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Impact crater lake-Examples-One of the largest impact crater lakes is Lake Manicouagan in Canada; the crater is a multiple-ring structure about 100 km (60 mi) across, with its 70 km (40 mi) diameter inner ring its most prominent feature; it contains a 70 km (40 mi) diameter annular lake, surrounding an inner island pla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Robot-assisted surgery-Robot-assisted surgery or robotic surgery are any types of surgical procedures that are performed using robotic systems. Robotically assisted surgery was developed to try to overcome the limitations of pre-existing minimally-invasive surgical procedures and to enhance the c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Robot-assisted surgery-A telemanipulator (e.g. the da Vinci Surgical System) is a system of remotely controlled manipulators that allows the surgeon to operate real-time under stereoscopic vision from a control console separate from the operating table. The robot is docked next to the patient, an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Robot-assisted surgery-In computer-controlled systems, the surgeon uses a computer system to relay control data and direct the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Robot-assisted surgery-Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense, with the average costs in 2007 ranging from $5,607 to $45,914 per patient. This technique has not been approved for cancer surgery as of 2019 as the safety and usefulness is unclear. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-History-The concept of using standard hand grips to control manipulators and cameras of various sizes down to sub-miniature was described in the Robert Heinlein story 'Waldo' in August 1942, which also mentioned brain surgery. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-History-The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot, which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1984. This robot assisted in being able to manipulate and position the patient's leg on voice command. Intimately involved were biomedical engineer James McEwen, Geof Au... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-History-Further development of robotic systems was carried out by SRI International and Intuitive Surgical with the introduction of the da Vinci Surgical System and Computer Motion with the AESOP and the ZEUS robotic surgical system. The first robotic surgery took place at The Ohio State Universi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is still part of the frontier for robotic-assisted surgeries. However, there are a couple of robotic systems that are capable of successfully performing surgeries. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-PRECEYES Surgical System is being used for vitreoretinal surgeries. This is a single arm robot, that is tele manipulated by a surgeon. This system attaches to the head of the operating room table and provides surgeons with increased precision with the help of the intuitive motion controller.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-The da Vinci Surgical System, though not specifically designed for ophthalmic procedures, uses telemanipulation to perform pterygium repairs and ex-vivo corneal surgeries. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Heart Some examples of heart surgery being assisted by robotic surgery systems include: Atrial septal defect repair – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart, Mitral valve repair – the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper hea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Thoracic Robotic surgery has become more widespread in thoracic surgery for mediastinal pathologies, pulmonary pathologies and more recently complex esophageal surgery.The da Vinci Xi system is used for lung and mediastinal mass resection. This minimally invasive approach as a comparable alt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-ENT The first successful robot-assisted cochlear implantation in a person took place in Bern, Switzerland in 2017. Surgical robots have been developed for use at various stages of cochlear implantation, including drilling through the mastoid bone, accessing the inner ear and inserting the el... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Gastrointestinal Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or da Vinci robot systems, including bariatric surgery and gastrectomy for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Bone Robots are used in orthopedic surgery.ROBODOC is the first active robotic system that performs some of the surgical actions in a total hip arthroplasty (THA). It is programmed preoperatively using data from computer tomography (CT) scans. This allows for the surgeon to choose the optima... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Spine Robotic devices started to be used in minimally invasive spine surgery starting in the mid-2000s. As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to judge whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches.As of 2019, the application of robotics in spine... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Transplant surgery The first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. It may allow kidney transplantations in people who are obese who could not otherwise have the procedure. Weight loss however is the preferred initial effort.
General surgery With regards to r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Urology Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become common, especially in the United States.There is inconsistent evidence of benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs. Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and fewer side effe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Uses-Pediatrics Pediatric procedures are also benefiting from robotic surgical systems. The smaller abdominal size in pediatric patients limits the viewing field in most urology procedures. The robotic surgical systems help surgeons overcome these limitations. Robotic technology provides assistan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Comparison to traditional methods-Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing tim... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Robot-assisted surgery-Comparison to traditional methods-The existing open surgery technique has many flaws such as limited access to the surgical area, long recovery time, long hours of operation, blood loss, surgical scars, and marks.The robot's costs range from $1 million to $2.5 million for each unit, and while its... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SystemVerilog DPI-SystemVerilog DPI-SystemVerilog DPI (Direct Programming Interface) is an interface which can be used to interface SystemVerilog with foreign languages. These foreign languages can be C, C++, SystemC as well as others. DPIs consist of two layers: a SystemVerilog layer and a foreign language layer. Both... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SystemVerilog DPI-Explanation-Direct Programming Interface (DPI) allows direct inter language function calls between the SystemVerilog and Foreign language. The functions implemented in Foreign language can be called from SystemVerilog and such functions are called Import functions. Similarly, functions implemented in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SystemVerilog DPI-Function import and export-1) Function Import:- A function implemented in Foreign language can be used in SystemVerilog by importing it. A Foreign language function used in SystemVerilog is called Imported function. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SystemVerilog DPI-Properties of imported function and task-An Imported function shall complete their execution instantly and consume zero simulation time. Imported task can consume time.
Imported function can have input, output, and inout arguments.
The formal input arguments shall not be modified. If such arguments ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SystemVerilog DPI-Pure and context tasks and functions-Pure functions A function whose results solely depends on the value of its input arguments with no side effects is called Pure function.
Properties of pure functions Only Non-Void functions with no output or input can be called as Pure functions.
Functions specifie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SystemVerilog DPI-Calling Unix functions-SystemVerilog code can call Unix functions directly by importing them, with no need for a wrapper. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SystemVerilog DPI-DPI example-Calling 'C' functions in SystemVerilog C - code file SystemVerilog code file | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gaiter (vehicle)-Gaiter (vehicle)-On a vehicle, a gaiter or boot refers to a protective flexible sleeve covering a moving part, intended to keep the part clean. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gaiter (vehicle)-On motorcycles and bicycles-Gaiters are pleated rubber tubes enclosing the front suspension tubes of some motorcycles and mountain bikes with telescopic front forks. Gaiters protect the sliding parts of the front suspension from dirt and water. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gaiter (vehicle)-On cars and other vehicles-Similar gaiters to those described above find multiple uses on most vehicles. They are used at both ends of driveshafts, protecting constant-velocity joints from the ingress of dirt, and retaining the grease. They also prevent the ingress of dirt where one component slides wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Graphical Network Simulator-3-Graphical Network Simulator-3-Graphical Network Simulator-3 (shortened to GNS3) is a network software emulator first released in 2008. It allows the combination of virtual and real devices, used to simulate complex networks. It uses Dynamips emulation software to simulate Cisco IOS.: 55 GN... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-History of smart antennas-The first smart antennas were developed for military communications and intelligence gathering. The growth of cellular telephone in the 1980s attracted interest in commercial applications. The upgrade to digital radio technology in the mobile phone, indoor wireless ne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Directional antennas-The earliest success at tracking and controlling wireless signals relied on the antennas’ physical configuration and motion. The German inventor and physicist Karl F. Braun demonstrated beamforming for the first time in 1905. Braun created a phased array by positioning thr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Directional antennas-Directional antennas were rotated to detect and track enemy forces during World War I. The British admiralty used goniometers (radio compasses) to track the German fleet. Edwin H. Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiver to detect the high frequency noise generated ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Directional antennas-Multiple elements (a fed dipole, a director, and reflectors) were assembled in the 1920s to create narrow transmit and receive antenna patterns. The Yagi-Uda array, better known as the Yagi antenna, is still widely used. Edmond Bruce and Harald T. Friis developed direction... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Phased array radar-The first mechanically scanned phased array radar (using a rotating Yagi antenna) was demonstrated in the 1930s. The first electronically scanned radars used electromechanical devices (such as mechanical tuners or switches) to steer the antenna's beam.
Germany built the Wull... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Phased array radar-The American Physicist Luis Walter Alvarez developed the first ground-controlled approach (GCA) system for landing aircraft in bad weather based on an electronically steered microwave phased array antenna. Alvarez tested and deployed the system in England in 1943. Near the e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Phased array radar-Phased array antennas are also used in radio astronomy. Karl Jansky, discoverer of the radio waves emanating from the Milky Way galaxy, used a Bruce array for experiments he conducted in 1931. Modern phased array radio telescopes typically consist of a number of small, inter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Adaptive antenna arrays-L. C. van Atta was first to describe a retrodirective antenna, which redirects (rather than reflects) a signal back in the direction from which it came, in his 1959 patent. The signal can be modulated by the redirecting host for purposes such as radio-frequency identifi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Adaptive antenna arrays-The first adaptive array, the side-lobe canceller, was developed by Paul Howells and Sid Applebaum at General Electric in 1959 to suppress radar jamming signals. Building on Norbert Wiener’s work with analog filters, in 1960 Stanford University professor Bernard Widrow ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Adaptive antenna arrays-Ted Compton at Ohio State University developed an adaptive antenna technique for recovering direct sequence spread spectrum signals in the presence of narrowband co-channel interference. Compton's method, reported in 1974, only requires knowledge of the desired signal's... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Adaptive antenna arrays-A 1977 paper by Bell Labs researchers Douglas O. Reudink and Yu S. Yeh described the advantages of scanning spot beams for satellites. The authors estimated that scanning spot beams could save 20 dB in link budget which in turn could be used to reduce transmit power, in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Adaptive antenna arrays-The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), proposed in 1983, became a major source of funding for technology research in several areas. The algorithms developed to track intercontinental ballistic missiles and direct x-ray laser weapons were particularly relevant to smart ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Digital antenna arrays-These are antenna arrays with multi channels digital beamforming, usually by using FFT. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Digital antenna arrays-The theory of the 'digital antenna arrays' (DAA) started to emerge as a theory of multichannel estimation. Its origins go back into methods developed in the 1920s that were used to determine direction of the arrival of radio signals by a set of two antennas based on the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Digital antenna arrays-Further Varyukhin V.A. developed a general theory of multichannel analyzers, based on the processing of information contained in the distribution of complex voltage amplitudes at the outputs of the digital antenna array. An important milestone in the recognition of the s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Digital antenna arrays-Of course, it is ungrateful to make a conclusion about the priority and importance of various alternative scientific approaches in the process of development of a general theory of the DAA, taking into account classified nature of the majority works and the lack of the p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Advanced processing techniques-A 1979 paper by Ralph O. Schmidt of Electromagnetic Systems Laboratory (ESL, a supplier of strategic reconnaissance systems) described the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm for estimating signals’ angle of arrival. Schmidt used a signal subspace me... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Advanced processing techniques-Jack Winters showed in 1984 that received signals from multiple antennas can be combined (using the optimum combining technique) to reduce co-channel interference in digital mobile networks. Up to this time, antenna diversity had only been used to mitigate multip... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Advanced processing techniques-Brian Agee and John Treichler developed the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) for blind equalization of analog FM and telephone signals in 1983. CMA relies on knowledge of the signal's waveform rather than channel state information or training signals. Agee extend... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Space-division multiple access (SDMA)-In 1947, Douglas H. Ring wrote a Bell Laboratories internal memorandum describing a new way to increase the capacity of metropolitan radio networks. Ring proposed dividing a city into geographic cells, using low power transmitters with omnidirectional ante... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Space-division multiple access (SDMA)-As the number of mobile phone subscribers grew in the 1980s and 1990s researchers investigated new ways to increase mobile phone network capacity. Directional antennas were used to divide cells into sectors. In 1989, Simon Swales at Bristol University in t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Space-division multiple access (SDMA)-Richard Roy and Björn Ottersten at Arraycomm patented a space-division multiple access method for wireless communication systems in the early 1990s. This technology was employed in Arraycomm's IntelliCell product line. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-First commercial smart antennas-Richard Roy and French entrepreneur Arnaud Saffari founded ArrayComm in 1992 and recruited Marty Cooper, who led the Motorola group that developed the first portable cell phone, to head the company. ArrayComm's smart antennas were designed to increase the capaci... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-First commercial smart antennas-Bell Labs researcher Douglas O. Reudink founded Metawave Communications, a maker of switched beam antennas for cellular telephone networks, in 1995. Metawave claimed that by focusing capacity on areas with the highest traffic it could boost cell capacity up to 7... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-First commercial smart antennas-In 1997, AT&T Wireless Group announced plans to offer fixed wireless service at speeds up to 512 kbit/s. Project Angel promised non-line of sight (NLOS) coverage using beamforming and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Service was launched in ten... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Development of 4G MIMO-Smart antenna research led to the development of 4G MIMO. Conventional smart antenna techniques (such as diversity and beamforming) deliver incremental gains in spectral efficiency. 4G MIMO exploits natural multipath propagation to multiply spectral efficiency. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Development of 4G MIMO-Researchers studying the transmission of multiple signals over different wires in the same cable bundle helped create a theoretical foundation for 4G MIMO. Specifically, techniques for cancelling the effects of crosstalk using knowledge of the source signals were investi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Development of 4G MIMO-Greg Raleigh’s 1996 paper was first to propose a method for multiplying the capacity of point-to-point wireless links using multiple co-located antennas at each end of a link in the presence of multipath propagation. The paper provided a rigorous mathematical proof of MI... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Development of 4G MIMO-Raleigh discovered that multipath propagation could be exploited to multiply link capacity after developing an improved channel model that showed how multipath propagation affects signal waveforms. The model took into account factors including radio propagation geometry ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Development of 4G MIMO-Bell Labs researcher Gerard J. Foschini’s paper submitted in September 1996 and published in October of the same year also theorized that MIMO could be used to significantly increase the capacity of point-to-point wireless links. Bell Labs demonstrated a prototype MIMO s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-OFDM emerged in the 1950s when engineers at Collins Radio Company found that a series of non-contiguous sub-channels are less vulnerable to inter-symbol interference (ISI). OFDM was studied more systematically by Robert W. Chang in 1966. Chang ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-Dial-up modems developed by Gandalf Technologies and Telebit in the 1970s and 1980s used OFDM to achieve higher speeds. Amati Communications Corp. used its discrete multi-tone (DMT) form of OFDM to transmit data at higher speeds over phone line... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Commercialization of 4G MIMO-Greg Raleigh, V. K. Jones, and Michael Pollack founded Clarity Wireless in 1996. The company built a prototype MIMO-OFDM fixed wireless link running 100 Mbit/s in 20 MHz of spectrum in the 5.8 GHz band, and demonstrated error-free operation over six miles with one ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Commercialization of 4G MIMO-Surendra Babu Mandava and Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Beceem Communications in 2004 to produce MIMO-OFDM chipsets for WiMAX. The company was acquired by Broadcom in 2010. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Commercialization of 4G MIMO-The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created a task group in late 2003 to develop a wireless LAN standard delivering at least 100 Mbit/s of user data throughput. There were two major competing proposals: TGn Sync was backed by companies incl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Commercialization of 4G MIMO-The first 4G cellular standard was proposed by NTT DoCoMo in 2004. Long term evolution (LTE) is based on MIMO-OFDM and continues to be developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE specifies downlink rates up to 300 Mbit/s, uplink rates up to 75 M... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Emerging 5G MIMO-OFDM standards-The 802.11ac wireless LAN standard was proposed to deliver speeds of 1 Gbit/s and faster. Development of the specification began in 2011 and is expected to be completed by 2014. 802.11ac uses the 5 GHz band, defines channels up to 160 MHz wide, supports up to 8 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Emerging 5G MIMO-OFDM standards-Fifth generation (5G) mobile network concepts are in the exploratory stage. Commercialization is expected by the early 2020s. In March 2013, NTT DoCoMo tested a10 Gbit/s uplink using 400 MHz in the 11 GHz band. In May 2013, Samsung announced that it is experimen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
History of smart antennas-Emerging 5G MIMO-OFDM standards-Research papers suggest that 5G networks are likely to consist of small distributed cells operating at frequencies up to 90 GHz using “massive MIMO.” According to Jakob Hoydis of Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent, Germany, “Network densification is the only solu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Theograndin I-Theograndin I-Theograndin I is a sulfated flavone glucuronide found in Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). It is a glucuronide of isoscutellarein (8-Hydroxyapigenin). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xed-Xed-Xed is a lightweight text editor forked from Pluma and is the default text editor in Linux Mint.Xed is a graphical application which supports editing multiple text files in one window via tabs. It fully supports international text through its use of the Unicode UTF-8 encoding. As a general-purpose text editor, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xed-Features-Optional vertical tab list in side pane Complete support for UTF-8 text Auto indentation and configurable indentation values Document statistics of file and within selection (line counter, word counter, character count with and without spaces, byte count) View CVS changelogs Colored syntax highlighting Rem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Xed-Features-Ability to sort lines in alphanumerical order. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steel service center-Steel service center-A steel service center is a company that deals with the service related activities of the steel industry. In a typical scenario, a steel manufacturer produces steel in bulk and then sells it to the customer. The customer then uses this steel according to its respective business... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steel service center-Operation-A steel service center buys steel from a manufacturer, stores it, and sells it to end users as required. This saves the SME from the trouble of buying extra steel or even maintaining an inventory. The steel service center may also process the steel, e.g. by cutting to a size or shape spec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High-voltage switchgear-High-voltage switchgear-High voltage switchgear is any switchgear used to connect or disconnect a part of a high-voltage power system. This equipment is essential for the protection and safe operation, without interruption, of a high voltage power system, and is important because it is directly ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High-voltage switchgear-High-voltage switchgear-The term "high voltage" covers the former medium voltage (MV) and the former high voltage (HV), and therefore refers to equipment with a rated voltage of over 1,000 V in the case of alternating current, and over 1,500 V in the case of direct current. The industrial applic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High-voltage switchgear-High-voltage switchgear-High voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and others electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High-voltage switchgear-Classification-Functional Classification Disconnectors and earthing switches Disconnectors and earthing switches are safety devices used to open or to close a circuit when there is no current through them. They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead line or an ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High-voltage switchgear-Classification-In principle, disconnecting switches do not have to interrupt currents, as they are designed for use on de-energized circuits. In practice, some are capable of interrupting currents (as much as 1,600 ampere under 300 V but only if current is drawn via a same circuit half breaker b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High-voltage switchgear-Classification-High-current switching mechanism High-current switching mechanisms are used for energized circuits carrying a normal load. Some can be used as a disconnecting switch.
However, if they can create a short-circuit current, they can not interrupt it.
Contactor Contactors are similar i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High-voltage switchgear-Classification-Circuit breakers are essential elements of high-voltage power systems because they are the only means to safely interrupt a short circuit current. The international standard IEC 62271-100 defines the demands linked to the characteristics of a high voltage circuit breaker.The circu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Nature of Order-The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe (ISBN 0-9726529-0-6) is a four-volume work by the architect Christopher Alexander published in 2002–2004. In his earlier work, Alexander attempted to formulate the principles that lead to a good b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Phenomenon of Life-Volume 1 attempts to define "life" in the built environment and determine why one built environment may have more life than another. Important to this idea is his notion of centers: "Centers are those particular identified sets, or systems, which appear within the larger whole... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Phenomenon of Life-The first volume contains an exposition of what the author calls the fundamental properties, which are those that are possessed by environments which have more life. He argues that processes that lead to a good built environment are those that tend to increase one or more of t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Process of Creating Life-The second book describes the process of creating "life", which is an evolutionary process. Complex systems do not spring into existence fully formed, but rather through a series of small, incremental changes. The process begins with a simple system and incrementally cha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Process of Creating Life-Where book one introduces the reader to 15 geometric properties that make up living systems, Alexander reframes those geometric properties as structure-preserving transformations in and of themselves rather than being the results of other transformations. For example, Al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Process of Creating Life-Alexander contrasts structure-preserving transformations with "Structure-destroying transformations", which he feels are common in modern architecture. Alexander himself does express some sympathy for those who have used these processes to design buildings that he feels ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-A Vision of a Living World-Volume 3, the last of the four books to be published, is the least theoretical of the books and the most compelling from a practical point of view. In Book 3 Alexander presents hundreds of his own buildings and those of his contemporaries who have used similar methods cons... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-A Vision of a Living World-All four books of The Nature of Order present a new framework for perceiving and interacting with our world, a methodology for creating beautiful spaces, a cosmology where art, architecture, science, religion and secular life all work comfortably together. The third book s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-A Vision of a Living World-With these examples, lay people, architects, builders, scientists, artists, and students are able to make this new framework real for themselves, for their own lives, and for their own work. Alexander gives us a feast for the eyes, the mind, and the heart. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Luminous Ground-The foundations of modern scientific thought, four centuries old, are firmly rooted in a conception that the universe is a machinelike entity, a play of baubles, machines, trinkets. To this day, our real daily experience of ourselves has no clear place in science. It is little wo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Luminous Ground-The Luminous Ground, the fourth book of The Nature of Order, contains what is, perhaps, the deepest revelation in the four-volume work. Alexander addresses the cosmological implications of the theory he has presented. The book begins with a critique of current cosmological thinki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Luminous Ground-Alexander breaks away completely from the one-sided mechanical model of buildings or neighborhoods as mere assemblages of technically generated, interchangeable parts. He shows us conclusively that a spiritual, emotional, and personal basis must underlie every act of building or ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Nature of Order-The Luminous Ground-This is a new cosmology: consciousness inextricably joined to the substrate of matter, present in all matter. This view, though radical, conforms to our most ordinary, daily intuitions. It may provide a path for those contemporary scientists who are beginning to see consciousness... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HD 109749-HD 109749-HD 109749 is a binary star about 206 light years away in the constellation of Centaurus. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HD 109749-Stellar system-The primary star, HD 109749 A, is a G-type subgiant with a spectral type of G3IV, indicating it is an evolved star with a luminosity higher than that of a main sequence star. It has a mass of 1.14 M☉ and a radius of 1.21 R☉. The star is shining with a luminosity of 1.55 L☉ and has an effective ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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