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"Linear programming relaxation-Solution quality of relaxed and original programs-In the example instance of the set cover problem described above, in which the relaxation has an optimal solution value of 3/2, we can deduce that the optimal solution value of the unrelaxed integer program is at least as large. Since the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concept processing-Concept processing-Concept processing is a technology that uses an artificial intelligence engine to provide flexible user interfaces. This technology is used in some electronic medical record (EMR) software applications, as an alternative to the more rigid template-based technology." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Inflection-Inflection-Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context. Languages that seldom make use... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Free monoid-Endomorphisms-An endomorphism of A\u2217 is a morphism from A\u2217 to itself. The identity map I is an endomorphism of A\u2217, and the endomorphisms form a monoid under composition of functions.\nAn endomorphism f is prolongable if there is a letter a such that f(a) = as for a non-empty string s.\nString... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Metadata modeling-Metadatamodeling Concepts-Multiplicity Except name and name direction, an association can have more characteristics. With multiplicity one can state how many objects of a certain concept can be connected across an instance of an association. Multiplicity is visualized by using the following expressio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Compound matrix-Definition-Let A be an m\u2009\u00d7\u2009n matrix with real or complex entries. If I is a subset of size r of {1, ..., m} and J is a subset of size s of {1, ..., n}, then the (I, J\u200a)-submatrix of A, written AI, J\u200a, is the submatrix formed from A by retaining only those rows indexed by I and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
not provide inherent reliability, and therefore reliability must be implemented alongside RoCEv2. One solution is to use converged Ethernet switches to make the local area network reliable. This require converged Ethernet support on all the switches in the local area network and prevents RoCEv2 packets from traveling t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bluetooth-Technical information-Link Manager The Link Manager (LM) is the system that manages establishing the connection between devices. It is responsible for the establishment, authentication and configuration of the link. The Link Manager locates other managers and communicates with them via the management protoco... | large_corpus_distillation |
"64 (number)-In mathematics-Sixty-four is the square of 8, the cube of 4, and the sixth-power of 2. It is the smallest number with exactly seven divisors. 64 is the first non-unitary sixth-power prime of the form p6 where p is a prime number.\nThe aliquot sum of a 2-power (2n) is always one less than the 2-power itself... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Modus ponens-Explanation-In single-conclusion sequent calculi, modus ponens is the Cut rule. The cut-elimination theorem for a calculus says that every proof involving Cut can be transformed (generally, by a constructive method) into a proof without Cut, and hence that Cut is admissible.\nThe Curry\u2013Howard corresp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Approximate Bayesian computation-Pitfalls and remedies-Fundamentally novel approaches for model choice that incorporate quality control as an integral step in the process have recently been proposed. ABC allows, by construction, estimation of the discrepancies between the observed data and the model predictions, with ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"The standard half-normal distribution is the chi distribution with 1 degree of freedom.\nProof\n\u2212\u2212\u2212\nIf\nZ\nis a standard normal variable, then\nZ2\nhas the chi-square distribution with 1 degree of freedom, and hence\n|Z|=\u221aZ2\nhas the chi distribution with 1 degree of freedom.\nThis page titled 5.1... | large_corpus_distillation |
,f(x ; \u03b8)). This is useful if errors of a particular kind are\nt t\nmore costly than others (e.g., letting a person enter the building when they shouldn\u2019t). For\nsimplicity, we use the zero-one loss that is 1 for mistakes and 0 otherwise.\nWhat would be a reasonable algorithm for setting the parameters \u03b8... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Closed set-Equivalent definitions-Moreover, A is a closed subset of X if and only if cl X\u2061A.\nAn alternative characterization of closed sets is available via sequences and nets. A subset A of a topological space X is closed in X if and only if every limit of every net of elements of A also belongs to A." | large_corpus_distillation |
"System call-Privileges-The architecture of most modern processors, with the exception of some embedded systems, involves a security model. For example, the rings model specifies multiple privilege levels under which software may be executed: a program is usually limited to its own address space so that it cannot acces... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Element (category theory)-Properties of morphisms-Every point of C is the image, under f, of some point of B.This is clearly not the translation of the first statement into the language of points, and in fact these statements are not equivalent in general. However, in some contexts, such as abelian categories, \"monom... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Recursive definition-Examples of recursive definitions-Prime numbers The set of prime numbers can be defined as the unique set of positive integers satisfying 1 is not a prime number, any other positive integer is a prime number if and only if it is not divisible by any prime number smaller than itself.The primality o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Affirmation and negation-Negation-In many languages, an affirmative is made negative by the addition of a particle, meaning \"not\". This may be added before the verb phrase, as with the Spanish no: (5) a. Est\u00e1 en casa (affirmative) \"(S)he is at home\" b. No est\u00e1 en casa (negative) \"(S)he is not at home\"O... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Personalized search-Models-Personalized search gains popularity because of the demand for more relevant information and the fact that most people could really use some personal information such as personalized search gains. Research has indicated low success rates among major search engines in providing relevant resul... | large_corpus_distillation |
signature mechanism to verify the identity of the author or build system, and a checksum to verify that the object has not been modified. It can also be used to provide versioning information about an object or to store other metadata about an object.The efficacy of code signing as an authentication mechanism for softw... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Incorporation (linguistics)-Syntax of noun incorporation-What is noun incorporation? An influential definition of noun incorporation (NI) by Sapir (1911) and Mithun (1984) has stated that NI is \u201ca construction in which a noun and a verb stem combine to yield a complex verb.\u201d Due to the wide variation in how ... | large_corpus_distillation |
structures that may influence the structure and function of a social network. Compositional measures include social support, intimate relationship approval from network members, proportion of family or friends in the network, demographic characteristics, and norms.\nFeedback Loops Although primarily supported in egocen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Leiden Manifesto-Motivation-Journal impact factor The background for the LM describes why misusing metrics is becoming a larger problem in the scientific community. The journal impact factor, originally created by Eugene Garfield as a method for librarians to collect data to facilitate selecting journals to purchase, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Abstract machine-Structure-The interpreter must carry out the operations that are unique to the language it is interpreting. However, given the variety of languages, it is conceivable to identify categories of operations and an \"execution mechanism\" shared by all interpreters. The interpreter's operations and accomp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Inverse problem-Linear inverse problems-Also, the user may wish to add physical constraints to the models: In this case, they have to be familiar with constrained optimization methods, a subject in itself. In all cases, computing the gradient of the objective function often is a key element for the solution of the opt... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Blind signature-Blind signature-In cryptography a blind signature, as introduced by David Chaum, is a form of digital signature in which the content of a message is disguised (blinded) before it is signed. The resulting blind signature can be publicly verified against the original, unblinded message in the manner of a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Haswell (microarchitecture)-Technology-New instructions (HNI, includes Advanced Vector Extensions 2 (AVX2), gather, BMI1, BMI2, ABM and FMA3 support).\nThe instruction decode queue, which holds instructions after they have been decoded, is no longer statically partitioned between the two threads that each core can ser... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Text nailing-Criticism-The authors note that using support vector machines (SVM) and hundreds of documents give inferior performance, but does not specify which features or documents the SVM was trained/tested on. A fair comparison would use the same features and document sets as those used by the manual threshold cla... | large_corpus_distillation |
task is to compute the 22 output values 10 10 ),9,f(9),\u2026,0,f(0) (with 999 replacing too-large values of f(i) ).If the language does not allow programmers to define their own functions, then replace f(a[i]) with an expression equivalent to |ai|+5x3 .With these modifications when necessary, the authors implement ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Weapons system trainer-Weapons system trainer-Weapons Systems Trainer (WST) is a training device (simulator) designed particularly for weapons training. A term commonly used by the United States Department of Defense, particularly for aircraft simulators." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Antecedent (grammar)-Uncertain antecedents-For example, consider the sentence, \"There was a doll inside the box, which was made of clay\" where the word \"which\" could refer to either the box or the doll. To improve, the sentence could be reworded as: \"Inside the box, there was a doll which was made of clay\" or, \... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bayesian poisoning-Empirical results-They also showed that retraining the filter was effective at preventing all the attack types, even when the retraining data had been poisoned.\nThe published research shows that adding random words to spam messages is ineffective as a form of attack, but that active attacks are ver... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Training, validation, and test data sets-Training, validation, and test data sets-This simple procedure is complicated in practice by the fact that the validation dataset's error may fluctuate during training, producing multiple local minima. This complication has led to the creation of many ad-hoc rules for deciding ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"PlainTalk-Software-Each of these voices came with its own example text, that would be spoken when one hit the \"Test\" button in the Speech control panel. Some would just say their name, language and the version of MacinTalk they were introduced with. Others would say funny things, like \"I sure like being inside this... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dynamic loading-In C/C++-Solving the function pointer problem on POSIX systems The fact remains that any conversion between function and data object pointers has to be regarded as an (inherently non-portable) implementation extension, and that no \"correct\" way for a direct conversion exists, since in this regard the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Unit type-In programming languages-Null type Statically typed languages give a type to every possible expression. They need to associate a type to the null expression.\nA type will be defined for null an it will only have this value.\nFor example in D, it's possible to declare functions that may only return null: null... | large_corpus_distillation |
number, smallest number divisible by the numbers 1 to 8 (lowest common multiple of 1 to 8), sparsely totient number, Harshad number in base 2 through base 10, idoneal number, balanced number, sum of a twin prime (419 + 421). With 32 distinct divisors, it is the number below 1000 with the largest amount of divisors." | large_corpus_distillation |
manage to permanently store about one thousand events per second. Therefore, the minimum selectivity required is 10\u22125, with much stricter requirements for the data analysis afterwards." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Skip graph-Operations-neighbor[R/L][level] An array containing pointers to the right and left neighbor in the node's doubly linked at level i.search(searchOp, startNode, searchKey, level) if (v.key = searchKey) then send(foundOp, v) to startNode if (v.key < searchKey) then while level \u2265 0 if (v.neighbor[R][level]... | large_corpus_distillation |
contextual features. Different contextual information is encoded with each presentation, whereas for massed items, the difference in context is relatively small. More retrieval cues, then, are encoded with spaced learning, which in turn leads to improved recall." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Probabilistic data association filter-Implementations-Matlab: The PDAF and JPDAF algorithms are implemented in the singleScanUpdate function that is part of the United States Naval Research Laboratory's free Tracker Component Library.Python: The PDAF and other data association methods are implemented in Stone-Soup. A ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nullable type-Compared with option types-Nullable type implementations usually adhere to the null object pattern.\nThere is a more general and formal concept that extend the nullable type concept, it comes from option types, which enforce explicit handling of the exceptional case." | large_corpus_distillation |
X (0,\u221e)\nn and n for +. (The initial fortune 0 has an unspecified distribution on .) The\np\u2264 1\ngambler is at a casino after all, so of course . Let\n2\nn\nY =\u2211X , n\u2208N (17.4.50)\nn i\ni=0\nY ={Y :n\u2208N} X={X :n\u2208N} Y\nso that n is the partial sum process associated with n . Recall that is als... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Codablock-Codablock types-Codablock A Codablock A is based on the Code 39 barcode, consists of 2 to a maximum of 22 barcode lines of 1 to 61 data character each and can encode up to 1,340 characters. The checksum for the error correction is calculated according to modulo 43 over the entire code block.\nCodablock F Cod... | large_corpus_distillation |
808 x 19 tracks. Decimal megabytes were used for disk capacity by the CDC in 1974. The Seagate ST-412, one of several types installed in the IBM PC/XT, had a capacity of 10027008 bytes when formatted as 306 \u00d7 4 tracks and 32 256-byte sectors per track, which was quoted as \"10 MB\". Similarly, a \"300 GB\" hard d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Indexed grammar-Definition-Using this notation, each production in P has to be of the form A[\u03c3] \u2192 \u03b1[\u03c3], A[\u03c3] \u2192 B[f\u03c3], or A[f\u03c3] \u2192 \u03b1[\u03c3],where A, B \u2208 N are nonterminal symbols, f \u2208 F is an index, \u03c3 \u2208 F* is a string of index symbols, and \u03b1 \u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences-On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences-OEIS records information on integer sequences of interest to both professional and amateur mathematicians, and is widely cited. As of April 2023, it contains over 360,000 sequences, making it the largest database of its kind.Each entry... | large_corpus_distillation |
"PPP (complexity)-Connection to cryptography-For example, it is known that if FNP = FP, then one-way functions do not exist. Similarly, if PPP = FP, then one-way permutations do not exist. Hence, PPP (which is a subclass of FNP) more closely captures the question of the existence of one-way permutations. We can prove t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Figure 7.11: Convex functions: For each\nx 1, there is a value of c such that, for all x,\nh(x 1 )+c(x\u2212x 1 )\u2264h(x) . If h is\ndifferentiable at x 1, then c is the derivative\nof h at x 1\nJensen\u2019s inequality states that if h is convex and X is a random variable with an expectation, then h(E[X])\u2264E[h(... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Glossary of computer science-O-object An object can be a variable, a data structure, a function, or a method, and as such, is a value in memory referenced by an identifier. In the class-based object-oriented programming paradigm, object refers to a particular instance of a class, where the object can be a combination ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"R5000-Description-The R5000 had large L1 caches, a distinct characteristic of QED, whose designers favored simple designs with large caches. The R5000 had two L1 caches, one for instructions and the other for data. Both have a capacity of 32 KB. The caches are two-way set-associative, have a 32-byte line size, and are... | large_corpus_distillation |
{ 1=>decrement length; 0=>increment length } (*(symbols+2)*groups) .contents:2..\u221e = Huffman encoded data stream until end of block (max. 7372800 bit) .eos_magic:48 = 0x177245385090 (BCD sqrt(pi)) .crc:32 = checksum for whole stream .padding:0..7 = align to whole byte Because of the first-stage RLE compression (see... | large_corpus_distillation |
that include tabulations of big trees of a specific area, of a particular species, or simply the largest individuals. Some of these include Landmark Trees, Native Tree Society, Old Trees in The Netherlands and Western Europe, the big eucalypts of Tasmania and Victoria, and the Old Growth Forest Network.In all cases, th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lists of mathematics topics-Others-Lists of unsolved problems in mathematics List of order theory topics List of topics related to \u03c0 " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Node influence metric-Origin and development-Borgatti and Everett's 2006 review article showed that the accuracy of centrality indices is highly dependent on network topology.\nThis finding has been repeatedly observed since then. (e.g.).\nIn 2012, Bauer and colleagues reminded us that centrality indices only rank nod... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Resource holding potential-Examples of the term in use-\"Assuming the RHP of the combatants to be equal, there are many instances of fitness pay-off imbalances between holder and attacker which should weight the dispute outcome in favour of one or other opponent by allowing it a greater expendable fitness budget. Usua... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Medcouple-Algorithms for computing the medcouple-Fast algorithm The fast algorithm outperforms the na\u00efve algorithm by exploiting the sorted nature of the medcouple matrix H . Instead of computing all entries of the matrix, the fast algorithm uses the Kth pair algorithm of Johnson & Mizoguchi.The first stage of t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Thread-local storage-Thread-local storage-While the use of global variables is generally discouraged in modern programming, legacy operating systems such as UNIX are designed for uniprocessor hardware and require some additional mechanism to retain the semantics of pre-reentrant APIs. An example of such situations is ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Heapsort-Variations-Levcopoulos and Petersson describe a variation of heapsort based on a heap of Cartesian trees. First, a Cartesian tree is built from the input in O(n) time, and its root is placed in a 1-element binary heap. Then we repeatedly extract the minimum from the binary heap, output the tree's root element... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fast Algorithms for Multidimensional Signals-Fast Algorithms for Multidimensional signals-This is written as : 00 01 10 11 (k1,k2)WNk1+k2 where 00 (k1,k2)\u2261\u2211m1=0N/2\u22121\u2211m2=0N/2\u22121x(2m1,2m2)WN2m1k1+2m2k2 01 (k1,k2)\u2261\u2211m1=0N/2\u22121\u2211m2=0N/2\u22121x(2m1,2m2+1)WN2m1k1+2m2k2 10 (k1,k2)\u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Key-recovery attack-KR advantage-In cryptography, the key-recovery advantage (KR advantage) of a particular algorithm is a measure of how effective an algorithm can mount a key-recovery attack. Consequently, the maximum key-recovery advantage attainable by any algorithm with a fixed amount of computational resources i... | large_corpus_distillation |
on 4 May 2015. The error happens after 231 hundredths of a second (about 249 days), indicating a 32-bit signed integer." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Page replacement algorithm-Page replacement algorithm-In a computer operating system that uses paging for virtual memory management, page replacement algorithms decide which memory pages to page out, sometimes called swap out, or write to disk, when a page of memory needs to be allocated. Page replacement happens when... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Byte-Byte-The size of the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The six-bit character code was an often-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common i... | large_corpus_distillation |
probabilities for all i,j,v of a parse subtree rooted at Wv for subsequence xi,...,xj . Outside algorithm calculates \u03b2(i,j,v) probabilities of a complete parse tree for sequence x from root excluding the calculation of xi,...,xj . The variables \u03b1 and \u03b2 refine the estimation of probability parameters... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Corecursion-Discussion-Here is another example in Haskell. The following definition produces the list of Fibonacci numbers in linear time: This infinite list depends on lazy evaluation; elements are computed on an as-needed basis, and only finite prefixes are ever explicitly represented in memory. This feature allows ... | large_corpus_distillation |
they have the same joint cumulative distribution function.\nIn the theory of stochastic processes, two processes (Xt)t\u2208T,(Yt)t\u2208T are known to be equal in distribution if and only if they agree on all finite-dimensional distributions; that is, for all t1,\u2026,tn\u2208T,n\u2208N, The proof of this is anothe... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Choropleth map-Classification-The Jenks natural breaks optimization, developed by George F. Jenks, is a heuristic algorithm for automatically identifying such clusters if they exist; it is essentially a one-dimensional form of the k-means clustering algorithm. If natural clusters do not exist, the breaks it generates ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Briggs\u2013Rauscher reaction-Chemical mechanism-B (\"radical process\"): A fast auto-catalytic process involving manganese and free radical intermediates, which converts hydrogen peroxide and iodate to free iodine and oxygen. This process also can consume iodide up to a limiting rate.But process B can operate only at... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Digital signature-Digital signature-A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital messages or documents. A valid digital signature on a message gives a recipient confidence that the message came from a sender known to the recipient.Digital signatures are a standard element of m... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring-General description-RAIM prediction GNSS differs from traditional navigation systems because the satellites and areas of degraded coverage are in constant motion. Therefore, if a satellite fails or is taken out of service for maintenance, it is not immediately clear which areas... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dynamic linker-Implementations-Apple's macOS dynamic linker is an open-source project released as part of Darwin and can be found in the Apple's open-source dyld project.\nXCOFF-based Unix-like systems In Unix-like operating systems using XCOFF, such as AIX, dynamically-loaded shared libraries use the filename suffix ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Binary entropy function-Binary entropy function-If Pr \u2061(X=1)=p , then Pr \u2061(X=0)=1\u2212p and the entropy of X (in shannons) is given by log log 2\u2061(1\u2212p) ,where log 2\u20610 is taken to be 0. The logarithms in this formula are usually taken (as shown in the graph) to the base 2. See binary logari... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matching polytope-Preliminaries-For every subset U of vertices, its incidence vector 1U is a vector of size n, in which element v is 1 if node v is in U, and 0 otherwise. Similarly, for every subset F of edges, its incidence vector 1F is a vector of size m, in which element e is 1 if edge e is in F, and 0 otherwise." | large_corpus_distillation |
can configure Windows Update to install critical updates for Microsoft Windows automatically, so long as the computer has an Internet connection.\nIn Windows 10 and Windows 11, the use of Windows Update is mandatory, however, the software agreement states that users may stop receiving updates on their device by disconn... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Code reuse-Systematic-an evolutionary implementation strategy would be a more pragmatic strategy for the company.\nthere exist a need for continuous management support and leadership to ensure success.\nan appropriate organisational structure is needed to support SPL engineering.\nthe change of mindset from a project-... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Similarity search-Similarity search-Nearest neighbor search and range queries are important subclasses of similarity search, and a number of solutions exist. Research in similarity search is dominated by the inherent problems of searching over complex objects. Such objects cause most known techniques to lose traction ... | large_corpus_distillation |
90% on neat, clean hand-printed characters can be achieved by pen computing software, but that accuracy rate still translates to dozens of errors per page, making the technology useful only in very limited applications.Recognition of cursive text is an active area of research, with recognition rates even lower than tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Berth allocation problem-Berth allocation problem-Some of the most notable objectives addressed in the literature are: Minimization of vessel total service times (waiting and handling times), Minimization of early and delayed departures, Optimization of vessel arrival times, Optimization of emissions and fuel consumpt... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cyclic order-Finite cycles-A substantial use of cyclic orders is in the determination of the conjugacy classes of free groups. Two elements g and h of the free group F on a set Y are conjugate if and only if, when they are written as products of elements y and y\u22121 with y in Y, and then those products are put in c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software-Topics-Quality and reliability Software quality is very important, especially for commercial and system software. If software is faulty, it can delete a person's work, crash the computer and do other unexpected things. Faults and errors are called \"bugs\" which are often discovered during alpha and beta test... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Survey sampling-Bias in probability sampling-Response bias: This is not the opposite of non-response bias, but instead relates to a possible tendency of respondents to give inaccurate or untruthful answers for various reasons." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Formal language-Applications-A formal system (also called a logical calculus, or a logical system) consists of a formal language together with a deductive apparatus (also called a deductive system). The deductive apparatus may consist of a set of transformation rules, which may be interpreted as valid rules of inferen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Huffman coding-Variations-The canonical Huffman code If weights corresponding to the alphabetically ordered inputs are in numerical order, the Huffman code has the same lengths as the optimal alphabetic code, which can be found from calculating these lengths, rendering Hu\u2013Tucker coding unnecessary. The code resul... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conventional memory-DOS extenders-EMS was a specification available on all PCs, including those based on the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088, which allowed add-on hardware to page small chunks of memory in and out (bank switching) of the \"real mode\" addressing space (0x0400\u20130xFFFF). This allowed 16-bit real-mode DOS ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Anatree-Construction-The following are some heuristics for choosing labels: Start labeling vertices in alphabetical order from the root. This approach reduces construction overhead Start labeling vertices based on the relative frequency. A probabilistic approach is used to assign labels to vertices. If Wn\u03b1 is th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Relaxation (approximation)-Definition-Properties If x\u2217 is an optimal solution of the original problem, then x\u2217\u2208X\u2286XR and z=c(x\u2217)\u2265cR(x\u2217)\u2265zR . Therefore, x\u2217\u2208XR provides an upper bound on zR If in addition to the previous assumptions, cR(x)=c(x) , \u2200x\u2208X , t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximin share-MMS for agents with different entitlements-When agents have different entitlements (also termed: unequal shares or asymmetric rights), MMS fairness should be adapted to guarantee a higher share to agents with higher entitlements. Various adaptations have been suggested. Below, we assume that the entitlem... | large_corpus_distillation |
rewriting system R that has the same deductive closure as E.\nWhile proving consequences from E often requires human intuition, proving consequences from R does not.\nFor more details, see Confluence (abstract rewriting)#Motivating examples, which gives an example proof from group theory, performed both using E and usi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Unix filesystem-Principles-Unix directories do not contain files. Instead, they contain the names of files paired with references to so-called inodes, which in turn contain both the file and its metadata (owner, permissions, time of last access, etc., but no name). Multiple names in the file system may refer to the sa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Word salad-Computing-Markov chains can be used to generate random but somewhat human-looking sentences. This is used in some chat-bots, especially on IRC networks.\nNonsensical phrasing can also be generated for more malicious reasons, such as the Bayesian poisoning used to counter Bayesian spam filters by using a str... | large_corpus_distillation |
the statistical security by requiring the distributions to be statistically close in the first case or defining a challenge space dependent on the statistical security parameter in the second case." | large_corpus_distillation |
"JSON-LD-JSON-LD-JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a method of encoding linked data using JSON. One goal for JSON-LD was to require as little effort as possible from developers to transform their existing JSON to JSON-LD. JSON-LD allows data to be serialized in a way that is similar to traditional... | large_corpus_distillation |
"COMAL-COMAL-\"COMAL Kernel Syntax & Semantics\" contains the formal definition of the language. Further extensions are common to many implementations." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transcription error-Solving transcription and transposition errors-Transcription and transposition errors may also occur in syntax when computer programming or programming, within variable declarations or coding parameters. This should be checked by proofreading; some syntax errors may also be picked up by the program... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Runge's phenomenon-Mitigations-Use of piecewise polynomials The problem can be avoided by using spline curves which are piecewise polynomials. When trying to decrease the interpolation error one can increase the number of polynomial pieces which are used to construct the spline instead of increasing the degree of the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cross-validation (statistics)-Types-LOO cross-validation requires less computation time than LpO cross-validation because there are only C1n=n passes rather than Cpn . However, n passes may still require quite a large computation time, in which case other approaches such as k-fold cross validation may be more appro... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Model risk-Quantitative approaches-Model averaging vs worst-case approach Rantala (2006) mentions that \"In the face of model risk, rather than to base decisions on a single selected 'best' model, the modeller can base his inference on an entire set of models by using model averaging.\" This approach avoids the \"flaw... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobile app-Development-Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise systems. The mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization, working off-line, and service orchestration. This functionality is supported by a mix of middleware components inclu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cyclic order-Definitions-More generally, a proper subset S of K is called convex if it contains an interval between every pair of points: for a \u2260 b \u2208 S, either (a, b) or (b, a) must also be in S. A convex set is linearly ordered by the cut <x for any x not in the set; this ordering is independent of the choi... | large_corpus_distillation |
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