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SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Path The extension header field for registering non-adjacent contacts provides a Path header field which accumulates and transmits the SIP URIs of the proxies that are situated between a user agent and its registrar as the REGISTER message traverses then. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-In the IMS every user agent is served by its P-CSCF, which is discovered by using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or an equivalent mechanism when the user enters the IMS network, and all requests and responses from or to the user agent must traverse ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Service route The extension for service route discovery during registration consists of a Service-Route header field that is used by the registrar in a 2XX response to a REGISTER request to inform the registering user of the entity that must forward every re... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-In the IMS, the registrar is the home network's S-CSCF and it is also required that all requests are handled by this entity, so it will include its own SIP URI in the service-route header field. The user will then include this SIP URI in the Route header fie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Globally routable user agent URIs In the IMS it is possible for a user to have multiple terminals (e.g. a mobile phone, a computer) or application instances (e.g. video telephony, instant messaging, voice mail) that are identified with the same public identi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-These URIs are constructed by adding the gr parameter to a SIP URI, either to the public SIP URI with a value that identifies the user agent instance, or to a specially created URI that does not reveal the relationship between the GRUU and the user's identit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Signaling compression The efficient use of network resources, which may include a radio interface or other low-bandwidth access, is essential in the IMS in order to provide the user with an acceptable experience in terms of latency. To achieve this goal, SIP... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Compression algorithms perform this operation by substituting repeated words in the message by its position in a dictionary where all these words only appear once. In a first approach, this dictionary may be built for each message by the compressor and sent ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-There is a mechanism to indicate that a SIP message is desired to be compressed. This mechanism defines the comp=sigcomp parameter for SIP URIs, which signals that the SIP entity identified by the URI supports SigComp and is willing to receive compressed mes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Content Indirection In order to obtain even shorter SIP messages and make a very efficient use of the resources, the content indirection extension makes it possible to replace a MIME body part of the message with an external reference, typically an HTTP URI.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-NAT traversal Network address translation (NAT) makes it impossible for a terminal to be reached from outside its private network, since it uses a private address that is mapped to a public one when packets originated by the terminal cross the NAT. Therefore... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Internet Engineering Task Force's RFC 6314 summarizes and unifies different methods to achieve this, such as symmetric response routing and client-initiated connections for SIP signaling, and the use of STUN, TURN and ICE, which combines both previous ones, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-Interworking with other technologies Apart from all the explained extensions to SIP that make it possible for the IMS to work successfully, it is also necessary that the IMS framework interworks and exchanges services with existing network infrastructures, m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-SIP extensions-ISDN User Part (ISUP) to Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Mapping, which makes it possible to translate SIP signaling messages into ISUP messages of the Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) which is used in the PSTN, and vice versa.Moreover, the SIP INFO method ext... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem-Books-Poikselkä, Miikka; Mayer, Georg; Khartabil, Hisham; Niemi, Aki (March 10, 2006). The IMS: IP multimedia concepts and services (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-01906-1. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Camarillo, Gonzalo; García-Martín, Miguel A. (November 4, 200... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
OPIE Authentication System-OPIE Authentication System-OPIE is the initialism of "One time Passwords In Everything". Opie is a mature, Unix-like login and password package installed on the server and the client which makes untrusted networks safer against password-sniffing packet-analysis software like dSniff and safe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knockdown texture-Knockdown texture-Knockdown texture is a drywall finishing style. It is a mottled texture, more intense than a simple flat finish, but less intense than orange peel, or popcorn, texture.
Knockdown texture is created by watering down joint compound to a soupy consistency. A trowel is then used to apply... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knockdown texture-Knockdown texture-A much more common, and faster technique is to apply the texture mud (which is slightly different from joint compound, in that it has less shrinkage upon drying) with a texture machine – a compressor and a texture spray hopper which sprays mud instead of paint. This applies what is r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knockdown texture-Knockdown texture-Knockdown texture reduces construction costs because it conceals imperfections in the drywall that normally require higher more expensive stages of sand and prime for drywall installers. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VPS29-VPS29-VPS29 is a human gene coding for the vacuolar protein sorting protein Vps29, a component of the retromer complex. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VPS29-Yeast homolog-The homologous protein (one that performs the same function) in yeast is Vacuolar protein sorting 29 homolog (S. cerevisiae). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VPS29-Function-VPS29 belongs to a group of genes coding for vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) proteins that, when functionally impaired, disrupt the efficient delivery of vacuolar hydrolases. The protein encoded by this gene, Vps29, is a component of a large multimeric complex, termed the retromer complex, which is involv... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trelagliptin-Trelagliptin-Trelagliptin (trade name Zafatek) is a pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trelagliptin-Indications-It is a highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor that is typically used as an add on treatment when the first line treatment of metformin is not achieving the expected glycemic goals; though it has been approved for use as a first line treatment when metformin cannot be used. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trelagliptin-Biochemistry-DPP-4 inhibitors activate T-cells and are more commonly known as T-cell activation antigens (specifically CD26). Chemically, it is a fluorinated derivative of alogliptin. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trelagliptin-Development-Formulated as the salt trelagliptin succinate, it was approved for use in Japan in March 2015. Takeda, the company that developed trelagliptin, chose to not get approval for the drug in the US and EU. The licensing rights that Takeda purchased from Furiex Pharmaceuticals for DPP-4 inhibitors in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trelagliptin-Administration and dosing-Similar drugs in the same class as trelagliptin are administered once daily while trelagliptin is administered once weekly. Alogliptin (Nesina) is the other major DPP-4 inhibitor on the market. It is also owned by Takeda and is administered once daily. A dosing of once per week is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trelagliptin-Administration and dosing-A recent meta-analysis published by Dutta et. al. highlighted the good glycaemic efficacy and safety of this molecule as compared to peer DPP4 inhibitors which have to be taken daily like alogliptin, sitagliptin, linagliptin, teneligliptin, anagliptin or vildagliptin, having an ad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trelagliptin-Brand names-In Bangladesh it is marketed under the trade name Wedica. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional airspace block-Functional airspace block-Functional airspace block (FAB) is defined in the SES-2 legislative package, as follows: A FAB means an airspace block based on operational requirements and established regardless of State boundaries, where the provision of air navigation services and related function... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Functional airspace block-Functional airspace block-The SES-II regulation requires all EU members to be part of a FAB by 2012. All nine FABs have been declared, established and notified to the European Commission: UK-IRELAND FAB: United Kingdom, Ireland Danish-Swedish FAB Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pocket mutation chess-Pocket mutation chess-Pocket mutation chess is a chess variant invented by Mike Nelson in 2003. In this game a player can take a piece from the board and put it into a pocket. The piece in the pocket can be put back on the board later. When placing the piece into the pocket the player can mutate t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pocket mutation chess-Pocket mutation chess-The game is one of the Recognized Chess Variants at The Chess Variant Pages. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pocket mutation chess-Rules-The starting position in this game is the same as in standard chess. Players make moves as in standard chess. Instead of moving, a player can take one of their own pieces from the board and put it into the pocket, provided that the pocket is empty. If the piece is placed into the pocket from... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pocket mutation chess-Rules-As a players move, a piece in the pocket can be dropped on any empty position on the board, except the last rank. A pawn can make only a single step from the first rank, but can do a double step from the second one, even if dropped there or moved from the first rank. The en passant rule appl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pocket mutation chess-Rules-There is no castling in this chess variant. The game is declared a draw if no capture or promotion was made for 50 consecutive moves. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pocket mutation chess-Classes of the pieces-Besides usual pieces there are several fairy chess pieces in this game. All pieces are divided into the following classes. All pieces from the same class are of presumably the same (or close) value. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Metaphysics-Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality. This includes the first principles of: being or existence, identity, change, space and time, cause and effect, necessity, actuality, and possibility.Metaphysics is considered one of the four main branches of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Metaphysics-It includes questions about the nature of consciousness and the relationship between mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between potentiality and actuality.Metaphysics studies questions related to what it is for something to exist and what types of existence there are. Metaphys... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Etymology-The word "metaphysics" derives from the Greek words μετά (metá, "after") and φυσικά (physiká, "physics"). It has been suggested that the term might have been coined by a first century CE editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works into the treatise we now know by the name Me... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Epistemological foundation-Metaphysical study is conducted using deduction from that which is known a priori. Like foundational mathematics (which is sometimes considered a special case of metaphysics applied to the existence of number), it tries to give a coherent account of the structure of the world, cap... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-Ontology (being) Ontology is the branch of philosophy that studies concepts such as existence, being, becoming, and reality. It includes the questions of how entities are grouped into basic categories and which of these entities exist on the most fundamental level. Ontology is sometimes re... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-Identity and change Identity is a fundamental metaphysical concern. Metaphysicians investigating identity are tasked with the question of what, exactly, it means for something to be identical to itself, or – more controversially – to something else. Issues of identity arise in the context ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-The metaphysical positions one takes on identity have far-reaching implications on issues such as the mind–body problem, personal identity, ethics, and law.
A few ancient Greeks took extreme positions on the nature of change. Parmenides denied change altogether, while Heraclitus argued tha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-By appealing to intrinsic and extrinsic properties, endurantism finds a way to harmonize identity with change. Endurantists believe that objects persist by being strictly numerically identical over time. However, if Leibniz's law of the indiscernibility of identicals is used to define nume... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-Perdurantism can harmonize identity with change in another way. In four-dimensionalism, a version of perdurantism, what persists is a four-dimensional object which does not change although three-dimensional slices of the object may differ. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-Space and time Objects appear to us in space and time, while abstract entities such as classes, properties, and relations do not. How do space and time serve this function as a ground for objects? Are space and time entities themselves, of some form? Must they exist prior to objects? How e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-Causality is usually required as a foundation for philosophy of science if science aims to understand causes and effects and make predictions about them. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Central questions-Necessity and possibility Metaphysicians investigate questions about the ways the world could have been. David Lewis, in On the Plurality of Worlds, endorsed a view called concrete modal realism, according to which facts about how things could have been are made true by other concrete worl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Metaphysical cosmology and cosmogony Metaphysical cosmology is the branch of metaphysics that deals with the world as the totality of all phenomena in space and time. Historically, it formed a major part of the subject alongside ontology, though its role is more peripheral in contempora... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Cosmogony deals specifically with the origin of the universe. Modern metaphysical cosmology and cosmogony try to address questions such as: What is the origin of the Universe? What is its first cause? Is its existence necessary? (see monism, pantheism, emanationism and creationism) What... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Substance dualism is a classical theory in which mind and body are essentially different, with the mind having some of the attributes traditionally assigned to the soul, and which creates an immediate conceptual puzzle about how the two interact. This form of substance dualism differs f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Determinism and free will Determinism is the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition, decision and action, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. It holds that nothing happens that has not already been determined. The principal co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-The problem of free will is the problem of whether rational agents exercise control over their own actions and decisions. Addressing this problem requires understanding the relation between freedom and causation, and determining whether the laws of nature are causally deterministic. Som... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Others, labeled compatibilists (or "soft determinists"), believe that the two ideas can be reconciled coherently. Adherents of this view include Thomas Hobbes and many modern philosophers such as John Martin Fischer, Gary Watson, Harry Frankfurt, and the like.
Incompatibilists who accep... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Natural and social kinds The earliest type of classification of social construction traces back to Plato in his dialogue Phaedrus where he claims that the biological classification system seems to carve nature at the joints. In contrast, later philosophers such as Michel Foucault and Jo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Number There are different ways to set up the notion of number in metaphysics theories. Platonist theories postulate number as a fundamental category itself. Others consider it to be a property of an entity called a "group" comprising other entities; or to be a relation held between sev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Applied metaphysics Although metaphysics as a philosophical enterprise is highly hypothetical, it also has practical application in most other branches of philosophy, science, and now also information technology. Such areas generally assume some basic ontology (such as a system of objec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-In science, for example, some theories are based on the ontological assumption of objects with properties (such as electrons having charge) while others may reject objects completely (such as quantum field theories, where spread-out "electronness" becomes property of space-time rather t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-"Social" branches of philosophy such as philosophy of morality, aesthetics and philosophy of religion (which in turn give rise to practical subjects such as ethics, politics, law, and art) all require metaphysical foundations, which may be considered as branches or applications of metap... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Peripheral questions-Systems engineering is essentially based on metaphysics, although without acknowledging it. This is because systems-engineering is primarily concerned with identifying what would be of interest in a prospective new system. Investigating the nature of the situation aka ontology and surve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Relation to other disciplines-Science Prior to the modern history of science, scientific questions were addressed as a part of natural philosophy. Originally, the term "science" (Latin: scientia) simply meant "knowledge". The scientific method, however, transformed natural philosophy into an empirical activ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Relation to other disciplines-Theology There is a relationship between theological doctrines and philosophical reflection in the philosophy of a religion (such as Christian philosophy); philosophical reflections are strictly rational. On this way of seeing the two disciplines, if at least one of the premise... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Rejections of metaphysics-Meta-metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the foundations of metaphysics. A number of individuals have suggested that much or all of metaphysics should be rejected, a meta-metaphysical position known as metaphysical deflationism or ontological deflationism... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Rejections of metaphysics-Thirty-three years after Hume's Enquiry appeared, Immanuel Kant published his Critique of Pure Reason. Although he followed Hume in rejecting much of previous metaphysics, he argued that there was still room for some synthetic a priori knowledge, concerned with matters of fact yet ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Rejections of metaphysics-Wittgenstein introduced the concept that metaphysics could be influenced by theories of aesthetics, via logic, vis. a world composed of "atomical facts".In the 1930s, A.J. Ayer and Rudolf Carnap endorsed Hume's position; Carnap quoted the passage above. They argued that metaphysica... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-Rejections of metaphysics-Some living philosophers, such as Amie Thomasson, have argued that many metaphysical questions can be dissolved just by looking at the way words are used; others, such as Ted Sider, have argued that metaphysical questions are substantive, and that progress can be made toward answer... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Pre-history Cognitive archeology such as analysis of cave paintings and other pre-historic art and customs suggests that a form of perennial philosophy or Shamanic metaphysics may stretch back to the birth of behavioral modernity, all around the world. Similar beliefs are ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Bronze Age Bronze Age cultures such as ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt (along with similarly structured but chronologically later cultures such as Mayans and Aztecs) developed belief systems based on mythology, anthropomorphic gods, mind–body dualism, and a spirit wo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Pre-Socratic Greece The first named Greek philosopher, according to Aristotle, is Thales of Miletus, early 6th century BCE. He made use of purely physical explanations to explain the phenomena of the world rather than the mythological and divine explanations of tradition. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Another school was the Eleatics, in southern Italy. The group was founded in the early fifth century BCE by Parmenides, and included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Methodologically, the Eleatics were broadly rationalist, and took logical standards of clarity and neces... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Heraclitus of Ephesus, in contrast, made change central, teaching that "all things flow". His philosophy, expressed in brief aphorisms, is quite cryptic. For instance, he also taught the unity of opposites.
Democritus and his teacher Leucippus, are known for formulating an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Classical China Metaphysics in Chinese philosophy can be traced back to the earliest Chinese philosophical concepts from the Zhou dynasty such as Tian (Heaven) and yin and yang. The fourth century BCE saw a turn towards cosmogony with the rise of Taoism (in the Daodejing a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-After the fall of the Han dynasty (220 CE), China saw the rise of the Neo-Taoist Xuanxue school. This school was very influential in developing the concepts of later Chinese metaphysics. Buddhist philosophy entered China (c. 1st century) and was influenced by the native Ch... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Classical Greece Socrates and Plato Plato is famous for his theory of forms (which he places in the mouth of Socrates in his dialogues). Platonic realism (also considered a form of idealism) is considered to be a solution to the problem of universals; i.e., what particular... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-The theory has a number of other aspects: Epistemological: knowledge of the Forms is more certain than mere sensory data.
Ethical: The Form of the Good sets an objective standard for morality.
Time and Change: The world of the Forms is eternal and unchanging. Time and chan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Classical India More on Indian philosophy: Hindu philosophy Sāṃkhya Sāṃkhya is an ancient system of Indian philosophy based on a dualism involving the ultimate principles of consciousness and matter. It is described as the rationalist school of Indian philosophy. It is mos... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Vedānta Realization of the nature of self-identity is the principal object of the Vedanta system of Indian metaphysics. In the Upanishads, self-consciousness is not the first-person indexical self-awareness or the self-awareness which is self-reference without identificati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-There are three distinct stages leading to self-realisation. The first stage is in mystically apprehending the glory of the self within one as though one were distinct from it. The second stage is in identifying the "I-within" with the self, that one is in essential nature... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Buddhist metaphysics In Buddhist philosophy there are various metaphysical traditions that have proposed different questions about the nature of reality based on the teachings of the Buddha in the early Buddhist texts. The Buddha of the early texts does not focus on metaph... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Islamic metaphysics Major ideas in Islamic metaphysics (Arabic: ما وراء الطبيعة, romanized: Mawaraultabia) have surrounded the concept of weḥdah (وحدة) meaning 'unity', or in Arabic توحيد tawhid. Waḥdat al-wujūd literally means the 'unity of existence' or 'unity of being'.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Scholasticism and the Middle Ages Between about 1100 and 1500, philosophy as a discipline took place as part of the Catholic church's teaching system, known as scholasticism. Scholastic philosophy took place within an established framework blending Christian theology with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Continental rationalism In the early modern period (17th and 18th centuries), the system-building scope of philosophy is often linked to the rationalist method of philosophy, that is the technique of deducing the nature of the world by pure reason. The scholastic concepts ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Spinoza believed reality was a single substance of God-or-nature.Christian Wolff had theoretical philosophy divided into an ontology or philosophia prima as a general metaphysics, which arises as a preliminary to the distinction of the three "special metaphysics" on the so... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Kant Immanuel Kant attempted a grand synthesis and revision of the trends already mentioned: scholastic philosophy, systematic metaphysics, and skeptical empiricism, not to forget the burgeoning science of his day. As did the systems builders, he had an overarching framewo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Kant described his shift in metaphysics away from making claims about an objective noumenal world, towards exploring the subjective phenomenal world, as a Copernican Revolution, by analogy to (though opposite in direction to) Copernicus' shift from man (the subject) to the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Kant saw rationalist philosophers as aiming for a kind of metaphysical knowledge he defined as the synthetic apriori—that is knowledge that does not come from the senses (it is a priori) but is nonetheless about reality (synthetic). Inasmuch as it is about reality, it diff... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Late modern philosophy Nineteenth-century philosophy was overwhelmingly influenced by Kant and his successors. Schopenhauer, Schelling, Fichte and Hegel all purveyed their own panoramic versions of German Idealism, Kant's own caution about metaphysical speculation, and ref... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Early analytic philosophy and positivism During the period when idealism was dominant in philosophy, science had been making great advances. The arrival of a new generation of scientifically minded philosophers led to a sharp decline in the popularity of idealism during th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-The early to mid-twentieth-century philosophy saw a trend to reject metaphysical questions as meaningless. The driving force behind this tendency was the philosophy of logical positivism as espoused by the Vienna Circle, which argued that the meaning of a statement was its... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-At around the same time, the American pragmatists were steering a middle course between materialism and idealism.
System-building metaphysics, with a fresh inspiration from science, was revived by A. N. Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne.
Continental philosophy The forces th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-The phenomenology of Husserl and others was intended as a collaborative project for the investigation of the features and structure of consciousness common to all humans, in line with Kant's basing his synthetic apriori on the uniform operation of consciousness. It was off... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Heidegger, author of Being and Time, saw himself as re-focusing on Being-qua-being, introducing the novel concept of Dasein in the process. Classing himself an existentialist, Sartre wrote an extensive study of Being and Nothingness.
The speculative realism movement marks ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-In a broad sense, process metaphysics is as old as Western philosophy, with figures such as Heraclitus, Plotinus, Duns Scotus, Leibniz, David Hume, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Contemporary analytic philosophy While early analytic philosophy tended to reject metaphysical theorizing, under the influence of logical positivism, it was revived in the second half of the twentieth century. Philosophers such as David K. Lewis and David Armstrong develop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Metaphysics-History and schools of metaphysics-Among the developments that led to the revival of metaphysical theorizing were Quine's attack on the analytic–synthetic distinction, which was generally taken to undermine Carnap's distinction between existence questions internal to a framework and those external to it.The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secure Electronic Transaction-Secure Electronic Transaction-Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a communications protocol standard for securing credit card transactions over networks, specifically, the Internet. SET was not itself a payment system, but rather a set of security protocols and formats that enabled user... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secure Electronic Transaction-Secure Electronic Transaction-Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a system for ensuring the security of financial transactions on the Internet. It was supported initially by Mastercard, Visa, Microsoft, Netscape, and others. With SET, a user is given an electronic wallet (digital certif... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secure Electronic Transaction-History and development-SET was developed by the SET Consortium, established in 1996 by Visa and Mastercard in cooperation with GTE, IBM, Microsoft, Netscape, SAIC, Terisa Systems, RSA, and VeriSign. The consortium’s goal was to combine the card associations' similar but incompatible proto... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secure Electronic Transaction-History and development-SET was intended to become the de facto standard payment method on the Internet between the merchants, the buyers, and the credit-card companies. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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