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Trachoma-Diagnosis-Trachomatous trichiasis (TT)—At least one ingrown eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of epilation (eyelash removal) Corneal opacity (CO)—Corneal opacity blurring part of the pupil margin | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Prevention-Although trachoma was eliminated from much of the developed world in the 20th century (Australia being a notable exception), this disease persists in many parts of the developing world, particularly in communities without adequate access to water and sanitation. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Prevention-Environmental measures Environmental improvement: Modifications in water use, fly control, latrine use, health education, and proximity to domesticated animals have all been proposed to reduce transmission of C. trachomatis. These changes pose numerous challenges for implementation. These environmen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Prevention-A systematic review examining the effectiveness of environmental sanitary measures on the prevalence of active trachoma in endemic areas showed that use of insecticide spray resulted in significant reductions of trachoma and fly density in some studies. Health education also resulted in reductions o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Prevention-Antibiotics WHO Guidelines recommend that a region should receive community-based, mass antibiotic treatment when the prevalence of active trachoma among one- to nine-year-old children is greater than 10%. Subsequent annual treatment should be administered for three years, at which time the prevalen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Management-Antibiotics Azithromycin (single oral dose of 20 mg/kg) or topical tetracycline (1% eye ointment twice a day for six weeks). Azithromycin is preferred because it is used as a single oral dose. Although it is expensive, it is generally used as part of the international donation program organized by P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Management-Surgery For individuals with trichiasis, a bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure is warranted to direct the lashes away from the globe. Evidence suggests that use of a lid clamp and absorbable sutures would result in reduced lid contour abnormalities and granuloma formulation after surgery. Early int... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Management-Lifestyle measures The WHO-recommended SAFE strategy includes: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease Antibiotics to treat active infection, using azithromycin Facial cleanliness to reduce disease transmission Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improved sanitationC... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Prognosis-If not treated properly with oral antibiotics, the symptoms may escalate and cause blindness, which is the result of ulceration and consequent scarring of the cornea. Surgery may also be necessary to fix eyelid deformities.
Without intervention, trachoma keeps families in a cycle of poverty, as the d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Epidemiology-As of 2011, about 21 million people are actively affected by trachoma, with around 2.2 million people being permanently blind or have severe visual impairment from trachoma. An additional 7.3 million people are reported to have trichiasis. As of June 2022, 125 million individuals live in trachoma ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Epidemiology-Elimination In 1996, the WHO launched its Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020, and in 2006, the WHO officially set 2020 as the target to eliminate trachoma as a public-health problem. The International Coalition for Trachoma Control has produced maps and a strategic plan called... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-History-The disease is one of the earliest known eye afflictions, having been identified in Egypt as early as 15 BCE.Its presence was also recorded in ancient China and Mesopotamia. Trachoma became a problem as people moved into crowded settlements or towns where hygiene was poor. It became a particular proble... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-History-Of the 54 countries that the WHO cited as still having blinding trachoma occurring, Australia is the only developed country—Australian Aboriginal people who live in remote communities with inadequate sanitation are still blinded by this infectious eye disease.India's Health and Family Welfare Minister ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trachoma-Economics-The economic burden of trachoma is huge, particularly with regard to covering treatment costs and productivity losses as a result of increased visual impairment, and in some cases, permanent blindness. The global estimated cost of trachoma is reported between $US2.9 and 5.3 billion each year. By incl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Naum (chess)-Naum (chess)-Naum is a computer chess engine by Canadian programmer Aleksandar Naumov. The last commercial version (4.2) was released in March 2010. The program supports both UCI and Winboard protocols and can therefore be operated under different graphical interfaces. Naum has commercial versions for sing... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Naum (chess)-History-After Naum tied for first with Rybka in the 2008 Internet Computer Chess Tournament, it did not compete in any other over-the-board (OTB) tournaments. In early 2009, Naum attained second place behind Rybka on chess engine rating lists, such as CCRL In 2012, the development of Naum was discontinued,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Naum (chess)-Notable games-[Event "Chess960CWC 2008"] [Site "Mainz"] [Date "2008.07.30"] [Round "6"] [White "Rybka 3 "] [Black "Naum 3.1"] [Result "0–1"] [Variant "chess 960"] [SetUp "1"] [FEN "nnbbqrkr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/NNBBQRKR w HFhf - 0 1"] {SP 037} 1. Nb3 d6 2. e4 Nb6 3. f4 h5 4. h3 e5 5. fxe5 dxe5 6. d3 B... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NOBM-NOBM-NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) is a three-dimensional representation of coupled circulation/biogeochemical/radiative processes in the global oceans. It was built at the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office and is in the process of being coupled to the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Data dependency-A data dependency in computer science is a situation in which a program statement (instruction) refers to the data of a preceding statement. In compiler theory, the technique used to discover data dependencies among statements (or instructions) is called dependence analysis.
There are th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Data dependencies-Assuming statement S1 and S2 , S2 depends on S1 if: [I(S1)∩O(S2)]∪[O(S1)∩I(S2)]∪[O(S1)∩O(S2)]≠∅ where: I(Si) is the set of memory locations read by Si ,O(Sj) is the set of memory locations written by Sj , and there is a feasible run-time execution path from S1 to S2 .This Condi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Data dependencies-Flow dependency (True dependency) A Flow dependency, also known as a data dependency or true dependency or read-after-write (RAW), occurs when an instruction depends on the result of a previous instruction. 1. A = 3 2. B = A 3. C = B Instruction 3 is truly dependent on instruction 2, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Data dependencies-Anti-dependency An anti-dependency, also known as write-after-read (WAR), occurs when an instruction requires a value that is later updated. In the following example, instruction 2 anti-depends on instruction 3 — the ordering of these instructions cannot be changed, nor can they be exe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Data dependencies-An anti-dependency is an example of a name dependency. That is, renaming of variables could remove the dependency, as in the next example: 1. B = 3 N. B2 = B 2. A = B2 + 1 3. B = 7 A new variable, B2, has been declared as a copy of B in a new instruction, instruction N. The anti-depend... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Data dependencies-Output dependency An output dependency, also known as write-after-write (WAW), occurs when the ordering of instructions will affect the final output value of a variable. In the example below, there is an output dependency between instructions 3 and 1 — changing the ordering of instruct... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Data dependencies-1. B = 3 2. A = B + 1 3. B = 7 As with anti-dependencies, output dependencies are name dependencies. That is, they may be removed through renaming of variables, as in the below modification of the above example: 1. B2 = 3 2. A = B2 + 1 3. B = 7 A commonly used naming convention for dat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Control dependency-An instruction B has a control dependency on a preceding instruction A if the outcome of A determines whether B should be executed or not. In the following example, the instruction S2 has a control dependency on instruction S1 . However, S3 does not depend on S1 because S3 is alw... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Control dependency-A formal definition of control dependence can be presented as follows: A statement S2 is said to be control dependent on another statement S1 iff there exists a path P from S1 to S2 such that every statement Si ≠ S1 within P will be followed by S2 in each possible path to the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Control dependency-The following is a pseudo-code for constructing the post-dominance frontier: for each X in a bottom-up traversal of the post-dominator tree do: PostDominanceFrontier(X) ← ∅ for each Y ∈ Predecessors(X) do: if immediatePostDominator(Y) ≠ X: then PostDominanceFrontier(X) ← PostDominance... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Control dependency-Note that node X shall be processed only after all its Children have been processed.
Once the post-dominance frontier map is computed, reversing it will result in a map from the nodes in the CFG to the nodes that have a control dependence on them. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Data dependency-Implications-Conventional programs are written assuming the sequential execution model. Under this model, instructions execute one after the other, atomically (i.e., at any given point in time, only one instruction is executed) and in the order specified by the program.
However, dependencies among state... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C12orf66-C12orf66-C12orf66 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C12orf66 gene. The C12orf66 protein is one of four proteins in the KICSTOR protein complex which negatively regulates mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C12orf66-Gene-C12orf66 is located on the minus strand in the locus 12q14.2. C12orf66 variant 1 is 36 Mbp in length spanning the base pairs 64,186,312 - 64,222,296 on chromosome 12. There are 3 total C12orf66 transcript variants. C12orf66 variant 1 is the longest with 4 exons. C12orf66 variant 2 has a shortened exon 1 a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C12orf66-Gene-Expression In humans, C12orf66 has higher than average expression in a number of tissues such as endocrine glands as well as lymphoid tissues and cells. Additionally, C12orf66 expression is increased in a number of cancers including leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and a number of gastrointestina... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C12orf66-Protein-The human C12orf66 protein is 446 amino acids in length with a molecular weight of 50kdal . C12orf66 contains the domain of unknown function 2003 (DUF2003) from amino acids 10-444. The DUF2003 is characterized by a series of alpha helices and beta sheets. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C12orf66-Protein-Function C12orf66 is part of a larger protein complex called KICSTOR. KICSTOR is a complex of four proteins coded by the genes KPTN, ITFG2, C12orf66, and SZT2. The KICSTOR complex plays a role in regulating mTORC1 signaling. mTORC1 activates protein translation when the cell has sufficient amounts amin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C12orf66-Protein-Clinical Significance Loss of the genomic locus 12q14 which contains the human protein encoding gene C12orf66 is linked to a number of developmental delays and neurodevelopment disorders such as macrocephaly. Additionally, one study found the level of C12orf66 expression is down-regulated in colorectal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C12orf66-Protein-Protein-Protein Interactions C12orf66 interacts with the three proteins of the KICSTOR complex coded by the genes KPTN, ITFG2, and SZT2 as well as GATOR1. Additionally, C12orf66 is predicted to interact with KRAS, DEPDC5, and C7orf60. These interactions were detected by high throughput affinity capture... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Emmy Noether Program-Emmy Noether Program-The Emmy Noether Program is a program introduced by the German Research Foundation (DFG) in 1997. Its aim as stated by the DFG is to support exceptionally qualified early career scientists. It was named after German mathematician Emmy Noether.: 67 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Emmy Noether Program-Program-The intent of the program is to give participants the opportunity to lead a junior research group and to satisfy the prerequisites for appointment as a university professor.: 141 Further, the DFG states that the program aims to attract foreign talent to Germany and to keep talented German ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Emmy Noether Program-Emmy Noether Meetings-Since 2001, the Emmy Noether fellows meet at the so-called Emmy Noether Meetings as a platform for exchange between the fellows as well as workshops and talks on science policy. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Activity theory (aging)-Activity theory (aging)-The activity theory of aging, also known as the implicit theory of aging, normal theory of aging, and lay theory of aging, proposes that aging occurs with more positive outcomes when adults stay active and maintain social interactions as they get older. Activity theory su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Activity theory (aging)-Activity theory (aging)-The theory assumes a positive relationship between activity and life satisfaction. One author suggests that activity enables older adults to adjust to retirement in a more seamless and less stressful fashion. This is coined as "the busy ethic".Activity theory reflects the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Activity theory (aging)-History-The activity theory rose in opposing response to the disengagement theory. The activity theory and the disengagement theory were the two major theories that outlined successful aging in the early 1960s. The theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst in 1961. In 1964, Bernice Neugarten ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Activity theory (aging)-In social science research-The activity theory has been found useful in various qualitative and quantitative research settings, with social scientists exploring the impact of activity on aspects of the aging life. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Activity theory (aging)-In social science research-Historically, activity participation among aging populations has been well explained in research, yet the interaction of determinants like personality and health are seldom included. One quantitative study aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the effects of extraverted ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Activity theory (aging)-Critics of Activity Theory-The critics of the activity theory state that it overlooks inequalities in health and economics that hinders the ability for older people to engage in such activities. Also, some older adults do not desire to engage in new challenges. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BoxRec-BoxRec-BoxRec or boxrec.com is a website dedicated to holding updated records of professional and amateur boxers, both male and female. It also maintains a MediaWiki-based encyclopaedia of boxing.
The objective of the site is to document every professional boxer and boxing match from the instigation of the Queen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BoxRec-Foundation-The site was founded by John Sheppard, an Englishman. Sheppard had never attended a boxing bout until 1995 when he attended a "Prince" Naseem Hamed fight with Hamed's older brothers Riath and Nabeel. Sheppard had considered boxing to be a "barbaric and degrading" spectacle, stating "I sat there watchi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BoxRec-Organization-The website is updated by volunteer editors from many countries around the world. Each editor is assigned a country or in some instances, regions within countries and they maintain the records for boxers in that country or region. BoxRec also rates each active fighter by weight division. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BoxRec-Criticism of the website-BoxRec has been criticized for not keeping correct records for boxers, especially historic fighters. In 2005, BoxRec applied to become recognized as the official record keepers for the Association of Boxing Commissions (ABC). The ABC held interviews with both Fight Fax and BoxRec at thei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
BoxRec-Plaudits from boxing personalities-When asked how important BoxRec was to him, boxing promoter Lou DiBella stated that "anyone in boxing who says he doesn't use BoxRec is either a complete imbecile or lying" and Bruce Trampler, the matchmaker for Top Rank, said that "short of actually being at a fight, they're t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IFT80-IFT80-Intraflagellar transport protein 80 homolog (IFT80), also known as WD repeat-containing protein 56, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT80 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IFT80-Function-IFT80 is part of the intraflagellar transport complex B and is necessary for the function of motile and sensory cilia. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
IFT80-Clinical significance-Mutations in the IFT80 gene are associated with asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Buddhist meditation-Buddhist meditation is the practice of meditation in Buddhism. The closest words for meditation in the classical languages of Buddhism are bhāvanā ("mental development") and jhāna/dhyāna (mental training resulting in a calm and luminous mind).Buddhists pursue meditation as part o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Buddhist meditation-While these techniques are used across Buddhist schools, there is also significant diversity. A basic classification of meditation techniques is samatha (calming the mind) and vipassana (gaining insight). In the Theravada tradition, emphasizing vipassana, these are seen as opposi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Etymology-The closest words for meditation in the classical languages of Buddhism are bhāvanā (mental development) and jhāna/dhyāna. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Possible influence from pre-Buddhist India-Modern Buddhist studies have attempted to reconstruct the meditation practices of early Buddhism, mainly through philological and text critical methods using the early canonical texts.According to Indologist Johannes Bronkhorst, "the teaching of the Buddha ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Possible influence from pre-Buddhist India-According to Bronkhorst, such practices which are based on a "suppression of activity" are not authentically Buddhist, but were later adopted from the Jains by the Buddhist community. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Possible influence from pre-Buddhist India-The two major traditions of meditative practice in pre-Buddhist India were the Jain ascetic practices and the various Vedic Brahmanical practices. There is still much debate in Buddhist studies regarding how much influence these two traditions had on the de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Early Buddhism, as it existed before the development of various schools, is called pre-sectarian Buddhism. Its meditation-techniques are described in the Pali Canon and the Chinese Agamas. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Preparatory practices Meditation and contemplation are preceded by preparatory practices. As described in the Noble Eightfold Path, right view leads to leaving the household life and becoming a wandering monk. Sila, morality, comprises the rules for right conduct. Sense restra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Sati/smrti (mindfulness) An important quality to be cultivated by a Buddhist meditator is mindfulness (sati). Mindfulness is a polyvalent term which refers to remembering, recollecting and "bearing in mind". It also relates to remembering the teachings of the Buddha and knowin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-The Pali Satipatthana Sutta and its parallels as well as numerous other early Buddhist texts enumerates four subjects (satipaṭṭhānas) on which mindfulness is established: the body (including the four elements, the parts of the body, and death); feelings (vedana); mind (citta);... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Anussati (recollections) Anussati (Pāli; Sanskrit: Anusmriti) means "recollection," "contemplation," "remembrance," "meditation" and "mindfulness." It refers to specific meditative or devotional practices, such as recollecting the sublime qualities of the Buddha or anapanasati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Asubha bhavana (reflection on unattractiveness) Asubha bhavana is reflection on "the foul"/unattractiveness (Pāli: asubha). It includes two practices, namely cemetery contemplations, and Paṭikkūlamanasikāra, "reflections on repulsiveness". Patikulamanasikara is a Buddhist medi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing) Anapanasati, mindfulness of breathing, is a core meditation practice in Theravada, Tiantai and Chan traditions of Buddhism as well as a part of many mindfulness programs. In both ancient and modern times, anapanasati by itself is likely t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Dhyāna/jhāna Many scholars of early Buddhism, such as Vetter, Bronkhorst and Anālayo, see the practice of jhāna (Sanskrit: dhyāna) as central to the meditation of Early Buddhism. According to Bronkhorst, the oldest Buddhist meditation practice are the four dhyanas, which lead ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Alexander Wynne agrees that the Buddha taught a kind of meditation exemplified by the four dhyanas, but argues that the Buddha adopted these from the Brahmin teachers Āḷāra Kālāma and Uddaka Rāmaputta, though he did not interpret them in the same Vedic cosmological way and rej... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Second jhāna: Again, with the stilling of vitarka-vicara, a bhikkhu enters upon and abides in the second jhana, which is [mental] pīti and [bodily] sukha "born of samadhi" (samadhi-ji; trad. born of "concentration"; altern. "knowing but non-discursive [...] awareness," "bringi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Fourth jhāna: With the abandoning of [the desire for] sukha ("pleasure") and [aversion to] dukkha ("pain") and with the previous disappearance of [the inner movement between] somanassa ("gladness,") and domanassa ("discontent"), a bhikkhu enters upon and abides in the fourth j... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Interpretation According to Richard Gombrich, the sequence of the four rupa-jhanas describes two different cognitive states. Alexander Wynne further explains that the dhyana-scheme is poorly understood. According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Arupas In addition to the four rūpajhānas, there are also meditative attainments which were later called by the tradition the arūpajhānas, though the early texts do not use the term dhyana for them, calling them āyatana (dimension, sphere, base). They are: The Dimension of inf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Nirodha-samāpatti, also called saññā-vedayita-nirodha, 'extinction of feeling and perception'.These formless jhanas may have been incorporated from non-Buddhist traditions. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Jhana and insight Various early sources mention the attainment of insight after having achieved jhana. In the Mahasaccaka Sutta, dhyana is followed by insight into the four noble truths. The mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight" is probably a la... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-Brahmavihāra Another important meditation in the early sources are the four Brahmavihāra (divine abodes) which are said to lead to cetovimutti, a “liberation of the mind”. The four Brahmavihāra are: Loving-kindness (Pāli: mettā, Sanskrit: maitrī) is active good will towards al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Pre-sectarian Buddhism-According to Anālayo:The effect of cultivating the brahmavihāras as a liberation of the mind finds illustration in a simile which describes a conch blower who is able to make himself heard in all directions. This illustrates how the brahmavihāras are to be developed as a bound... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Early Buddhism-Traditionally, Eighteen schools of Buddhism are said to have developed after the time of the Buddha. The Sarvastivada school was the most influential, but the Theravada is the only school that still exists. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Early Buddhism-Samatha (serenity) and vipassana (insight) The Buddha is said to have identified two paramount mental qualities that arise from wholesome meditative practice: "serenity" or "tranquillity" (Pali: samatha; Sanskrit: samadhi) which steadies, composes, unifies and concentrates the mind; "... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-Sutta Pitaka and early commentaries The oldest material of the Theravāda tradition on meditation can be found in the Pali Nikayas, and in texts such as the Patisambhidamagga which provide commentary to meditation suttas like the Anapanasati sutta. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-Buddhaghosa An early Theravāda meditation manual is the Vimuttimagga ('Path of Freedom', 1st or 2nd century). The most influential presentation though, is that of the 5th-century Visuddhimagga ('Path of Purification') of Buddhaghoṣa, which seems to have been influenced by the earlier Vimut... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-ten kinds of foulness: "the bloated, the livid, the festering, the cut-up, the gnawed, the scattered, the hacked and scattered, the bleeding, the worm-infested, and a skeleton".
ten recollections: Buddhānussati, the Dhamma, the Sangha, virtue, generosity, the virtues of deities, death (see... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-one perception (of "repulsiveness in nutriment") one "defining" (that is, the four elements)When one overlays Buddhaghosa's 40 meditative subjects for the development of concentration with the Buddha's foundations of mindfulness, three practices are found to be in common: breath meditation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-Contemporary Theravāda Vipassana and/or samatha The role of samatha in Buddhist practice, and the exact meaning of samatha, are points of contention and investigation in contemporary Theravada and western vipassanan. Burmese vipassana teachers have tended to disregard samatha as unnecessar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-The exact meaning of samatha is also not clear, and westerners have started to question the received wisdom on this. While samatha is usually equated with the jhanas in the commentarial tradition, scholars and practitioners have pointed out that jhana is more than a narrowing of the focus ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-Vipassana movement Particularly influential from the twentieth century onward has been the Burmese Vipassana movement, especially the "New Burmese Method" or "Vipassanā School" approach to samatha and vipassanā developed by Mingun Sayadaw and U Nārada and popularized by Mahasi Sayadaw. Her... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-There are also other less well known Burmese meditation methods, such as the system developed by U Vimala, which focuses on knowledge of dependent origination and cittanupassana (mindfulness of the mind). Likewise, Sayadaw U Tejaniya's method also focuses on mindfulness of the mind. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-Thai Forest tradition Also influential is the Thai Forest Tradition deriving from Mun Bhuridatta and popularized by Ajahn Chah, which, in contrast, stresses the inseparability of the two practices, and the essential necessity of both practices. Other noted practitioners in this tradition i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Theravāda-Other forms There are other less mainstream forms of Theravada meditation practiced in Thailand which include the vijja dhammakaya meditation developed by Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro and the meditation of former supreme patriarch Suk Kai Thuean (1733–1822). Newell notes that these two forms of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Sarvāstivāda-The now defunct Sarvāstivāda tradition, and its related sub-schools like the Sautrāntika and the Vaibhāṣika, were the most influential Buddhists in North India and Central Asia. Their highly complex Abhidharma treatises, such as the Mahavibhasa, the Sravakabhumi and the Abhidharmakosha,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Sarvāstivāda-According to K.L. Dhammajoti, the Sarvāstivāda meditation practitioner begins with samatha meditations, divided into the fivefold mental stillings, each being recommended as useful for particular personality types: contemplation on the impure (asubhabhavana), for the greedy type person... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Sarvāstivāda-meditation on loving kindness (maitri), for the hateful type contemplation on conditioned co-arising, for the deluded type contemplation on the division of the dhatus, for the conceited type mindfulness of breathing (anapanasmrti), for the distracted type.Contemplation of the impure, an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism-Mahāyāna practice is centered on the path of the bodhisattva, a being which is aiming for full Buddhahood. Meditation (dhyāna) is one of the transcendent virtues (paramitas) which a bodhisattva must perfect in order to reach Buddhahood, and thus, it is central to Mahāyāna Bu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism-Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism was initially a network of loosely connected groups and associations, each drawing upon various Buddhist texts, doctrines and meditation methods. Because of this, there is no single set of Indian Mahāyāna practices which can be said to apply to all I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism-Textual evidence shows that many Mahāyāna Buddhists in northern India as well as in Central Asia practiced meditation in a similar way to that of the Sarvāstivāda school outlined above. This can be seen in what is probably the most comprehensive and largest Indian Mahāyāna t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism-The Prajñāpāramitā Sutras are some of the earliest Mahāyāna sutras. Their teachings center on the bodhisattva path (viz. the paramitas), the most important of which is the perfection of transcendent knowledge or prajñāpāramitā. This knowledge is associated with the early Bud... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-East Asian Mahāyāna-The meditation forms practiced during the initial stages of Chinese Buddhism did not differ much from those of Indian Mahayana Buddhism, though they did contain developments that could have arisen in Central Asia. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-East Asian Mahāyāna-The works of the Chinese translator An Shigao (安世高, 147-168 CE) are some of the earliest meditation texts used by Chinese Buddhism and their focus is mindfulness of breathing (annabanna 安那般那). The Chinese translator and scholar Kumarajiva (344–413 CE) transmitted various meditati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-East Asian Mahāyāna-East Asian Yogācāra methods The East Asian Yogācāra school or "Consciousness only school" (Ch. Wéishí-zōng), known in Japan as the Hossō school was a very influential tradition of Chinese Buddhism. They practiced several forms of meditation. According to Alan Sponberg, they inclu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Buddhist meditation-East Asian Mahāyāna-The Tiantai school also places a great emphasis on ānāpānasmṛti, or mindfulness of breathing, in accordance with the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Zhiyi classifies breathing into four main categories: panting (喘), unhurried breathing (風), deep and quiet breathing (氣), and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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