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TLN2-Clinical significance-In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, talin-2 protein was detected in cerebrospinal fluid, whereas expression was absent in non-epileptic patients. Furthermore, postencephalitic epilepsy patients that were refractory to drug treatment exhibited markedly elevated levels of talin-2 protein i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TLN2-Clinical significance-Studies have also shown that TLN2 is a direct target of miR-132, which is epigenetically silenced in prostate cancer, suggesting that talin-2 may play a role in modulating cell adhesion in prostate cancer. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
TLN2-Interactions-TLN2 has been shown to interact with: ACTA1, CD61, ITGB1, LAYN, PTK2, | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imagin (studio)-Imagin (studio)-Imagin Co., Ltd (イマジン株式会社, Imajin kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese anime studio located in Nerima, Tokyo, Japan. The company was established on June 15, 1992, by Akio Sakai, the current president, who had previously worked for Mushi Production, and Madhouse. The studio left the main telev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imagin (studio)-Works-A list of works by Imagin, unless otherwise noted as a brand name owned by Imagin or its subsidiaries (ANIK, A1C, Prime Time, etc.). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Imagin (studio)-Works-Television series Z-Mind (1999, with Sunrise) Rizelmine (2002, with MADHOUSE) The Cosmopolitan Prayers (2004, with Studio Live) Hit wo Nerae! (2004, with Studio Live) Love Love? (2004, with Studio Live) Spice and Wolf (2008) OVAs Dōkyūsei 2 Special: Sotsugyousei (1999–2000, with PP Project) Moonli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ring spectrum-Ring spectrum-In stable homotopy theory, a ring spectrum is a spectrum E together with a multiplication map μ: E ∧ E → Eand a unit map η: S → E,where S is the sphere spectrum. These maps have to satisfy associativity and unitality conditions up to homotopy, much in the same way as the multiplication of a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Solved game-A solved game is a game whose outcome (win, lose or draw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly.
This concept is usually applied to abstract strategy games, and especially to games with full information and no element of chance; solving such a ga... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Overview-A two-player game can be solved on several levels: Ultra-weak Prove whether the first player will win, lose or draw from the initial position, given perfect play on both sides. This can be a non-constructive proof (possibly involving a strategy-stealing argument) that need not actually determine an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Overview-Strong Provide an algorithm that can produce perfect moves from any position, even if mistakes have already been made on one or both sides.Despite their name, many game theorists believe that "ultra-weak" proofs are the deepest, most interesting and valuable. "Ultra-weak" proofs require a scholar t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Overview-Given the rules of any two-person game with a finite number of positions, one can always trivially construct a minimax algorithm that would exhaustively traverse the game tree. However, since for many non-trivial games such an algorithm would require an infeasible amount of time to generate a move ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Overview-As an example of a strong solution, the game of tic-tac-toe is solvable as a draw for both players with perfect play (a result manually determinable). Games like nim also admit a rigorous analysis using combinatorial game theory. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Overview-Whether a game is solved is not necessarily the same as whether it remains interesting for humans to play. Even a strongly solved game can still be interesting if its solution is too complex to be memorized; conversely, a weakly solved game may lose its attraction if the winning strategy is simple ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Perfect play-In game theory, perfect play is the behavior or strategy of a player that leads to the best possible outcome for that player regardless of the response by the opponent. Perfect play for a game is known when the game is solved. Based on the rules of a game, every possible final position can be e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Perfect play-Perfect play can be generalized to non-perfect information games, as the strategy that would guarantee the highest minimal expected outcome regardless of the strategy of the opponent. As an example, the perfect strategy for rock paper scissors would be to randomly choose each of the options wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Perfect play-Although the optimal strategy of a game may not (yet) be known, a game-playing computer might still benefit from solutions of the game from certain endgame positions (in the form of endgame tablebases), which will allow it to play perfectly after some point in the game. Computer chess programs ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Solved games-Awari (a game of the Mancala family) The variant of Oware allowing game ending "grand slams" was strongly solved by Henri Bal and John Romein at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, Netherlands (2002). Either player can force the game into a draw.
Chopsticks Strongly solved. If 2 players both p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Solved games-Kalah Most variants solved by Geoffrey Irving, Jeroen Donkers and Jos Uiterwijk (2000) except Kalah (6/6). The (6/6) variant was solved by Anders Carstensen (2011). Strong first-player advantage was proven in most cases. Mark Rawlings, of Gaithersburg, MD, has quantified the magnitude of the fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Solved games-L game Easily solvable. Either player can force the game into a draw.
Losing chess Weakly solved as a win for white beginning with 1. e3.
Maharajah and the Sepoys This asymmetrical game is a win for the sepoys player with correct play.
Nim Strongly solved.
Nine men's morris Solved by Ralph Gass... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Solved games-Ohvalhu Weakly solved by humans, but proven by computers. (Dakon is, however, not identical to Ohvalhu, the game which actually had been observed by de Voogt) Pangki Strongly solved by Jason Doucette (2001). The game is a draw. There are only two unique first moves if you discard mirrored posit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Solved games-Pentago Strongly solved by Geoffrey Irving with use of a supercomputer at NERSC. The first player wins.
Pentominoes Weakly solved by H. K. Orman. It is a win for the first player.
Quarto Solved by Luc Goossens (1998). Two perfect players will always draw.
Qubic Weakly solved by Oren Patashnik (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Weak-solves-English draughts (checkers) This 8×8 variant of draughts was weakly solved on April 29, 2007, by the team of Jonathan Schaeffer. From the standard starting position, both players can guarantee a draw with perfect play. Checkers is the largest game that has been solved to date, with a search spac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Partially solved games-Chess Fully solving chess remains elusive, and it is speculated that the complexity of the game may preclude its ever being solved. Through retrograde computer analysis, endgame tablebases (strong solutions) have been found for all three- to seven-piece endgames, counting the two king... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Partially solved games-Hex A strategy-stealing argument (as used by John Nash) shows that all square board sizes cannot be lost by the first player. Combined with a proof of the impossibility of a draw, this shows that the game is a first player win (so it is ultra-weak solved). On particular board sizes, m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solved game-Partially solved games-m,n,k-game It is trivial to show that the second player can never win; see strategy-stealing argument. Almost all cases have been solved weakly for k ≤ 4. Some results are known for k = 5. The games are drawn for k ≥ 8.
Reversi (Othello) Weakly solved on a 4×4 and 6×6 board as a secon... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-National Ocean Sciences Bowl-The National Ocean Sciences Bowl (NOSB) is a national high-school science competition managed by the Consortium for Ocean Leadership. It follows a quiz-bowl format, with lockout buzzers and extended team challenge questions to test students on their knowledge of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Format and scoring-Types of questions Toss-up: These are multiple choice questions that can be answered by any of the 4 active players on either team in play. Teams have 5 seconds to buzz in and answer the question. If the first team's answer is incorrect, the opposing team will get another... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Format and scoring-Bonus: These are short answer questions that only the team that correctly answered the previous toss-up may answer. Teams have 20 seconds to confer and answer this question. The team captain must begin the team's answer before time is called. A correct response is awarded... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Format and scoring-Team Challenge Question (TCQ): Each Team Challenge Question is an essay-type question worth up to 20 points, with partial credit awarded if necessary. Time ranges from 2 to 5 minutes for a challenge question, and the topics can be anything related to oceanography.A single... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Format and scoring-With the exception of articles such as "a","an", and "the", answers to multiple-choice questions must be exactly as those on the written page. Prefacing answers with phrases such as "My answer is" is not acceptable.
Science Expert Briefing (SEB) The SEB is a mock congress... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Locations-The National competition is held in one of the participating colleges that hold the regional bowls. These colleges draw from high schools in their area and run the regional competitions, often naming the regional according to the characteristics of the region. For example, the reg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Locations-Nationals 2021- Virtual - Plunging into Our Polar Seas 2020- Virtual - Understanding Human, Economic and Environmental Resiliency in the Gulf of Mexico 2019- Washington, DC - Observe the Ocean, Secure the Future 2018- Boulder, Colorado - Our Ocean Shaping Weather 2017- Corvallis, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Results of the national competition-Schools with greatest number of wins 5: Lexington High School (1998-2002) 4: Marshfield High School (2009-2012) 2: Albany High School (2016, 2019) 2: Boise High School (2014-2015) 2: Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School (2006, 2008) 2: Cranston High Schoo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Results of the national competition-Top-placing teams at the 2016 National Ocean Sciences Bowl: Albany High School Marshfield High School Santa Monica High School Liberty Common High School Boise High School Lexington High School E. O. Smith High School Montgomery Blair High SchoolYork High... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Results of the national competition-Top-placing teams at the 2012 National Ocean Sciences Bowl: Marshfield High School Raleigh Charter High School Eastside High School Lexington High School Santa Monica High School Maui High School Albany High School Loveland High SchoolTop-placing teams at... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Results of the national competition-Top-placing teams at the 2009 National Ocean Sciences Bowl: Marshfield High School Lexington High School Cranston High School West Mission San Jose High School Raleigh Charter High SchoolTop-placing teams at the 2008 National Ocean Sciences Bowl: Lincoln-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Results of the national competition-Top-placing teams at the 2007 National Ocean Sciences Bowl: Contoocook Valley Regional High School (Peterborough, New Hampshire) Cranston High School West (Cranston, Rhode Island) Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School (Sudbury, Massachusetts) Santa Monica ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Results of the national competition-Top-placing teams at the 2006 National Ocean Sciences Bowl: Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School (Sudbury, Massachusetts) Poudre High School (Fort Collins, CO) Santa Monica High School (Santa Monica, CA) Albany High School (Albany, CA) MAST Academy (Miami... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
National Ocean Sciences Bowl-Prizes-The prizes for placing at the national competition vary from year to year. In recent years, the top two teams have received week-long experiential trips while many of the other teams at the national competition have received smaller prizes.2016 1st: Monaco (Courtesy of Prince Albert ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Streptomyces-metKH RNA motif-Streptomyces-metKH RNA motif-A Streptomyces-metKH RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Streptomyces-metKH RNA motif-Streptomyces-metKH RNA motif-Such motifs are found in the genus Streptomyces, and are present upstream of either metK genes, which encode the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme or metH genes, which encodes the adenosylcobalamin-dependent form of methionine synthase. The RNA structures u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Round-trip delay-Round-trip delay-In telecommunications, round-trip delay (RTD) or round-trip time (RTT) is the amount of time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the amount of time it takes for acknowledgement of that signal having been received. This time delay includes propagation times for the paths between the t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Round-trip delay-Round-trip delay-End-to-end delay is the length of time it takes for a signal to travel in one direction and is often approximated as half the RTT. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Round-trip delay-Protocol design-Round-trip delay and bandwidth are independent of each other. As the available bandwidth of networks increases, the round trip time does not similarly decrease, as it depends primarily on constant factors such as physical distance and the speed of signal propagation.Networks with both h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Round-trip delay-Protocol design-The RTT was originally estimated in TCP by: RTT=α⋅old_RTT+(1−α)⋅new_round_trip_sample where α is constant weighting factor ( 0≤α<1 ). Choosing a value for α close to 1 makes the weighted average immune to changes that last a short time (e.g., a single segment that encounters long dela... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Round-trip delay-Wi-Fi-Accurate round-trip time measurements over Wi-Fi using IEEE 802.11mc are the basis for the Wi-Fi positioning system. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Prostatic urethra-Prostatic urethra-The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm long.
It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Arsenite methyltransferase-Arsenite methyltransferase-Arsenite methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.137, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:methylarsonite As-methyltransferase, methylarsonite methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenite As-met... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nucleic Acids Research-Nucleic Acids Research-Nucleic Acids Research is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1974 by the Oxford University Press. The journal covers research on nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, and related work. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2021 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-Glossary of differential geometry and topology-This is a glossary of terms specific to differential geometry and differential topology. The following three glossaries are closely related: Glossary of general topology Glossary of algebraic topology Glossary of Riemannian an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-B-Bundle – see fiber bundle.basic element – A basic element x with respect to an element y is an element of a cochain complex (C∗,d) (e.g., complex of differential forms on a manifold) that is closed: dx=0 and the contraction of x by y is zero. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-C-ChartCobordismCodimension – The codimension of a submanifold is the dimension of the ambient space minus the dimension of the submanifold.Connected sumConnectionCotangent bundle – the vector bundle of cotangent spaces on a manifold.Cotangent space | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-D-Diffeomorphism – Given two differentiable manifolds M and N , a bijective map f from M to N is called a diffeomorphism – if both f:M→N and its inverse f−1:N→M are smooth functions.Doubling – Given a manifold M with boundary, doubling is taking two copies of M an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-F-Fiber – In a fiber bundle, π:E→B the preimage π−1(x) of a point x in the base B is called the fiber over x , often denoted Ex .Fiber bundleFrame – A frame at a point of a differentiable manifold M is a basis of the tangent space at the point.Frame bundle – the prin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-H-Hypersurface – A hypersurface is a submanifold of codimension one. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-L-Lens space – A lens space is a quotient of the 3-sphere (or (2n + 1)-sphere) by a free isometric action of Z – k. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-M-Manifold – A topological manifold is a locally Euclidean Hausdorff space. (In Wikipedia, a manifold need not be paracompact or second-countable.) A Ck manifold is a differentiable manifold whose chart overlap functions are k times continuously differentiable. A C∞ or s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-N-Neat submanifold – A submanifold whose boundary equals its intersection with the boundary of the manifold into which it is embedded. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-P-Parallelizable – A smooth manifold is parallelizable if it admits a smooth global frame. This is equivalent to the tangent bundle being trivial.Poincaré lemmaPrincipal bundle – A principal bundle is a fiber bundle P→B together with an action on P by a Lie group G that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-S-SectionSubmanifold – the image of a smooth embedding of a manifold.SubmersionSurface – a two-dimensional manifold or submanifold.Systole – least length of a noncontractible loop. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-T-Tangent bundle – the vector bundle of tangent spaces on a differentiable manifold.Tangent field – a section of the tangent bundle. Also called a vector field.Tangent spaceThom spaceTorusTransversality – Two submanifolds M and N intersect transversally if at each point ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-V-Vector bundle – a fiber bundle whose fibers are vector spaces and whose transition functions are linear maps.Vector field – a section of a vector bundle. More specifically, a vector field can mean a section of the tangent bundle. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glossary of differential geometry and topology-W-Whitney sum – A Whitney sum is an analog of the direct product for vector bundles. Given two vector bundles α and β over the same base B their cartesian product is a vector bundle over B×B . The diagonal map B→B×B induces a vector bundle over B called the Whitney s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought broadcasting-Thought broadcasting-In psychiatry, thought broadcasting is the belief that others can hear or are aware of an individual's thoughts. The person experiencing this symptom can also think that their thoughts are being broadcast through different media, such as the television or the radio. Different p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought broadcasting-Diagnosis and classification-Thought broadcasting is considered a form of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and has multiple accepted definitions based on the many ways it can present itself. The first definition is that the person may hear their thoughts out loud and believe that others can hear... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought broadcasting-Association with schizophrenia-Thought broadcasting can be considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia. Thought broadcasting has been suggested as one of the first rank symptoms (Schneider's first-rank symptoms) believed to distinguish schizophrenia from other psychotic disorders. The prevalence... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Thought broadcasting-Treatment-A combination of antipsychotic medication (such as Abilify, Zyprexa, Risperdal, and Clozaril) and psychotherapy are used to treat thought broadcasting. Although case studies utilizing a combination of antipsychotics and cognitive behavioral therapy have been completed with mixed results, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Circular error probable-In the military science of ballistics, circular error probable (CEP) (also circular error probability or circle of equal probability) is a measure of a weapon system's precision. It is defined as the radius of a circle, centered on the mean, whose perimeter is expected to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Circular error probable-The concept of CEP also plays a role when measuring the accuracy of a position obtained by a navigation system, such as GPS or older systems such as LORAN and Loran-C. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Concept-The original concept of CEP was based on a circular bivariate normal distribution (CBN) with CEP as a parameter of the CBN just as μ and σ are parameters of the normal distribution. Munitions with this distribution behavior tend to cluster around the mean impact point, with most reasonab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Concept-CEP is not a good measure of accuracy when this distribution behavior is not met. Precision-guided munitions generally have more "close misses" and so are not normally distributed. Munitions may also have larger standard deviation of range errors than the standard deviation of azimuth (d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Concept-To incorporate accuracy into the CEP concept in these conditions, CEP can be defined as the square root of the mean square error (MSE). The MSE will be the sum of the variance of the range error plus the variance of the azimuth error plus the covariance of the range error with the azimut... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Concept-Several methods have been introduced to estimate CEP from shot data. Included in these methods are the plug-in approach of Blischke and Halpin (1966), the Bayesian approach of Spall and Maryak (1992), and the maximum likelihood approach of Winkler and Bickert (2012). The Spall and Maryak... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Conversion-While 50% is a very common definition for CEP, the circle dimension can be defined for percentages. Percentiles can be determined by recognizing that the horizontal position error is defined by a 2D vector which components are two orthogonal Gaussian random variables (one for each axi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Circular error probable-Conversion-Warning: often, sensor datasheets or other publications state "RMS" values which in general, but not always, stand for "DRMS" values. Also, be wary of habits coming from properties of a 1D normal distribution, such as the 68-95-99.7 rule, in essence trying to say that "R95 = 2DRMS". A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Ovulatory shift hypothesis-The ovulatory shift hypothesis holds that women experience evolutionarily adaptive changes in subconscious thoughts and behaviors related to mating during different parts of the ovulatory cycle. It suggests that what women want, in terms of men, changes throughout t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Overview-The theory proposes that women's behavior may change during the most fertile time in their ovulatory cycle. At high fertility, the theory holds that women may become more physically active and avoid male relatives.The hypothesis separately proposes that hormonal changes across the cy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Overview-Estrus in humans Most female mammals experience reproductive fertility cycles. They typically consist of a long period of low fertility, and a brief period of high fertility just prior to and including ovulation. In humans, this is called the ovulatory cycle, or menstrual cycle. The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Overview-Human females, however, engage in sex throughout their ovulatory cycles, and even beyond their reproductive years. Additionally, they do not show obvious physical signals of high fertility. This has led many researchers to conclude that humans lost their estrus through evolution. It ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Overview-Evolution of ovulatory cycle shifts Estrus evolved to facilitate reproduction and maximize reproductive success, or the success of passing on one's genes by producing offspring that are most likely to survive and reproduce themselves. The ovulatory shift hypothesis proposes that moti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Overview-Some researchers have suggested that over evolutionary time, women may have maximized reproductive success by seeking good genes from an extra-pair copulation—cheating on their partner—at high fertility, while also maintaining a long-term pair bond with a partner who provides parenti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Overview-Mechanisms Ovulatory cycle shifts are hypothesized to be regulated by sex hormones, primarily estradiol and progesterone, which become elevated at different times across the cycle. In particular, high levels of estradiol and low levels of progesterone, which peak at high fertility ju... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Numerous studies have demonstrated ovulatory cycle shifts in women’s mating-related motivations, preferences, thoughts, and behaviors. The ovulatory shift hypothesis proposes that these shifts are designed by natural selection as ev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Sexual desire Some of the earliest studies on human ovulatory shifts explored whether women engage in more instances of sexual activity during high fertility, as this could indicate a human estrus-like state. While some studies have... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Researchers have subsequently explored whether sexual desire, rather than frequency of sexual activity, changes across the ovulatory cycle, as this would not be affected by practical barriers to engaging in sex. Several studies in t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Relationship satisfaction While some studies have shown that fertile-phase women might be more attracted to, flirt more, and initiate sex more often with men who are not their partner, newer studies do not support the hypothesis tha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Attraction and mate preferences The ovulatory shift hypothesis proposes that women at high fertility should be most attracted to short-term sexual partners with physical and behavioral features that likely signal genetic fitness, or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Symmetry Having symmetrical features may indicate that an individual possesses high-quality genes related to health, and that they developed in a stable environment with little disease or trauma. Studies have found that women rate f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Masculinity In many species, more masculine and dominant males experience greater reproductive success. Masculine traits are produced during puberty by increasing amounts of testosterone. Testosterone is a known immunosuppressant, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Creativity Charles Darwin first proposed that music, lacking a functional evolutionary explanation by natural selection, may be an instrument of sexual selection, just like a male peacock's extravagant feathers, which serve to attra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Compatible genes The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a suite of genes responsible for adaptive immune response and histocompatibility in an organism's cells. In animals, including mammals and other primates, MHC has been s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Clothing and grooming The ovulatory shift hypothesis proposes that women's behavior during the fertile phase should also reflect evolutionary adaptations for reproductive success. Fertile-phase women also spend more time on their ap... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Activity and food consumption One of the earliest studies on ovulatory shifts found that female lab rats tend to run on their exercise wheels more during their fertile window. Subsequent research showed that a variety of species exp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Changes in cognition and behavior across the ovulatory cycle-Competitiveness with other women Parental investment theory posits the idea that natural selection designed each sex to have different mating strategies based on how much investment the sex is required to devote to offspring for the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Ovulatory cycle shifts-Hassleton and Gildersleeve (2011) wrote that both men and women can subconsciously detect cues to women's fertility that change across the ovulatory cycle. Some researchers have suggested that natural selection designed women to signal their fertility in order to attrac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Ovulatory cycle shifts-Body odor During estrus, many species produce pheromones, or body odors that indicate to potential mates that one is in the fertile phase. While no specific human pheromones have been identified, humans may exhibit similar scent changes at high fertility. Body odors of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Ovulatory cycle shifts-Physical attractiveness Studies using facial photographs found that both men and women rate physical features of women at high fertility more attractive than when they are at low fertility and that facial attractiveness increases in fertile phase women. It has been hypo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Ovulatory cycle shifts-Vocal pitch Studies have found that fertile phase women speak with a slightly higher vocal pitch. One study reported that recordings of women's voices in the fertile phase are rated, by both men and women, as more attractive than recordings by the same women during low ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Ovulatory cycle shifts-Partner jealousy Several studies have found that men in a relationship tend to be more protective and possessive of their partner when she is at peak fertility, as well as more jealous of any advances their partner might make on other men. One study found that after int... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ovulatory shift hypothesis-Effects of hormonal contraception-Since it has been proposed that changes in hormone levels across the ovulatory cycle are the primary mechanisms that causes cycle shifts, some studies have explored the effects of hormonal contraception, like the pill, on both women's cycle shifts and other p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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