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Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-Self-discharge Storing electrical energy in the double-layer separates the charge carriers within the pores by distances in the range of molecules. Irregularities can occur over this short distance, leading to a small exchange of charge carriers and gradual discharge. This self-disc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-Post charge voltage relaxation It has been noticed that after the EDLC experiences a charge or discharge, the voltage will drift over time, relaxing toward its previous voltage level. The observed relaxation can occur over several hours and is likely due to long diffusion time const... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-Polarity Since the positive and negative electrodes (or simply positrode and negatrode, respectively) of symmetric supercapacitors consist of the same material, theoretically supercapacitors have no true polarity and catastrophic failure does not normally occur. However reverse-char... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-Pseudocapacitor and hybrid supercapacitors which have electrochemical charge properties may not be operated with reverse polarity, precluding their use in AC operation. However, this limitation does not apply to EDLC supercapacitors A bar in the insulating sleeve identifies the nega... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-In some literature, the terms "anode" and "cathode" are used in place of negative electrode and positive electrode. Using anode and cathode to describe the electrodes in supercapacitors (and also rechargeable batteries including lithium ion batteries) can lead to confusion, because ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-Comparison of selected commercial supercapacitors The range of electrodes and electrolytes available yields a variety of components suitable for diverse applications. The development of low-ohmic electrolyte systems, in combination with electrodes with high pseudocapacitance, enable... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-In the table, ESR refers to the component with the largest capacitance value of the respective manufacturer. Roughly, they divide supercapacitors into two groups. The first group offers greater ESR values of about 20 milliohms and relatively small capacitance of 0.1 to 470 F. These ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Electrical parameters-Commercial EDLCs are based on two symmetric electrodes impregnated with electrolytes comprising tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salts in organic solvents. Current EDLCs containing organic electrolytes operate at 2.7 V and reach energy densities around 5-8 Wh/kg and 7 to 10 Wh/L... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Standards-Supercapacitors vary sufficiently that they are rarely interchangeable, especially those with higher specific energy. Applications range from low to high peak currents, requiring standardized test protocols.Test specifications and parameter requirements are specified in the generic specificatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Supercapacitors do not support alternating current (AC) applications. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Supercapacitors have advantages in applications where a large amount of power is needed for a relatively short time, where a very high number of charge/discharge cycles or a longer lifetime is required. Typical applications range from milliamp currents or milliwatts of power for up to a few ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-The time t a supercapacitor can deliver a constant current I can be calculated as: charge min )I as the capacitor voltage decreases from Ucharge down to Umin.
If the application needs a constant power P for a certain time t this can be calculated as: charge min 2).
wherein also the capacitor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Grid power buffer Numerous non-linear loads, such as EV chargers, HEVs, air conditioning systems, and advanced power conversion systems cause current fluctuations and harmonics. These current differences create unwanted voltage fluctuations and therefore power oscillations on the grid. Power... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Low-power equipment power buffer Supercapacitors provide backup or emergency shutdown power to low-power equipment such as RAM, SRAM, micro-controllers and PC Cards. They are the sole power source for low energy applications such as automated meter reading (AMR) equipment or for event notifi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Micro grids Micro grids are usually powered by clean and renewable energy. Most of this energy generation, however, is not constant throughout the day and does not usually match demand. Supercapacitors can be used for micro grid storage to instantaneously inject power when the demand is high... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Energy harvesting Supercapacitors are suitable temporary energy storage devices for energy harvesting systems. In energy harvesting systems, the energy is collected from the ambient or renewable sources, e.g., mechanical movement, light or electromagnetic fields, and converted to electrical ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Incorporation into batteries The UltraBattery is a hybrid rechargeable lead-acid battery and a supercapacitor. Its cell construction contains a standard lead-acid battery positive electrode, standard sulphuric acid electrolyte and a specially prepared negative carbon-based electrode that sto... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Medical Supercapacitors are used in defibrillators where they can deliver 500 joules to shock the heart back into sinus rhythm.
Transport Aviation In 2005, aerospace systems and controls company Diehl Luftfahrt Elektronik GmbH chose supercapacitors to power emergency actuators for doors and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Automotive Toyota's Yaris Hybrid-R concept car uses a supercapacitor to provide bursts of power. PSA Peugeot Citroën has started using supercapacitors as part of its stop-start fuel-saving system, which permits faster initial acceleration. Mazda's i-ELOOP system stores energy in a supercapac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Bus/tram Maxwell Technologies, an American supercapacitor-maker, claimed that more than 20,000 hybrid buses use the devices to increase acceleration, particularly in China. Guangzhou, In 2014 China began using trams powered with supercapacitors that are recharged in 30 seconds by a device po... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Energy recovery A primary challenge of all transport is reducing energy consumption and reducing CO2 emissions. Recovery of braking energy (recuperation or regenerative braking) helps with both. This requires components that can quickly store and release energy over long times with a high cy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Railway Supercapacitors can be used to supplement batteries in starter systems in diesel railroad locomotives with diesel-electric transmission. The capacitors capture the braking energy of a full stop and deliver the peak current for starting the diesel engine and acceleration of the train ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Cranes, forklifts and tractors Mobile hybrid Diesel-electric rubber tyred gantry cranes move and stack containers within a terminal. Lifting the boxes requires large amounts of energy. Some of the energy could be recaptured while lowering the load, resulting in improved efficiency.A triple h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Light-rails and trams Supercapacitors make it possible not only to reduce energy, but to replace overhead lines in historical city areas, so preserving the city's architectural heritage. This approach may allow many new light rail city lines to replace overhead wires that are too expensive t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-In 2003 Mannheim adopted a prototype light-rail vehicle (LRV) using the MITRAC Energy Saver system from Bombardier Transportation to store mechanical braking energy with a roof-mounted supercapacitor unit. It contains several units each made of 192 capacitors with 2700 F / 2.7 V interconnect... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-In 2009 supercapacitors enabled LRVs to operate in the historical city area of Heidelberg without overhead wires, thus preserving the city's architectural heritage. The SC equipment cost an additional €270,000 per vehicle, which was expected to be recovered over the first 15 years of operati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-In 2012 tram operator Geneva Public Transport began tests of an LRV equipped with a prototype roof-mounted supercapacitor unit to recover braking energy.Siemens is delivering supercapacitor-enhanced light-rail transport systems that include mobile storage.Hong Kong's South Island metro line ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-As of 2017, Zhuzhou's supercapacitor vehicles are also used on the new Nanjing streetcar system, and are undergoing trials in Wuhan.In 2012, in Lyon (France), the SYTRAL (Lyon public transportation administration) started experiments of a "way side regeneration" system built by Adetel Group ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Buses The first hybrid bus with supercapacitors in Europe came in 2001 in Nuremberg, Germany. It was MAN's so-called "Ultracapbus", and was tested in real operation in 2001/2002. The test vehicle was equipped with a diesel-electric drive in combination with supercapacitors. The system was su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-The supercapacitors recaptured braking energy and delivered starting energy. Fuel consumption was reduced by 10 to 15% compared to conventional diesel vehicles. Other advantages included reduction of CO2 emissions, quiet and emissions-free engine starts, lower vibration and reduced maintenan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-As of 2002 in Luzern, Switzerland an electric bus fleet called TOHYCO-Rider was tested. The supercapacitors could be recharged via an inductive contactless high-speed power charger after every transportation cycle, within 3 to 4 minutes.In early 2005 Shanghai tested a new form of electric bu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Motor racing The FIA, a governing body for motor racing events, proposed in the Power-Train Regulation Framework for Formula 1 version 1.3 of 23 May 2007 that a new set of power train regulations be issued that includes a hybrid drive of up to 200 kW input and output power using "superbatter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-The Toyota TS030 Hybrid LMP1 car, a racing car developed under Le Mans Prototype rules, uses a hybrid drivetrain with supercapacitors. In the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans race a TS030 qualified with a fastest lap only 1.055 seconds slower (3:24.842 versus 3:23.787) than the fastest car, an Audi ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Hybrid electric vehicles Supercapacitor/battery combinations in electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are well investigated. A 20 to 60% fuel reduction has been claimed by recovering brake energy in EVs or HEVs. The ability of supercapacitors to charge much faster than ba... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Supercapacitors' lower specific energy makes them unsuitable for use as a stand-alone energy source for long distance driving. The fuel economy improvement between a capacitor and a battery solution is about 20% and is available only for shorter trips. For long distance driving the advantage... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Gondolas In Zell am See, Austria, an aerial lift connects the city with Schmittenhöhe mountain. The gondolas sometimes run 24 hours per day, using electricity for lights, door opening and communication. The only available time for recharging batteries at the stations is during the brief inte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Applications-Emirates Air Line (cable car), also known as the Thames cable car, is a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) gondola line in London, UK, that crosses the Thames from the Greenwich Peninsula to the Royal Docks. The cabins are equipped with a modern infotainment system, which is powered by supercapacitors. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Developments-As of 2013 commercially available lithium-ion supercapacitors offered the highest gravimetric specific energy to date, reaching 15 Wh/kg (54 kJ/kg). Research focuses on improving specific energy, reducing internal resistance, expanding temperature range, increasing lifetimes and reducing cos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Market-As of 2016 worldwide sales of supercapacitors is about US$400 million.The market for batteries (estimated by Frost & Sullivan) grew from US$47.5 billion, (76.4% or US$36.3 billion of which was rechargeable batteries) to US$95 billion. The market for supercapacitors is still a small niche market th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Trade or series names-Exceptional for electronic components like capacitors are the manifold different trade or series names used for supercapacitors, like APowerCap, BestCap, BoostCap, CAP-XX, C-SECH, DLCAP, EneCapTen, EVerCAP, DynaCap, Faradcap, GreenCap, Goldcap, HY-CAP, Kapton capacitor, Super capaci... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supercapacitor-Literature-Abruña, H. D.; Kiya, Y.; Henderson, J. C. (2008). "Batteries and Electrochemical Capacitors" (PDF). Phys. Today. 61 (12): 43–47. Bibcode:2008PhT....61l..43A. doi:10.1063/1.3047681. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
Bockris, J. O'M.; Devanathan, M. A.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Interpersonal adaptation theory-Interpersonal (Interaction) adaptation theory (IAT) is often referred to as a theory of theories. Several theories have been developed to provide frameworks as explanations of social interactions. After reviewing and examining various communication theorie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Background-In 1995, Judee K. Burgoon, Lesa Stern, and Leesa Dillman published a book titled, Interpersonal Adaptation: Dyadic Interaction Patterns in which they described their findings on a "new" theory which drew from the results of previous theories. Burgoon and her team examined fift... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Definitions-Requirements - interactant's basic human needs and drives; i.e. survival, safety, comfort, autonomy, affiliation Expectations - what is anticipated based on social norms, social prescriptions, individuated knowledge of the other's behavior; i.e. self-presentation, and demands... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Definitions-Divergence – the opposite of convergence; becoming more dissimilar. Divergence occurs when interactants try to accentuate communicative differences between themselves and another interactant Mirroring – an individual's behavior becomes identical to the other party's behavior;... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Basics-As previously stated, individuals enter interactions with a combination of expectations, requirements, and desires. The individual's expectations refers to how they anticipate the other party will respond in the given interaction. The individual's requirements are based on their b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Basics-For example, when a wife of an airman comes to her husband after he has hurt her emotionally, because he has not been spending enough time with her before he deploys, she may expect him to behave defensively, need him to not get mad thus spending even less time with her, and want ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Basics-If in the given example, the husband meets his wife's expectations and behaves unfavorably toward her, her response behavior will diverge, to deescalate the situation. The use of compensation is the most common behavioral response to occur in this interaction. In divergence, the w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Theory-The review of past theories, empirical evidence, and considerations of their own investigations, lead Burgoon (1995) and her colleagues to propose nine principles meant to guide the new interaction adaption model: 1. There may be an innate pressure to adapt interaction patterns un... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Theory-The first three of the five concepts, which govern behavior are requirements, expectations, and desires. Individuals engaging in an interaction begin with a combination of the three. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Theory-Requirements ( R ) - based on an individual’s basic human needs, or what they feel is needed at the time of an interaction. Requirement factors occur below conscious awareness.Expectations ( E ) - based in social factors, influenced by social norms, social prescriptions, and knowl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Theory-The fourth concept, interaction position, is a product of an individual's requirements, desires, and expectations. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Theory-Interaction Position ( IP ) - a derivative behavioral predispositionBurgoon and her colleagues presented the first four concepts in mathematical formula format: R+E+D=IP Understanding R, E, D and IP R, E, and D proscribe certain response options R, E, and D are hierarchically orde... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Interpersonal adaptation theory-Theory-Actual Behavior ( A ) - partner’s actual performed behavior in an interactionUnderstanding IP and A IP and A can be placed on a continuum. The discrepancy assessed between the two determines the interaction outcome.Large discrepancies between IP and A should activate a) behavioral... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SEMA5A-SEMA5A-Semaphorin-5A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEMA5A gene.Members of the semaphorin protein family, such as SEMA5A, are involved in axonal guidance during neural development.Semaphorin 5A also plays a role in autism, reducing the ability of neurons to form connections with other neurons in c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2 mm scale-2 mm scale-2 mm scale, often 2 mm finescale is a specification used for railway modelling, largely for modelling British railway prototypes. It uses a scale of 2 mm on the model to 1 foot on the prototype, which scales out to 1:152.
The track gauge used to represent prototype standard gauge (4 feet 8+1⁄2 inc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2 mm scale-Standard-The 2 mm standards were proposed by Mr. H H Groves in the early 1960s and revised to their current specification in November 1963 by Geoffrey Jones. It is similar in size to the slightly larger British N scale at 1:148, and the slightly smaller European/American N scale at 1:160; though it predates ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2 mm scale-Standard-Supplementary Standards Like Protofour, 2 mm standards have been extended to several other prototypes of both wider and narrower gauge with the same tolerances such as Brunel's 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) gauge, Japan Rail's 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge and so on.
FiNescale Standard The FiNescale st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2 mm scale-Support-No ready-to-run models are available in 2 mm scale, and although there is some availability of kits and components, some model-making skill is normally required.There is an active association, The 2mm Scale Association, for modellers in this scale, who supply components, tools and jigs, publish a bi-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2 mm scale-Exhibition layouts-An early example of a 2 mm layout was Rydes Vale which was created in the 1960s by H. H. Grove and his son.
The development of the Kineton exhibition layout by the Leamington & Warwick Model Railway Society was feature in series in the British Railway Modelling magazine running from Februa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics device interface-Graphics device interface-A graphics device interface is a subsystem that most operating systems use for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices such as monitors and printers. In most cases, the graphics device interface is only able to draw 2D graphics and simpl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphics device interface-Graphics device interface-In Microsoft Windows, the GDI functionality resides in gdi.exe on 16-bit Windows, and gdi32.dll on 32-bit Windows. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Urban decay-Urban decay (also known as urban rot, urban death or urban blight) is the sociological process by which a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. There is no single process that leads to urban decay. Urban decay can include the following aspects: I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Urban decay-Urban decay is often the result of inter-related socio-economic issues, including urban planning decisions, economic deprivation of the local populace, the construction of freeways and railroad lines that bypass or run through the area, depopulation by suburbanization of peripheral lands, real e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Causes-During the Industrial Revolution, many people moved from rural areas to cities for employment in the manufacturing industry, thus causing urban populations to boom. Subsequent economic change left many cities economically vulnerable. Studies such as the Urban Task Force (DETR 1999), the Urban White P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-United States Historically in the United States, the white middle class gradually left the cities for suburban areas due to African-American migration north toward cities after World War I. American cities often declare blighted status once it is determined that urban renewal strategies are the mo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-United Kingdom Like many industrial nations before the Second World War, the United Kingdom carried out extensive slum clearances. These efforts continued after the war, however in many of these slums, depopulation became common, producing compounding decay. The UK is unlike much of Europe in havi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-The Joseph Rowntree Foundation in the 1980s and 1990s undertook extensive studies culminating with a 1991 report which analyzed the 20 most difficult council estates. Many of the most unpopular estates were in East London, Newcastle upon Tyne, Greater Manchester, Glasgow, the South Wales valleys, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-Features of British urban decay analyzed by the Foundation included empty houses; widespread demolitions; declining property values; and low demand for all property types, neighborhoods, and tenures.Urban decay has been found by the Foundation to be "more extreme and therefore more visible" in the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-France Large French cities are often surrounded by areas of urban decay. While city centers tend to be occupied mainly by upper-class residents, cities are often surrounded by public housing developments, with many tenants being of North African origin (from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), and rece... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-The banlieues of large cities like Lyon, especially the northern Parisian banlieues, are criticized by the country's territorial spatial planning administration. They have been ostracized since the French Commune government of 1871, considered as "lawless" or "outside the law", even "outside the R... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-Today the situation remains generally unchanged; however, there is a level of disparity. Some areas are experiencing increased drug trafficking, while some northern suburbs of Paris and areas like Vaulx-en-Velin are undergoing refurbishment and re-development.
Some previously mono-industrial towns... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-Italy In Italy, a well-known case of urban decay is represented by the Vele di Scampia, a large public housing estate built between 1962 and 1975 in the Scampia neighborhood of Naples. The idea behind the project was to provide an urban housing project, where hundreds of families could socialize a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-However, various events, starting with the 1980 earthquake in Irpinia, led to urban decay inside this project and in the surrounding areas. Many families left homeless by the earthquake squatted inside the Vele. The lack of police presence, led to a rise in Camorra drug trade, as well as other gan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-South Africa In South Africa, the most prominent urban decay case is Hillbrow, an inner-city neighborhood of Johannesburg which was formerly affluent. At the end of apartheid in 1994, many middle-class white residents moved out and were replaced by mainly low-income workers and unemployed people, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Countries-Germany Many east German towns such as Hoyerswerda face or are facing population loss and urban shrinkage since the reunification of Germany in 1990. Hoyerswerda's population has dropped about 40% since its peak and there is a significant lack of teenagers and twenty- forty-some year olds due to t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Policy responses to urban decay-The main responses to urban decay have been through positive public intervention and policy, through a plethora of initiatives, funding streams, and agencies, using the principles of New Urbanism (or through Urban Renaissance, its UK/European equivalent). Gentrification has a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Policy responses to urban decay-United States In the United States, early government policies included "urban renewal" and building of large-scale housing projects for the poor. Urban renewal demolished entire neighborhoods in many inner cities and it was as much a cause of urban decay as a remedy. These go... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Policy responses to urban decay-Europe In Western Europe, where undeveloped land is scarce and urban areas are generally recognized as the drivers of the new information and service economies, urban renewal has become an industry in itself, with hundreds of agencies and charities set up to tackle the issue.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban decay-Policy responses to urban decay-In the inner-city estates and suburban cities, the solution is often more drastic, with 1960s and 1970s state housing projects being demolished and rebuilt in a more traditional European urban style, with a mix of housing types, sizes, prices, and tenures, as well as a mix of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Coronary CT angiography-Coronary CT angiography (CTA or CCTA) is the use of computed tomography (CT) angiography to assess the coronary arteries of the heart. The patient receives an intravenous injection of radiocontrast and then the heart is scanned using a high speed CT scanner, allowing phys... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Coronary CT angiography-CTA is superior to coronary CT calcium scan in determining the risk of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Medical uses-Faster CT machines, due to multidetector capabilities, have made imaging of the heart and circulatory system very practical in a number of clinical settings. The faster capability has allowed the imaging of the heart with minimal involuntary motion, which creates motion blur on the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Medical uses-The positive predictive value of cardiac CTA is approximately 82% and the negative predictive value is around 93%. This means for every 100 patients who appear to have coronary artery disease after CT angiography, 18 of them actually won't have it, and that for every 100 patients wh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Side effects-Because the heart is effectively imaged more than once (described above), cardiac CT angiography can result in a relatively high radiation exposure (around 12 millisievert), although newer acquisition protocols, have recently been developed which drastically reduce this exposure to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Side effects-Contraindications Pregnancy is considered a relative contraindication, similarly to many forms of medical imaging in pregnancy. The potential harms to a fetus include the application of X-rays in addition to radiocontrast. Since an iodine-containing contrast agent is used, severe co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Improved resolution-With the advent of subsecond rotation combined with multi-slice CT (up to 320 slices), high resolution and high speed can be obtained at the same time, allowing excellent imaging of the coronary arteries (cardiac CT angiography). Images with even higher temporal resolution ca... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coronary CT angiography-Improved resolution-Dual Source CT scanners, introduced in 2005, allow higher temporal resolution by acquiring a full CT slice in only half a rotation, thus reducing motion blurring at high heart rates and potentially allowing for shorter breath-hold time. This is particularly useful for ill pat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Will call-Will call-Will call refers to a method of delivery for purchased items where the customer picks up the items at the seller's place of business, primarily in United States commerce. It may also refer to the department within a business where goods are staged for customer pick up. An equivalent service for goo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Will call-Will call-The word "call" is a shortened form of "call for", which means "to come and get", so "will call" literally means "(the customer) will call for (come and get) the goods." In a linguistic process similar to initial-stress derived nominalization, the first syllable of the noun phrase is usually stresse... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Will call-Will call-The term is most commonly used in relation to admission tickets for events. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Will call-North America-As of 2022, Will Call is still in wide use for ticket sales at a box office where patrons of entertainment venues go to pick up pre-purchased tickets for an event, such as a play, sporting event, museums, or concerts, either just before the event or in advance. At large venues such as stadiums o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Will call-North America-In the wholesale and retail trade industry, a will call memo is given to wholesale delivery drivers as an instruction to pick up items at the address stated on the memo. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Will call-Great Britain-Normally in the UK the term used is 'at the door' or 'on the door'; such as 'tickets can be collected at the door'. The acronym COBO, for "Care of Box Office", is used internally by ticket offices and not common with the public. A similar term 'buyer collects' is used on online auction sites, to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CNS Drugs (journal)-CNS Drugs (journal)-CNS Drugs is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Adis International (Springer Nature) that covers drug treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CNS Drugs (journal)-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 6.0. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Christian interpolation-Christian interpolation-In textual criticism, Christian interpolation generally refers to textual insertion and textual damage to Jewish and pagan source texts during Christian scribal transmission. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Christian interpolation-Old Testament pseudepigrapha-Notable examples among the body of texts known as Old Testament pseudepigrapha include the disputed authenticity of Similitudes of Enoch and 4 Ezra which in the form transmitted by Christian scribal traditions contain arguably later Christian understanding of terms s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Christian interpolation-Josephus-Notable disputed examples in the works of Josephus include Josephus' sections on John the Baptist and James the Just which is widely accepted, and the Testimonium Flavianum, which is widely regarded as at best damaged. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Vacuole-Vacuole-A vacuole () is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain case... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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