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"Mutation testing-Mutation testing-Mutation testing (or mutation analysis or program mutation) is used to design new software tests and evaluate the quality of existing software tests. Mutation testing involves modifying a program in small ways. Each mutated version is called a mutant and tests detect and reject mutant... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Curry's paradox-Formal proof-Combinatory logic Curry's paradox may also be expressed in combinatory logic, which has equivalent expressive power to lambda calculus. Any lambda expression may be translated into combinatory logic, so a translation of the implementation of Curry's paradox in lambda calculus would suffice... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kn\u00f6del number-Kn\u00f6del number-In number theory, an n-Kn\u00f6del number for a given positive integer n is a composite number m with the property that each i < m coprime to m satisfies mod m) . The concept is named after Walter Kn\u00f6del.The set of all n-Kn\u00f6del numbers is denoted Kn.\nThe special case K... | large_corpus_distillation |
"String interning-String interning-The single copy of each string is called its intern and is typically looked up by a method of the string class, for example String.intern() in Java. All compile-time constant strings in Java are automatically interned using this method.String interning is supported by some modern obje... | large_corpus_distillation |
functions can be used for unconditionally secure authentication." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vowel length-Notations in the Latin alphabet-Middot or half-colon, \u27e8\ua78f\u27e9, a more common variant in the Americanist tradition, also used in language orthographies.\nSaltillo (straight apostrophe), used in Mi\ua78ckmaq, as evidenced by the name itself. This is the convention of the Listuguj orthography (Mi\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vehicle-Safety-For a comparison of air transportation fatality rates, see air safety statistics.\nSeveral different metrics used to compare and evaluate the safety of different vehicles. The main three are deaths per billion passenger-journeys, deaths per billion passenger-hours and deaths per billion passenger-kilome... | large_corpus_distillation |
by the primitive wrapper classes. Secondly, in Java an extra cast is needed whenever one tries to directly dereference a primitive value, as it will not be boxed automatically. The expression ((Integer)42).toString() will convert an integer literal to string in Java while 42.ToString() performs the same operation in C... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Glossary of artificial intelligence-T-time complexity The computational complexity that describes the amount of time it takes to run an algorithm. Time complexity is commonly estimated by counting the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm, supposing that each elementary operation takes a fixed amo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Code injection-Examples-The technique may be refined to allow multiple statements to run, or even to load up and run external programs." | large_corpus_distillation |
"10 Chapter 1 | Functions and Graphs\nFigure 1.5 Here we see a graph of the function f with\ndomain {1, 2, 3} and rule f(x)=3\u2212x. The graph consists\nof the points (x, f(x)) for all x in the domain.\nEvery function has a domain. However, sometimes a function is described by an equation, as in f(x)= x 2 , with no\ns... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Smith normal form-Algorithm-By left-multiplication with an appropriate invertible matrix L, it can be achieved that row t of the matrix product is the sum of \u03c3 times the original row t and \u03c4 times the original row k, that row k of the product is another linear combination of those original rows, and that all... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pocklington primality test-Generalized Pocklington test-The above version of version of Pocklington's theorem is sometimes impossible to apply because some primes N are such that there is no prime p dividing N\u22121 where p>N\u22121 . The following generalized version of Pocklington's theorem is more widely appli... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computer number format-Representing fractions in binary-Only a finite range of real numbers can be represented with a given number of bits. Arithmetic operations can overflow or underflow, producing a value too large or too small to be represented." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Biositemap-File framework-The information is normally stored in a biositemap.rdf or biositemap.xml file which contains lists of information about the data, software, tools material and services provided or held by that organisation. Information is presented in metafields and can be created online through sites such as... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lucas pseudoprime-Strong Lucas pseudoprimes-A strong Lucas pseudoprime for a given (P, Q) pair is an odd composite number n with GCD(n, D) = 1, satisfying one of the conditions mod n) or mod n) for some 0 \u2264 r < s; see page 1396 of. A strong Lucas pseudoprime is also a Lucas pseudoprime (for the same (P, Q) pair),... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hamming(7,4)-Multiple bit errors-It is not difficult to show that only single bit errors can be corrected using this scheme. Alternatively, Hamming codes can be used to detect single and double bit errors, by merely noting that the product of H is nonzero whenever errors have occurred. In the adjacent diagram, bits 4 ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Naive Bayes classifier-Parameter estimation and event models-Rennie et al. discuss problems with the multinomial assumption in the context of document classification and possible ways to alleviate those problems, including the use of tf\u2013idf weights instead of raw term frequencies and document length normalization... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tonelli\u2013Shanks algorithm-Tonelli\u2013Shanks algorithm-Tonelli\u2013Shanks cannot be used for composite moduli: finding square roots modulo composite numbers is a computational problem equivalent to integer factorization.An equivalent, but slightly more redundant version of this algorithm was developed by Alberto... | large_corpus_distillation |
"DTrace-Description-Testers write tracing programs (also referred to as scripts) using the D programming language (not to be confused with other programming languages named \"D\"). The language, inspired by C, includes added functions and variables specific to tracing. D programs resemble awk programs in structure; the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Library-Types-Despite the importance ascribed to public libraries, their budgets are often cut by legislatures. In some cases, funding has dwindled so much that libraries have been forced to cut their hours and release employees." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quadratic knapsack problem-Solving-First compute for each item, the total objective contribution realizable by selecting it, pi+\u2211i\u2260jnPij , and sort the items in decreasing order of the potential value per unit of weight, (pi+\u2211i\u2260jnPij)/wi . Then select the items with the maximal value-weight ratio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Frequent subtree mining-TreeMiner-In 2002, Mohammed J. Zaki introduced TreeMiner, an efficient algorithm for solving the frequent subtree mining problem, which used a \"scope list\" to represent tree nodes and which was contrasted with PatternMatcher, an algorithm based on pattern matching." | large_corpus_distillation |
system that provides all people including learners, professors, and administrative staff to communicate." | large_corpus_distillation |
F be a finite field. Groups of matrices over F have been used as the platform groups of certain non-commutative cryptographic protocols." | large_corpus_distillation |
"400 (number)-Integers from 401 to 499-423 423 = 32 \u00d7 47, Mertens function returns 0, Harshad number, number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 10 nucleotides Country calling code for Liechtenstein 424 424 = 23 \u00d7 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41 + 43 + 47 + 53 + 59 + 61), M... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Continuous integration-Common practices-Every bug-fix commit should come with a test case When fixing a bug, it is a good practice to push a test case that reproduces the bug. This avoids the fix to be reverted, and the bug to reappear, which is known as a regression.\nKeep the build fast The build needs to complete r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Abnormal end-Web server crashes-The software running the web server behind a website may crash, rendering it inaccessible entirely or providing only an error message instead of normal content.\nFor example: if a site is using an SQL database (such as MySQL) for a script (such as PHP) and that SQL database server crash... | large_corpus_distillation |
performs concatenation, and the == operator is used for comparisons." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Species-Definition-Typological or morphological species A typological species is a group of organisms in which individuals conform to certain fixed properties (a type), so that even pre-literate people often recognise the same taxon as do modern taxonomists. The clusters of variations or phenotypes within specimens (s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Equivalence test-Equivalence test-Equivalence tests are a variety of hypothesis tests used to draw statistical inferences from observed data. In these tests, the null hypothesis is defined as an effect large enough to be deemed interesting, specified by an equivalence bound. The alternative hypothesis is any effect th... | large_corpus_distillation |
environment (ideally identical hardware to the production platform), router configuration, quiet network (we don't want results upset by other users), deployment of server instrumentation, database test sets developed, etc.\nDry run the tests - before actually executing the load test with predefined users, a dry run is... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Side-channel attack-Examples-If the surface of the CPU chip, or in some cases the CPU package, can be observed, infrared images can also provide information about the code being executed on the CPU, known as a thermal-imaging attack.An optical side-channel attack examples include gleaning information from the hard dis... | large_corpus_distillation |
have the same metatype (PyType_Type, which is also its own metatype), this is not a requirement. The type of classic classes, known as types.ClassType, can also be considered a distinct metatype.\nJava In Java, is-a relation between the type parameters of one class or interface and the type parameters of another are de... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Greedoid-Greedy algorithm-In general, a greedy algorithm is just an iterative process in which a locally best choice, usually an input of maximum weight, is chosen each round until all available choices have been exhausted.\nIn order to describe a greedoid-based condition in which a greedy algorithm is optimal (i.e., ... | large_corpus_distillation |
dollars in statutory damages for a small amount of copied code. On May 9, 2014, the Federal Circuit partially reversed the district court ruling, ruling in Oracle's favor on the copyrightability issue, and remanding the issue of fair use to the district court.In December 2015, Google announced that the next major relea... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Iterated integral-Examples-The order is important The order in which the integrals are computed is important in iterated integrals, particularly when the integrand is not continuous on the domain of integration. Examples in which the different orders lead to different results are usually for complicated functions as t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Endianness-Basics-Numbers Positional number systems (mostly base 2, or less often base 10) are the predominant way of representing and particularly of manipulating integer data by computers. In pure form this is valid for moderate sized non-negative integers, e.g. of C data type unsigned. In such a number system, the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matrix grammar-Properties-Let MAT \u03bb be the class of languages produced by matrix grammars, and MAT the class of languages produced by \u03bb -free matrix grammars.\nTrivially, MAT is included in MAT \u03bb All context-free languages are in MAT, and all languages in MAT \u03bb are recursively enumerable.\nMAT ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Doubly linked list-Basic algorithms-Inserting a node This simple function inserts a node into a doubly linked circularly linked list after a given element: function insertAfter(Node node, Node newNode) newNode.next := node.next newNode.prev := node node.next.prev := newNode node.next := newNode To do an \"insertBefore... | large_corpus_distillation |
in the denominator, so the range includes only positive numbers.\nFigure20 For thesquare root function we cannot take the square root of a negative real number, so the\ndomain must be 0 or greater. The range also excludes negative numbers because the square root of a positive number" | large_corpus_distillation |
"SCImago Journal Rank-Computation-The SJR indicator is a variant of the eigenvector centrality measure used in network theory. Such measures establish the importance of a node in a network based on the principle that connections to high-scoring nodes contribute more to the score of the node. The SJR indicator has been ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Amicable numbers-Regular pairs-For example, with (m, n) = (220, 284), the greatest common divisor is 4 and so M = 55 and N = 71. Therefore, (220, 284) is regular of type (2, 1)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"WolfSSH-Algorithms-wolfSSH uses the cryptographic services provided by wolfCrypt. wolfCrypt Provides RSA, ECC, Diffie\u2013Hellman, AES (CBC, GCM), Random Number Generation, Large Integer support, and base 16/64 encoding/decoding.\nKey exchange diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 diffie-hellman-grou... | large_corpus_distillation |
shown in Table . They are\nDataset A Dataset B Dataset C\nlabeled \" ,\" \" ,\" and \" .\" Which of the three datasets would make you happiest? In other words, in\n3\ncomparing your score with your fellow students' scores, in which dataset would your score of be the most impressive?\nDataset A 3\nIn , everyone's score ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Online shopping-Online shopping-Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser or a mobile app. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alte... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dynamic lot-size model-The algorithm-Wagner and Whitin gave an algorithm for finding the optimal solution by dynamic programming. Start with t*=1: Consider the policies of ordering at period t**, t** = 1, 2, ... , t*, and filling demands dt , t = t**, t** + 1, ... , t*, by this order Add H(xt**)st**+it**It** to the co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Zolotarev polynomials-Applications-The polynomials were introduced by Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev in 1868 as a means of uniformly approximating polynomials of degree xn+1 on the interval [\u22121,1]. Pafnuty Chebyshev had shown in 1858 that xn+1 could be approximated in this interval with a polynomial of degree at mos... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Regularization by spectral filtering-Implementation of algorithms-Filter function for Landweber iteration The idea behind the Landweber iteration is gradient descent: c0=0 for i=1,\u2026,t\u22121 ci=ci\u22121+\u03b7(Y\u2212Kci\u22121) end In this setting, if n is larger than K 's largest eigenvalue, the above itera... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Threat (computer)-Associated terms-\"Cryptanalysis\" Transforming encrypted data into plain text without having prior knowledge of encryption parameters or processes.\"Deception\" (a threat consequence) A circumstance or event that may result in an authorized entity receiving false data and believing it to be true. Th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Assembly language-Use of assembly language-Some compilers translate high-level languages into assembly first before fully compiling, allowing the assembly code to be viewed for debugging and optimization purposes.\nSome compilers for relatively low-level languages, such as Pascal or C, allow the programmer to embed as... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Machine learning in earth sciences-Challenge-Inadequate training data An adequate amount of training and validation data is required for machine learning. However, some very useful products like satellite remote sensing data only have decades of data since the 1970s. If one is interested in the yearly data, then only ... | large_corpus_distillation |
ArtGAN to explore the possibilities of AI in its relation to art. In 2017, a new study and improved ArtGAN was published: \"Improved ArtGAN for Conditional Synthesis of Natural Image and Artwork\".In 2018, an Edmond de Belamy portrait produced by a GAN was sold for $432,500 at a Christie's auction. The algorithm was tr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Crew rest compartment-Crew rest compartment-A crew rest compartment (crew rest) is a section of an airliner dedicated for breaks and sleeping by crew members, usually located above or adjacent to the passenger compartment. Crew rest compartments are normally segregated, with separate compartments for the flight crew a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Letter frequency-Relative frequencies of the first letters of a word in English language-Both the overall letter distribution and the word-initial letter distribution approximately match the Zipf distribution and even more closely match the Yule distribution.Often the frequency distribution of the first digit in each ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matrix calculus-Identities-As noted above, in general, the results of operations will be transposed when switching between numerator-layout and denominator-layout notation." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bayesian estimation of templates in computational anatomy-MAP Estimation of volume templates from populations and the EM algorithm-Ma's procedure for dense imagery takes an initial hypertemplate I0\u2208I as the starting point, and models the template in the orbit under the unknown to be estimated diffeomorphism I\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Closure (computer programming)-Applications-First-class functions Closures typically appear in languages with first-class functions\u2014in other words, such languages enable functions to be passed as arguments, returned from function calls, bound to variable names, etc., just like simpler types such as strings and in... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rinda (Ruby programming language)-Example usage-Rinda provides a framework by which multiple Ruby processes (which or may not be running on the same machine) can add, access and modify tuples (an ordered list of elements) stored in a shared data repository (the tuplespace).\nFor example, the following program creates ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Edmonds matrix-Edmonds matrix-In graph theory, the Edmonds matrix A of a balanced bipartite graph G=(U,V,E) with sets of vertices U={u1,u2,\u2026,un} and V={v1,v2,\u2026,vn} is defined by Aij={xij(ui,vj)\u2208E0(ui,vj)\u2209E where the xij are indeterminates. One application of the Edmonds matrix of a bipartite g... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ideal lattice-Use in cryptography-Efficient collision resistant hash functions The main usefulness of the ideal lattices in cryptography stems from the fact that very efficient and practical collision resistant hash functions can be built based on the hardness of finding an approximate shortest vector in such lattices... | large_corpus_distillation |
"UMTS-Air interfaces-Rationale for W-CDMA W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 MHz radio channels. Though W-CDMA does use a direct-sequence CDMA transmission technique like CDMA2000, W-CDMA is not simply a wideband version of CDMA2000 and diff... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proof of impossibility-Types of proof-By contradiction One of the widely used types of impossibility proof is proof by contradiction. In this type of proof, it is shown that if a proposition, such as a solution to a particular class of equations, is assumed to hold, then via deduction two mutually contradictory things... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bayesian multivariate linear regression-Details-Conjugate prior distribution The natural conjugate prior using the vectorized variable \u03b2 is of the form: where and Posterior distribution Using the above prior and likelihood, the posterior distribution can be expressed as: where vec \u2061(B0)=\u03b20 The terms i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Random testing-Random testing-Random testing is a black-box software testing technique where programs are tested by generating random, independent inputs. Results of the output are compared against software specifications to verify that the test output is pass or fail. In case of absence of specifications the exceptio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"PythagoraSwitch-Segments-Algorithm Exercise A corner broadcast since 2002. It stars the duo Itsumo Kokokara. It is algorithm themed, so that the movements that are done side by side are related (\"crouching motion\" combines with \"shaking arms\", so that the arms avoid the action, etc.). Usually, the duo does the exe... | large_corpus_distillation |
core per physical core if it does not), and can swap out threads that get blocked. However, kernel threads take much longer than user threads to be swapped." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Filter (set theory)-Filters and prefilters-The supremum or least upper bound of in Filters \u2061(X), denoted by \u22c1F\u2208FF if it exists, is by definition the smallest (relative to \u2286 ) filter on X containing every element of F as a subset. If it exists then necessarily \u22c1F\u2208FF=\u03c0(\u222aF)... | large_corpus_distillation |
"G.711-Types-A-law A-law encoding thus takes a 13-bit signed linear audio sample as input and converts it to an 8 bit value as follows: Where s is the sign bit, s is its inverse (i.e. positive values are encoded with MSB = s = 1), and bits marked x are discarded. Note that the first column of the table uses different r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Great Western Railway telegraphic codes-Carriages-Beetle \u2013 special cattle truck Bloater \u2013 covered fish truck Catox \u2013 cattle box Chafer \u2013 invalid carriage Chintz \u2013 family carriage Chub \u2013 third saloon Cricket \u2013 composite carriage Emmett \u2013 brake third carriage First \u2013 first cl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Root mean square-Uses-Error When two data sets \u2014 one set from theoretical prediction and the other from actual measurement of some physical variable, for instance \u2014 are compared, the RMS of the pairwise differences of the two data sets can serve as a measure how far on average the error is from 0. The mean o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Method of conditional probabilities-Example using pessimistic estimators-The proof showed that the pessimistic estimator is initially at least |V|/(D+1). (That is, Q(0) \u2265 |V|/(D+1).) The algorithm will make each choice to keep the pessimistic estimator from decreasing, that is, so that Q(t+1) \u2265 Q(t) for each... | large_corpus_distillation |
"K-minimum spanning tree-K-minimum spanning tree-The k-minimum spanning tree problem, studied in theoretical computer science, asks for a tree of minimum cost that has exactly k vertices and forms a subgraph of a larger graph. It is also called the k-MST or edge-weighted k-cardinality tree. Finding this tree is NP-hard... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hicksian demand function-Relationship to other functions-Whereas Marshallian demand comes from the Utility Maximization Problem, Hicksian Demand comes from the Expenditure Minimization Problem. The two problems are mathematical duals, and hence the Duality Theorem provides a method of proving the relationships describ... | large_corpus_distillation |
which is easily recognized as the density of a Student's t-distribution." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Iterative deepening depth-first search-Example-For 10 and d=5 the number is 10 50 400 3000 20000 100000 123456 All together, an iterative deepening search from depth 1 all the way down to depth d expands only about 11 % more nodes than a single breadth-first or depth-limited search to depth d , when 10 .The hig... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Parsing expression grammar-Definition-The zero-or-more, one-or-more, and optional operators consume zero or more, one or more, or zero or one consecutive repetitions of their sub-expression e, respectively. Unlike in context-free grammars and regular expressions, however, these operators always behave greedily, consum... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Berkeley Packet Filter-Filtering-BPF is often extended by \"overloading\" the load (ld) and store (str) instructions.\nTraditional Unix-like BPF implementations can be used in userspace, despite being written for kernel-space. This is accomplished using preprocessor conditions.\nExtensions and optimizations Some proje... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matrix completion-Applications-Several applications of matrix completion are summarized by Cand\u00e8s and Plan as follows: Collaborative filtering Collaborative filtering is the task of making automatic predictions about the interests of a user by collecting taste information from many users. Companies like Apple, Am... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Iteration-Computing-The classic example of recursion is in list-sorting algorithms, such as merge sort. The merge sort recursive algorithm will first repeatedly divide the list into consecutive pairs; each pair is then ordered, then each consecutive pair of pairs, and so forth until the elements of the list are in the... | large_corpus_distillation |
the first decade of the project, to 1994, and as of 2017 contained about 1,500,000 terms. This ontology included: 416,000 collections (types, sorts, natural kinds, which includes both types of things such as Fish and types of actions such as Fishing) a little over a million individuals representing 42,500 predicates (r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum coverage problem-Known extensions-The Maximum Coverage Problem can be applied to road traffic situations; one such example is selecting which bus routes in a public transportation network should be installed with pothole detectors to maximise coverage, when only a limited number of sensors is available. This p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conditional expectation-Definitions-Discrete random variables If X and Y are discrete random variables, the conditional expectation of X given Y is E\u2061(X\u2223Y=y)=\u2211xxP(X=x\u2223Y=y)=\u2211xxP(X=x,Y=y)P(Y=y) where P(X=x,Y=y) is the joint probability mass function of X and Y. The sum is taken over all possibl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"DRE-i with enhanced privacy-Protocol-Setup Let p and q be two large primes, where {\\textstyle q\\,|\\,p-1} . Gq is a subgroup of Zp\u2217 of prime order q . Let g1 and g2 be two random generators of Gq , whose discrete logarithm relationship is unknown. This can be realized by choosing a non-identity element... | large_corpus_distillation |
be evaluated.For example, a confirmed information from a reliable source has rating A1, an unknown-validity information from a new source without reputation is rated F6, an inconsistent illogical information from a known liar is E5, a confirmed information from a moderately doubtful source is C1." | large_corpus_distillation |
if\nW\nThe probability density function of is given by\nP(W =\u22121)= 125\n1.\n216\nP(W =1)= 75\n2.\n216\nP(W =2)= 15\n3.\n216\n13.3.3 https://stats.libretexts.org/@go/page/10257" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transition metal-Electronic configuration-The general electronic configuration of the d-block atoms is [noble gas](n \u2212 1)d0\u201310ns0\u20132np0\u20131. Here \"[noble gas]\" is the configuration of the last noble gas preceding the atom in question, and n is the highest principal quantum number of an occupied orbi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Live, virtual, and constructive-Approaches to a solution-A virtual or constructive model usually focuses on the fidelity or accuracy of the element being represented. A live simulation, by definition represents the highest fidelity, since it is reality. But a simulation quickly becomes more difficult when it is create... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gamesmanship-Techniques-Asking one's opponent's advice for a (fictitious) match the following day, against an implied stronger opponent.\nClaiming that the game being played \"just isn't my sport\", or claiming less expertise than the player actually possesses (a mild form of hustling)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Carry-less product-Multiplication of polynomials-The carry-less product can also be seen as a multiplication of polynomials over the field GF(2).\nThis is because the exclusive or corresponds to the addition in this field.\nIn the example above, the numbers a and b corresponds to polynomials A=\u2211iaiXi=X7+X5+X1B=\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Document-term matrix-Choice of terms-A point of view on the matrix is that each row represents a document. In the vectorial semantic model, which is normally the one used to compute a document-term matrix, the goal is to represent the topic of a document by the frequency of semantically significant terms. The terms ar... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Trove-History-Implementation The National Library of Australia combined eight different online discovery tools that had been developed over a period of twelve years into a new single discovery interface that was released as a prototype in May 2009 for public comment before launching in November 2009 as Trove. It is co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Berlekamp\u2013Massey algorithm-Code sample-The algorithm from Massey (1969, p. 124) for an arbitrary field: In the case of binary GF(2) BCH code, the discrepancy d will be zero on all odd steps, so a check can be added to avoid calculating it." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximal independent set-Parallelization of finding maximum independent sets-Complexity class It was shown in 1984 by Karp et al. that a deterministic parallel solution on PRAM to the maximal independent set belonged in the Nick's Class complexity zoo of NC4 . That is to say, their algorithm finds a maximal independen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fatality Analysis Reporting System-Fatality Analysis Reporting System-NHTSA has a cooperative agreement with an agency in each state government to provide information in a standard format on fatal crashes in the state. Data is collected, coded and submitted into a micro-computer data system and transmitted to Washingt... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bayesian network-Example-The joint probability function is, by the chain rule of probability, Pr Pr Pr Pr (R) where G = \"Grass wet (true/false)\", S = \"Sprinkler turned on (true/false)\", and R = \"Raining (true/false)\"." | large_corpus_distillation |
"End-user development-Criticism-In response to this, the study of end-user software engineering has emerged. It is concerned with issues beyond end-user development, whereby end users become motivated to consider issues such as reusability, security and verifiability when developing their solutions.An alternative scena... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Von Neumann\u2013Morgenstern utility theorem-Set-up-In the theorem, an individual agent is faced with options called lotteries. Given some mutually exclusive outcomes, a lottery is a scenario where each outcome will happen with a given probability, all probabilities summing to one. For example, for two outcomes A and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Random forest-Properties-This shows that the whole forest is again a weighted neighborhood scheme, with weights that average those of the individual trees. The neighbors of x' in this interpretation are the points xi sharing the same leaf in any tree j . In this way, the neighborhood of x' depends in a complex way o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mental calculation-Methods and techniques-4072 = ? (407 is +7 from 400) (+7)2 = 49 (n trailing digits) 407 + 7 = 414 414 \u00d7 4 = 1656 (leading digits; note this multiplication by m wasn't needed for integers from 76 to 124 because their m = 1) 4072 = 165649 799912 = ? (79991 is -9 from 80000) (-9)2 = 0081 (n traili... | large_corpus_distillation |
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