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"List edge-coloring-List edge-coloring-In mathematics, list edge-coloring is a type of graph coloring that combines list coloring and edge coloring.\nAn instance of a list edge-coloring problem consists of a graph together with a list of allowed colors for each edge. A list edge-coloring is a choice of a color for each... | large_corpus_distillation |
\"'yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation' yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation\" is false.In other words, the sentence implies that it is false, which is paradoxical\u2014for if it is false, what it states is in fact true." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Del-Notational uses-Gradient The vector derivative of a scalar field f is called the gradient, and it can be represented as: grad \u2061f=\u2202f\u2202xe\u2192x+\u2202f\u2202ye\u2192y+\u2202f\u2202ze\u2192z=\u2207f It always points in the direction of greatest increase of f , and it has a magnitude equal to the maxi... | large_corpus_distillation |
solvable by an interactive proof system (P,V) , where V is probabilistic polynomial-time and the proof system satisfies two properties: for a language L\u2208IP (Completeness) a string w in L implies Pr accepts after interacting with P]\u226523 (Soundness) a string w not in L implies Pr accepts after intera... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Java remote method invocation-Example-The following classes implement a simple client-server program using RMI that displays a message.\nRmiServerIntf interface defines the interface that is used by the client and implemented by the server.\nRmiServer class listens to RMI requests and implements the interface which is... | large_corpus_distillation |
"RSA (cryptosystem)-Operation-The RSA algorithm involves four steps: key generation, key distribution, encryption, and decryption." | large_corpus_distillation |
Introduction to Arakelov theory. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96793-1. MR 0969124. Zbl 0667.14001.\nLang, Serge (1997). Survey of Diophantine Geometry. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-61223-8. Zbl 0869.11051.\nWeil, Andr\u00e9 (1929). \"L'arithm\u00e9tique sur les courbes alg\u00e9briques\". Acta Mathematica. 52 (... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cut (transition)-Proper cut-In practice, the cut does not break the suspension of disbelief necessary to keep an audience engaged to a narrative or program. The cut represents a continuous transition in setting and time\u2014in turn, the dissolve and wipe respectively identify changes in time and setting. In many case... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Suffix array-Construction algorithms-Recursive algorithms follow the approach of the suffix tree construction algorithm by Farach (1997) to recursively sort a subset of suffixes. This subset is then used to infer a suffix array of the remaining suffixes. Both of these suffix arrays are then merged to compute the final... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Flavored liquor-Flavored rice wine, rum, tequila, vodka and whiskey-Flavored rums and vodkas frequently have an alcohol content that is 5\u201310% ABV less than the corresponding unflavored spirit.\nFlavored rice wines\u2014flavors include star anise-coffee, banana-cinnamon, coconut-pineapple, galangal-tamarind, ginge... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fluctuating asymmetry-Health-Physical fitness in humans In addition to general health and susceptibility to disease, research has also studied the link between FA and physical fitness. Research has found that lower levels of lower-body FA is associated with faster running speeds in Jamaican sprinters, and individuals ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ThinBasic-Pros and cons-ThinBASIC was designed for the Windows platform and this is why it makes a good use of resources provided by this system, such as registry, user interface, work with processes, COM, DLLs. Although interpreted, thinBASIC is considered to have usually fast execution. When the interpreter nature o... | large_corpus_distillation |
the word has been encountered and encoded in the memory matrix several times throughout life. Thus, the brain typically selects a higher criterion in determining whether common words are part of a list, making them harder to successfully select. However, rarer words are typically encountered less throughout life and so... | large_corpus_distillation |
without operator intervention. The project was canceled due to proliferation concerns before it could be copied elsewhere." | large_corpus_distillation |
j such that j k\u2208K j j,k. Substituting and distributing then gives as a finite, disjoint union of sets in\nU\n.\nU ={\u220f\u221e A :A \u2208S for all i\u2208N } U\nNote that this result would not be true with i=1 i i i + . In general, the complement of a set in\nU\ncannot be written as a finite disjoint union of s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Obfuscation-Obfuscation-Obfuscation is the obscuring of the intended meaning of communication by making the message difficult to understand, usually with confusing and ambiguous language. The obfuscation might be either unintentional or intentional (although intent usually is connoted), and is accomplished with circum... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Visual Turing Test-Details-Instantiation questions are composed of both the existence and the uniqueness questions, but it is the uniqueness questions that actually instantiate an object if they get a positive response. So if the query generator has to randomly pick an instantiation question, it prefers to pick an unp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"International Electron Devices Meeting-International Electron Devices Meeting-The IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) is an annual micro- and nanoelectronics conference held each December that serves as a forum for reporting technological breakthroughs in the areas of semiconductor and related device te... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Academic grading in the United States-Other systems-There are a multiple permutations and variations to this system. These may include the use of an O (for \"outstanding\") grade, which is even higher than the E; the use of an O instead of the E; the elimination of a G (for \"good\"); the use of a G (again for \"good\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Python syntax and semantics-Indentation-A recursive function named foo, which is passed a single parameter, x, and if the parameter is 0 will call a different function named bar and otherwise will call baz, passing x, and also call itself recursively, passing x-1 as the parameter, could be implemented like this in Pyt... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data sanitization-Sanitizing devices-Degaussing is most commonly used on hard disk drives (HDDs), and involves the utilization of high energy magnetic fields to permanently disrupt the functionality and memory storage of the device. When data is exposed to this strong magnetic field, any memory storage is neutralized ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mathematical induction-Variants-A variant of interest in computational complexity is \"prefix induction\", in which one proves the following statement in the induction step: or equivalently The induction principle then \"automates\" log2\u2009n applications of this inference in getting from P(0) to P(n). In fact, it i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Apache Commons-Commons Proper-The Commons Proper is dedicated to creating and maintaining reusable Java components. The Commons Proper is a place for collaboration and sharing, where developers from throughout the Apache community can work together on projects to be shared by Apache projects and Apache users." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Algebraic K-theory-Lower K-groups-If B is a ring without an identity element, we can extend the definition of K0 as follows. Let A = B\u2295Z be the extension of B to a ring with unity obtaining by adjoining an identity element (0,1). There is a short exact sequence B \u2192 A \u2192 Z and we define K0(B) to be the ke... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spanning tree-Counting spanning trees-Deletion-contraction If G is a graph or multigraph and e is an arbitrary edge of G, then the number t(G) of spanning trees of G satisfies the deletion-contraction recurrence t(G) = t(G \u2212 e) + t(G/e), where G \u2212 e is the multigraph obtained by deleting e and G/e is the con... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Email service provider (marketing)-Misunderstandings-According to The Spamhaus Project glossary, mass or bulk mailing is not spam if it is solicited. By accepting a dirty list (a list containing some addresses without the knowledge and agreement of their owners), an ESP puts its reputation in jeopardy, which may affec... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Equivalence relation-Definition-A binary relation \u223c on a set X is said to be an equivalence relation, if and only if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. That is, for all a,b, and c in X: a\u223ca (reflexivity).\na\u223cb if and only if b\u223ca (symmetry).\nIf a\u223cb and b\u223cc then a\u223cc (... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Adaptive comparative judgement-History-Adaptive comparative judgement Comparative judgement becomes a viable alternative to marking when it is implemented as an adaptive web-based assessment system. In this, the 'scores' (the model parameter for each object) are re-estimated after each 'round' of judgements in which, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nearest neighbor search-Nearest neighbor search-Nearest neighbor search (NNS), as a form of proximity search, is the optimization problem of finding the point in a given set that is closest (or most similar) to a given point. Closeness is typically expressed in terms of a dissimilarity function: the less similar the o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Voiced velar affricate-Voiced velar affricate-The voiced velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in very few spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are \u27e8\u0261\u0361\u0263\u27e9 and \u27e8\u0261\u035c\u0263\u27e9, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symb... | large_corpus_distillation |
in general, even if the desired structure is not context-free, some kind of context-free approximation to the grammar is used to perform a first pass. Algorithms which use context-free grammars often rely on some variant of the CYK algorithm, usually with some heuristic to prune away unlikely analyses to save time. (Se... | large_corpus_distillation |
a positive invariant function defines a positive measure\nS\non , but of course not in general a probability distribution.\nX P g:S\u2192(0,\u221e) X\nSuppose that is an irreducible Markov chain with transition matrix , and that is invariant for . The\nX g X^ =(X^ ,X^ ,\u2026) P^\nreversal of with respect to is the Mar... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hedge fund-Structure-A hedge fund is an investment vehicle that is most often structured as an offshore corporation, limited partnership, or limited liability company. The fund is managed by an investment manager in the form of an organization or company that is legally and financially distinct from the hedge fund and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conditional probability distribution-Conditional probability distribution-If the conditional distribution of Y given X is a continuous distribution, then its probability density function is known as the conditional density function. The properties of a conditional distribution, such as the moments, are often referre... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Softwell Maker-Running the Software (Webrun)-Other Features Flow Compiler - Performs a flow compilation and changes detecting in flows even in \"development mode\", working on the JIT philosophy; Access Control and log - Makes sure of the identity and permissions of the user, and records any changes that the user plac... | large_corpus_distillation |
have 100 memory chips, each of which is defective with probability 0.05, independently of the others. Approximate the\nprobability that there are at least 3 defectives in the batch.\nAnswer\n0.7350\nIn the binomial timeline experiment, set n=40 and p=0.1 and run the simulation 1000 times. Compute and compare each of th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"AWK-Examples-Match a range of input lines The action statement prints each line numbered. The printf function emulates the standard C printf and works similarly to the print command described above. The pattern to match, however, works as follows: NR is the number of records, typically lines of input, AWK has so far r... | large_corpus_distillation |
and scientific data has been compared with the business models of social networks, search engines and other forms of platform capitalism While content access is free, it is indirectly paid through data extraction and surveillance. In 2020, Rafael Ball envisioned a bleak future for bibliometricians where their research ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fast Walsh\u2013Hadamard transform-Fast Walsh\u2013Hadamard transform-In computational mathematics, the Hadamard ordered fast Walsh\u2013Hadamard transform (FWHTh) is an efficient algorithm to compute the Walsh\u2013Hadamard transform (WHT). A naive implementation of the WHT of order n=2m would have a computational c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Random variable-Moments-The probability distribution of a random variable is often characterised by a small number of parameters, which also have a practical interpretation. For example, it is often enough to know what its \"average value\" is. This is captured by the mathematical concept of expected value of a random... | large_corpus_distillation |
library paths are skipped.\nIn the trusted default path /lib, and then /usr/lib. If the binary was linked with the -z nodefaultlib linker option, this step is skipped.Failing to find the shared library in all these locations will raise the \"cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory\" error.\nNotes: rea... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Edge disjoint shortest pair algorithm-Discussion-The vertex disjoint version of the above edge-disjoint shortest pair of paths algorithm is obtained by splitting each vertex (except for the source and destination vertices) of the first shortest path in Step 3 of the algorithm, connecting the split vertex pair by a zer... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Brute-force search-In cryptography-The key length used in the encryption determines the practical feasibility of performing a brute force attack, with longer keys exponentially more difficult to crack than shorter ones. Brute force attacks can be made less effective by obfuscating the data to be encoded, something tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scale analysis (statistics)-Constructing scales-The item-total correlation approach is a way of identifying a group of questions whose responses can be combined into a single measure or scale. This is a simple approach that works by ensuring that, when considered across a whole population, responses to the questions i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vigen\u00e8re cipher-Variants-If key lengths are relatively prime, the effective key length grows exponentially as the individual key lengths are increased. For example, while the effective length of keys 10, 12, and 15 characters is only 60, that of keys of 8, 11, and 15 characters is 1320. If this effective key leng... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transputer-Legacy-Growing internal parallelism has been one driving force behind improvements in conventional CPU designs. Instead of explicit thread-level parallelism (as is used in the transputer), CPU designs exploited implicit parallelism at the instruction-level, inspecting code sequences for data dependencies an... | large_corpus_distillation |
"OneAPI (compute acceleration)-Data Parallel C++-DPC++ is an open, cross-architecture language built upon the ISO C++ and Khronos Group SYCL standards. DPC++ is an implementation of SYCL with extensions that are proposed for inclusion in future revisions of the SYCL standard. An example of this is the contribution of u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Leader election-Applications-Known runtimes for single-hop networks range from a constant (expected with collision detection) to O(n log n) rounds (deterministic and no collision detection). In multi-hop networks, known runtimes differ from roughly O((D+ log n)(log2 log n)) rounds (with high probability in the beeping... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multi-trials technique-Multi-trials technique-The multi-trials technique by Schneider et al. is employed for distributed algorithms and allows breaking of symmetry efficiently. Symmetry breaking is necessary, for instance, in resource allocation problems, where many entities want to access the same resource concurrent... | large_corpus_distillation |
"N-ary group-Axioms-Associativity The easiest axiom to generalize is the associative law. Ternary associativity is the polynomial identity (abc)de = a(bcd)e = ab(cde), i.e. the equality of the three possible bracketings of the string abcde in which any three consecutive symbols are bracketed. (Here it is understood tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stat (system call)-stat() functions-The stat() and lstat() functions take a filename argument. If the file is a symbolic link, stat() returns attributes of the eventual target of the link, while lstat() returns attributes of the link itself. The fstat() function takes a file descriptor argument instead, and returns at... | large_corpus_distillation |
similarity search techniques from the VLDB conference toolbox might be the only feasible option." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Salt surface structures-Salt-Characteristics Salt has two key characteristics that make it unique in a tectonic setting, and important economically. The first is that salt (and other evaporites) deform plastically over geologic time, and thus behaves as a fluid rather than a rigid structure. This allows structures wit... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mastermind (board game)-Algorithms and strategies-Average case Subsequent mathematicians have been finding various algorithms that reduce the average number of turns needed to solve the pattern: in 1993, Kenji Koyama and Tony W. Lai performed an exhaustive depth-first search showing that the optimal method for solving... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Verb-initial word order-Theoretical approaches-Various Austronesian languages follow this constraint to various levels. Seediq for example is strict in that only VP-external constituents can go under A\u2019-movement. Toba Batak, Tagalog, and Malagasy on the other hand, have this restriction only for VP-internal argum... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Merge algorithm-Merging two lists-In the merge sort algorithm, this subroutine is typically used to merge two sub-arrays A[lo..mid], A[mid+1..hi] of a single array A. This can be done by copying the sub-arrays into a temporary array, then applying the merge algorithm above. The allocation of a temporary array can be a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IBM Machine Code Printer Control Characters-List of IBM Machine Print Control Characters-Immediate commands These commands do not send any data to the printer. The commands only ask the printer to advance the paper.\nWrite and Space Commands Write and space commands ask the printer to write the data on the line and af... | large_corpus_distillation |
"CipherSaber-Technical description-The ciphertext output is a binary byte stream that is designed to be \"indistinguishable from random noise\". For use with communications systems that can accept only ASCII data, the author recommends encoding the byte stream as hexadecimal digits. This is less efficient than, for exa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Google Translator Toolkit-Google Translator Toolkit-Google Inc released Google Translator Toolkit on June 8, 2009. This product was expected to be named Google Translation Center, as had been announced in August 2008. However, the Google Translation Toolkit turned out to be a less ambitious product: \"document rather ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"One-way compression function-One-way-Preimage-resistance: If an attacker only knows the output it should be infeasible to calculate an input. In other words, given an output h , it should be unfeasible to calculate an input m such that hash \u2061(m)=h Second preimage-resistance: Given an input m1 whose output is ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"SILC (protocol)-Components-SILC channels (groups) are protected by using symmetric channel keys. It is optionally possible to digitally sign all channel messages. It is also possible to protect messages with a privately generated channel key that has been previously agreed upon by channel members. Private messages bet... | large_corpus_distillation |
"2\u20133 tree-2\u20133 tree-In computer science, a 2\u20133 tree is a tree data structure, where every node with children (internal node) has either two children (2-node) and one data element or three children (3-nodes) and two data elements. A 2\u20133 tree is a B-tree of order 3. Nodes on the outside of the tree (le... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Zero-knowledge proof-Abstract examples-Notice that Peggy could prove to Victor that she knows the magic word, without revealing it to him, in a single trial. If both Victor and Peggy go together to the mouth of the cave, Victor can watch Peggy go in through A and come out through B. This would prove with certainty tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces-Definition via closed sets-Let X be a topological space. According to De Morgan's laws, the collection T of closed sets satisfies the following properties: The empty set and X are elements of T The intersection of any collection of sets in T is also in T.\nThe union of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gaussian adaptation-A theorem of efficiency for random search-In an example by Rechenberg, 1971, 1973, a random walk is pushed thru a corridor maximizing the parameter x1. In this case the region of acceptability is defined as a (n \u2212 1)-dimensional interval in the parameters x2, x3, ..., xn, but a x1-value below ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Zero-knowledge proof-Abstract examples-The Ali Baba cave There is a well-known story presenting the fundamental ideas of zero-knowledge proofs, first published in 1990 by Jean-Jacques Quisquater and others in their paper \"How to Explain Zero-Knowledge Protocols to Your Children\". Using the common Alice and Bob anthr... | large_corpus_distillation |
fewer resources and have been used on programs containing tens of thousands of lines; many compilers apply static type checks to any program they compile." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multithreading (computer architecture)-Overview-Disadvantages Multiple threads can interfere with each other when sharing hardware resources such as caches or translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). As a result, execution times of a single thread are not improved and can be degraded, even when only one thread is executi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ABC Software Metric-Theory-The specific rules for counting ABC vector values should be interpreted differently for different languages due to semantic differences between them.\nTherefore, the rules for calculating ABC vector slightly differ based on the language. We define the ABC metric calculation rules for C, C++ ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Digital asset management-Media asset issues-An asset can exist in several formats and in a sequence of versions. The digital version of the original asset is generally captured in as high a resolution, colour depth, and (if applicable) frame rate as will be needed to ensure that results are of acceptable quality for t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Non-negative matrix factorization-Types-When W and H are smaller than V they become easier to store and manipulate. Another reason for factorizing V into smaller matrices W and H, is that if one is able to approximately represent the elements of V by significantly less data, then one has to infer some latent structure... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Generalized Riemann hypothesis-Generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH)-The Ivanyos\u2013Karpinski\u2013Saxena deterministic algorithm for factoring polynomials over finite fields with prime constant-smooth degrees is guaranteed to run in polynomial time.If GRH is true, then for every prime p there exists a primitive root... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Systematic code-Properties-Every non-systematic linear code can be transformed into a systematic code with essentially the same properties (i.e., minimum distance)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"f(x ,y ) =f(2,\u22123)=3(2)2\u22122(2)(\u22123)+(\u22123)2=12+12+9=33\n0 0\nf (x,y) =6x\u22122y\nx\nf (x,y) =\u22122x+2y\ny\nf (x ,y )=fx(2,\u22123)\nx 0 0\n=6(2)\u22122(\u22123)=12+6=18\nf (x ,y )=f (2,\u22123)\ny 0 0 y\n=\u22122(2)+2(\u22123)\n=\u22124\u22126=\u221210.\nThen, we substitute these quantities into Equa... | large_corpus_distillation |
re-writing something multiple times, repeating routine activities, or saying the same phrase over and over." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Theory of imputation-Principles-In economics, the theory of imputation, first expounded by Carl Menger, maintains that factor prices are determined by output prices (i.e. the value of factors of production is the individual contribution of each in the final product, but its value is the value of the last contributed t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptanalysis of the Enigma-World War II-The practice of re-using some of the columns of wheel orders, ring settings or plugboard connections from previous months. The resulting analytical short-cut was christened at Bletchley Park Parkerismus after Reg Parker, who had, through his meticulous record-keeping, spotted t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Relevance logic-Models-0\u2264x If x\u2264y and y\u2264z , then x\u2264z If x\u2264y , then x\u22c5z\u2264y\u22c5z The truth condition for the conditional is changed to the following." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Admiralty code-Evaluation-Evaluation occurs in the processing stage of the intelligence cycle recognising that collected information cannot be accepted at face value. Each item of information used in the creation of an assessment is given an indication of source reliability and assessed accuracy, based on corroboratio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Schedule padding-Schedule padding-Schedule padding\u2014sometimes called simply padding, or recovery time\u2014is some amount of 'additional' time added to part or all of a schedule, in excess of the expected duration, that allows it to be resilient to anticipated delays and increase the chance that the published sche... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Backtracking line search-Upper bound for learning rates-In the same situation where p=\u2212\u2207f(x) , an interesting question is how large learning rates can be chosen in Armijo's condition (that is, when one has no limit on \u03b10 as defined in the section \"Function minimization using backtracking line search ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Set splitting problem-Variants-The set k-splitting problem is stated as follows: given S, F, and an integer k, does there exist a partition of S which splits at least k subsets of F? The original formulation is the restricted case with k equal to the cardinality of F. The Set k-Splitting is fixed-parameter tractable, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computational Complexity Conference-Awards-CCC annually confers up to two awards: A \"Best Student Paper Award\", aimed at papers authored solely by students, and (since 2001) a \"Best Paper Award\", given to the most outstanding paper at the respective year's conference." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Branching factor-Branching factor-For example, if the branching factor is 10, then there will be 10 nodes one level down from the current position, 102 (or 100) nodes two levels down, 103 (or 1,000) nodes three levels down, and so on. The higher the branching factor, the faster this \"explosion\" occurs. The branching... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Encoding/decoding model of communication-The encoding/decoding model critique-Another addition to the original model is the appearance of a Neutralization category meaning that media texts encoded within an oppositional or negotiated framework are decoded according to the dominant ideology. Let's look at the upper rig... | large_corpus_distillation |
quotient map is a surjective map f:X\u2192Y with the property that for every subset T\u2286Y, the restriction f|f\u22121(T):f\u22121(T)\u2192T is also a quotient map. There exist quotient maps that are not hereditarily quotient." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Elastic map-Expectation-maximization algorithm-For a given splitting of dataset S in classes Kj , minimization of the quadratic functional U is a linear problem with the sparse matrix of coefficients. Therefore, similar to principal component analysis or k-means, a splitting method is used: For given {wj} find {K... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matroid oracle-Impossibility proofs-For many matroid problems, it is possible to show that an independence oracle does not provide enough power to allow the problem to be solved in polynomial time. The main idea of these proofs is to find two matroids M and M\u2032 on which the answer to the problem differs and whic... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Community (ecology)-Interspecific interactions-Species interact in various ways: competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, etc. The organization of a biological community with respect to ecological interactions is referred to as community structure." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Western Digital My Book-Morse code-The Morse code message written into the drive case is made up of a selection of the words \"personal\", \"reliable\", \"innovative\", \"simple\", and \"design\"." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Root of unity modulo n-Root of unity modulo n-In number theory, a kth root of unity modulo n for positive integers k, n \u2265 2, is a root of unity in the ring of integers modulo n; that is, a solution x to the equation (or congruence) mod n) . If k is the smallest such exponent for x, then x is called a primitive k... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Salsa20-Cryptanalysis of Salsa20-In 2008, Aumasson, Fischer, Khazaei, Meier, and Rechberger reported a cryptanalytic attack against Salsa20/7 with a time complexity of 2151, and they reported an attack against Salsa20/8 with an estimated time complexity of 2251. This attack makes use of the new concept of probabilisti... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Montgomery modular multiplication-The REDC algorithm-Therefore, t is an integer. Second, the output is either t or t \u2212 N, both of which are congruent to t mod N, so to prove that the output is congruent to TR\u22121 mod N, it suffices to prove that t is. Modulo N, t satisfies: mod N)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Wilson prime-Generalizations-Wilson primes of order n Wilson's theorem can be expressed in general as mod p for every integer n\u22651 and prime p\u2265n . Generalized Wilson primes of order n are the primes p such that p2 divides (n\u22121)!(p\u2212n)!\u2212(\u22121)n It was conjectured that for every natural nu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Instruction set architecture-Instructions-Most stack machines have \"0-operand\" instruction sets in which arithmetic and logical operations lack any operand specifier fields; only instructions that push operands onto the evaluation stack or that pop operands from the stack into variables have operand specifiers. The ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semantic feature-Notation-The semantic features of a word can be notated using a binary feature notation common to the framework of componential analysis.\nA semantic property is specified in square brackets and a plus or minus sign indicates the existence or non-existence of that property.\ncat is [+animate], [+domes... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cayley's theorem-Cayley's theorem-In group theory, Cayley's theorem, named in honour of Arthur Cayley, states that every group G is isomorphic to a subgroup of a symmetric group. More specifically, G is isomorphic to a subgroup of the symmetric group Sym \u2061(G) whose elements are the permutations of the underlyin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boresight (firearm)-Laser boresighting-Accuracy is the measure of how well the sighted object is represented. It can be measured from a specific decision-making circumstance, like the orientation of notches of a gun barrel. Alternatively, the device could be designed to accommodate a range of circumstances and still b... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Negative raising-Negative raising-In linguistics, negative raising is a phenomenon that concerns the raising of negation from the embedded or subordinate clause of certain predicates to the matrix or main clause. The higher copy of the negation, in the matrix clause, is pronounced; but the semantic meaning is interpre... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis-Linear discriminant analysis-Intuitively, the idea of LDA is to find a projection where class separation is maximized. Given two sets of labeled data, C1 and C2 , we can calculate the mean value of each class, m1 and m2 , as mi=1li\u2211n=1lixni, where li is the number of examp... | large_corpus_distillation |
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