Reducing CRISPR-Cas9 off-target cuts AcrIIA4 is one of the proteins responsible for the CRISPR-Cas9 system inhibition, the mechanism used in mammalian cells edition. Addition of AcrIIA4 in human cells avoids Cas9 interaction with the CRISPR system, reducing its ability to cut DNA. However, dive... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Applications-Avoiding ecological consequences One of the main objectives of using CRISPR-Cas9 technology is eradicating diseases, some of which are found in disease vectors, such as mosquitoes. Anti-CRISPR proteins can impede gene drive, which could create uncertain and catastrophic consequences in ecosyste... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Anti-CRISPR-Applications-Phage therapy Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem that is constantly increasing, because of the bad use of antibiotics. Phage therapy consists of the infection of bacteria using phages, which are much more specific and cause less side effects than antibiotics. Acrs could inhibit th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Godzilla Generations-Godzilla Generations-Godzilla Generations is an action game developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega for the Dreamcast in 1998. It was exclusively released in Japan as one of the system's four launch titles. The game is based on the Godzilla franchise and involves the player control... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Godzilla Generations-Gameplay-Godzilla Generations is an action game where the player must control one of five monsters from the Godzilla universe. Initially, only Godzilla and Mechagodzilla can be selected, while the other characters are unlocked by progressing through the game. The game world is composed of five citi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Godzilla Generations-Development and release-Godzilla Generations was developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega as a launch title for the Dreamcast. It was originally known as simply Godzilla, before its name was changed in July 1998. The game was exclusively released in Japan on November 27, 1998. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Godzilla Generations-Reception-Godzilla Generations received lukewarm reviews from Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu and a very negative response from Western journalists, despite fans showing interest in the game at the 1998 Tokyo Game Show. Computer and Video Games reviewer Kim Randell described the game as dull and c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Godzilla Generations-Sequel-Godzilla Generations: Maximum Impact was developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega for the Dreamcast on December 23, 1999, exclusively in Japan. The game is split into levels in which Godzilla is stomping forward through a city while he has to shoot enemies. The player can als... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urushi-e-Urushi-e-Urushi-e (漆絵 "lacquer picture[s]") refers to three different techniques in Japanese art. Though urushi-e is most associated with woodblock, the term urushi-e is not exclusive to that medium. It can also refer to pictures using lacquer as a paint on three-dimensional lacquered objects; and paintings us... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urushi-e-Technique-In Japanese woodblock printing, urushi-e generally refers to a hand-painted technique. Instead of printing with urushi (natural lacquer) it was painted on by hand. This meant that urushi-e pictures could be more colorful than most block prints of the time. Five colors were available when the techniqu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urushi-e-Prints-Urushi-e woodblock prints were made using thick, dark black lines, and were sometimes hand-colored. The ink was mixed with an animal-based glue called nikawa, which thickened it and gave it a lustrous shine, said to resemble lacquer. Most often, this was used not in creating the entire print, but only i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urushi-e-Paintings-In painting, the term refers to the use of colored lacquers, produced by mixing pigments with clear lacquer. The use of colored lacquer for painting goes back to the prehistoric Jōmon period, and became especially popular in the Nara period (8th century), when a great many works were made using red l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urushi-e-Artists-Artist Shibata Zeshin (1807-1891) is known for his innovations in this regard, and is believed by some to be the first to use lacquer not just as a decorative element (in painting boxes, furniture, and pottery) but as a medium for painted scrolls. Zeshin experimented extensively with various substances... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urushi-e-Artists-Torii Kiyomasu another member of the Torii school also made five pigment urushi-e.
Another artist Nishimura Shigenaga, used it in brass powder in some of his urushi-e works.
Okumura Masanobu was another who used this technique in the Edo era. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes-Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes-Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes is a 2008 children's picture book by Mem Fox and Helen Oxenbury. It is about babies, who, although they are from around the world, all share the common trait of having the same number of digits. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes-Reception-Ten Little Fingers has been commended for its positive treatment of racial diversity.A review by The New York Times stated that "two beloved picture-book creators — the storyteller Mem Fox and the artist Helen Oxenbury — merge their talents in a winsome look at babies ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chasles–Cayley–Brill formula-Chasles–Cayley–Brill formula-In algebraic geometry, the Chasles–Cayley–Brill formula, also known as the Cayley–Brill formula, states that a correspondence T of valence k from an algebraic curve C of genus g to itself has d + e + 2kg united points, where d and e are the degrees of T and its ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rafoxanide-Rafoxanide-Rafoxanide is a salicylanilide used as an anthelmintic. It is most commonly used in ruminant animals to treat adult liver flukes of the species Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Threaded pipe-Threaded pipe-A threaded pipe is a pipe with screw-threaded ends for assembly. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Threaded pipe-Tapered threads-The threaded pipes used in some plumbing installations for the delivery of gases or liquids under pressure have a tapered thread that is slightly conical (in contrast to the parallel sided cylindrical section commonly found on bolts and leadscrews). The seal provided by a threaded pipe joi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Threaded pipe-Tapered threads-Especially precise threads are known as "dry fit" or "dry seal" and require no sealant for a gas-tight seal. Such threads are needed where the sealant would contaminate or react with the media inside the piping, e.g., oxygen service.
Tapered threaded fittings are sometimes used on plastic ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Threaded pipe-Straight threads-Pipes may also be threaded with cylindrical threaded sections, in which case the threads do not themselves provide any sealing function other than some labyrinth seal effect, which may not be enough to satisfy either functional or code requirements. Instead, an O-ring seated between the s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alphanumeric brand name-Alphanumeric brand name-An alphanumeric brand name is a brand name composed only of letters and numbers (alphanumericals). Examples include 7 Up, Saks Fifth Avenue, Audi A4, Canon A75. They may serve as abbreviations (e.g. 3M, formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company), in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-IBM Information Management System-The IBM Information Management System (IMS) is a joint hierarchical database and information management system that supports transaction processing. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-History-IBM designed the IMS with Rockwell and Caterpillar starting in 1966 for the Apollo program, where it was used to inventory the very large bill of materials (BOM) for the Saturn V moon rocket and Apollo space vehicle.The first "IMS READY" message appeared on an IBM 2740 terminal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-History-In the interim period, IMS has undergone many developments as IBM System/360 technology evolved into the current z/OS and IBM zEnterprise System technologies. For example, IMS now supports the Java programming language, JDBC, XML, and, since late 2005, web services.Vern Watts w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-Database-The IMS Database component stores data using a hierarchical model, which is quite different from IBM's later released relational database, IBM Db2. In IMS, the hierarchical model is implemented using blocks of data known as segments. Each segment can contain several pieces of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-Database-Full function databases can be accessed by a variety of methods, although Hierarchical Direct (HDAM) and Hierarchical Indexed Direct (HIDAM) dominate. The other formats are Simple Hierarchical Indexed Sequential (SHISAM), Hierarchical Sequential (HSAM), and Hierarchical Indexe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-Database-"Fast Path" databases Fast Path databases are optimized for extremely high transaction rates. Data Entry Databases (DEDBs) and Main Storage Databases (MSDBs) are the two types of Fast Path databases. DEDBs use a direct (randomizer) access technique similar to Full Function HDA... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-Database-High Availability Large Databases (HALDBs) IMS V7 introduced HALDBs, an extension of IMS full function databases to provide better availability, better handling of extremely large data volumes, and, with IMS V9, online reorganization to support continuous availability. (Third ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-Transaction Manager-IMS is also a robust transaction manager (IMS TM, also known as IMS DC) – one of the "big three" classic transaction managers along with CICS and BEA (now Oracle) Tuxedo. A transaction manager interacts with an end user (connected through VTAM or TCP/IP, including 3... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IBM Information Management System-Application-Prior to IMS, businesses and governments had to write their own transaction processing environments. IMS TM provides a straightforward, easy-to-use, reliable, standard environment for high performance transaction execution. In fact, much of the world's banking industry reli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Autoclave-An autoclave is a machine used to carry out industrial and scientific processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure in relation to ambient pressure and/or temperature. Autoclaves are used before surgical procedures to perform sterilization and in the chemical industry to cure coatings and vu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Autoclave-Many autoclaves are used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to pressurized saturated steam at 121 °C (250 °F) for around 30-60 minutes at a pressure of 15 psi above atmospheric pressure (205 kPa or 2.02 atm) depending on the size of the load and the contents. The autoclave was in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Uses-Sterilization autoclaves are widely used in microbiology and mycology, medicine and prosthetics fabrication, tattooing and body piercing, and funerary practice. They vary in size and function depending on the media to be sterilized and are sometimes called retort in the chemical and food industries. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Uses-Typical loads include laboratory glassware, other equipment and waste, surgical instruments, and medical waste.A notable recent and increasingly popular application of autoclaves is the pre-disposal treatment and sterilization of waste material, such as pathogenic hospital waste. Machines in this categor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Uses-A thermal effluent decontamination system functions as a single-purpose autoclave designed for the sterilization of liquid waste and effluent. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Air removal-It is very important to ensure that all of the trapped air is removed from the autoclave before activation, as trapped air is a very poor medium for achieving sterility. Steam at 134 °C (273 °F) can achieve a desired level of sterility in three minutes, while achieving the same level of sterility ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Air removal-Steam pulsing: Air dilution by using a series of steam pulses, in which the chamber is alternately pressurized and then depressurized to near atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum pumps: A vacuum pump sucks air or air/steam mixtures from the chamber.
Superatmospheric cycles: Achieved with a vacuum pump. It... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-In medicine-A medical autoclave is a device that uses steam to sterilize equipment and other objects. This means that all bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores are inactivated. However, prions, such as those associated with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and some toxins released by certain bacteria, such as Cereul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-In medicine-Autoclaving is often used to sterilize medical waste prior to disposal in the standard municipal solid waste stream. This application has become more common as an alternative to incineration due to environmental and health concerns raised because of the combustion by-products emitted by incinerato... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-In medicine-In dentistry, autoclaves provide sterilization of dental instruments. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-In medicine-In most of the industrialized world medical-grade autoclaves are regulated medical devices. Many medical-grade autoclaves are therefore limited to running regulator-approved cycles. Because they are optimized for continuous hospital use, they favor rectangular designs, require demanding maintenanc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-In research-Autoclaves used in education, research, biomedical research, pharmaceutical research and industrial settings (often called "research-grade" autoclaves) are used to sterilize lab instruments, glassware, culture media, and liquid media. Research-grade autoclaves are increasingly used in these settin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-In research-Research-grade autoclaves—which are not approved for use in sterilizing instruments that will be directly used on humans—are primarily designed for efficiency, flexibility, and ease-of-use. They display a wide range of designs and sizes, and are frequently tailored to their use and load type. Comm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-In research-In 2016, the Office of Sustainability at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) conducted a study of autoclave efficiency in their genomics and entomology research labs, tracking several units' power and water consumption. They found that, even when functioning within intended parameters, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Quality assurance-In order to sterilize items effectively, it is important to use optimal parameters when running an autoclave cycle. A 2017 study performed by the Johns Hopkins Hospital biocontainment unit tested the ability of pass-through autoclaves to decontaminate loads of simulated biomedical waste when... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Autoclave-Quality assurance-Chemical indicators on medical packaging and autoclave tape change color once the correct conditions have been met, indicating that the object inside the package, or under the tape, has been appropriately processed. Autoclave tape is only a marker that steam and heat have activated the dye. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Genotyping by sequencing-Genotyping by sequencing-In the field of genetic sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to perform genotyping studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GBS uses restriction enzymes to reduce ge... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Genotyping by sequencing-Methods-GBS is a robust, simple, and affordable procedure for SNP discovery and mapping. Overall, this approach reduces genome complexity with restriction enzymes (REs) in high-diversity, large genomes species for efficient high-throughput, highly multiplexed sequencing. By using appropriate RE... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-XOR swap algorithm-In computer programming, the exclusive or swap (sometimes shortened to XOR swap) is an algorithm that uses the exclusive or bitwise operation to swap the values of two variables without using the temporary variable which is normally required.
The algorithm is primarily a novelty an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-The algorithm-Conventional swapping requires the use of a temporary storage variable. Using the XOR swap algorithm, however, no temporary storage is needed. The algorithm is as follows: Since XOR is a commutative operation, either X XOR Y or Y XOR X can be used interchangeably in any of the foregoing... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-The algorithm-However, in the pseudocode or high-level language version or implementation, the algorithm fails if x and y use the same storage location, since the value stored in that location will be zeroed out by the first XOR instruction, and then remain zero; it will not be "swapped with itself".... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Proof of correctness-The binary operation XOR over bit strings of length N exhibits the following properties (where ⊕ denotes XOR): L1. Commutativity: A⊕B=B⊕A L2. Associativity: (A⊕B)⊕C=A⊕(B⊕C) L3. Identity exists: there is a bit string, 0, (of length N) such that A⊕0=A for any A L4. Each eleme... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Proof of correctness-Linear algebra interpretation As XOR can be interpreted as binary addition and a pair of bits can be interpreted as a vector in a two-dimensional vector space over the field with two elements, the steps in the algorithm can be interpreted as multiplication by 2×2 matrices over th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Proof of correctness-For example, the step: which also has the implicit: corresponds to the matrix (1101) as (1101)(xy)=(x+yy).
The sequence of operations is then expressed as: (1101)(1011)(1101)=(0110) (working with binary values, so 1+1=0 ), which expresses the elementary matrix of switching two ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Code example-A C function that implements the XOR swap algorithm: The code first checks if the addresses are distinct. Otherwise, if they were equal, the algorithm would fold to a triple *x ^= *x resulting in zero.
The XOR swap algorithm can also be defined with a macro: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Reasons for avoidance in practice-On modern CPU architectures, the XOR technique can be slower than using a temporary variable to do swapping. At least on recent x86 CPUs, both by AMD and Intel, moving between registers regularly incurs zero latency. (This is called MOV-elimination.) Even if there is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Reasons for avoidance in practice-Aliasing The XOR swap is also complicated in practice by aliasing. If an attempt is made to XOR-swap the contents of some location with itself, the result is that the location is zeroed out and its value lost. Therefore, XOR swapping must not be used blindly in a hig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Reasons for avoidance in practice-Similar problems occur with call by name, as in Jensen's Device, where swapping i and A[i] via a temporary variable yields incorrect results due to the arguments being related: swapping via temp = i; i = A[i]; A[i] = temp changes the value for i in the second stateme... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Variations-The underlying principle of the XOR swap algorithm can be applied to any operation meeting criteria L1 through L4 above. Replacing XOR by addition and subtraction gives various slightly different, but largely equivalent, formulations. For example: Unlike the XOR swap, this variation requir... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Variations-However, the implementation of AddSwap above in the C programming language always works even in case of integer overflow, since, according to the C standard, addition and subtraction of unsigned integers follow the rules of modular arithmetic, i. e. are done in the cyclic group Z/2sZ wher... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Variations-This doesn't hold when dealing with the signed int type (the default for int). Signed integer overflow is an undefined behavior in C and thus modular arithmetic is not guaranteed by the standard, which may lead to incorrect results.
The sequence of operations in AddSwap can be expressed vi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
XOR swap algorithm-Application to register allocation-On architectures lacking a dedicated swap instruction, because it avoids the extra temporary register, the XOR swap algorithm is required for optimal register allocation. This is particularly important for compilers using static single assignment form for register a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy-Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy-Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is a skin condition that affects children under the age of two with a recent history of upper respiratory illness, a course of antibiotics, or both.: 833 The disease was first described in 1938 by Finkelstein and l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major second-In Western music theory, a major second (sometimes also called whole tone or a whole step) is a second spanning two semitones (Play ). A second is a musical interval encompassing two adjacent staff positions (see Interval number for more details). For example, the interval from C to D is a maj... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major second-The intervals from the tonic (keynote) in an upward direction to the second, to the third, to the sixth, and to the seventh scale degrees (of a major scale are called major. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major second-The major second is the interval that occurs between the first and second degrees of a major scale, the tonic and the supertonic. On a musical keyboard, a major second is the interval between two keys separated by one key, counting white and black keys alike. On a guitar string, it is the inte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major second-Intervals composed of two semitones, such as the major second and the diminished third, are also called tones, whole tones, or whole steps.
In just intonation, major seconds can occur in at least two different frequency ratios: 9:8 (about 203.9 cents) and 10:9 (about 182.4 cents). The largest ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major and minor tones-In tuning systems using just intonation, such as 5-limit tuning, in which major seconds occur in two different sizes, the wider of them is called a major tone or greater tone, and the narrower a minor tone or, lesser tone. The difference in size between a major tone and a minor tone i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major and minor tones-The major tone is the 9:8 interval play , and it is an approximation thereof in other tuning systems, while the minor tone is the 10:9 ratio play . The major tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the eighth and ninth harmonics. The minor tone may be deri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major and minor tones-Notice that in these tuning systems, a third kind of whole tone, even wider than the major tone, exists. This interval of two semitones, with ratio 256:225, is simply called the diminished third (for further details, see Five-limit tuning § Size of intervals).
Some equal temperaments ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Major second-Major and minor tones-In any system where there is only one size of major second, the terms greater and lesser tone (or major and minor tone) are rarely used with a different meaning. Namely, they are used to indicate the two distinct kinds of whole tone, more commonly and more appropriately called major s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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