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Computer virus | viruses called polymorphic viruses employ means encryption inside executable virus encrypted certain events virus scanner disabled updates computer rebooted.called cryptovirology.polymorphic code first technique posed serious threat virus scanners.like regular encrypted viruses polymorphic virus infects files encrypted copy decoded decryption module.case polymorphic viruses however decryption module also modified infection.wellwritten polymorphic virus therefore parts remain identical infections making difficult detect directly using signatures. |
Computer virus | antivirus software detect decrypting viruses using emulator statistical pattern analysis encrypted virus body.enable polymorphic code virus polymorphic engine also called mutating engine mutation engine somewhere encrypted body.see polymorphic code technical detail engines operate.some viruses employ polymorphic code way constrains mutation rate virus significantly.example virus programmed mutate slightly time programmed refrain mutating infects file computer already contains copies virus.advantage using slow polymorphic code makes difficult antivirus professionals investigators obtain representative samples virus bait files infected one run typically contain identical similar samples virus. |
Computer virus | make likely detection virus scanner unreliable instances virus may able avoid detection.to avoid detected emulation viruses rewrite completely time infect new executables.viruses utilize technique said metamorphic code.enable metamorphism metamorphic engine needed.metamorphic virus usually large complex.example wsimile consisted lines assembly language code part metamorphic engine. |
Computer virus | effects damage due causing system failure corrupting data wasting computer resources increasing maintenance costs stealing personal information.even though antivirus software uncover computer viruses especially new ones computer security researchers actively searching new ways enable antivirus solutions effectively detect emerging viruses become widely distributed.a power virus computer program executes specific machine code reach maximum cpu power dissipation thermal energy output central processing units.computer cooling apparatus designed dissipate power thermal design power rather maximum power power virus could cause system overheat logic stop processor.may cause permanent physical damage.power viruses malicious often suites test software used integration testing thermal testing computer components design phase product product benchmarking.stability test applications similar programs effect power viruses high cpu usage stay users control. |
Computer virus | used testing cpus example overclocking.spinlock poorly written program may cause similar symptoms lasts sufficiently long.different microarchitectures typically require different machine code hit maximum power.examples machine code appear distributed cpu reference materials.infection vectors software often designed security features prevent unauthorized use system resources many viruses must exploit manipulate security bugs security defects system application software spread infect computers.software development strategies produce large numbers bugs generally also produce potential exploitable holes entrances virus.to replicate virus must permitted execute code write memory. |
Computer virus | reason many viruses attach executable files may part legitimate programs see code injection.user attempts launch infected program virus code may executed simultaneously.operating systems use file extensions determine program associations microsoft windows extensions may hidden user default.makes possible create file different type appears user.example executable may created named picture.png.exe user sees picture.png therefore assumes file digital image likely safe yet opened runs executable client machine. |
Computer virus | viruses may installed removable media flash drives.drives may left parking lot government building target hopes curious users insert drive computer.experiment researchers university michigan found – percent users would plug flash drive unknown origin.the vast majority viruses target systems running microsoft windows.due microsofts large market share desktop computer users.diversity software systems network limits destructive potential viruses malware. |
Computer virus | opensource operating systems linux allow users choose variety desktop environments packaging tools etc.means malicious code targeting systems affect subset users.many windows users running set applications enabling viruses rapidly spread among microsoft windows systems targeting exploits large numbers hosts.while linux unix general always natively prevented normal users making changes operating system environment without permission windows users generally prevented making changes meaning viruses easily gain control entire system windows hosts.difference continued partly due widespread use administrator accounts contemporary versions like windows xp.researchers created released virus linux—known bliss. |
Computer virus | bliss however requires user run explicitly infect programs user access modify.unlike windows users unix users log administrator root user except install configure software result even user ran virus could harm operating system.bliss virus never became widespread remains chiefly research curiosity.creator later posted source code usenet allowing researchers see worked.before computer networks became widespread viruses spread removable media particularly floppy disks.early days personal computer many users regularly exchanged information programs floppies. |
Computer virus | viruses spread infecting programs stored disks others installed disk boot sector ensuring would run user booted computer disk usually inadvertently.personal computers era would attempt boot first floppy one left drive.floppy disks fell use successful infection strategy boot sector viruses common wild many years.traditional computer viruses emerged driven spread personal computers resultant increase bulletin board system bbs modem use software sharing.bulletin board–driven software sharing contributed directly spread trojan horse programs viruses written infect popularly traded software. |
Computer virus | shareware bootleg software equally common vectors viruses bbss.viruses increase chances spreading computers infecting files network file system file system accessed computers.macro viruses become common since mids.viruses written scripting languages microsoft programs microsoft word microsoft excel spread throughout microsoft office infecting documents spreadsheets.since word excel also available mac os could also spread macintosh computers.although viruses ability send infected email messages viruses take advantage microsoft outlook component object model com interface. |
Computer virus | old versions microsoft word allow macros replicate additional blank lines.two macro viruses simultaneously infect document combination two also selfreplicating appear mating two would likely detected virus unique parents.a virus may also send web address link instant message contacts e.g.friends colleagues email addresses stored infected machine.recipient thinking link friend trusted source follows link website virus hosted site may able infect new computer continue propagating.viruses spread using crosssite scripting first reported academically demonstrated . |
Computer virus | multiple instances crosssite scripting viruses wild exploiting websites myspace samy worm yahoo.countermeasures adapso software industry division published dealing electronic vandalism followed risk data loss added risk losing customer confidence.many users install antivirus software detect eliminate known viruses computer attempts download run executable file may distributed email attachment usb flash drives example.antivirus software blocks known malicious websites attempt install malware.antivirus software change underlying capability hosts transmit viruses.users must update software regularly patch security vulnerabilities holes. |
Computer virus | antivirus software also needs regularly updated recognize latest threats.malicious hackers individuals always creating new viruses.german avtest institute publishes evaluations antivirus software windows android.examples microsoft windows anti virus antimalware software include optional microsoft security essentials windows xp vista windows realtime protection windows malicious software removal tool included windows security updates patch tuesday second tuesday month windows defender optional download case windows xp.additionally several capable antivirus software programs available free download internet usually restricted noncommercial use.free programs almost good commercialcompetitors. |
Computer virus | common security vulnerabilities assigned cve ids listed us national vulnerability database.secunia psi example software free personal use check pc vulnerable outofdate software attempt update it.ransomware phishing scam alerts appear press releases internet crime complaint center noticeboard.ransomware virus posts message users screen saying screen system remain locked unusable ransom payment made.phishing deception malicious individual pretends friend computer security expert benevolent individual goal convincing targeted individual reveal passwords personal information.other commonly used preventive measures include timely operating system updates software updates careful internet browsing avoiding shady websites installation trusted software. |
Computer virus | certain browsers flag sites reported google confirmed hosting malware google.there two common methods antivirus software application uses detect viruses described antivirus software article.first far common method virus detection using list virus signature definitions.works examining content computers memory random access memory ram boot sectors files stored fixed removable drives hard drives floppy drives usb flash drives comparing files database known virus signatures.virus signatures strings code used identify individual viruses virus antivirus designer tries choose unique signature string found legitimate program.different antivirus programs use different signatures identify viruses. |
Computer virus | disadvantage detection method users protected viruses detected signatures recent virus definition update protected new viruses see zeroday attack.a second method find viruses use heuristic algorithm based common virus behaviors.method detect new viruses antivirus security firms yet define signature also gives rise false positives using signatures.false positives disruptive especially commercial environment may lead company instructing staff use company computer system services checked system viruses.slow productivity regular workers.recovery strategies methods one may reduce damage done viruses making regular backups data operating systems different media either kept unconnected system time hard drive readonly accessible reasons using different file systems. |
Computer virus | way data lost virus one start using backup hopefully recent.backup session optical media like cd dvd closed becomes readonly longer affected virus long virus infected file copied onto cddvd.likewise operating system bootable cd used start computer installed operating systems become unusable.backups removable media must carefully inspected restoration.gammima virus example propagates via removable flash drives.many websites run antivirus software companies provide free online virus scanning limited cleaning facilities purpose websites sell antivirus products services. |
Computer virus | websites—like google subsidiary virustotal.com—allow users upload one suspicious files scanned checked one antivirus programs one operation.additionally several capable antivirus software programs available free download internet usually restricted noncommercial use.microsoft offers optional free antivirus utility called microsoft security essentials windows malicious software removal tool updated part regular windows update regime older optional antimalware malware removal tool windows defender upgraded antivirus product windows .some viruses disable system restore important windows tools task manager cmd.example virus ciadoor.many viruses removed rebooting computer entering windows safe mode networking using system tools microsoft safety scanner. |
Computer virus | system restore windows windows xp windows vista windows restore registry critical system files previous checkpoint.often virus cause system hang freeze subsequent hard reboot render system restore point day corrupted.restore points previous days work provided virus designed corrupt restore files exist previous restore points.microsofts system file checker improved windows later used check repair corrupted system files.restoring earlier clean virusfree copy entire partition cloned disk disk image backup copy one solution—restoring earlier backup disk image relatively simple usually removes malware may faster disinfecting computer—or reinstalling reconfiguring operating system programs scratch described restoring user preferences.reinstalling operating system another approach virus removal. |
Computer virus | may possible recover copies essential user data booting live cd connecting hard drive another computer booting second computers operating system taking great care infect computer executing infected programs original drive.original hard drive reformatted os programs installed original media.system restored precautions must taken avoid reinfection restored executable files.popular culture first known description selfreproducing program fiction short story scarred man gregory benford describes computer program called virus installed computer telephone modem dialing capability randomly dials phone numbers hits modem answered another computer attempts program answering computer program second computer also begin dialing random numbers search yet another computer program.program rapidly spreads exponentially susceptible computers countered second program called vaccine.the idea explored two novels harlie one david gerrold terminal man michael crichton became major theme novel shockwave rider john brunner.the michael crichton scifi movie westworld made early mention concept computer virus central plot theme causes androids run amok. |
Computer virus | alan oppenheimers character summarizes problem stating ...theres clear pattern suggests analogy infectious disease process spreading one...area next.replies stated perhaps superficial similarities disease must confess find difficult believe disease machinery.malware term virus also misused extension refer types malware.malware encompasses computer viruses along many forms malicious software computer worms ransomware spyware adware trojan horses keyloggers rootkits bootkits malicious browser helper object bhos malicious software.majority active malware threats trojan horse programs computer worms rather computer viruses. |
Computer virus | term computer virus coined fred cohen misnomer.viruses often perform type harmful activity infected host computers acquisition hard disk space central processing unit cpu time accessing stealing private information e.g.credit card numbers debit card numbers phone numbers names email addresses passwords bank information house addresses etc.corrupting data displaying political humorous threatening messages users screen spamming email contacts logging keystrokes even rendering computer useless.however viruses carry destructive payload attempt hide themselves—the defining characteristic viruses selfreplicating computer programs modify software without user consent injecting said programs similar biological virus replicates within living cells. |
Vulnerability scanner | see also botnetcomparison computer virusescomputer fraud abuse actcomputer insecuritycrimewarecore warscryptovirologykeystroke loggingmalwarespam electronictechnical support scamtrojan horse computingvirus hoaxwindows file recoverywindows action centerzombie computer science references reading external links viruses curlie dmozmicrosoft security portalus govt cert computer emergency readiness team sitecomputer viruses – theory experiments – original paper fred cohen hacking away counterculture andrew ross hackingscanners used discover weaknesses given system.utilized identification detection vulnerabilities arising misconfigurations flawed programming within networkbased asset firewall router web server application server etc.modern vulnerability scanners allow authenticated unauthenticated scans.modern scanners typically available saas software service provided internet delivered web application.modern vulnerability scanner often ability customize vulnerability reports well installed software open ports certificates host information queried part workflow. |
Vulnerability scanner | authenticated scans allow scanner directly access network based assets using remote administrative protocols secure shell ssh remote desktop protocol rdp authenticate using provided system credentials.allows vulnerability scanner access lowlevel data specific services configuration details host operating system.able provide detailed accurate information operating system installed software including configuration issues missing security patches.unauthenticated scans method result high number false positives unable provide detailed information assets operating system installed software.method typically used threat actors security analyst trying determine security posture externally accessible assets.the cis critical security controls effective cyber defense designates continuous vulnerability scanning critical control effective cyber defense.see also browser securitycomputer emergency response teaminformation securityinternet securitymobile securitydynamic application security testingpenetration testingpentesting software toolkits◦ openvas◦ nessus◦ metasploit project◦ snort references external links web application need link legit site old site hoaxnational institute standards technology nist publication security content automation protocol scap outline. |
Word (computer architecture) | word fixedsized piece data handled unit instruction set hardware processor.number bits word word size word width word length important characteristic specific processor design computer architecture.size word reflected many aspects computers structure operation majority registers processor usually word sized largest piece data transferred working memory single operation word many architectures.largest possible address size used designate location memory typically hardware word hardware word means fullsized natural word processor opposed definition used.documentation computers fixed word size commonly stated memory sizes words rather bytes characters.terms kilowords kw meaning words megawords mw meaning words normally used. |
Word (computer architecture) | standardization bit bytes byte addressability stating memory sizes bytes kilobytes megabytes become norm.several earliest computers modern well used binarycoded decimal rather plain binary typically word size decimal digits early decimal computers fixed word length all.early binary systems tended use word lengths multiple bits bit word especially common mainframe computers.introduction ascii led move systems word lengths multiple bits bit machines popular move modern processors bits.specialpurpose designs like digital signal processors may word length bits.the size word sometimes differ expected due backward compatibility earlier computers.multiple compatible variations family processors share common architecture instruction set differ word sizes documentation software may become notationally complex accommodate difference see size families below. |
Word (computer architecture) | uses words depending computer organized wordsize units may used forfixedpoint numbersholders fixed point usually integer numerical values may available one several different sizes one sizes available almost always word.sizes likely multiples fractions word size.smaller sizes normally used efficient use memory loaded processor values usually go larger word sized holder.floatingpoint numbersholders floatingpoint numerical values typically either word multiple word.addressesholders memory addresses must size capable expressing needed range values excessively large often size used word though also multiple fraction word size.registersprocessor registers designed size appropriate type data hold e.g.integers floatingpoint numbers addresses.many computer architectures use generalpurpose registers capable storing data multiple representations.memory–processor transferwhen processor reads memory subsystem register writes registers value memory amount data transferred often word. |
Word (computer architecture) | historically amount bits could transferred one cycle also called catena environments bull gamma .simple memory subsystems word transferred memory data bus typically width word halfword.memory subsystems use caches wordsized transfer one processor first level cache lower levels memory hierarchy larger transfers multiple word size normally used.unit address resolutionin given architecture successive address values designate successive units memory unit unit address resolution.computers unit either character e.g.byte word. |
Word (computer architecture) | computers used bit resolution.unit word larger amount memory accessed using address given size cost added complexity access individual characters.hand unit byte individual characters addressed i.e.selected memory operation.instructionsmachine instructions normally size architectures word risc architectures multiple char size fraction it.natural choice since instructions data usually share memory subsystem. |
Word (computer architecture) | harvard architectures word sizes instructions data need related instructions data stored different memories example processor ess electronic telephone switch bit instructions bit data words.word size choice computer architecture designed choice word size substantial importance.design considerations encourage particular bitgroup sizes particular uses e.g.addresses considerations point different sizes different uses.however considerations economy design strongly push one size sizes related multiples fractions submultiples primary size. |
Word (computer architecture) | preferred size becomes word size architecture.character size past prevariablesized character encoding one influences unit address resolution choice word size.mids characters often stored six bits allowed characters alphabet limited upper case.since efficient time space word size multiple character size word sizes period usually multiples bits binary machines.common choice bit word also good size numeric properties floating point format.after introduction ibm system design used eightbit characters supported lowercase letters standard size character accurately byte became eight bits.word sizes thereafter naturally multiples eight bits bits commonly used. |
Word (computer architecture) | variableword architectures early machine designs included used often termed variable word length.type organization numeric operand fixed length rather end detected character special marking often called word mark encountered.machines often used binarycoded decimal numbers.class machines included ibm ibm ibm ibm univac ibm ibm .most machines work one unit memory time since instruction datum several units long instruction takes several cycles access memory.machines often quite slow this. |
Word (computer architecture) | example instruction fetches ibm model take cycles read digits instruction model ii reduced cycles cycles instruction need address fields.instruction execution took completely variable number cycles depending size operands.word bit byte addressing memory model architecture strongly influenced word size.particular resolution memory address smallest unit designated address often chosen word.approach wordaddressable machine approach address values differ one designate adjacent memory words. |
Word (computer architecture) | natural machines deal almost always word multipleword units advantage allowing instructions use minimally sized fields contain addresses permit smaller instruction size larger variety instructions.when byte processing significant part workload usually advantageous use byte rather word unit address resolution.address values differ one designate adjacent bytes memory.allows arbitrary character within character string addressed straightforwardly.word still addressed address used requires bits wordresolution alternative.word size needs integer multiple character size organization. |
Word (computer architecture) | addressing approach used ibm common approach machines designed since then.when workload involves processing fields different sizes advantageous address bit.machines bit addressing may instructions use programmerdefined byte size instructions operate fixed data sizes.example ibm stretch floating point instruction address words integer arithmetic instruction specify field length bits byte size bits accumulator offset bits.byteaddressable machine storagetostorage ss instructions typically move instructions copy one multiple bytes one arbitrary location another.byteoriented byteaddressable machine without ss instructions moving single byte one arbitrary location another typicallyload source bytestore result back target byteindividual bytes accessed wordoriented machine one two ways. |
Word (computer architecture) | bytes manipulated combination shift mask operations registers.moving single byte one arbitrary location another may require equivalent followingload word containing source byteshift source word align desired byte correct position target wordand source word mask zero desired bitsload word containing target byteand target word mask zero target byteor registers containing source target words insert source bytestore result back target locationalternatively many wordoriented machines implement byte operations instructions using special byte pointers registers memory.example pdp byte pointer contained size byte bits allowing differentsized bytes accessed bit position byte within word word address data.instructions could automatically adjust pointer next byte example load deposit store operations.powers two different amounts memory used store data values different degrees precision. |
Word (computer architecture) | commonly used sizes usually power two multiple unit address resolution byte word.converting index item array memory address offset item requires shift operation rather multiplication.cases relationship also avoid use division operations.result modern computer designs word sizes operand sizes power two times size byte.size families computer designs grown complex central importance single word size architecture decreased. |
Word (computer architecture) | although capable hardware use wider variety sizes data market forces exert pressure maintain backward compatibility extending processor capability.result might central word size fresh design coexist alternative size original word size backward compatible design.original word size remains available future designs forming basis size family.in mids dec designed vax bit successor bit pdp.used word bit quantity longword referred bit quantity.contrast earlier machines natural unit addressing memory would called word quantity one half word would called halfword. |
Word (computer architecture) | fitting scheme vax quadword bits.continued wordlongwordquadword terminology bit alpha.another example x family processors three different word lengths bit later bit released word continues designate bit quantity.software routinely ported one wordlength next apis documentation define refer older thus shorter wordlength full word length cpu software may compiled for.also similar bytes used small numbers many programs shorter word bits may used contexts range wider word needed especially save considerable stack space cache memory space.example microsofts windows api maintains programming language definition word bits despite fact api may used bit x processor standard word size would bits respectively. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | data structures containing different sized words refer word bits bytes dword bits bytes qword bits bytes respectively.similar phenomenon developed intels x assembly language – support various sizes backward compatibility instruction set instruction mnemonics carry q identifiers denoting double quad doublequad terms architectures original bit word size.in general new processors must use data word lengths virtual address widths older processor binary compatibility older processor.often carefully written source code – written sourcecode compatibility software portability mind – recompiled run variety processors even ones different data word lengths different address widths both.table word sizes see also integer computer science notes references§ et seq.united states federal law enacted title iii egovernment act pub.l.– text pdf stat..act recognized importance information security economic national security interests united states. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | act requires federal agency develop document implement agencywide program provide information security information information systems support operations assets agency including provided managed another agency contractor source.fisma brought attention within federal government cybersecurity explicitly emphasized riskbased policy costeffective security.fisma requires agency program officials chief information officers inspectors general igs conduct annual reviews agencys information security program report results office management budget omb.omb uses data assist oversight responsibilities prepare annual report congress agency compliance act.fy federal agencies spent .billion securing governments total information technology investment approximately billion . |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | percent total information technology portfolio.this law amended federal information security modernization act pub.l.– text pdf sometimes known fisma fisma reform.fisma struck subchapters ii iii chapter title united states code amending text new law new subchapter ii u.s.c.§ .purpose act fisma assigns specific responsibilities federal agencies national institute standards technology nist office management budget omb order strengthen information security systems. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | particular fisma requires head agency implement policies procedures costeffectively reduce information technology security risks acceptable level.according fisma term information security means protecting information information systems unauthorized access use disclosure disruption modification destruction order provide integrity confidentiality availability.implementation fisma accordance fisma nist responsible developing standards guidelines associated methods techniques providing adequate information security agency operations assets excluding national security systems.nist works closely federal agencies improve understanding implementation fisma protect information information systems publishes standards guidelines provide foundation strong information security programs agencies.nist performs statutory responsibilities computer security division information technology laboratory.nist develops standards metrics tests validation programs promote measure validate security information systems services. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | nist hosts followingfisma implementation projectinformation security automation program isapnational vulnerability database nvd – u.s. government content repository isap security content automation protocol scap.nvd u.s. government repository standards based vulnerability management data.data enables automation vulnerability management security measurement compliance e.g.fisma compliance framework defined fisma supporting standards fisma defines framework managing information security must followed information systems used operated u.s. federal government agency executive legislative branches contractor organization behalf federal agency branches.framework defined standards guidelines developed nist. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | inventory information systems fisma requires agencies information systems inventory place.according fisma head agency shall develop maintain inventory major information systems including major national security systems operated control agencythe identification information systems inventory subsection shall include identification interfaces system systems networks including operated control agency.first step determine constitutes information system question.direct mapping computers information system rather information system may collection individual computers put common purpose managed system owner.nist sp revision guide developing security plans federal information systems provides guidance determining system boundaries.categorize information information systems according risk level information information systems categorized based objectives providing appropriate levels information security according range risk levelsthe first mandatory security standard required fisma legislation fips standards security categorization federal information information systems provides definitions security categories. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | guidelines provided nist sp guide mapping types information information systems security categories.the overall fips system categorization high water mark impact rating criteria information types resident system.example one information type system rating low confidentiality integrity availability another type rating low confidentiality availability rating moderate integrity impact level integrity also becomes moderate.security controls federal information systems must meet minimum security requirements.requirements defined second mandatory security standard required fisma legislation fips minimum security requirements federal information information systems.organizations must meet minimum security requirements selecting appropriate security controls assurance requirements described nist special publication recommended security controls federal information systems.process selecting appropriate security controls assurance requirements organizational information systems achieve adequate security multifaceted riskbased activity involving management operational personnel within organization.agencies flexibility applying baseline security controls accordance tailoring guidance provided special publication . |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | allows agencies adjust security controls closely fit mission requirements operational environments.the controls selected planned must documented system security plan.risk assessment combination fips nist special publication requires foundational level security federal information information systems.agencys risk assessment validates security control set determines additional controls needed protect agency operations including mission functions image reputation agency assets individuals organizations nation.resulting set security controls establishes level security due diligence federal agency contractors.a risk assessment starts identifying potential threats vulnerabilities mapping implemented controls individual vulnerabilities.one determines risk calculating likelihood impact given vulnerability could exploited taking account existing controls. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | culmination risk assessment shows calculated risk vulnerabilities describes whether risk accepted mitigated.mitigated implementation control one needs describe additional security controls added system.nist also initiated information security automation program isap security content automation protocol scap support complement approach achieving consistent costeffective security control assessments.system security plan agencies develop policy system security planning process.nist sp introduces concept system security plan.system security plans living documents require periodic review modification plans action milestones implementing security controls. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | procedures place outlining reviews plans keeps plan current follows planned security controls.the system security plan major input security certification accreditation process system.security certification accreditation process system security plan analyzed updated accepted.certification agent confirms security controls described system security plan consistent fips security category determined information system threat vulnerability identification initial risk determination identified documented system security plan risk assessment equivalent document.certification accreditation system documentation risk assessment completed systems controls must reviewed certified functioning appropriately.based results review information system accredited. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | certification accreditation process defined nist sp guide security certification accreditation federal information systems.security accreditation official management decision given senior agency official authorize operation information system explicitly accept risk agency operations agency assets individuals based implementation agreedupon set security controls.required omb circular appendix iii security accreditation provides form quality control challenges managers technical staffs levels implement effective security controls possible information system given mission requirements technical constraints operational constraints costschedule constraints.accrediting information system agency official accepts responsibility security system fully accountable adverse impacts agency breach security occurs.thus responsibility accountability core principles characterize security accreditation.essential agency officials complete accurate trustworthy information possible security status information systems order make timely credible riskbased decisions whether authorize operation systems.the information supporting evidence needed security accreditation developed detailed security review information system typically referred security certification. |
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 | security certification comprehensive assessment management operational technical security controls information system made support security accreditation determine extent controls implemented correctly operating intended producing desired outcome respect meeting security requirements system.results security certification used reassess risks update system security plan thus providing factual basis authorizing official render security accreditation decision.continuous monitoring accredited systems required monitor selected set security controls system documentation updated reflect changes modifications system.large changes security profile system trigger updated risk assessment controls significantly modified may need recertified.continuous monitoring activities include configuration management control information system components security impact analyses changes system ongoing assessment security controls status reporting.organization establishes selection criteria subsequently selects subset security controls employed within information system assessment. |
Intel Active Management Technology | organization also establishes schedule control monitoring ensure adequate coverage achieved.critique security experts bruce brody former federal chief information security officer alan paller director research sans institute described fisma wellintentioned fundamentally flawed tool arguing compliance reporting methodology mandated fisma measures security planning rather measuring information security.past gao chief technology officer keith rhodes said fisma helped government system security implementation everything security people view fisma checklist nothing going get done.see also attack computingcommittee national security systemscomputer securitycybersecuritycyberwarfaredepartment defense information assurance certification accreditation processfederal desktop core configuration – nist security standards windows workstationsinformation assuranceinformation securityinformation security management systemit riskomb circular asecurity content automation protocol – automated testing security compliancethreat computervulnerability computing references external links nist special publications librarynist fisma implementation project home pagefull text fismaomb memorandareport fisma scoresfismapedia projectfisma resourcesrsam automated platform fisma compliance continuous monitoringoutofband oob hardwarebased management different softwarebased inband management software management agents.hardwarebased management works different level software applications uses communication channel tcpip stack different softwarebased communication software stack operating system.hardwarebased management depend presence os locally installed management agent.hardwarebased management available intelamd based computers past largely limited autoconfiguration using dhcp bootp dynamic ip address allocation diskless workstations well wakeonlan wol remotely powering systems.amt intended used intended used software management application.gives management application thus system administrator uses access pc wire order remotely tasks difficult sometimes impossible working pc remote functionalities built it.amt designed secondary service processor located motherboard uses tlssecured communication strong encryption provide additional security. |
Intel Active Management Technology | amt built pcs intel vpro technology based intel management engine me.amt moved towards increasing support dmtf desktop mobile architecture system hardware dash standards amt release .later releases implementation dash version .. standards outofband management.amt provides similar functionality ipmi although amt designed client computing systems compared typically serverbased ipmi.currently amt available desktops servers ultrabooks tablets laptops intel core vpro processor family including intel core core core intel xeon e xeon e xeon w product family.intel confirmed remote elevation privilege bug cve sa management technology may .every intel platform either intel standard manageability active management technology small business technology nehalem kaby lake remotely exploitable security hole me. |
Intel Active Management Technology | manufacturers like purism system already selling hardware intel management engine disabled prevent remote exploit.additional major security flaws affecting large number computers incorporating management engine trusted execution engine server platform services firmware skylake coffee lake confirmed intel november sa.nonfree service access although iamt may included free devices sold public small businesses full capabilities iamt including encrypted remote access via public key certificate automatic remote device provisioning unconfigured iamt clients accessible free general public direct owners iamt equipped devices.iamt cannot fully utilized maximum potential without purchasing additional software management services intel another rd party independent software vendor isv value added reseller var.intel provides developers toolkit software package allows basic access iamt intended normally used access technology.basic modes access supported without full access encrypted communications complete purchased management system. |
Intel Active Management Technology | features intel amt includes hardwarebased remote management security power management remote configuration features enable independent remote access amtenabled pcs.intel amt security management technology built pcs intel vpro technology.intel amt uses hardwarebased outofband oob communication channel operates regardless presence working operating system.communication channel independent pcs power state presence management agent state many hardware components hard disk drives memory.most amt features available oob regardless pc power state.features require pc powered console redirection via serial lan sol agent presence checking network traffic filtering.intel amt remote powerup capability.hardwarebased features combined scripting automate maintenance service.hardwarebased amt features laptop desktop pcs includeencrypted remote communication channel network traffic console intel amt.ability wired pc physically connected network outside companys firewall open lan establish secure communication tunnel via amt back console. |
Intel Active Management Technology | examples open lan include wired laptop home smb site proxy server.remote power power power cycle encrypted wol.remote boot via integrated device electronics redirect ider.console redirection via serial lan sol.keyboard video mouse kvm network.hardwarebased filters monitoring packet headers inbound outbound network traffic known threats based programmable timers monitoring known unknown threats based timebased heuristics.laptops desktop pcs filters monitor packet headers.desktop pcs packetheader filters timebased filters.isolation circuitry previously unofficially called circuit breaker intel portblock ratelimit fully isolate pc might compromised infected.agent presence checking via hardwarebased policybased programmable timers.miss generates event also generate alert.oob alerting.persistent event log stored protected memory hard drive.access preboot pcs universal unique identifier uuid.access preboot hardware asset information components manufacturer model updated every time system goes poweron selftest post.access preboot thirdparty data store tpds protected memory area software vendors use version information .dat files information.remote configuration options including certificatebased zerotouch remote configuration usb key configuration lighttouch manual configuration.protected audiovideo pathway playback protection drmprotected media.laptops amt also include wireless technologiessupport ieee .agn wireless protocolsciscocompatible extensions voice wlan history software updates provide upgrades next minor version intel amt. |
Intel Active Management Technology | new major releases intel amt built new chipset updated new hardware.applications almost amt features available even pc poweredoff state power cord attached operating system crashed software agent missing hardware hard drive memory failed.consoleredirection feature sol agent presence checking network traffic filters available pc powered up.intel amt supports management tasksremotely power power power cycle power reset computer.remote boot pc remotely redirecting pcs boot process causing boot different image network share bootable cdrom dvd remediation drive boot device.feature supports remote booting pc corrupted missing os.remotely redirect systems io via console redirection serial lan sol.feature supports remote troubleshooting remote repair software upgrades similar processes.access change bios settings remotely. |
Intel Active Management Technology | feature available even pc power os hardware failed.feature designed allow remote updates corrections configuration settings.feature supports full bios updates changes specific settings.detect suspicious network traffic.laptop desktop pcs feature allows sysadmin define events might indicate inbound outbound threat network packet header.desktop pcs feature also supports detection known andor unknown threats including slow fastmoving computer worms network traffic via timebased heuristicsbased filters. |
Intel Active Management Technology | network traffic checked reaches os also checked os software applications load shut traditionally vulnerable period pcs.block ratelimit network traffic systems suspected infected compromised computer viruses computer worms threats.feature uses intel amt hardwarebased isolation circuitry triggered manually remotely sysadmin automatically based policy specific event.manage hardware packet filters onboard network adapter.automatically send oob communication console critical software agent misses assigned check programmable policybased hardwarebased timer.miss indicates potential problem.feature combined oob alerting console notified potential problem occurs helps keep network flooded unnecessary positive event notifications.receive platform event trap pet events outofband amt subsystem example events indicating os hung crashed password attack attempted.alert issued event falling compliance combination agent presence checking threshold reaching particular fan speed.access persistent event log stored protected memory. |
Intel Active Management Technology | event log available oob even os hardware already failed.discover amt system independently pcs power state os state.discovery preboot access uuid available system powered os compromised hardware hard drive memory failed management agents missing.perform software inventory access information software pc.feature allows thirdparty software vendor store software asset version information local applications intel amt protected memory.protected third party data store different protected amt memory hardware component information system information.thirdparty data store accessed oob sysadmin. |
Intel Active Management Technology | example antivirus program could store version information protected memory available thirdparty data.computer script could use feature identify pcs need updated.perform hardware inventory uploading remote pcs hardware asset list platform baseboard management controller bios processor memory disks portable batteries field replaceable units information.hardware asset information updated every time system runs poweron selftest post.from major version intel amt embeds proprietary vnc server outofband access using dedicated vnccompatible viewer technology full kvm keyboard video mouse capability throughout power cycle – including uninterrupted control desktop operating system loads.clients vnc viewer plus realvnc also provide additional functionality might make easier perform watch certain intel amt operations powering computer configuring bios mounting remote image ider.provisioning integration amt supports certificatebased pskbased remote provisioning full remote deployment usb keybased provisioning onetouch provisioning manual provisioning provisioning using agent local host host based provisioning. |
Intel Active Management Technology | oem also preprovision amt.the current version amt supports remote deployment laptop desktop pcs.remote deployment one key features missing earlier versions amt delayed acceptance amt market.remote deployment recently possible within corporate network.remote deployment lets sysadmin deploy pcs without touching systems physically.also allows sysadmin delay deployments put pcs use period time making amt features available console. |
Intel Active Management Technology | delivery deployment models evolve amt deployed internet using zerotouch hostbased methods.pcs sold amt enabled disabled.oem determines whether ship amt capabilities ready setup enabled disabled.setup configuration process may vary depending oem build.amt includes privacy icon application called imss notifies systems user amt enabled.oem decide whether want display icon not.amt supports different methods disabling management security technology well different methods reenabling technology.amt partially unprovisioned using configuration settings fully unprovisioned erasing configuration settings security credentials operational networking settings.partial unprovisioning leaves pc setup state. |
Intel Active Management Technology | state pc selfinitiate automated remote configuration process.full unprovisioning erases configuration profile well security credentials operational networking settings required communicate intel management engine.full unprovisioning returns intel amt factory default state.once amt disabled order enable amt authorized sysadmin reestablish security credentials required perform remote configuration eitherusing remote configuration process full automated remote config via certificates keys.physically accessing pc restore security credentials either usb key entering credentials mebx parameters manually.there way totally reset amt return factory defaults.done two wayssetting appropriate value bios.clearing cmos memory nvram.setup integration amt supported setup configuration service automated setup amt webserver tool included intel amt amt commander unsupported free proprietary application available intel website.communication access intel amt features intel management engine pcs hardware firmware. |
Intel Active Management Technology | amt communication depends state management engine state pcs os.as part intel management engine amt oob communication channel based tcpip firmware stack designed system hardware.based tcpip stack remote communication amt occurs via network data path communication passed os.intel amt supports wired wireless networks.wireless notebooks battery power oob communication available system awake connected corporate network even os down.oob communication also available wireless wired notebooks connected corporate network host osbased virtual private network vpn notebooks awake working properly.amt version .higher establish secure communication tunnel wired pc console outside corporate firewall. |
Intel Active Management Technology | scheme management presence server intel calls vproenabled gateway authenticates pc opens secure tls tunnel console pc mediates communication.scheme intended help user pc request maintenance service satellite offices similar places onsite proxy server management appliance.technology secures communications outside corporate firewall relatively new.also requires infrastructure place including support consoles firewalls.an amt pc stores system configuration information protected memory.pcs version .higher information include names appropriate whitelist management servers company. |
Intel Active Management Technology | user tries initiate remote session wired pc company server open lan amt sends stored information management presence server mps demilitarized zone dmz exists corporate firewall client user pcs firewalls.mps uses information help authenticate pc.mps mediates communication laptop companys management servers.because communication authenticated secure communication tunnel opened using tls encryption.secure communications established console intel amt users pc sysadmin use typical amt features remotely diagnose repair maintain update pc.design hardware management engine isolated protected coprocessor embedded nonoptional part current intel chipsets.starting based intel quark xbased bit cpu runs minix operating system. |
Intel Active Management Technology | state stored partition spi flash using embedded flash file system effs.previous versions based arc core management engine running threadx rtos express logic.versions .x .x used arctangenta bit instructions whereas versions .x .x used newer arcompact mixed bit instruction set architecture.starting .arc processor could also execute signed java applets. |
Intel Active Management Technology | shares network interface ip host system.traffic routed based packets ports .support exists various intel ethernet controllers exported made configurable via management component transport protocol mctp.also communicates host via pci interface.linux communication host done via devmei recently devmei.until release nehalem processors usually embedded motherboards northbridge following memory controller hub mch layout. |
Intel Active Management Technology | newer intel architectures intel series onwards included platform controller hub pch.firmware management engine mainstream chipsetsserver platform services sps servertrusted execution engine txe tabletmobilelow power security amt allows access pc os level security amt features key concern.security communications intel amt provisioning service andor management console established different ways depending network environment.security established via certificates keys tls public key infrastructure tlspki preshared keys tlspsk administrator password.security technologies protect access amt features built hardware firmware.hardwarebased features amt security technologies active even pc powered os crashed software agents missing hardware hard drive memory failed.because software implements amt exists outside operating system kept uptodate operating systems normal update mechanism.security defects amt software therefore particularly severe remain long discovered become known potential attackers.on may intel announced critical vulnerability amt. |
Intel Active Management Technology | according update vulnerability could enable network attacker remotely gain access business pcs devices use technologies.intel announced partial availability firmware update patch vulnerability affected devices.networking protocols inband remote management use secured network communication channel example secure shell protocols secured.thus businesses choose secure network allowing use remote management applications without secure communications maintain service pcs.modern security technologies hardware designs allow remote management even secure environments.example intel amt supports ieee .x preboot execution environment pxe cisco sdn microsoft nap.all amt features available secure network environment. |
Intel Active Management Technology | intel amt secure network environmentthe network verify security posture amtenabled pc authenticate pc os loads pc allowed access network.pxe boot used maintaining network security.words administrator use existing pxe infrastructure ieee .x cisco sdn microsoft nap network.intel amt embed network security credentials hardware via intel amt embedded trust agent amt posture plugin.plugin collects security posture information firmware configuration security parameters thirdparty software antivirus software antispyware bios protected memory.plugin trust agent store security profiles amts protected nonvolatile memory hard disk drive.because amt outofband communication channel amt present pcs security posture network even pcs os security software compromised.since amt presents posture outofband network also authenticate pc outofband os applications load try access network. |
Intel Active Management Technology | security posture correct system administrator push update oob via intel amt reinstall critical security software letting pc access network.support different security postures depends amt releasesupport ieee .x cisco sdn requires amt version .higher laptops amt version .higher desktop pcs.support microsoft nap requires amt version .higher.support pxe boot full network security requires amt version .higher desktop pcs. |
Intel Active Management Technology | technology amt includes several security schemes technologies methodologies secure access amt features deployment remote management.amt security technologies methodologies includetransport layer security including preshared key tls tlspskhttp authenticationsingle signon intel amt microsoft windows domain authentication based microsoft active directory kerberosdigitally signed firmwarepseudorandom number generator prng generates session keysprotected memory hard disk drive critical system data uuid hardware asset information bios configuration settingsaccess control lists aclas aspects intel amt security technologies methodologies built chipset.known vulnerabilities exploits ring − rootkit ring − rootkit demonstrated invisible things lab q chipset work later q chipset intel implemented additional protections.exploit worked remapping normally protected memory region top mb ram reserved me.rootkit could installed regardless whether amt present enabled system chipset always contains arc coprocessor. |
Intel Active Management Technology | − designation chosen coprocessor works even system state thus considered layer system management mode rootkits.vulnerable q chipset keystroke logger mebased rootkit demonstrated patrick stewin.zerotouch provisioning another security evaluation vassilios ververis showed serious weaknesses gm chipset implementation.particular criticized amt transmitting unencrypted passwords smb provisioning mode ide redirection serial lan features used.also found zero touch provisioning mode ztc still enabled even amt appears disabled bios. |
Intel Active Management Technology | euros ververis purchased go daddy certificate accepted firmware allows remote zero touch provisioning possibly unsuspecting machines broadcast hello packets wouldbe configuration servers.silent bob silent may intel confirmed many computers amt unpatched critical privilegeescalation vulnerability cve.vulnerability nicknamed silent bob silent researchers reported intel affects numerous laptops desktops servers sold dell fujitsu hewlettpackard later hewlett packard enterprise hp inc. intel lenovo possibly others.researchers claimed bug affects systems made later.reports claimed bug also affects systems made long ago . |
Intel Active Management Technology | vulnerability described giving remote attackersfull control affected machines including ability read modify everything.used install persistent malware possibly firmware read modify data.the remote user authorization process included programmer error compared usergiven authorization token hash userresponse true value hash computedresponse using codestrncmpcomputedresponse userresponse responselengththe vulnerability responselength length usergiven token true token.since third argument strncmp length two strings compared less length computedresponse part string tested equality.specifically userresponse empty string length comparison always return true thus validate user.allowed person simply log admin account devices editing sent http packet use empty string response fields value.platinum june platinum cybercrime group became notable exploiting serial lan sol capabilities amt perform data exfiltration stolen documents. |
Intel Active Management Technology | sa november serious flaws detected management engine firmware security firm positive technologies claimed developed working exploit system someone physical access usb port.november intel confirmed number serious flaws found management engine trusted execution engine server platform services released critical firmware update.avoidance mitigation pcs amt typically provide option bios menu switch amt though oems implement bios features differently therefore bios reliable method switch amt.intelbased pcs shipped without amt supposed able amt installed later.however long pcs hardware potentially capable running amt unclear effective protections are. |
Intel Active Management Technology | presently mitigation guides tools disable amt windows linux received tool check whether amt enabled provisioned linux systems.way actually fix vulnerability install firmware update.intel made list updates available.unlike amt generally official documented way disable management engine always unless enabled oem.in small number competing vendors began offer intelbased pcs designed modified specifically address potential amt vulnerabilities related concerns.see also backdoor computinghost embedded controller interfacehp integrated lightsoutintel ciraintel coreinternet kill switchplatform controller hublights managementsouthbridge computingsystem service processorintel amt versionsintel management engineintel vpro references external links open amt cloud toolkitmeshcentralintel manageability commanderimplementing intel amtintel security centerintel active management technologyintel manageability developer communityintel vpro expert centerintel e gigabit ethernet controller tekoaarc processor amt videos select desktop channel intel amt client radmin viewer .intel vproamt hardware antivirusamt internet provisioning oob managerintel secrets hidden code chipset discover exactly igor skochinsky talk code blue using intel amt intel nuc ubuntu |
Application security | final goal improve security practices find fix preferably prevent security issues within applications.encompasses whole application life cycle requirements analysis design implementation verification well maintenance.approaches different approaches find different subsets security vulnerabilities lurking application effective different times software lifecycle.represent different tradeoffs time effort cost vulnerabilities found.design review.code written applications architecture design reviewed security problems. |
Application security | common technique phase creation threat model.whitebox security review code review.security engineer deeply understanding application manually reviewing source code noticing security flaws.comprehension application vulnerabilities unique application found.blackbox security audit.use application testing security vulnerabilities source code required.automated tooling.many security tools automated inclusion development testing environment. |
Application security | examples automated dastsast tools integrated code editor cicd platforms.coordinated vulnerability platforms.hackerpowered application security solutions offered many websites software developers individuals receive recognition compensation reporting bugs.web application security web application security branch information security deals specifically security websites web applications web services.high level web application security draws principles application security applies specifically internet web systems.web application security tools specialized tools working http traffic e.g.web application firewalls. |
Application security | security threats open web application security project owasp provides free open resources.led nonprofit called owasp foundation.owasp top published result recent research based comprehensive data compiled partner organizations.data approximately .million vulnerabilities discovered across applications. |
Application security | according owasp top ten critical web application security risks includebroken access controlcryptographic failuresinjectioninsecure designsecurity misconfigurationvulnerable outdated componentsidentification authentification failuressoftware data integrity failuressecurity logging monitoring failuresserverside request forgery ssrf tooling security testing security testing techniques scour vulnerabilities security holes applications.vulnerabilities leave applications open exploitation.ideally security testing implemented throughout entire software development life cycle sdlc vulnerabilities may addressed timely thorough manner.there many kinds automated tools identifying vulnerabilities applications.common tool categories used identifying application vulnerabilities includestatic application security testing sast analyzes source code security vulnerabilities applications development.compared dast sast utilized even application executable state. |
Application security | sast access full sourcecode whitebox approach.yield detailed results result many falsepositives need manually verified.dynamic application security testing dast often called vulnerability scanners automatically detects vulnerabilities crawling analyzing web sites.method highly scalable easily integrated quick.dast tools well suited dealing lowlevel attacks injection flaws well suited detect highlevel flaws e.g.logic businesslogic flaws. |
Application security | fuzzing tools commonly used input testing.interactive application security testing iast assesses applications within using software instrumentation.combines strengths sast dast methods well providing access code http traffic library information backend connections configuration information.iast products require application attacked others used normal quality assurance testing.runtime application selfprotection augment existing applications provide intrusion detection prevention within application runtime.dependency scanners also called software composition analysis try detect usage software components known vulnerabilities.tools either work ondemand e.g.source code build process periodically.abstraction idea making complex things less complex. |
Protection motivation theory | security standards regulations cert secure codingisoiec information technology — security techniques — application security part overview conceptsisoiec tr information technology — programming languages — guidance avoiding vulnerabilities programming languages language selection usenist special publication owasp asvs web application security verification standard see also application service architecture asacwedata securitymobile securityowaspsecurity development lifecycletrustworthy computing security development lifecycle referencesprotection motivation theory proposes people protect based two factors threat appraisal coping appraisal.threat appraisal assesses severity situation examines serious situation coping appraisal one responds situation.threat appraisal consists perceived severity threatening event perceived probability occurrence vulnerability.coping appraisal consists perceived response efficacy individuals expectation carrying recommended action remove threat perceived self efficacy belief ones ability execute recommended courses action successfully.pmt one model explains people engage unhealthy practices offers suggestions changing behaviors.educational motivational. |
Protection motivation theory | primary prevention taking measures combat risk developing health problem.e.g.controlling weight prevent high blood pressure.secondary prevention taking steps prevent condition becoming worse.e.g. |
Protection motivation theory | remembering take daily medication control blood pressure.another psychological model describes selfpreservation processing fear terror management theory.history protection motivation theory developed r.w.rogers order better understand fear appeals people cope them.however dr. rogers would later expand theory general theory persuasive communication.theory originally based work richard lazarus researched people behave cope stressful situations. |
Protection motivation theory | book stress appraisal coping richard lazarus discusses idea cognitive appraisal processes relate coping stress.states people differ sensitivity vulnerability certain types events well interpretations reactions.richard lazarus came many fundamental ideas used protection motivation theory rogers first apply terminology discussing fear appeals.modern times protection motivation theory mainly used discussing health issues people react diagnosed health related illnesses.theory threatappraisal process threat appraisal process consists severity vulnerability situation. |
Protection motivation theory | focuses source threat factors increase decrease likelihood maladaptive behaviours.severity refers degree harm unhealthy behavior.vulnerability probability one experience harm.another aspect threat appraisal rewards.rewards refer positive aspects starting continuing unhealthy behavior. |
Protection motivation theory | calculate amount threat experienced take combination severity vulnerability subtract rewards.threat appraisal refers childrens evaluation degree event significant implications wellbeing.theoretically threat appraisal related lazaraus concept primary appraisal particularly way event threatens childs commitments goals values.threat appraisal differentiated evaluation stressfulness impact event assesses threatened rather simply degree stress negativity event.threat appraisal also differentiated negative cognitive styles assesses childrens reported negative appraisals specific events lives rather typical style responding stressful events. |
Protection motivation theory | theoretically higher threat appraisals lead negative arousal coping increased psychological symptomatology.copingappraisal process coping appraisal consists response efficacy selfefficacy response costs.response efficacy effectiveness recommended behavior removing preventing possible harm.selfefficacy belief one successfully enact recommended behavior.response costs costs associated recommended behavior. |
Protection motivation theory | amount coping ability one experiences combination response efficacy selfefficacy minus response costs.coping appraisal process focuses adaptive responses ones ability cope avert threat.coping appraisal sum appraisals responses efficacy selfefficacy minus physical psychological costs adopting recommended preventive response.coping appraisal involves individuals assessment response efficacy recommended behavior i.e.perceived effectiveness sunscreen preventing premature aging well ones perceived selfefficacy carrying recommended actions. |
Protection motivation theory | i.e.confidence one use sunscreen consistently.the threat coping appraisal variables combine fairly straightforward way although relative emphasis may vary topic topic target population.in stress appraisal coping richard lazarus states studies coping suggest different styles coping related specific health outcomes control anger example implicated hypertension.three routes coping affect health include frequency intensity duration patterning neurochemical stress reactions using injurious substances carrying activities put person risk impeding adaptive healthillnessrelated behavior.. response efficacy response efficacy concerns beliefs adopting particular behavioral response effective reducing diseases threat selfefficacy belief one successfully perform coping response.line traditional way measuring consequences behavior response efficacy operationalized linking consequences recommended behavior well whether subject regarded consequences likely outcomes recommended behavior.among factors vulnerability severity rewards response efficacy selfefficacy response costs selfefficacy correlated protection motivation according metaanalysis studies. |
Protection motivation theory | applications measures influential factor generally measured asking questions survey.example boer studied intention condom use prevent getting aids guided protection motivation theory.study asked following questions individuals use condoms run high risk getting hivaids.vulnerability became infected hiv get aids would suffer kind ailments.severity using condoms protect becoming infected hiv. |
Protection motivation theory | response efficacy able talk safe sex boyfriendgirlfriend.applied research areas protection motivation theory conventionally applied personal health contexts.metaanalysis study protection motivation theory categorized major six topics cancer prevention exercisediethealthy lifestyle smoking aids prevention alcohol consumption adherence medicaltreatment regimens .minority topics study presented prevention nuclear war wearing bicycle helmets driving safety childabuse prevention reducing caffeine consumption seeking treatment sexually transmitted diseases inoculation influenza saving endangered species improving dental hygiene home radon testing osteoporosis prevention marijuana use seeking emergency help via pain management recovery dental surgery safe use pesticides.topics directly indirectly related personal physical health.aside personal physical health research application protection motivation theory extended areas. |
Protection motivation theory | namely researchers focusing information security applied protection motivation theory studies since end s. general idea use threats information security policies encourage protection security behaviors workplace.accordingly recent security application protection motivation theory boss et al.returned use full nomology measurement fear organizational security context two studies.processvariance model protection motivation theory strongly supported context depicted figure .references |
Trojan horse (computing) | term derived ancient greek story deceptive trojan horse led fall city troy.trojans generally spread form social engineering example user duped executing email attachment disguised appear suspicious e.g.routine form filled clicking fake advertisement social media anywhere else.although payload anything many modern forms act backdoor contacting controller unauthorized access affected computer.ransomware attacks often carried using trojan.unlike computer viruses worms rogue security software trojans generally attempt inject files otherwise propagate themselves.use term clear concept term first used first unix manual assumed readers knew bothalso one may change owner file set—user—id bit otherwise one could create trojan horses able misuse other’s files.another early reference us air force report analysis vulnerability multics computer systems.it made popular ken thompson turing award acceptance lecture reflections trusting trust subtitled extent one trust statement program free trojan horses perhaps important trust people wrote software. |
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