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Snapchat	federal trade commission snapchat settled complaint made us federal trade commission ftc.government agency alleged company exaggerated public degree mobile app images photos could actually made disappear.terms agreement snapchat fined app service agreed claims policies monitored independent party period years.ftc concluded snapchat prohibited misrepresenting extent maintains privacy security confidentiality users information.following agreement snapchat updated privacy page state company cant guarantee messages deleted within specific timeframe.even snapchat deletes message data servers data may remain backup certain period time.
Snapchat	public blog post service warned youve ever tried recover lost data accidentally deleting drive maybe watched episode csi might know right forensic tools sometimes possible retrieve data deleted.windows app november snapchat announced crackdown thirdparty apps service users.users windows phone platform affected snapchat official client numerous thirdparty apps existed popularly one called snap.december microsoft forced remove snap thirdparty apps snapchat windows phone store snapchat however develop official app platform leaving users platform behind.petition users requesting official snapchat app reached signatures company still refused respond build app windows phone.
Snapchat	snapchat criticized later develop app microsofts universal windows platform uwp.lens incidents september yearold using snapchat feature called lens record speed driving mercedes c crashed mitsubishi outlander hampton georgia.mph kmh crash injured drivers.driver outlander spent five weeks intensive care treated severe traumatic brain injury.april outlander driver sued snapchat user snapchat alleging snapchat knew application used unlawful speed contests yet nothing prevent use negligent.in october similar collision driving mph kmh occurred tampa florida killed five people.
Snapchat	poor country remark according former snapchat employee anthony pompliano lawsuit filed snap inc. spiegel made statement snapchat rich people want expand poor countries like india spain.incident sparked twitter trend called uninstallsnapchat indian users uninstalled app caused backlash company terms low onestar ratings app google play store apples app store.snapchats shares fell .. response allegation snapchat called pomplianos claim ridiculous elaborated obviously snapchat everyone.it’s available worldwide download free.pompliano lawsuit january former employee anthony pompliano filed state lawsuit accusing snapchat doctoring growth metrics intention deceiving investors.
Snapchat	pompliano said ceo evan spiegel dismissive concerns pompliano fired shortly thereafter.judge dropped pompliano’s claims snapchat violated doddfrank consumer protection acts retaliation citing arbitration clause contract.however snap inc. faced blowback lack disclosure regarding contents lawsuit resulting plunging stock prices several classaction lawsuits federal investigations.snap map privacy concerns june release snap map feature broadcasts users location map met concerns privacy safety.feature optin delivers message asking user would like show position map reportedly explain ramifications including app updates users position map time app opened actively capturing snaps potentially assisting stalkers.
Snapchat	map zoomed feature detailed geographical information street addresses.daily telegraph reported police forces issued child safety warnings media publications wrote safety concerns also raised teenagers adults unaware features actual behavior.statement verge snapchat spokesperson said safety community important us want make sure snapchatters parents educators accurate information snap map works.users ability operate ghost mode select friends wish share location with.although increase advertising snapchat snapchat stated plan running ads snap map stories.rihanna controversy march advertisement containing poll rihanna posted stating would rather punch chris brown slap rihanna rihanna tweeted snapchat insensitive domestic violence victims urged fans delete snapchat.
Snapchat	body image concerns increased use body facial reshaping applications snapchat facetune identified potential cause body dysmorphic disorder.august researchers boston medical center wrote jama facial plastic surgery essay phenomenon called snapchat dysmorphia identified people request surgery look like edited version appear snapchat filters.snapchat employees abused data access spy users may revealed multiple snapchat employees used internal tool called snaplion originally designed gather data compliance law enforcement requests spy users.mozilla calls public disclosures related use a.i.citing vague broad language snapchats privacy policy mozilla issued september petition calling public disclosures related apps use facial emotion recognition technology.
Snapchat	reached comment scientific american representatives snapchat declined share public response.revenge porn lockdown inhibit spread covid france app emerged hub dissemination revenge porn underage girls.in woman north carolina sued snapchat well dating app tinder five men named attack claiming features app enabled alleged rapist friends hide evidence rape.particular suit alleges ways snapchat designed constructed marketed maintained womans assailants able send nonconsensual pornographic photographs videos little threat law enforcement verifying so.woman told court parent company snap inc. specifically purposely designed constructed maintained snapchat serve secretive nefarious communications platform encourages solicits facilitates creation dissemination illicit nonconsensual sexually explicit content...and allowed snapchat operate safehaven law enforcement.see also comparison crossplatform instant messaging clientstimeline social mediasobrr another mobile application deletes content specified timepurikura japanese photo sticker booths earlier used snapchatlike filtersyahoopicsartyuboyo appibeer references reading kosoff maya february .
Snapchat	dozen millennials explain theyre obsessed snapchat use it.business insider.axel springer se.retrieved april .external links official website
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru principal leader indian nationalist movement s. upon indias independence served countrys prime minister years.nehru promoted parliamentary democracy secularism science technology powerfully influencing indias arc modern nation.international affairs steered india clear two blocs cold war.wellregarded author books written prison letters father daughter autobiography discovery india read around world.the son motilal nehru prominent lawyer indian nationalist jawaharlal nehru educated england—at harrow school trinity college cambridge trained law inner temple.became barrister returned india enrolled allahabad high court gradually began take interest national politics eventually became fulltime occupation.
Jawaharlal Nehru	joined indian national congress rose become leader progressive faction eventually congress receiving support mahatma gandhi designate nehru political heir.congress president nehru called complete independence british raj.nehru congress dominated indian politics s. nehru promoted idea secular nationstate indian provincial elections allowing congress sweep elections form governments several provinces.september congress ministries resigned protest viceroy lord linlithgows decision join war without consulting them.india congress committees quit india resolution august senior congress leaders imprisoned time organization crushed.nehru reluctantly heeded gandhis call immediate independence desired instead support allied war effort world war ii came lengthy prison term much altered political landscape.
Jawaharlal Nehru	muslim league muhammad ali jinnah come dominate muslim politics interim.provincial elections congress elections league seats reserved muslims british interpreted clear mandate pakistan form.nehru became interim prime minister india september league joining government hesitancy october .upon indias independence august nehru gave critically acclaimed speech tryst destiny sworn dominion indias prime minister raised indian flag red fort delhi.january india became republic within commonwealth nations nehru became republic indias first prime minister.embarked ambitious program economic social political reforms.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru promoted pluralistic multiparty democracy.foreign affairs played leading role establishing nonaligned movement group nations seek membership two main ideological blocs s.under nehrus leadership congress emerged catchall party dominating national statelevel politics winning elections .nehru remained popular indian people despite indias defeat sinoindian war widely blamed.premiership spanning years days—which date longest india—ended death may due heart attack.birthday celebrated childrens day india.
Jawaharlal Nehru	first also longest serving prime minister india nehru left behind long legacy.decades death hailed architect modern india.handthe indian rightwing always reviled nehru recent years narendra modi came power.early life career – birth family background jawaharlal nehru born november allahabad british india.father motilal nehru – selfmade wealthy barrister belonged kashmiri pandit community served twice president indian national congress .
Jawaharlal Nehru	mother swarup rani thussu – came wellknown kashmiri brahmin family settled lahore motilals second wife first died childbirth.jawaharlal eldest three children.elder sister vijaya lakshmi later became first female president united nations general assembly.youngest sister krishna hutheesing became noted writer authored several books brother.childhood nehru described childhood sheltered uneventful one.
Jawaharlal Nehru	grew atmosphere privilege wealthy homes including palatial estate called anand bhavan.father educated home private governesses tutors.influenced irish theosophist ferdinand t. brooks teaching nehru became interested science theosophy.family friend annie besant subsequently initiated theosophical society age thirteen.however interest theosophy prove enduring left society shortly brooks departed tutor.
Jawaharlal Nehru	wrote nearly three years brooks many ways influenced greatly.nehrus theosophical interests induced study buddhist hindu scriptures.according b. r. nanda scriptures nehrus first introduction religious cultural heritage india....they provided nehru initial impulse long intellectual quest culminated…in discovery india.youth nehru became ardent nationalist youth.second boer war russojapanese war intensified feelings.
Jawaharlal Nehru	latter wrote japanese victories stirred enthusiasm....nationalistic ideas filled mind.... mused indian freedom asiatic freedom thraldom europe.later begun institutional schooling harrow leading school england nicknamed joe g. m. trevelyans garibaldi books received prizes academic merit influenced greatly.viewed garibaldi revolutionary hero.
Jawaharlal Nehru	wrote visions similar deeds india came gallant fight indian freedom mind india italy got strangely mixed together.graduation nehru went trinity college cambridge october graduated honours degree natural science .period studied politics economics history literature interest.writings bernard shaw h. g. wells john maynard keynes bertrand russell lowes dickinson meredith townsend moulded much political economic thinking.after completing degree nehru moved london studied law inner temple inn.time continued study fabian society scholars including beatrice webb.
Jawaharlal Nehru	called bar .advocate practice returning india august nehru enrolled advocate allahabad high court tried settle barrister.unlike father little interest profession relished neither practice law company lawyers decidedly atmosphere intellectually stimulating sense utter insipidity life grew upon me.involvement nationalist politics gradually replace legal practice.nationalist movement – britain return india – nehru developed interest indian politics time britain student barrister.
Jawaharlal Nehru	within months return india nehru attended annual session indian national congress patna.congress party moderates elites disconcerted saw much englishknowing upperclass affair.nehru doubted effectiveness congress agreed work party support indian civil rights movement led mahatma gandhi south africa collecting funds movement .later campaigned indentured labour discrimination faced indians british colonies.world war – world war broke sympathy india divided.
Jawaharlal Nehru	although educated indians large took vicarious pleasure seeing british rulers humbled ruling upper classes sided allies.nehru confessed viewed war mixed feelings.frank moraes writes nehrus sympathy country france whose culture greatly admired.war nehru volunteered st. john ambulance worked one organisations provincial secretaries allahabad.also spoke censorship acts passed british government india.nehru emerged war years leader whose political views considered radical.
Jawaharlal Nehru	although political discourse time dominated moderate gopal krishna gokhale said madness think independence nehru spoken openly politics noncooperation need resigning honorary positions government continuing futile politics representation.ridiculed indian civil service supporting british policies.noted someone defined indian civil service unfortunately still afflicted country neither indian civil service.motilal nehru prominent moderate leader acknowledged limits constitutional agitation counselled son practical alternative it.nehru however dissatisfied pace national movement.
Jawaharlal Nehru	became involved aggressive nationalists leaders demanding home rule indians.the influence moderates congress politics waned gokhale died .antimoderate leaders like annie besant bal gangadhar tilak took opportunity call national movement home rule.however proposal rejected reluctance moderates commit radical course action.home rule movement – nehru married kamala kaul .daughter indira born year later .
Jawaharlal Nehru	kamala gave birth boy november lived week.nevertheless besant formed league advocating home rule .tilak releasing term prison formed league april .nehru joined leagues worked primarily former.remarked later besant powerful influence childhood ... even later entered political life influence continued.another development brought radical change indian politics espousal hindumuslim unity lucknow pact annual meeting congress december .
Jawaharlal Nehru	pact initiated earlier year allahabad meeting india congress committee held nehru residence anand bhawan.nehru welcomed encouraged rapprochement two indian communities.several nationalist leaders banded together leadership annie besant voice demand selfgovernance obtain status dominion within british empire enjoyed time australia canada south africa new zealand newfoundland.nehru joined movement rose become secretary besants home rule league.in june british government arrested interned besant.congress indian organisations threatened launch protests freed.subsequently british government forced release besant make significant concessions period intense protest.
Jawaharlal Nehru	noncooperation – nehrus first big national involvement came onset noncooperation movement .led movement united provinces uttar pradesh.nehru arrested charges antigovernmental activities released months later.rift formed within congress following gandhis sudden halting noncooperation movement chauri chaura incident nehru remained loyal join swaraj party formed father motilal nehru cr das.nehru imprisoned nabha princely state went see struggle waged sikhs corrupt mahants.
Jawaharlal Nehru	internationalising struggle indian independence nehru played leading role development internationalist outlook indian independence struggle.sought foreign allies india forged links movements independence democracy around world.efforts paid congress invited attend congress oppressed nationalities brussels belgium.meeting called coordinate plan common struggle imperialism.nehru represented india elected executive council league imperialism born meeting.increasingly nehru saw struggle independence british imperialism multinational effort various colonies dominions empire statements matter however interpreted complicity rise hitler espoused intentions.
Jawaharlal Nehru	faced allegations nehru respondedwe sympathy national movement arabs palestine directed british imperialism.sympathies cannot weakened fact national movement coincides hitlers interests.fundamental rights economic policy nehru drafted policies congress future indian nation .declared aims congress freedom religion right form associations freedom expression thought equality law every individual without distinction caste colour creed religion protection regional languages cultures safeguarding interests peasants labour abolition untouchability introduction adult franchise imposition prohibition nationalisation industries socialism establishment secular india.aims formed core fundamental rights economic policy resolution drafted nehru – ratified congress party session karachi chaired vallabhbhai patel.
Jawaharlal Nehru	declaration independence nehru one first leaders demand congress party resolve make complete explicit break ties british empire.madras session congress approved resolution independence despite gandhis criticism.time formed independence india league pressure group within congress.gandhi agreed nehrus demands proposed resolution called british grant dominion status india within two years.british failed meet deadline congress would call upon indians fight complete independence.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru one leaders objected time given british—he pressed gandhi demand immediate actions british.gandhi brokered compromise reducing time given two years one.the british rejected demands dominion status .nehru assumed presidency congress party lahore session december introduced successful resolution calling complete independence.nehru drafted indian declaration independence statedwe believe inalienable right indian people people freedom enjoy fruits toil necessities life may full opportunities growth.believe also government deprives people rights oppresses people right alter abolish it.
Jawaharlal Nehru	british government india deprived indian people freedom based exploitation masses ruined india economically politically culturally spiritually.believe therefore india must sever british connection attain purna swaraj complete independence.at midnight new years eve nehru hoisted tricolour flag india upon banks ravi lahore.pledge independence read included readiness withhold taxes.massive gathering public attending ceremony asked agreed majority people witnessed raising hands approval.indian members central provincial legislatures resigned support resolution accordance indian public sentiment.
Jawaharlal Nehru	congress asked people india observe january independence day.congress volunteers nationalists public hoisted flag india publicly across india.plans mass civil disobedience also underway.after lahore session congress nehru gradually emerged paramount leader indian independence movement.gandhi stepped back spiritual role.although gandhi explicitly designate nehru political heir early mids country saw nehru natural successor gandhi.
Jawaharlal Nehru	salt march nehru congress leaders ambivalent initially gandhis plan begin civil disobedience satyagraha aimed british salt tax.protest gathered steam realised power salt symbol.nehru remarked unprecedented popular response seemed though spring suddenly released.arrested april train allahabad raipur.earlier addressing huge meeting leading vast procession ceremoniously manufactured contraband salt.
Jawaharlal Nehru	charged breach salt law sentenced six months imprisonment central jail.he nominated gandhi succeed congress president absence jail gandhi declined nehru nominated father successor.nehrus arrest civil disobedience acquired new tempo arrests firing crowds lathi charges grew ordinary occurrences.salt satyagraha success salt satyagraha pressure reform passive resistance succeeded attracting world attention.indian british world opinion increasingly recognised legitimacy claims congress party independence.nehru considered salt satyagraha highwater mark association gandhi felt lasting importance changing attitudes indiansof course movements exercised tremendous pressure british government shook government machinery.
Jawaharlal Nehru	real importance mind lay effect people especially village masses.... noncooperation dragged mire gave selfrespect selfreliance.... acted courageously submit easily unjust oppression outlook widened began think little terms india whole.... remarkable transformation congress gandhis leadership must credit it.electoral politics europe economics – nehrus trip europe happened turning point political economic mindset.
Jawaharlal Nehru	visit sparked interest marxism socialist thought pattern.time later spent incarcerated enabled research marxism deeply.appealed ideas repelled tactics never could bring buy karl marxs words revealed gospel.however time benchmark economic view remained marxist adapted necessary indian circumstances.nehru spent early months switzerland visiting ailing wife lausanne died march.europe became concerned possibility another world war.
Jawaharlal Nehru	time emphasised event war indias place alongside democracies though insisted india could fight support great britain france free country.at lucknow session despite opposition newly elected nehru party president congress party agreed contest provincial elections held government india act .elections brought congress party power majority provinces increased popularity power nehru.since muslim league muhammad ali jinnah become creator pakistan fared badly polls nehru declared two parties mattered india british colonial authorities congress.jinnahs statements muslim league third equal partner within indian politics widely rejected.nehru hoped elevate maulana azad preeminent leader indian muslims gandhi continued treat jinnah voice indian muslims undermined this.in leadership jayaprakash narayan narendra deo others congress socialist party group formed within inc. though nehru never joined group acted bridge gandhi.
Jawaharlal Nehru	support leftwing congressmen maulana azad subhas chandra bose.trio combined oust rajendra prasad congress president .nehru elected place held presidency two years –.socialist colleagues bose – azad – succeeded him.nehrus second term general secretary congress proposed certain resolutions concerning foreign policy india.
Jawaharlal Nehru	given carte blanche blank cheque framing foreign policy future indian nation.nehru worked closely bose developing good relations governments free countries world.nehru one first nationalist leaders realise sufferings people states ruled indian princes.nationalist movement confined territories direct british rule.helped make struggle people princely states part nationalist movement independence.nehru also given responsibility planning economy future india appointed national planning commission help frame policies.
Jawaharlal Nehru	however many plans framed nehru colleagues would come undone unexpected partition india .the india states peoples conference aispc formed nehru supported cause people princely states many years made organisations president .opened ranks membership across political spectrum.aispc play important role political integration india helping indian leaders vallabhbhai patel v. p. menon nehru delegated integrating princely states india negotiate hundreds princes.nationalist movement – world war ii began viceroy linlithgow unilaterally declared india belligerent side britain without consulting elected indian representatives.nehru hurried back visit china announcing conflict democracy fascism sympathies must inevitably side democracy ... like india play full part throw resources struggle new order.after much deliberation congress nehru informed government would cooperate british certain conditions.
Jawaharlal Nehru	first britain must give assurance full independence india war allow election constituent assembly frame new constitution second although indian armed forces would remain british commanderinchief indians must included immediately central government given chance share power responsibility.nehru presented lord linlithgow demands chose reject them.deadlock reached old game played nehru wrote bitterly gandhi background various epithets actors results must same.on october congress condemned viceroys attitude called upon congress ministries various provinces resign protest.crucial announcement nehru urged jinnah muslim league join protest jinnah declined.as nehru firmly placed india path democracy freedom time world threat fascism bose split late latter agreed seek help fascists driving british india.time nehru supported republicans fighting francisco francos forces spanish civil war.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru aide v. k. krishna menon visited spain declared support republicans.benito mussolini dictator italy expressed desire meet nehru refused him.civil disobedience lahore resolution august offer march muhammad ali jinnah passed came known pakistan resolution declaring muslims nation according definition nation must homelands territory state.state known pakistan meaning land pure.nehru angrily declared old problems ... pale insignificance latest stand taken muslim league leader lahore.
Jawaharlal Nehru	linlithgow made nehru offer october stated dominion status india objective british government.however referred neither date method accomplish this.jinnah received something precise british would contemplate transferring power congressdominated national government authority denied various elements indias national life.in october gandhi nehru abandoning original stand supporting britain decided launch limited civil disobedience campaign leading advocates indian independence selected participate one one.nehru arrested sentenced four years imprisonment.january gandhi statedsome say jawaharlal estranged.
Jawaharlal Nehru	require much difference opinion estrange us.differences time became coworkers yet said years say rajaji jawaharlal successor.spending little year jail nehru released along congress prisoners three days bombing pearl harbor hawaii.japan attacks india cripps mission quit india japanese carried attack burma myanmar borders india spring british government faced new military threat decided make overtures india nehru originally desired.prime minister winston churchill dispatched sir stafford cripps member war cabinet known politically close nehru knew jinnah proposals settlement constitutional problem.
Jawaharlal Nehru	soon arrived discovered india deeply divided imagined.nehru eager compromise hopeful gandhi not.jinnah continued opposing congress pakistan demand god declared muslim league newspaper dawn.cripps mission failed gandhi would accept nothing less independence.relations nehru gandhi cooled latters refusal cooperate cripps two later reconciled.in gandhi called british leave india nehru though reluctant embarrass allied war effort alternative join gandhi.
Jawaharlal Nehru	following quit india resolution passed congress party bombay august entire congress working committee including gandhi nehru arrested imprisoned.congress working committee including nehru abdul kalam azad sardar patel incarcerated ahmednagar fort june .prison – period congress leaders jail muslim league jinnah grew power.april league captured governments bengal month later northwest frontier province.none provinces league previously majority—only arrest congress members made possible.
Jawaharlal Nehru	muslim dominated provinces except punjab jinnahs control concept separate muslim state turning reality.however jinnahs power prestige waning.a general sympathy towards jailed congress leaders developing among muslims much blame disastrous bengal famine – two million died laid shoulders provinces muslim league government.numbers jinnahs meetings counted thousands soon numbered hundred.despair jinnah left political scene stay kashmir.prestige restored unwittingly gandhi released prison medical grounds may met jinnah bombay september.
Jawaharlal Nehru	offered muslim leader plebiscite muslim areas war see whether wanted separate rest india.essentially acceptance principle pakistan—but many words.jinnah demanded exact words used.gandhi refused talks broke down.jinnah however greatly strengthened position league.
Jawaharlal Nehru	influential member congress seen negotiate equal terms.cabinet mission interim government – nehru colleagues released prior arrival british cabinet mission india propose plans transfer power.agreed plan led elections provincial assemblies.turn members assemblies elected members constituent assembly.congress majority seats assembly headed interim government nehru prime minister.
Jawaharlal Nehru	muslim league joined government later liaquat ali khan finance member.prime minister india – nehru served prime minister years first interim prime minister prime minister republic india.republicanism july nehru pointedly observed princely state could prevail militarily army independent india.january said independent india would accept divine right kings.may declared princely state refused join constituent assembly would treated enemy state.
Jawaharlal Nehru	vallabhbhai patel v. p. menon conciliatory towards princes men charged integrating states successful task.drafting indian constitution many indian leaders except nehru favour allowing princely state covenanting state independent federal state along lines suggested originally government india act .drafting constitution progressed idea forming republic took concrete shape decided princely statescovenanting states would merge indian republic.nehrus daughter indira gandhi prime minister derecognised rulers presidential order decision struck supreme court india.eventually government th amendment constitution successful derecognising former rulers ending privy purse paid .independence dominion india – period independence early impaired outbreaks communal violence political disorder opposition muslim league led muhammad ali jinnah demanding separate muslim state pakistan.
Jawaharlal Nehru	independence took office prime minister india august delivered inaugural address titled tryst destiny.long years ago made tryst destiny time comes shall redeem pledge wholly full measure substantially.stroke midnight hour world sleeps india awake life freedom.moment comes comes rarely history step old new age ends soul nation long suppressed finds utterance.fitting solemn moment take pledge dedication service india people still larger cause humanity.assassination mahatma gandhi january gandhi shot walking garden birla house way address prayer meeting.
Jawaharlal Nehru	assassin nathuram godse hindu nationalist links extremist hindu mahasabha party held gandhi responsible weakening india insisting upon payment pakistan.nehru addressed nation radiofriends comrades light gone lives darkness everywhere quite know tell say it.beloved leader bapu called father nation more.perhaps wrong say nevertheless see seen many years run advice seek solace terrible blow millions millions country.yasmin khan argued gandhis death funeral helped consolidate authority new indian state nehru patel.congress tightly controlled epic public displays grief twoweek period—the funeral mortuary rituals distribution martyrs ashes millions participating different events.
Jawaharlal Nehru	goal assert power government legitimise congress partys control suppress religious paramilitary groups.nehru patel suppressed rashtriya swayamsevak sangh rss muslim national guards khaksars arrests.gandhis death funeral linked distant state indian people helped understand need suppress religious parties transition independence indian people.later years emerged revisionist school history sought blame nehru partition india mostly referring highly centralised policies independent india jinnah opposed favour decentralised india.integration states adoption new constitution – british indian empire included presentday india pakistan bangladesh divided two types territories provinces british india governed directly british officials responsible viceroy india princely states rule local hereditary rulers recognised british suzerainty return local autonomy cases established treaty.
Jawaharlal Nehru	territories princely states politically integrated indian union nehru sardar patel.merged existing provinces others organised new provinces rajputana himachal pradesh madhya bharat vindhya pradesh made multiple princely states including mysore hyderabad bhopal bilaspur became separate provinces.government india act remained constitutional law india pending adoption new constitution.the new constitution india came force january republic day made india sovereign democratic republic.new republic declared union states.election adoption constitution november constituent assembly continued act interim parliament new elections.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehrus interim cabinet consisted members diverse communities parties.first elections indian legislative bodies national parliament state assemblies new constitution india held .various members cabinet resigned posts formed parties contest elections.period congress party president purushottam das tandon also resigned post differences nehru since nehrus popularity needed winning elections.nehru prime minister elected president congress .
Jawaharlal Nehru	election despite numerous competing parties congress party nehrus leadership large majorities state national level.first term prime minister – state reorganization december nehru appointed states reorganisation commission prepare creation states linguistic lines.headed justice fazal ali commission also known fazal ali commission.govind ballabh pant served nehrus home minister december oversaw commissions efforts.commission created report recommending reorganisation indias states.under seventh amendment existing distinction part part b part c part states abolished.
Jawaharlal Nehru	distinction part part b states removed becoming known simply states.new type entity union territory replaced classification part c part state.nehru stressed commonality among indians promoted panindianism refusing reorganise states either religious ethnic lines.subsequent elections elections leadership nehru indian national congress easily second term power taking seats.gained extra seven seats size lok sabha increased five vote share increased .
Jawaharlal Nehru	.. inc nearly five times votes communist party second largest party.in nehru led congress victory diminished majority.numbers voted communist socialist parties grew although rightwing groups like bharatiya jana sangh also well.popularity date nehru considered popular prime minister winning three consecutive elections around vote.pathé news archive video reporting nehrus death remarks neither political stage moral stature leadership ever challenged.book verdicts nehru ramachandra guha cited contemporary account described nehrus – indian general election campaign looked likealmost every place city town village wayside halt people waited overnight welcome nations leader.
Jawaharlal Nehru	schools shops closed milkmaids cowherds taken holiday kisan helpmate took temporary respite dawntodusk programme hard work field home.nehrus name stocks soda lemonade sold even water became scarce ...special trains run outoftheway places carry people nehrus meetings enthusiasts travelling footboards also top carriages.
Jawaharlal Nehru	scores people fainted milling crowds.in nehru admired world leaders british prime minister winston churchill us president dwight d. eisenhower.letter eisenhower nehru dated november read universally recognised one powerful influences peace conciliation world.believe world leader peace individual capacity well representative largest neutral nation.... churchill called nehru light asia greater light gautama buddha.nehru time described charismatic leader rare charm.vision governing policies according bhikhu parekh nehru regarded founder modern indian state.
Jawaharlal Nehru	parekh attributes national philosophy nehru formulated india.modernisation national philosophy seven goals national unity parliamentary democracy industrialisation socialism development scientific temper nonalignment.parekhs opinion philosophy policies resulted benefited large section society public sector workers industrial houses middle upper peasantry.however failed benefit urban rural poor unemployed hindu fundamentalists.after exit subhash chandra bose mainstream indian politics support violence driving british india power struggle socialists conservatives congress party balanced out.however death vallabhbhai patel left nehru sole remaining iconic national leader soon situation became nehru could implement many basic policies without hindrance nehrus daughter indira gandhi able fulfil fathers dream nd amendment indian constitution india officially became socialist secular state emergency imposed.
Jawaharlal Nehru	economic policies nehru implemented policies based import substitution industrialisation advocated mixed economy governmentcontrolled public sector would coexist private sector.believed establishment basic heavy industry fundamental development modernisation indian economy.government therefore directed investment primarily key public sector industries—steel iron coal power—promoting development subsidies protectionist policies.the policy nonalignment cold war meant nehru received financial technical support power blocs building indias industrial base scratch.steel mill complexes built bokaro rourkela assistance soviet union west germany.substantial industrial development.
Jawaharlal Nehru	industry grew .annually —almost trebling industrial output making india worlds seventh largest industrial country.nehrus critics however contended indias import substitution industrialisation continued long nehru era weakened international competitiveness manufacturing industries.indias share world trade fell .– .
Jawaharlal Nehru	–.however indias export performance argued showed actual sustained improvement period.volume exports grew annual rate .– .–.gdp gnp grew .
Jawaharlal Nehru	.annually –.radical break british colonial period growth rates considered anaemic best compared industrial powers europe east asia.india lagged behind miracle economies japan west germany france italy.state planning controls regulations argued impaired economic growth.
Jawaharlal Nehru	indias economy grew faster united kingdom united states low initial income rapid population increase meant growth inadequate sort catchup rich income nations.nehrus preference big statecontrolled enterprises created complex system quantitative regulations quotas tariffs industrial licenses host controls.system known india licence raj responsible economic inefficiencies stifled entrepreneurship checked economic growth decades liberalisation policies initiated congress government p. v. narasimha rao.agriculture policies nehrus leadership government attempted develop india quickly embarking agrarian reform rapid industrialisation.successful land reform introduced abolished giant landholdings efforts redistribute land placing limits landownership failed.attempts introduce largescale cooperative farming frustrated landowning rural elites formed core powerful rightwing congress considerable political support opposing nehrus efforts.
Jawaharlal Nehru	agricultural production expanded early additional land brought cultivation irrigation projects began effect.establishment agricultural universities modelled landgrant colleges united states contributed development economy.universities worked highyielding varieties wheat rice initially developed mexico philippines began green revolution effort diversify increase crop production.time series failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages despite steady progress increase agricultural production.social policies education nehru passionate advocate education indias children youth believing essential indias future progress.
Jawaharlal Nehru	government oversaw establishment many institutions higher learning including india institute medical sciences indian institutes technology indian institutes management national institutes technology.nehru also outlined commitment fiveyear plans guarantee free compulsory primary education indias children.purpose nehru oversaw creation mass village enrolment programs construction thousands schools.nehru also launched initiatives provision free milk meals children fight malnutrition.adult education centres vocational technical schools also organised adults especially rural areas.
Jawaharlal Nehru	hindu marriage law nehru indian parliament enacted many changes hindu law criminalise caste discrimination increase legal rights social freedoms women.nehru specifically wrote article indian constitution directive principles state policy states state shall endeavor secure citizens uniform civil code throughout territory india.article formed basis secularism india.however nehru criticised inconsistent application law.notably allowed muslims keep personal law matters relating marriage inheritance.small state goa civil code based old portuguese family laws allowed continue nehru prohibited muslim personal law.
Jawaharlal Nehru	resulted annexation goa india nehru promised people laws would left intact.led accusations selective secularism.while nehru exempted muslim law legislation remained unreformed passed special marriage act .idea behind act give everyone india ability marry outside personal law civil marriage.law applied india except jammu kashmir leading accusations selective secularism.many respects act almost identical hindu marriage act demonstrates secularised law regarding hindus become.
Jawaharlal Nehru	special marriage act allowed muslims marry keep protections generally beneficial muslim women could found personal law.act polygamy illegal inheritance succession would governed indian succession act rather respective muslim personal law.divorce would governed secular law maintenance divorced wife would along lines set civil law.reservations sociallyoppressed communities system reservations government services educational institutions created eradicate social inequalities disadvantages faced peoples scheduled castes scheduled tribes.nehru convincingly succeeded secularism religious harmony increasing representation minorities government.
Jawaharlal Nehru	language policy nehru led faction congress party promoted hindi lingua franca indian nation.exhaustive divisive debate nonhindi speakers hindi adopted official language india english continuing associate official language years hindi would become sole official language.efforts indian government make hindi sole official language unacceptable many nonhindi indian states wanted continued use english.dravida munnetra kazhagam dmk descendant dravidar kazhagam led opposition hindi.allay fears nehru enacted official languages act ensure continuing use english beyond .
Jawaharlal Nehru	text act satisfy dmk increased scepticism future administrations might honour assurances.congress government headed indira gandhi eventually amended official languages act guarantee indefinite use hindi english official languages.effectively ensured current virtual indefinite policy bilingualism indian republic.foreign policy throughout long tenure prime minister nehru also held portfolio external affairs.idealistic approach focused giving india leadership position nonalignment.
Jawaharlal Nehru	sought build support among newly independent nations asia africa opposition two hostile superpowers contesting cold war.commonwealth independence nehru wanted maintain good relations britain british commonwealth countries.prime minister dominion india signed london declaration india agreed remain within commonwealth nations becoming republic january recognise british monarch symbol free association independent member nations head commonwealth.nations commonwealth recognised indias continuing membership association.nonaligned movement international scene nehru opponent military action military alliances.
Jawaharlal Nehru	strong supporter united nations except tried resolve kashmir question.pioneered policy nonalignment cofounded nonaligned movement nations professing neutrality rival blocs nations led us ussr.recognising peoples republic china soon founding western bloc continued relations taiwan nehru argued inclusion united nations refused brand chinese aggressors conflict korea.sought establish warm friendly relations china hoped act intermediary bridge gulf tensions communist states western bloc.nehru key organiser bandung conference april brought newly independent nations together asia africa designed galvanise nonalignment movement nehrus leadership.envisioned key leadership opportunity world stage would bring together emerging nations.
Jawaharlal Nehru	instead chinese representative zhou enlai downplayed revolutionary communism acknowledged right nations choose economic political systems including even capitalism upstaged him.nehru top foreignpolicy aide v.k.krishna menon contrast gained international reputation rude undiplomatic.zhou said privately never met arrogant man mr. nehru.senior indian foreign office official characterised menon outstanding world statesman worlds worst diplomat adding often overbearing churlish vindictive.
Jawaharlal Nehru	defence nuclear policy averse war nehru led campaigns pakistan kashmir.used military force annex hyderabad goa .laying foundation stone national defence academy statedwe generations talked attempted everything peaceful way practised nonviolence sense glorifying army navy air force.means lot.though odd yet simply reflects oddness life.
Jawaharlal Nehru	though life logical face contingencies unless prepared face go under.greater prince peace apostle nonviolence mahatma gandhi...but yet said better take sword surrender fail run away.cannot live carefree assuming safe.human nature such.cannot take risks risk hardwon freedom.
Jawaharlal Nehru	prepared modern defense methods wellequipped army navy air force.nehru entrusted homi j. bhabha nuclear physicist complete authority nuclearrelated affairs programs answerable prime minister.many hailed nehru working defuse global tensions threat nuclear weapons korean war –.commissioned first study effects nuclear explosions human health campaigned ceaselessly abolition called frightful engines destruction.also pragmatic reasons promoting denuclearization fearing nuclear arms race would lead overmilitarisation would unaffordable developing countries own.defending kashmir lord mountbattens urging nehru promised hold plebiscite kashmir auspices un.kashmir disputed territory india pakistan two gone war .
Jawaharlal Nehru	however pakistan failed pull back troops accordance un resolution nehru grew increasingly wary un declined hold plebiscite .policies kashmir integrating state india frequently defended united nations aide v. k. krishna menon earned reputation india passionate speeches.in nehru orchestrated ouster arrest sheikh abdullah prime minister kashmir previously supported suspected harbouring separatist ambitions bakshi ghulam mohammad replaced him.menon instructed deliver unprecedented eighthour speech defending indias stand kashmir date speech longest ever delivered united nations security council covering five hours nd meeting january two hours fortyeight minutes th reportedly concluding menons collapse security council floor.filibuster nehru moved swiftly successfully consolidate indian power kashmir great unrest.menons passionate defence indian sovereignty kashmir enlarged base support india led indian press temporarily dubbing hero kashmir.nehru peak popularity india minor criticism came farright.
Jawaharlal Nehru	china nehru signed china five principles peaceful coexistence known india panchsheel sanskrit words panch five sheel virtues set principles govern relations two states.first formal codification treaty form agreement china india recognised chinese sovereignty tibet.enunciated preamble agreement exchange notes trade intercourse tibet region china india signed peking april .negotiations took place delhi december april delegation peoples republic china prc government delegation indian government relations two countries regarding disputed territories aksai chin south tibet.chinese premier zhou enlai also persuaded nehru accept chinese position tibet thus depriving tibet possible ally possibility receiving military aid india.
Jawaharlal Nehru	treaty disregarded five principles came seen important china–india relations generally norms relations states.became widely recognised accepted throughout region premiership indira gandhi threeyear rule janata party –.although five principles peaceful coexistence basis sinoindian border treaty later years nehrus foreign policy suffered increasing chinese assertiveness border disputes decision grant asylum th dalai lama.dag hammarskjöld second secretarygeneral united nations said nehru superior moral point view zhou enlai skilled realpolitik.united states nehru criticised joint invasion suez canal british french israelis.role indian prime minister leader nonaligned movement significant tried evenhanded two sides vigorously denouncing anthony eden cosponsors invasion.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru powerful ally us president dwight eisenhower relatively silent publicly went extent using americas clout international monetary fund make britain france back down.suez crisis nehrus righthand man menon attempted persuade recalcitrant gamal nasser compromise west instrumental moving western powers towards awareness nasser might prove willing compromise.the us hoped court nehru intervention favour nasser suez crisis.however cold war suspicions american distrust nehruvian socialism cooled relations india us suspected nehru tacitly supporting soviet union.nehru maintained good relations britain even suez crisis.accepted uk world banks arbitration signing indus waters treaty pakistani ruler ayub khan resolve longstanding disputes sharing resources major rivers punjab region.
Jawaharlal Nehru	goa years failed negotiations nehru authorised indian army invade portuguesecontrolled portuguese india goa formally annexed india.increased popularity india criticised communist opposition india use military force.sinoindian war process accelerated nehru adopted forward policy setting military outposts disputed areas sinoindian border including outposts territory previously controlled india.china attacked outposts sinoindian war began india lost.china withdrew prewar lines eastern zone tawang retained aksai chin within british india handed india independence.
Jawaharlal Nehru	later pakistan handed portion kashmir near siachen controlled pakistan since china.the war exposed unpreparedness indias military could send troops war zone opposition much larger chinese army nehru widely criticised governments insufficient attention defence.response nehru sacked defence minister v. k. krishna menon sought us military aid.nehrus improved relations us john f. kennedy proved useful war president pakistan closely aligned americans ayub khan made guarantee neutrality regarding india threatened communist aggression red china.indias relationship soviet union criticised rightwing groups supporting freemarket policies also seemingly validated.nehru would continue maintain commitment nonaligned movement despite calls settle one permanent ally.the aftermath war saw sweeping changes indian military prepare similar conflicts future placed pressure nehru seen responsible failing anticipate chinese attack india.
Jawaharlal Nehru	american advice american envoy john kenneth galbraith made ran american policy war top policymakers us absorbed coincident cuban missile crisis nehru refrained using indian air force beat back chinese advances.cia later revealed time chinese neither fuel runways long enough use air force effectively tibet.indians general became highly sceptical china military.many indians view war betrayal indias attempts establishing longstanding peace china started question nehrus usage term hindichini bhaibhai indians chinese brothers.war also put end nehrus earlier hopes india china would form strong asian axis counteract increasing influence cold war bloc superpowers.the unpreparedness army blamed defence minister menon resigned government post allow someone might modernise indias military further.
Jawaharlal Nehru	indias policy weaponization using indigenous sources selfsufficiency began earnest nehru completed daughter indira gandhi later led india crushing military victory rival pakistan .toward end war india increased support tibetan refugees revolutionaries settled india fighting common enemy region.nehru ordered raising elite indiantrained tibetan armed force composed tibetan refugees served distinction future wars pakistan .during conflict nehru wrote two urgent letters us president john f. kennedy requesting squadrons fighter jets modern radar system.jets seen necessary increase indian air strength airtoair combat could initiated safely indian perspective bombing troops seen unwise fear chinese retaliatory action.nehru also asked aircraft manned american pilots indian airmen trained replace them.
Jawaharlal Nehru	kennedy administration involved cuban missile crisis sinoindian war rejected requests leading cooling indous relations.according former indian diplomat g parthasarathy got nothing us arms supplies soviet union india commence.according time magazines editorial war however may case.editorial stateswhen washington finally turned attention india honoured ambassadors pledge loaded us planes worth automatic weapons heavy mortars land mines.twelve huge c hercules transports complete us crews maintenance teams took new delhi fly indian troops equipment battle zone.
Jawaharlal Nehru	britain weighed bren sten guns airlifted tons arms india.canada prepared ship six transport planes.australia opened indian credits worth munitions.assassination attempts security four known assassination attempts nehru.first attempt made partition visiting northwest frontier province pakistan car.
Jawaharlal Nehru	second baburao laxman kochale knifewielding rickshawpuller near nagpur .third attempt took place bombay fourth failed bombing attempt train tracks maharashtra .despite threats life nehru despised much security around like disrupt traffic movements.death nehrus health began declining steadily spent months recuperating kashmir .historians attribute dramatic decline surprise chagrin sinoindian war perceived betrayal trust.
Jawaharlal Nehru	upon return dehradun may feeling quite comfortable went bed usual.restful night .soon returned bathroom nehru complained pain back.spoke doctors attended brief almost immediately collapsed.remained unconscious died early afternoon.
Jawaharlal Nehru	death announced lok sabha local time may cause death believed heart attack.draped indian national tricolour flag body jawaharlal nehru placed public viewing.raghupati raghava rajaram chanted body placed platform.may nehru cremated accordance hindu rites shantivan banks yamuna witnessed .million mourners flocked streets delhi cremation grounds.nehrus death left india clear political heir leadership later lal bahadur shastri succeeded prime minister.
Jawaharlal Nehru	death announced indian parliament words similar nehrus time gandhis assassination light out.indias future prime minister atal bihari vajpayee famously delivered nehru acclaimed eulogy.hailed nehru bharat matas favourite prince likened mythological warriorking rama.key cabinet members associates nehru served prime minister eighteen years first interim prime minister – last year british raj prime minister independent india august may .b.r. ambedkar law minister interim cabinet also chaired constitution drafting committee.vallabhbhai patel served home minister interim government.
Jawaharlal Nehru	instrumental getting congress party working committee vote partition.also credited integrating peacefully princely states india.patel longtime comrade nehru died leaving nehru unchallenged leader india death .abul kalam azad first minister education indian government minister human resource development september ministry education.contribution establishing education foundation india recognised celebrating birthday national education day across india.jagjivan ram became youngest minister nehrus interim government india labour minister also member constituent assembly india member dalit caste ensured social justice enshrined constitution.went serve minister various portfolios nehrus tenure shastri indira gandhi governments.morarji desai nationalist anticorruption leanings socially conservative probusiness favour free enterprise reforms opposed prime minister jawaharlal nehrus socialistic policies.
Jawaharlal Nehru	serving chief minister bombay state joined nehrus cabinet finance minister india.held position along senior ministers nehru cabinet resigned kamaraj plan.theplan proposed madras chief minister k.kamaraj revert back government ministers party positions acertain tenure vice versa.with nehrus age health failing early desai considered possible contender position prime minister.later desai alleged nehru used kamaraj plan remove possible contenders ‘from path daughter indira gandhi.desai succeeded indira gandhi prime minister selected victorious janata alliance parliamentary leader.govind ballabh pant – key figure indian independence movement later pivotal figure politics uttar pradesh indian government.pant served nehrus cabinet union home minister death .
Jawaharlal Nehru	home minister chief achievement reorganisation states along linguistic lines.also responsible establishment hindi official language central government states.tenure home minister pant awarded bharat ratna.c.d. deshmukh one five members planning commission constituted cabinet resolution.deshmukh succeeded john mathai union finance minister mathai resigned protest transfer certain powers planning commission.
Jawaharlal Nehru	finance minister deshmukh remained member planning commission.deshmukhs tenure—during delivered six budgets interim budget—is noted effective management indian economy steady growth saw recover impacts events s. deshmukhs tenure state bank india formed nationalisation amalgamation imperial bank several smaller banks.accomplished nationalisation insurance companies formation life insurance corporation india life insurance corporation india act .deshmukh resigned governments proposal move bill parliament bifurcating bombay state gujarat maharashtra designating city bombay union territory.v.k. krishna menon – close associate nehru described second powerful man india nehrus tenure prime minister.
Jawaharlal Nehru	nehru served indias high commissioner uk un ambassador union minister defence.forced resign debacle china war.in years following independence nehru frequently turned daughter indira gandhi managing personal affairs.indira moved nehrus official residence attend became constant companion travels across india world.would virtually become nehrus chief staff.towards end indira gandhi served president congress.

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