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High Efficiency Video Coding-Features-Sample adaptive offsetThe SAO filter is applied after the DBF and is designed to allow for better reconstruction of the original signal amplitudes by applying offsets stored in a lookup table in the bitstream. Per CTB the SAO filter can be disabled or applied in one of two modes: e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Features-Range extensions Range extensions in MPEG are additional profiles, levels, and techniques that support needs beyond consumer video playback: Profiles supporting bit depths beyond 10, and differing luma/chroma bit depths.
Intra profiles for when file size is much less important than... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Features-Still Picture profiles, forming the basis of High Efficiency Image File Format, without any limit on the picture size or complexity (level 8.5). Unlike all other levels, no minimum decoder capacity is required, only a best-effort with reasonable fallback.Within these new profiles c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Features-Higher precision weighted prediction at high bit depths.
Cross-component prediction, allowing the imperfect YCbCr color decorrelation to let the luma (or G) match set the predicted chroma (or R/B) matches, which results in up to 7% gain for YCbCr 4:4:4 and up to 26% for RGB video. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Features-Palette mode.The ITU-T version of the standard that added the SCC extensions (approved in December 2016 and published in March 2017) added support for the hybrid log–gamma (HLG) transfer function and the ICtCp color matrix. This allows the fourth version of HEVC to support both of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Features-Ambient viewing environment SEI message, provides information on the ambient light of the viewing environment that was used to author the video. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Version 1 of the HEVC standard defines three profiles: Main, Main 10, and Main Still Picture. Version 2 of HEVC adds 21 range extensions profiles, two scalable extensions profiles, and one multi-view profile. HEVC also contains provisions for additional profiles. Extensions that we... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Version 1 profiles Main The Main profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample with 4:2:0 chroma sampling, which is the most common type of video used with consumer devices. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 10 The Main 10 profile was added at the October 2012 HEVC meeting based on proposal JCTVC-K0109 which proposed that a 10-bit profile be added to HEVC for consumer applications. The proposal said this was to allow for improved video quality and to support the Rec. 2020 color sp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main Still Picture The Main Still Picture profile allows for a single still picture to be encoded with the same constraints as the Main profile. As a subset of the Main profile the Main Still Picture profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample with 4:2:0 chroma sampling. An... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Version 2 profiles Version 2 of HEVC adds 21 range extensions profiles, two scalable extensions profiles, and one multi-view profile: Monochrome, Monochrome 12, Monochrome 16, Main 12, Main 4:2:2 10, Main 4:2:2 12, Main 4:4:4, Main 4:4:4 10, Main 4:4:4 12, Monochrome 12 Intra, Mono... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-MonochromeThe Monochrome profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling.
Monochrome 12The Monochrome 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 12 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling.
Monochrome 16The Monochrome 16 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 4:2:2 12The Main 4:2:2 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 12 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, and 4:2:2 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:2:2 12 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: M... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 4:4:4The Main 4:4:4 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:4:4 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: Monochrome, Ma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 4:4:4 10The Main 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 10 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:4:4 10 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following prof... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 4:4:4 12The Main 4:4:4 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 12 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:4:4 12 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following prof... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 4:4:4 16 IntraThe Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 16 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-High Throughput 4:4:4 16 IntraThe High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 16 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra profile has an HbrFactor 12 times higher than other HE... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 4:4:4 Still PictureThe Main 4:4:4 Still Picture profile allows for a single still picture to be encoded with the same constraints as the Main 4:4:4 profile. As a subset of the Main 4:4:4 profile the Main 4:4:4 Still Picture profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture The Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture profile allows for a single still picture to be encoded with the same constraints as the Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile. As a subset of the Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile the Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture profile allows for a bit ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Scalable MainThe Scalable Main profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main profile of HEVC.
Scalable Main 10The Scalable Main 10 profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main 10 profile of HEVC.
Multiview MainThe Multiview Main profile allows for a base la... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Version 3 and higher profiles Version 3 of HEVC added one 3D profile: 3D Main. The February 2016 draft of the screen content coding extensions added seven screen content coding extensions profiles, three high throughput extensions profiles, and four scalable extensions profiles: Sc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-3D MainThe 3D Main profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main profile of HEVC.
Screen-Extended MainThe Screen-Extended Main profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 and 4:2:0 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Screen-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10The Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 10 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10 profile must be capable of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 10 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile has an HbrFactor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 14 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile has an HbrFactor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-High Throughput 4:4:4The High Throughput 4:4:4 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than most inter frame HEVC profiles allowing it to h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-High Throughput 4:4:4 10The High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 10 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than most inter frame HEVC profi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-High Throughput 4:4:4 14The High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile allows for a bit depth of 8 bits to 14 bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than most inter frame HEVC profi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Profiles-Scalable MonochromeThe Scalable Monochrome profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Monochrome profile of HEVC.
Scalable Monochrome 12The Scalable Monochrome 12 profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Monochrome 12 profile of HEVC.
Scalable Monochrome 16The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Tiers and levels-The HEVC standard defines two tiers, Main and High, and thirteen levels. A level is a set of constraints for a bitstream. For levels below level 4 only the Main tier is allowed. The Main tier is a lower tier than the High tier. The tiers were made to deal with applications ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Tiers and levels-A The maximum bit rate of the profile is based on the combination of bit depth, chroma sampling, and the type of profile. For bit depth the maximum bit rate increases by 1.5× for 12-bit profiles and 2× for 16-bit profiles. For chroma sampling the maximum bit rate increases ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Tiers and levels-B The maximum frame rate supported by HEVC is 300 fps.
C The MaxDpbSize is the maximum number of pictures in the decoded picture buffer. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Tiers and levels-Decoded picture buffer Previously decoded pictures are stored in a decoded picture buffer (DPB), and are used by HEVC encoders to form predictions for subsequent pictures. The maximum number of pictures that can be stored in the DPB, called the DPB capacity, is 6 (including... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Containers-MPEG has published an amendment which added HEVC support to the MPEG transport stream used by ATSC, DVB, and Blu-ray Disc; MPEG decided not to update the MPEG program stream used by DVD-Video. MPEG has also added HEVC support to the ISO base media file format. HEVC is also suppor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Patent license terms-License terms and fees for HEVC patents, compared with its main competitors: Provision for costless software As with its predecessor AVC, software distributors that implement HEVC in products must pay a price per distributed copy.[i] While this licensing model is manage... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Patent license terms-While the obstacle to free software is no concern in for example TV broadcast networks, this problem, combined with the prospect of future collective lock-in to the format, makes several organizations like Mozilla (see OpenH264) and the Free Software Foundation Europe w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Patent license terms-^i : Regardless of how the software is licensed from the software authors (see software licensing), if what it does is patented, its use remains bound by the patent holders' rights unless the use of the patents has been authorized by a license. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
High Efficiency Video Coding-Versatile Video Coding-In October 2015, MPEG and VCEG formed Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) to evaluate available compression technologies and study the requirements for a next-generation video compression standard. The new algorithm should have 30–50% better compression rate for the s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
OpenSG-OpenSG-OpenSG is a scene graph system to create real-time graphics programs, e.g. for virtual reality applications. It is developed following Open Source principles, LGPL licensed, and can be used freely. It runs on Windows, Linux, Solaris and OS X and is based on OpenGL.
Its main features are advanced multithre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
OpenSG-History-It was started, just like many other systems, at the end of the scenegraph extinction in 1999 when Microsoft and SGI's Fahrenheit graphics API project died. Given that there was no other scene graph system on the market nor on the horizon with the features the authors wanted, they decided to start their ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
OpenSG-Technology-OpenSG is a scene graph like many others, but with a number of unique features that set it apart from others. It features a blocked state management system to reduce the overhead for state change optimization, highly flexible traversal and other mechanisms to allow run-time exchange and enhancement of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
OpenSG-Technology-The same mechanism also allows highly flexible and effective clustering. To synchronize an application running on several machines, only the changes for each frame are sent to each machine and integrated into the local scene graph. This way the distinction between local and remote changes is almost in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
OpenSG-People-The project was started by Dirk Reiners, Gerrit Voss and Johannes Behr. it has received contributions by many other people, most notably by Carsten Neumann, who currently functions as the main maintainer. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sixty second review-Sixty second review-The sixty second review (also known as a silent review or mental review) is a technique used by flight attendants during the critical phases of flight to focus and prepare them for a sudden emergency. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sixty second review-Use-How the silent review is performed varies according to different airlines, but the principles and the desired result are all the same. Just prior to take off, and from gear down to landing, flight attendants will be in their jumpseats in a semi-brace position performing their silent review. This... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sixty second review-Use-Structured silent reviews typically use mnemonics, one such being "OLDABC": Operation of exits Loccasion of emergency equipment Drills (brace for impact) Able bodied passengers, selected and used by flight attendants to assist in an evacuation, typically by remaining at the bottom of the escape ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Bonfire-A bonfire is a large and controlled outdoor fire, used either for informal disposal of burnable waste material or as part of a celebration. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Etymology-The earliest recorded uses of the word date back to the late 15th century, with the Catholicon Anglicum spelling it as banefyre and John Mirk's Book of Festivals speaking of a communal fire in celebrations of Saint John's Eve that "was clene bones & no wode & that is callid a bone fyre". The word is t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-In many regions of continental Europe, bonfires are made traditionally on 24 June, the solemnity of John the Baptist, as well as on Saturday night before Easter. Bonfires are also a feature of Walpurgis Night in central and northern Europe, and the celebrations on the eve of St. John's Day i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Alpine and Central Europe Bonfire traditions of early spring, lit on the Sunday following Ash Wednesday (Funkensonntag, otherwise called Quadragesima Sunday), are widespread throughout the Alemannic German speaking regions of Europe and in parts of France. The burning of "winter in effigy" a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Since 1988 "Feuer in den Alpen" (fires in the Alps) have been lit on a day in August on mountains so they can be seen from afar as an appeal for sustainable development of mountain regions.In the Czech Republic, the festival called "Burning the Witches" (also Philip and Jacob Night, Walpurgi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-The night between 30 April and 1 May was considered magical. The festival was probably originally celebrated when the moon was full closest to the day exactly between the spring equinox and summer solstice. People believed that on this night witches fly to their Sabbath, and indeed this is o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-To protect themselves against witches, people lit bonfires in high places, calling these fires "Burning the Witches". Some people took to jumping over the fire in order to ensure youth and fertility. The ash from these fires supposedly had a special power to raise crops, and people also walk... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Australia In Australia, bonfires are rarely allowed in the warmer months due to fire danger. Legislation about bonfires varies between states, metropolitan and rural regions, local government areas, and property types. For example, in urban areas of Canberra bonfires may be lit around the Ki... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Canada Due to their historic connection to Britain and Ireland, the province of Newfoundland and Labrador has many communities that celebrate bonfire nights, particularly Guy Fawkes Night; this is one of the times when small rural communities come together. In the province of Quebec, many co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-India In India, particularly in Punjab, people gather around a bonfire and eat peanuts and sweets during the festival of Lohri to celebrate the winter solstice which occurred during the Indian month of Magh. People have bonfires on communal land. If there has been a recent wedding or a new b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Iran Chaharshanbe Suri is a fire jumping festival celebrated by Persian people, Kurdish people and some other ethnicities. The event takes place on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. Loosely translated as Wednesday Light, from the word sur, which means light in Persian, or more pla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Another tradition of this day is to make special Chaharshanbe Suri Ajil, or mixed nuts and berries. People wear disguises and go door to door knocking on doors as similar to Trick-or-treating. Receiving of the Ajeel is customary, as is receiving of a bucket of water. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Ancient Persians celebrated the last 5 days of the year in their annual obligation feast of all souls, Hamaspathmaedaya (Farvardigan or popularly Forodigan). They believed Faravahar, the guardian angels for humans and also the spirits of dead would come back for reunion. There are the seven ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Iraq In Iraq, Assyrian Christians light bonfires to celebrate the Feast of the Cross. In addition to the bonfire, every household traditionally hangs a lighted fire in the roof of their house. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Ireland Throughout Ireland, bonfires are lit on the night of 31 October to celebrate Halloween or Samhain. Bonfires are also held on 30 April, particularly in Limerick to celebrate the festival of Bealtaine and on St. John's eve, 23 June, to celebrate Midsummer's eve, particularly in County ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Israel In Israel, on the eve of Lag BaOmer, bonfires are lit on to commemorate the Mishnaic sage Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai who according to tradition died on Lag BaOmer. Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai is accredited with having composed the Kabalistic work The Zohar (literally "The Shining" - hence th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Italy In Northeast Italy, the celebration Panevin (in English "bread and wine"), Foghera and Pignarûl is held on the evening of Epiphany (5 January). A straw witch dressed with old clothes is placed on a bonfire and burned to ash. The witch symbolizes the past and the direction of the smoke ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-The Northern Italian La vecchia ("the old lady") is a version of the wicker man bonfire effigy, which is burned once a year as part of town festivals. As depicted in the film Amarcord by Federico Fellini, it has a more pagan-Christian connotation when it is burned on Mid-Lent Thursday.
In Ab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Luxembourg The Luxembourgish town of Remich annually holds a three-day-long celebration for Carnival (called Fuesend Karneval in Luxembourgish). The celebration of the Remich Fuesend Karneval celebrations concludes with the Buergbrennen, a bonfire that marks the end of winter. Such bonfires ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Nepal Bonfire in Nepal is taken almost synonymous with camp-fire. During winter months its quite common to have a bonfire in hotels, resorts, and residential areas, as well as private properties.
Bonfires are also lit during Siva ratri in the evening. This holiday is based on the lunar calen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Nordic Countries In Iceland, bonfires are traditional on New Year's Eve, and on 6 January, which is the last day of the Icelandic Christmas season. In Norway and Denmark, large bonfires are lit on 23 June to celebrate Jonsok or St Hansaften the evening before John the Baptist's birthday. As ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-In Sweden, Walpurgis Night is celebrated on 30 April, and festivities include the burning of a bonfire. In Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Midsummer Eve is celebrated with large bonfires.
Lithuania In Lithuania bonfires are lit to celebrate St John's Eve (aka: Rasos (Dew Holiday)) d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-On 23 and 24 June, according to ancient custom, an immense number of Polish persons of both sexes repaired to the banks of the San (river), Vistula and Odra river, to consult Fate respecting their future fortunes, jumping through a fire on the Eve of Saint John's was a sure way to health. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Romania In Romania, in Argeș County, a bonfire is lit on the night of 25 October every year, as a tradition said to be done since the Dacians. It consists in burning of a tall tree, which resembles the body of a god. It is usually done on a high peak, in order to be seen from far away. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Slavic Europe In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia, bonfires are traditionally lit on the evening before 1 May, commemorating Labour Day . Bonfires are also being built on the eve of the Christian holiday Easter on so called Holy Saturday and are lit next day early in the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-Czech Republic and Slovakia In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, bonfires are also held on the last night of April and are called 'Phillip-Jakob's Night' (FilipoJakubská noc) or "Burning of the Witches" (pálení čarodějnic). They are considered to be historically linked with Walpurgis Night an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-In Northern Ireland, bonfires are lit on Halloween, 31 October. and each 11 July, bonfires are lit by many Protestant communities to celebrate the victory of Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne, which took place on 12 July 1690. This is often called the "Eleventh night". Bonfires ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-The annual rock and dance music Wickerman Festival takes place in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. Its main feature is the burning of a large wooden effigy on the last night. The Wickerman festival is inspired by the horror film The Wicker Man, a film itself inspired by the Roman accounts of th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-In Biggar, Lanarkshire, a bonfire is lit on Hogmanay (New Year's Eve) to celebrate the end of the old year and the beginning of the New Year. The bonfire takes almost a month to build using whatever combustible materials can be found. It is lit by a senior citizen of the town who is accompan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Regional traditions-United States In New England, on the night before the Fourth of July, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from hogsheads, barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall, to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, composed of as many as forty tiers ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Bonfire-Farm and garden bonfires-Bonfires are used on farms, in large gardens and allotments to dispose of waste plant material that is not readily composted. This includes woody material, pernicious weeds, diseased material and material treated with persistent pesticides and herbicides. Such bonfires may be quite smal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NEXPTIME-NEXPTIME-In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NEXPTIME (sometimes called NEXP) is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine using time 2nO(1) In terms of NTIME, NEXPTIME=⋃k∈NNTIME(2nk) Alternatively, NEXPTIME can be defined using deterministic Tu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NEXPTIME-Alternative characterizations-In descriptive complexity, the sets of natural numbers that can be recognized in NEXPTIME are exactly those that form the spectrum of a sentence, the set of sizes of finite models of some logical sentence.NEXPTIME often arises in the context of interactive proof systems, where the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NEXPTIME-Alternative characterizations-Another interactive proof system characterizing NEXPTIME is a certain class of probabilistically checkable proofs. Recall that NP can be seen as the class of problems where an all-powerful prover gives a purported proof that a string is in the language, and a deterministic polynom... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NEXPTIME-Alternative characterizations-Instead of simply giving the purported proof to the verifier on a tape, give it random access to the proof. The verifier can specify an index into the proof string and receive the corresponding bit. Since the verifier can write an index of polynomial length, it can potentially ind... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NEXPTIME-NEXPTIME-complete-A decision problem is NEXPTIME-complete if it is in NEXPTIME, and every problem in NEXPTIME has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to it. In other words, there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms instances of one to instances of the other with the same answer. Problems that are N... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NEXPTIME-NEXPTIME-complete-An important set of NEXPTIME-complete problems relates to succinct circuits. Succinct circuits are simple machines used to describe graphs in exponentially less space. They accept two vertex numbers as input and output whether there is an edge between them. If solving a problem on a graph in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clash squeeze-Clash squeeze-A clash squeeze is a three suit bridge squeeze with a special kind of menace, referred to as clash menace. The clash menace is one that might fall under a winner in the opposite hand, because it can be covered by another card in an opponent's hand. If the clash squeeze can force the opponent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clash squeeze-Examples-Here is a simple, positional clash squeeze, with the ♣8 as the clash menace: South leads the ♠6. If West discards the ♥J, the ♥10 becomes a winner. If West discards a diamond, the ♣3 is discarded and the ♦J and ♦8 are cashed. If West discards the ♣9, South discards dummy's ♦8 and cashes the ♣8. T... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clash squeeze-Examples-This is a secondary clash squeeze: South cashes the ♥J. If West discards a spade, South will make one of his small spades. If West discards a club, one of dummy's clubs will become a winner. And if West discards the ♦9, South cashes the clash menace, the ♦8.
Here is a simultaneous, double clash s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clash squeeze-Examples-Finally, here's a non-simultaneous double clash squeeze: This double clash squeeze consists of a clash squeeze against West, followed two tricks later by a simple squeeze against East. South leads the ♦J. West cannot throw the ♣10 because that establishes South's clash menace, and a spade sets up... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clash squeeze-Examples-There are other positions, including trump squeezes with clash menaces. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HD 222806-HD 222806-HD 222806 (HR 8995) is a suspected astrometric binary in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.74, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place the system at a distance of 565 light years and it is currently receding with a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stemmadenine-Stemmadenine-Stemmadenine is a terpene indole alkaloid. Stemmadenine is believed to be formed from preakuammicine by a carbon-carbon bond cleavage. Cleavage of a second carbon-carbon bond is thought to form dehydrosecodine. The enzymes forming stemmadenine and using it as a substrate remain unknown to date... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stemmadenine-Pharmacology-It has hypotensive and weak muscle relaxant properties. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
United States military beret flash-United States military beret flash-In the United States (US) military, a beret flash is a shield-shaped embroidered cloth that is typically 2.25 in (5.72 cm) tall and 1.875 in (4.76 cm) wide with a semi–circular base that is attached to a stiffener backing of a military beret. These f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
United States military beret flash-Department of Defense beret flash history-US Army 1940s Throughout its history, Army units have adopted different headgear and headgear devices—such as various colored cords, colored stripes, and insignias—to identify specific units, the unique mission of a unit, and/or the unique rol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
United States military beret flash-Department of Defense beret flash history-1960s The official start of the Army's beret flashes began in 1961 with Department of the Army Message 578636 authorizing the establishment of organizational beret flashes for wear on the special forces' rifle–green beret. Championed and heavi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
United States military beret flash-Department of Defense beret flash history-1970s Various beret accoutrements began to appear in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly between 1973 and 1979 when the Department of the Army had its morale–enhancing order in effect and different colored berets began to be worn by numerous uni... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
United States military beret flash-Department of Defense beret flash history-Wearing of the black beret by armor units expanded in the 1970s with some adopting organizational beret flashes. For example, many US Army armor units stationed in West Germany, such as the 1st Armored Division, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
United States military beret flash-Department of Defense beret flash history-In 1973, Army leaders authorized the wear of the maroon beret by airborne forces. Within a year or so, paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division began incorporating organizational beret flashes onto their maroon berets pattered after their un... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
United States military beret flash-Department of Defense beret flash history-Also during the 1970s, arctic–qualified soldiers of the 172nd Infantry Brigade wore locally authorized olive–drab berets with organizational beret flashes that were unique to each battalion, company, troop, or battery of the brigade and were w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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