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"Edax (computing)-Solving Othello-During gameplay, players alternate moves. The human player uses black counters while the computer uses white. The human player starts the game. Othello is strongly solved on 4\u00d74 and 6\u00d76 boards, with the second player (white) winning in perfect play. It remains unsolved on a s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spime-Spime-Spime is a neologism for a futuristic object, characteristic to the Internet of Things, that can be tracked through space and time throughout its lifetime. They are essentially virtual master objects that can, at various times, have physical incarnations of themselves. An object can be considered a spime w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Isomorphism theorems-Isomorphism theorems-In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, the isomorphism theorems (also known as Noether's isomorphism theorems) are theorems that describe the relationship between quotients, homomorphisms, and subobjects. Versions of the theorems exist for groups, rings, vector spaces,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bitap algorithm-Exact searching-Notice also that we require CHAR_MAX additional bitmasks in order to convert the (text[i] == pattern[k-1]) condition in the general implementation into bitwise operations. Therefore, the bitap algorithm performs better when applied to inputs over smaller alphabets." | large_corpus_distillation |
f(x) lim f(n)\nequal to the first limit. But if for some reason x\u2192\u221e does not exist, it may still be true that n\u2192\u221e exists, but you'll\nhave to figure out another way to compute it.\n11.2.1 https://math.libretexts.org/@go/page/552" | large_corpus_distillation |
minimum number of scales needed for satisfactory reproducibility." | large_corpus_distillation |
"For independent events, both Borel-Cantelli lemmas apply of course, and lead to a zero-one law.\n(A ,A ,\u2026) lim sup A\nIf 1 2 is a sequence of independent events then n\u2192\u221e n has probability 0 or 1:\n\u2211\u221e P(A )<\u221e P(lim sup A )=0\n1. If n=1 n then n\u2192\u221e n .\n\u2211\u221e P(A )=\u221e P(... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Orders of magnitude (numbers)-10\u221218-(0.000000000000000001; 1000\u22126; short scale: one quintillionth; long scale: one trillionth) ISO: atto- (a) Mathematics: The probability of rolling snake eyes 10 times in a row on a pair of fair dice is about 2.74\u00d710\u221216." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Erd\u0151s number-Most frequent Erd\u0151s collaborators-While Erd\u0151s collaborated with hundreds of co-authors, there were some individuals with whom he co-authored dozens of papers. This is a list of the ten persons who most frequently co-authored with Erd\u0151s and their number of papers co-authored with Erd\u0... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concatenation-Concatenation of sets of strings-In formal language theory and pattern matching (including regular expressions), the concatenation operation on strings is generalised to an operation on sets of strings as follows: For two sets of strings S1 and S2, the concatenation S1S2 consists of all strings of the fo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Common Criteria-Key concepts-Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) \u2013 the numerical rating describing the depth and rigor of an evaluation. Each EAL corresponds to a package of security assurance requirements (SARs, see above) which covers the complete development of a product, with a given level of strictness. Common ... | large_corpus_distillation |
12% became mildly hypomanic, and 4% (2 subjects) became markedly hypomanic. The mechanism of these variable reactions could not be explained by demographic, psychological, laboratory, or physiological measures.A 2006 study of two pairs of identical twins, in which one twin used AAS and the other did not, found that in ... | large_corpus_distillation |
could also plausibly be considered an inflectional category of the Basque verb since subordination is signaled by prefixes and suffixes on the conjugated verb, further multiplying the number of potential forms.Transitivity is a thoroughgoing division of Basque verbs, and it is necessary to know the transitivity of a pa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"SQL syntax-Queries-In the following example, the SQL statement involves a join from the initial \"Book\" table to the derived table \"sales\". This derived table captures associated book sales information using the ISBN to join to the \"Book\" table. As a result, the derived table provides the result set with addition... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Competitive learning-Example algorithm-1. (Set-up.) Let a set of sensors all feed into three different nodes, so that every node is connected to every sensor. Let the weights that each node gives to its sensors be set randomly between 0.0 and 1.0. Let the output of each node be the sum of all its sensors, each sensor'... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boolean algebras canonically defined-Definition-Boolean algebra treats the equational theory of the maximal two-element finitary algebra, called the Boolean prototype, and the models of that theory, called Boolean algebras. These terms are defined as follows.\nAn algebra is a family of operations on a set, called the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Readers\u2013writer lock-Priority policies-Read-preferring RW locks allow for maximum concurrency, but can lead to write-starvation if contention is high. This is because writer threads will not be able to acquire the lock as long as at least one reading thread holds it. Since multiple reader threads may hold the lock... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Parity-check matrix-Creating a parity check matrix-For example, if a binary code has the generator matrix G=[1010101110] ,then its parity check matrix is H=[111000101010001] .It can be verified that G is a k\u00d7n matrix, while H is a (n\u2212k)\u00d7n matrix." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tocsearch-Classification-The simple search enables the researcher to explore the chosen entity by given keyword or part of an entity name. The advanced search feature is implemented for individuals, groups, organizations, supporters and actions. It is performed by using different properties: alias, belongs to organiza... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mason's gain formula-Equivalent matrix form-Mason's rule can be stated in a simple matrix form. Assume T is the transient matrix of the graph where tnm=[T]nm is the sum transmittance of branches from node m toward node n. Then, the gain from node m to node n of the graph is equal to unm=[U]nm , where U=(I\u2212T)\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
detection to attempt to guess what encoding was used." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Incremental computing-Static versus dynamic-Dynamic approaches record information about executing program P on a particular input (I1) and use this information when the input changes (to I2) in order to update the output (from O1 to O2). The figure shows the relationship between program P, the change calculation funct... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptographic nonce-Cryptographic nonce-In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks. They can also be u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"High-multiplicity bin packing-Algorithms-Goemans and Rothvoss presented an algorithm for any fixed d, that finds the optimal solution when all numbers are given in binary encoding. Their algorithm solves the following problem: given two d-dimensional polytopes P and Q, find the minimum number of integer points in P wh... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IEEE 754-1985-Representation of numbers-The decimal number 0.1562510 represented in binary is 0.001012 (that is, 1/8 + 1/32). (Subscripts indicate the number base.) Analogous to scientific notation, where numbers are written to have a single non-zero digit to the left of the decimal point, we rewrite this number so it... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software diversity-Techniques-Transformation operators include: code layout randomization: reorder functions in code globals layout randomization: reorder and pad globals stack variable randomization: reorder variables in each stack frame heap layout randomization Natural software diversity It is known that some funct... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Automated Similarity Judgment Program-ASJPcode-ASJP version from 2016 uses the following symbols to encode phonemes: p b f v m w 8 t d s z c n r l S Z C j T 5 y k g x N q X h 7 L 4 G ! i e E 3 a u o They represent 7 vowels and 34 consonants, all found on the standard QWERTY keyboard." | large_corpus_distillation |
"User Datagram Protocol-UDP datagram structure-Length This field specifies the length in bytes of the UDP header and UDP data. The minimum length is 8 bytes, the length of the header. The field size sets a theoretical limit of 65,535 bytes (8-byte header + 65,527 bytes of data) for a UDP datagram. However, the actual l... | large_corpus_distillation |
"WordSmith (software)-Papers which use WordSmith-Comparing corpora with WordSmith tools: how large must the reference corpus be? Tony Berber-Sardinha Proceedings WCC '00 Proceedings of the workshop on Comparing corpora - Volume 9 Pages 7\u201313 Teacher Training Curriculum Policies in Brazil: Possibilities of Wordsmith... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Logistic regression-Maximum entropy-Of all the functional forms used for estimating the probabilities of a particular categorical outcome which optimize the fit by maximizing the likelihood function (e.g. probit regression, Poisson regression, etc.), the logistic regression solution is unique in that it is a maximum e... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nearest neighbor search-Methods-Locality sensitive hashing Locality sensitive hashing (LSH) is a technique for grouping points in space into 'buckets' based on some distance metric operating on the points. Points that are close to each other under the chosen metric are mapped to the same bucket with high probability.\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Types of motorcycles-Types of motorcycles-The six main types of motorcycles are generally recognized as standard, cruiser, touring, sports, off-road, and dual-purpose. Sport touring is sometimes recognized as a seventh category or integrated with the touring category.Although there are many names and systems for class... | large_corpus_distillation |
Many modern phrase structure grammars assume that syntactic branching is always binary, that is, each greater constituent is necessarily broken down into two lesser constituents. More dated phrase structures analyses are, however, more likely to allow n-ary branching, that is, each greater constituent can be broken dow... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Shortest common supersequence problem-Shortest common superstring-The closely related problem of finding a minimum-length string which is a superstring of a finite set of strings S = { s1,s2,...,sn } is also NP-hard. Several constant factor approximations have been proposed throughout the years, and the current best k... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Categorical proposition-Translating statements into standard form-Note that \"All S is not P\" (e.g., \"All cats do not have eight legs\") is not classified as an example of the standard forms. This is because the translation to natural language is ambiguous. In common speech, the sentence \"All cats do not have eight... | large_corpus_distillation |
"D r m\u2212r r\u2208{0,1,\u2026,m}\nSuppose that the population has type 1 objects and hence type 0 objects. Of course, we must have .\nn\nNow suppose that we select a sample of size at random from the population. Note that this model has three parameters: the\nm r n Y\npopulation size , the number of type 1 objects i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Strong connectivity augmentation-Strong connectivity augmentation-Strong connectivity augmentation is a computational problem in the mathematical study of graph algorithms, in which the input is a directed graph and the goal of the problem is to add a small number of edges, or a set of edges with small total weight, s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Z-test-Procedure-How to perform a Z test when T is a statistic that is approximately normally distributed under the null hypothesis is as follows: First, estimate the expected value \u03bc of T under the null hypothesis, and obtain an estimate s of the standard deviation of T.\nSecond, determine the properties of T :... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Prime number-Elementary properties-If the list consists of the primes p1,p2,\u2026,pn, this gives the number N=1+p1\u22c5p2\u22efpn." | large_corpus_distillation |
of type t in whatever way they see fit. Once they have done this, they may use the function elem on [t], that is, lists of elements of type t." | large_corpus_distillation |
"De Boor's algorithm-Example implementation-The following code in the Python programming language is a naive implementation of the optimized algorithm." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Runtime verification-Related work-Dynamic symbolic execution. In symbolic execution programs are executed and monitored symbolically, that is, without concrete inputs. One symbolic execution of the system may cover a large set of concrete inputs. Off-the-shelf constraint solving or satisfiability checking techniques a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Knowledge retrieval-Comparison with data and information retrieval-Knowledge retrieval focuses on the knowledge level. We need to examine how to extract, represent, and use the knowledge in data and information. Knowledge retrieval systems provide knowledge to users in a structured way. Compared to data retrieval and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Identity-based encryption-Usage-As a result, parties may encrypt messages (or verify signatures) with no prior distribution of keys between individual participants. This is extremely useful in cases where pre-distribution of authenticated keys is inconvenient or infeasible due to technical restraints. However, to decr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distributed hash table-Properties-Scalability: The system should function efficiently even with thousands or millions of nodes.A key technique used to achieve these goals is that any one node needs to coordinate with only a few other nodes in the system \u2013 most commonly, O(log n) of the n participants (see below) ... | large_corpus_distillation |
initial state, including relaxation towards equilibrium. There is also an asymptotic result for systems which are in a nonequilibrium steady state at all times." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gradient descent-Modifications-Gradient descent can converge to a local minimum and slow down in a neighborhood of a saddle point. Even for unconstrained quadratic minimization, gradient descent develops a zig-zag pattern of subsequent iterates as iterations progress, resulting in slow convergence. Multiple modificati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Unsupervised learning-Probabilistic methods-A central application of unsupervised learning is in the field of density estimation in statistics, though unsupervised learning encompasses many other domains involving summarizing and explaining data features. It can be contrasted with supervised learning by saying that wh... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Null hypothesis-Choice of the null hypothesis-Alternatively, a null hypothesis implying a two-tailed test is \"this coin is fair\". This one null hypothesis could be examined by looking out for either too many tails or too many heads in the experiments.\nThe outcomes that would tend to refuse this null hypothesis are... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reduction operator-Algorithms-Runtime analysis The number of steps in the parallel execution are p+m\u22122 , it takes p\u22121 steps until the last processing unit receives its first element and additional m\u22121 until all elements are received. Therefore, the runtime in the BSP-model is start byte )(p+m\u22122... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Static timing analysis-Static timing analysis-High-performance integrated circuits have traditionally been characterized by the clock frequency at which they operate. Measuring the ability of a circuit to operate at the specified speed requires an ability to measure, during the design process, its delay at numerous st... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Traffic analysis-Countermeasures-It is difficult to defeat traffic analysis without both encrypting messages and masking the channel. When no actual messages are being sent, the channel can be masked by sending dummy traffic, similar to the encrypted traffic, thereby keeping bandwidth usage constant . \"It is very har... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bijection, injection and surjection-Examples-It is important to specify the domain and codomain of each function, since by changing these, functions which appear to be the same may have different properties. Injective and surjective (bijective) The identity function idX for every non-empty set X, and thus specificall... | large_corpus_distillation |
the subproblem to be solved by search; since inference is efficient on trees, search is the part that mostly affects efficiency. On the other hand, finding a minimal-size cutset is a hard problem. As a result, a small cycle cutset may be used instead of a minimal one." | large_corpus_distillation |
\u03bc(A )\nn\u2192\u221e n. In both cases, the continuity theorem has the form n\u2192\u221e n n\u2192\u221e n . The continuity theorem for\ndecreasing events fails without the additional assumption of finite measure. A simple counterexample is given below.\nThe following corollary of the inclusion-exclusion law gives... | large_corpus_distillation |
"JPEG XL-Name-The name consists of JPEG (for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, which is the committee which designed the format), X (part of the name of several JPEG standards since 2000: JPEG XT, JPEG XR, JPEG XS), and L (for long-term). The L was included because the authors' intention is for the format to replac... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Steiner tree problem-Approximating the Steiner tree-Another popular algorithm to approximate the Steiner tree in graphs was published by Takahashi and Matsuyama in 1980. Their solution incrementally builds up the Steiner tree by starting from an arbitrary vertex, and repeatedly adding the shortest path from the tree t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum satisfiability problem-Solvers-Because of its NP-hardness, large-size MAX-SAT instances cannot in general be solved exactly, and one must often resort to approximation algorithms and heuristicsThere are several solvers submitted to the last Max-SAT Evaluations: Branch and Bound based: Clone, MaxSatz (based on ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stylometry-Data and methods-Rare pairs One method for identifying style is termed \"rare pairs\", and relies upon individual habits of collocation. The use of certain words may, for a particular author, be associated idiosyncratically with the use of other, predictable words." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distributed morphology-Distributed morphology approach to core theoretical issues-Morpheme order In Distributed Morphology, the linear order of morphemes is determined by their hierarchical position in the syntactic structure, as well as by certain post-syntactic operations. Head movement is the main syntactic operati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Z-push-Technical Background & Architecture-The client (ie phone) uses long polling HTTP with 30 minute timeouts on the HTTP requests. This means if no mail arrives there is no traffic on the TCP channel and the phone radios remain in low power receive only mode. However, server-side these HTTP requests are served as l... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Resolution (music)-Basis-A dissonance has its resolution when it moves to a consonance. When a resolution is delayed or is accomplished in surprising ways\u2014when the composer plays with our sense of expectation\u2014a feeling of drama or suspense is created.\nResolution has a strong basis in tonal music, since aton... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reservoir sampling-Weighted random sampling-Note that Chao doesn't specify how to sample the first k elements.\nHe simple assumes we have some other way of picking them in proportion to their weight.\nChao: \"Assume that we have a sampling plan of fixed size with respect to S_k at time A; such that its first-order inc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Signals intelligence-History-Development in World War I Over the course of the First World War, the new method of signals intelligence reached maturity. Failure to properly protect its communications fatally compromised the Russian Army in its advance early in World War I and led to their disastrous defeat by the Germ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Order (exchange)-Electronic markets-All of the above order types are usually available in modern electronic markets, but order priority rules encourage simple market and limit orders. Market orders receive highest priority, followed by limit orders. If a limit order has priority, it is the next trade executed at the l... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Electromagnetic attack-Attack methods-Electromagnetic attacks can be broadly separated into simple electromagnetic analysis (SEMA) attacks and differential electromagnetic analysis (DEMA) attacks." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Message Authenticator Algorithm-Message Authenticator Algorithm-The Message Authenticator Algorithm (MAA) was one of the first cryptographic functions for computing a message authentication code (MAC). It was designed in 1983 by Donald Davies and David Clayden at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) in re... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reverse-delete algorithm-Reverse-delete algorithm-Go through E in decreasing order of edge weights.\nFor each edge, check if deleting the edge will further disconnect the graph.\nPerform any deletion that does not lead to additional disconnection." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ten-pin bowling-\"Score inflation\" controversy-The 905 perfect games that were rolled during the 1968\u201369 season increased 38-fold to 34,470 in the 1998\u201399 season. Likewise, the number of perfect-game league bowlers increased from about one of 3150 (1900\u20131980) to about one of 27 (2007), a greater-than-h... | large_corpus_distillation |
that the j-th output bit will change is approximately a half, for any i and j, which is the strict avalanche criterion. Vice versa, if one changes one bit of the ciphertext, then attempts to decrypt it, the result is a message completely different from the original plaintext\u2014SP ciphers are not easily malleable." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Receiver operating characteristic-Basic concept-Consider a two-class prediction problem (binary classification), in which the outcomes are labeled either as positive (p) or negative (n). There are four possible outcomes from a binary classifier. If the outcome from a prediction is p and the actual value is also p, the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Weak supervision-Methods-The parameterized joint distribution can be written as p(x,y|\u03b8)=p(y|\u03b8)p(x|y,\u03b8) by using the chain rule. Each parameter vector \u03b8 is associated with a decision function argmax yp(y|x,\u03b8) . The parameter is then chosen based on fit to both the labeled and unlabeled dat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Passwd-History-In the past, it was necessary to have different commands to change passwords in different authentication schemes. For example, the command to change a NIS password was yppasswd. This required users to be aware of the different methods to change passwords for different systems, and also resulted in waste... | large_corpus_distillation |
by \u27e8b1|f\u27e9 A more general linear operator L might be expressed as: L=\u03bb1|e1\u27e9\u27e8f1|+\u03bb2|e2\u27e9\u27e8f2|+\u03bb3|e3\u27e9\u27e8f3|+\u2026, where the {\u03bbi} are scalars and the {|ei\u27e9} are a basis and the {\u27e8fi|} a reciprocal basis for the space. The relation between the basis and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boustrophedon-Reverse boustrophedon-The wooden boards and other incised artefacts of Rapa Nui also bear a boustrophedonic script called Rongorongo, which remains undeciphered. In Rongorongo, the text in alternate lines was rotated 180 degrees rather than mirrored; this is termed reverse boustrophedon.The reader begins... | large_corpus_distillation |
room\u2014rather than a fixed block system. The implementation of CBTC requires new rolling stock to be built for the subway routes using the technology, as only newer trains use CBTC." | large_corpus_distillation |
to one.\nMinimum varianceTwo estimators can have E[\u03f5(x0)]=0 , but the dispersion around their mean determines the difference between the quality of estimators. To find an estimator with minimum variance, we need to minimize E[\u03f5(x0)2] Var Var Var \u2061([Z(x1)\u22efZ(xN)Z(x0)]T)\u22c5[W\u22121].\nSee covaria... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ProbeVue-The Vue language-Because ProbeVue is designed as a tool to monitor operating system events, the Vue language uses an event driven style that is used to describe how to process data derived from these events.\nLike most dynamic tracing languages found on other Unices, the Vue language has a C-like syntax and i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Flash memory-Low-level access-Bad block management is a relatively new feature in NOR chips. In older NOR devices not supporting bad block management, the software or device driver controlling the memory chip must correct for blocks that wear out, or the device will cease to work reliably.\nThe specific commands used ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Random sample consensus-Overview-In the second step, the algorithm checks which elements of the entire dataset are consistent with the model instantiated by the estimated model parameters obtained from the first step. A data element will be considered as an outlier if it does not fit the model within some error thresh... | large_corpus_distillation |
material, some libraries are important partners for search engines such as Google in realizing the potential of such projects and have received reciprocal benefits in cases where they have negotiated effectively. As the prominence of and reliance on the Internet has grown, library services have moved the emphasis from ... | large_corpus_distillation |
with the sum, since the terms are positive, n n , and x\u2208S .\ny g(y)=0\nNote that if is transient or null recurrent, then . Thus, a invariant function with finite sum, and in particular an invariant\nprobability density function must be concentrated on the positive recurrent states.\nX X\nSuppose now that the chain... | large_corpus_distillation |
"RSA numbers-RSA numbers-The first RSA numbers generated, from RSA-100 to RSA-500, were labeled according to their number of decimal digits. Later, beginning with RSA-576, binary digits are counted instead. An exception to this is RSA-617, which was created before the change in the numbering scheme. The numbers are lis... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Free group-Construction-If an element of S lies immediately next to its inverse, the word may be simplified by omitting the c, c\u22121 pair: ab3c\u22121ca\u22121c\u27f6ab3a\u22121c.\nA word that cannot be simplified further is called reduced.\nThe free group FS is defined to be the group of all reduced words in S, wi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Decoding methods-Minimum distance decoding-Minimum distance decoding is also known as nearest neighbour decoding. It can be assisted or automated by using a standard array. Minimum distance decoding is a reasonable decoding method when the following conditions are met: The probability p that an error occurs is indepe... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain-Generalizations-For rings that are not principal ideal domains, unique decomposition need not even hold for modules over a ring generated by two elements. For the ring R = Z[\u221a\u22125], both the module R and its submodule M generated by... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pseudoelementary class-Definition-A pseudoelementary class is a reduct of an elementary class. That is, it is obtained by omitting some of the sorts and relations of a (many-sorted) elementary class." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Figure 1.14.2: Survey\nAn article about ignorance of statistics in politics quotes a politician commenting on why the \"American Community Survey\"\nshould be eliminated:\n$70\n\u201cWe\u2019re spending per person to fill this out. That\u2019s just not cost effective, especially since in the end this is not a scientif... | large_corpus_distillation |
"P versus NP problem-Does P mean \"easy\"?-First, it is not always true in practice. A theoretical polynomial algorithm may have extremely large constant factors or exponents, thus rendering it impractical. For example, the problem of deciding whether a graph G contains H as a minor, where H is fixed, can be solved in ... | large_corpus_distillation |
(X ,X ,\u2026,X ) X\nSuppose that + and that 1 2 n is a sequence of independent variables, where k has the normal\n\u03bc \u2208R k\u2208{1,2,\u2026,n} Y =\u2211n X2\ndistribution with mean k and variance 1 for . The distribution of k=1 k is the non-central chi-\nn \u03bb=\u2211n \u03bc2\nsquare distribution with degre... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Least-squares spectral analysis-Development of LSSA and variants-Here the matrix A can be based on any set of functions mutually independent (not necessarily orthogonal) when evaluated at the sample times; functions used for spectral analysis are typically sines and cosines evenly distributed over the frequency range ... | large_corpus_distillation |
used by General Motors for their Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) standardization effort. This is an application of the concepts used in Token Ring networks. The main difference is that the endpoints of the bus do not meet to form a physical ring." | large_corpus_distillation |
by changing the file extension and renaming the photos.\"In April 2017, security firm Check Point announced that a malware named \"FalseGuide\" had been hidden inside approximately 40 \"game guide\" apps in Google Play. The malware is capable of gaining administrator access to infected devices, where it then receives a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Meganuclease-Probabilities-As stated in the opening paragraph, a meganuclease with an 18-base pair sequence would on average require a genome twenty times the size of the human genome to be found once by chance; the calculation is 418/3x109 = 22.9. However, very similar sequences are much more common, with frequency i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Evaluation measures (information retrieval)-Offline metrics-This integral is in practice replaced with a finite sum over every position in the ranked sequence of documents: AveP =\u2211k=1nP(k)\u0394r(k) where k is the rank in the sequence of retrieved documents, n is the number of retrieved documents, P(k) is the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linear temporal logic to B\u00fcchi automaton-Transformation from LTL to GBA-Here, two algorithms are presented for the construction. The first one provides a declarative and easy-to-understand construction. The second one provides an algorithmic and efficient construction. Both the algorithms assume that the input fo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Probability of direction-Relationship with p-value-The probability of direction has a direct correspondence with the frequentist one-sided p-value through the formula one-sided =1\u2212pd and to the two-sided p-value through the formula two-sided =2(1\u2212pd) . Thus, a two-sided p-value of respectively .1, .05, .01... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Relative survival-Relative survival-Relative survival of a disease, in survival analysis, is calculated by dividing the overall survival after diagnosis by the survival as observed in a similar population not diagnosed with that disease. A similar population is composed of individuals with at least age and gender simi... | large_corpus_distillation |
paintings in [5]\u2013[9] are noun-like in that they are the heads of phrases functioning as either subject of direct object. The paintings in [5] and [6] are even more noun-like in that they occur with the determinative Brown's. However, the paintings in [5]\u2013[9] are also verb-like in that they take a post-head no... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Square root of 2-Proofs of irrationality-Let \u25b3\u200aABC be a right isosceles triangle with hypotenuse length m and legs n as shown in Figure 2. By the Pythagorean theorem, mn=2 . Suppose m and n are integers. Let m:n be a ratio given in its lowest terms.\nDraw the arcs BD and CE with centre A. Join DE. It follow... | large_corpus_distillation |
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