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Trojan horse (computing) | mentioned knew possible existence trojans report security multics.behavior installed trojans may perform range malicious actions.many tend contact one command control c servers across internet await instruction.since individual trojans typically use specific set ports communication relatively simple detect them.moreover malware could potentially take trojan using proxy malicious action.in germanspeaking countries spyware used made government sometimes called govware. |
Trojan horse (computing) | govware typically trojan software used intercept communications target computer.countries like switzerland germany legal framework governing use software.examples govware trojans include swiss minipanzer megapanzer german state trojan nicknamed rd.german govware works exploiting security gaps unknown general public accessing smartphone data becomes encrypted via applications.due popularity botnets among hackers availability advertising services permit authors violate users privacy trojans becoming common.according survey conducted bitdefender january june trojantype malware rise accounting global malware detected world. |
Trojan horse (computing) | trojans relationship worms spread help given worms travel across internet them.bitdefender stated approximately computers members botnet usually recruited trojan infection.linux example trojan horse program purports perform obvious function yet upon execution compromises users security.one easy program new version linux sudo command.command copied publicly writable directory like tmp. |
Trojan horse (computing) | administrator happens directory executes sudo trojan horse might executed.working versionto prevent commandline based trojan horse set .entry path environment variable located tail end.example pathusrlocalbinusrbin.. notable examples private governmental anom fbizapftis rd staatstrojaner – digitaskdarkcomet – cia nsafinfisher – lench solutions gamma internationaldavinci galileo rcs – hackingteammagic lantern – fbisunburst – svrcozy bear suspectedtao quantumfoxacid – nsawarrior pride – gchq publicly available egabtr – late snetbus – publishedsub mobman – publishedback orifice – publishedyk remote administration tool ek tselentis – publishedbeast – publishedbifrost trojan – publisheddarkcomet – publishedblackhole exploit kit – publishedghst rat – publishedmegapanzer bundestrojaner – publishedmemz leurak – published detected security researchers twelve tricks – clickbot.a – discoveredzeus – discoveredflashback trojan – discoveredzeroaccess – discoveredkoobface – discoveredvundo – discoveredmeredrop – discoveredcoreflood – discoveredtiny banker trojan – discoveredshedun android malware – discovered capitalization computer term trojan horse derived legendary trojan horse ancient city troy.reason trojan often capitalized. |
Trojan horse (computing) | however style guides dictionaries differ many suggest lower case trojan normal use.see also computer securitycuckoos egg metaphorcyber spyingdancing pigsexploit computer securityindustrial espionageprinciple least privilegeprivacyinvasive softwareremote administrationremote administration softwarereverse connectionrogue security softwarescammerstechnical support scamtimeline computer viruses wormszombie computer science references external links media related trojan horse malware wikimedia commonscert advisory ca trojan horses pdf.carnegie mellon university software engineering institute.archived original october .retrieved september . |
Advanced persistent threat | recent times term may also refer nonstatesponsored groups conducting largescale targeted intrusions specific goals.such threat actors motivations typically political economic.every major business sector recorded instances cyberattacks advanced actors specific goals whether steal spy disrupt.targeted sectors include government defense financial services legal services industrial telecoms consumer goods many more.groups utilize traditional espionage vectors including social engineering human intelligence infiltration gain access physical location enable network attacks.purpose attacks install custom malware malicious software.the median dwelltime time apt attack goes undetected differs widely regions. |
Advanced persistent threat | fireeye reported mean dwelltime americas days emea days apac days.long dwelltime allows attackers significant amount time go attack cycle propagate achieve objective.definition definitions precisely apt vary summarized named requirements belowadvanced – operators behind threat full spectrum intelligencegathering techniques disposal.may include commercial open source computer intrusion technologies techniques may also extend include intelligence apparatus state.individual components attack may considered particularly advanced e.g. |
Advanced persistent threat | malware components generated commonly available doityourself malware construction kits use easily procured exploit materials operators typically access develop advanced tools required.often combine multiple targeting methods tools techniques order reach compromise target maintain access it.operators may also demonstrate deliberate focus operational security differentiates less advanced threats.persistent – operators specific objectives rather opportunistically seeking information financial gain.distinction implies attackers guided external entities.targeting conducted continuous monitoring interaction order achieve defined objectives. |
Advanced persistent threat | mean barrage constant attacks malware updates.fact lowandslow approach usually successful.operator loses access target usually reattempt access often successfully.one operators goals maintain longterm access target contrast threats need access execute specific task.threat – apts threat capability intent.apt attacks executed coordinated human actions rather mindless automated pieces code. |
Advanced persistent threat | operators specific objective skilled motivated organized well funded.actors limited state sponsored groups.history targets warnings targeted sociallyengineered emails dropping trojans exfiltrate sensitive information published uk us cert organisations .method used throughout early constitute apt.term advanced persistent threat cited originating united states air force colonel greg rattray cited individual coined term.the stuxnet computer worm targeted computer hardware irans nuclear program one example apt attack. |
Advanced persistent threat | case iranian government might consider stuxnet creators advanced persistent threat.within computer security community increasingly within media term almost always used reference longterm pattern sophisticated computer network exploitation aimed governments companies political activists extension also ascribe p attributes groups behind attacks.advanced persistent threat apt term may shifting focus computerbased hacking due rising number occurrences.pc world reported percent increase particularly advanced targeted computer attacks.actors many countries used cyberspace means gather intelligence individuals groups individuals interest.united states cyber command tasked coordinating us militarys offensive defensive cyber operations.numerous sources alleged apt groups affiliated agents governments sovereign states.businesses holding large quantity personally identifiable information high risk targeted advanced persistent threats includinghigher educationfinancial institutionsenergytransportationtechnologyhealth caretelecommunicationsmanufacturingagriculturea bell canada study provided deep research anatomy apts uncovered widespread presence canadian government critical infrastructure.attribution established chinese russian actors. |
Advanced persistent threat | life cycle actors behind advanced persistent threats create growing changing risk organizations financial assets intellectual property reputation following continuous process kill chaintarget specific organizations singular objectiveattempt gain foothold environment common tactics include spear phishing emailsuse compromised systems access target networkdeploy additional tools help fulfill attack objectivecover tracks maintain access future initiativesthe global landscape apts sources sometimes referred singular apt references actor behind specific incident series incidents definition apt includes actor method.in mandiant presented results research alleged chinese attacks using apt method followed similar lifecycleinitial compromise – performed use social engineering spear phishing email using zeroday viruses.another popular infection method planting malware website victims employees likely visit.establish foothold – plant remote administration software victims network create net backdoors tunnels allowing stealth access infrastructure.escalate privileges – use exploits password cracking acquire administrator privileges victims computer possibly expand windows domain administrator accounts.internal reconnaissance – collect information surrounding infrastructure trust relationships windows domain structure.move laterally – expand control workstations servers infrastructure elements perform data harvesting them.maintain presence – ensure continued control access channels credentials acquired previous steps.complete mission – exfiltrate stolen data victims network.in incidents analysed mandiant average period attackers controlled victims network one year longest – almost five years.infiltrations allegedly performed shanghaibased unit peoples liberation army.chinese officials denied involvement attacks.previous reports secdev previously discovered implicated chinese actors.mitigation strategies tens millions malware variations makes extremely challenging protect organizations apt. |
Advanced persistent threat | apt activities stealthy hard detect command control network traffic associated apt detected network layer level sophisticated methods.deep log analyses log correlation various sources limited usefulness detecting apt activities.challenging separate noises legitimate traffic.traditional security technology methods ineffective detecting mitigating apts.active cyber defense yielded greater efficacy detecting prosecuting apts find fix finish applying cyber threat intelligence hunt adversary pursuit activities. |
Risk factor (computing) | humanintroduced cyber vulnerabilities hicv weak cyber link neither well understood mitigated constituting significant attack vector.apt groups china since xi jinping became general secretary chinese communist party ministry state security gained responsibility cyberespionage visàvis peoples liberation army currently oversees various apt groups.according security researcher timo steffens apt landscape china run whole country approach leveraging skills universities individual private public sectors.pla unit also known aptpla unit also known aptbuckeye also known aptred apollo also known aptnumbered panda also known aptdeputydog also known aptcodoso team also known aptwocao also known aptapt pla unit also known apt naikonzirconium also known aptperiscope group also known aptdouble dragon also known apt winnti group barium axiomtropic trooperhafnium iran elfin team also known apthelix kitten also known aptcharming kitten also known aptaptpioneer kitten israel unit north korea kimsukylazarus group also known aptricochet chollima also known apt russia fancy bear also known aptcozy bear also known aptsandwormberserk bearfinvenomous bear united states equation group uzbekistan sandcat associated national security service uzbekistan vietnam oceanlotus also known apt see also references reading gartner best practices mitigating advanced persistent threatsbell canada combating robot networks controllers pstpesec may pstpprepare postcrypto world warns godfather encryptiondefence research dark space project apt archived wayback machinegartner strategies dealing advanced targeted attacksxm cyber remote file infection apt attack examplesecdev “ghostnet” largescale cyber spying operation discovered march secdev “shadows cloud”.complex ecosystem cyber espionage systematically targeted compromised computer systems india offices dalai lama united nations several countries.list advanced persistent threat groupsfireeye advanced persistent threat groupsmitre attck security community tracked advanced persistent group pagesdefinitions fair factor analysis information risk fair devoted analysis different factors influencing risk.decompose various levels starting first level loss event frequency probable loss magnitude going examining asset threat agent capability compared vulnerability computing security control also called countermeasure strength probability agent get contact actually act asset organization capability react event impact stakeholders.isaca risk factors factors influence frequency andor business impact risk scenarios different natures classified two major categoriesenvironmental subdivided ininternal environmental factors large extent control enterprise although may always easy change.external environmental factors large extent outside control enterprise.capability organization subdivided init risk management capabilities—to extent enterprise mature performing risk management processes defined risk frameworkit capabilities—how good enterprise performing processes defined cobititrelated business capabilities value management—how closely enterprise’s value management activities align expressed val processes risk scenario risk risk scenario description related event lead business impact occur.risk factors also interpreted causal factors scenario materialising vulnerabilities weaknesses.terms often used risk management frameworks.risk scenario characterized bya threat actor beinternal organization employee contractorexternal organization competitor business partner regulator act goda threat typemaliciousaccidentalfailurenaturaleventdisclosuremodificationtheftdestructionbad designineffective executioninappropriate useasset resourcepeople organizationprocessinfrastructure facilitiesit infrastructureinformationapplicationtimedurationtiming occurrence critical nottiming detecttiming reactthe risk scenario structure differentiates loss events events generating negative impact vulnerabilities vulnerability eventsevents contributing magnitude frequency loss events occurring threat events circumstances events trigger lossevents.important confuse risks throw one large risk list. |
Log4Shell | see also assetattack computingcountermeasure computercomputer securitycomputer insecurityinformation securityinformation security managementisacainformation security management systemisoiec riskriskrisk managementthe open groupthreat computersecurity controlsecurity risksecurity service telecommunicationvulnerability computing referencesvulnerability existed unnoticed since privately disclosed apache software foundation logj project chen zhaojun alibaba clouds security team november publicly disclosed december .apache gave logshell cvss severity rating highest available score.exploit simple execute estimated affect hundreds millions devices.the vulnerability takes advantage logjs allowing requests arbitrary ldap jndi servers allowing attackers execute arbitrary java code server computer leak sensitive information.list affected software projects published apache security team.affected commercial services include amazon web services cloudflare icloud minecraft java edition steam tencent qq many others. |
Log4Shell | according wiz ey vulnerability affected enterprise cloud environments.experts described logshell largest vulnerability ever lunasec characterized design failure catastrophic proportions tenable said exploit single biggest critical vulnerability ever ars technica called arguably severe vulnerability ever washington post said descriptions security professionals border apocalyptic.background logj open source logging framework allows software developers log data within applications.data include user input.used ubiquitously java applications especially enterprise software.originally written ceki gülcü part apache logging services project apache software foundation. |
Log4Shell | former cybersecurity commission member u.s. president barack obama tom kellermann described apache one giant supports bridge facilitates connective tissue worlds applications computer environments.behavior java naming directory interface jndi allows lookup java objects program runtime given path data.jndi leverage several directory interfaces providing different scheme looking files.among interfaces lightweight directory access protocol ldap nonjavaspecific protocol retrieves object data url appropriate server either local anywhere internet.in default configuration logging string logj performs string substitution expressions form prefixname.example text javaversion might converted text java version ... among recognized expressions jndilookup specifying lookup ldap arbitrary url may queried loaded java object data. |
Log4Shell | jndildapexample.comfile example load data url connected internet.inputting string logged attacker load execute malicious code hosted public url.even execution data disabled attacker still retrieve data—such secret environment variables—by placing url case substituted sent attackers server.besides ldap potentially exploitable jndi lookup protocols include secure variant ldaps java remote method invocation rmi domain name system dns internet interorb protocol iiop.because http requests frequently logged common attack vector placing malicious string http request url commonly logged http header useragent.early mitigations included blocking requests containing potentially malicious contents jndi. |
Log4Shell | naive searches circumvented obfuscating request lowerjndi example converted jndi lookup performing lowercase operation letter j. even input first name immediately logged may later logged internal processing contents executed.mitigation fixes vulnerability released december three days vulnerability published logj version ..rc.fix included restricting servers protocols may used lookups.researchers discovered related bug cve allows local remote code execution certain nondefault configurations fixed version .. disabled features using jndi support message lookups.two vulnerabilities library found denialofservice attack tracked cve fixed .. difficulttoexploit remote code execution vulnerability tracked cve fixed ... previous versions class org.apache.logging.logj.core.lookup.jndilookup needs removed classpath mitigate vulnerabilities. |
Log4Shell | early recommended fix older versions set system property logj.formatmsgnolookups true change prevent exploitation cve later found disable message lookups cases.newer versions java runtime environment jre also mitigate vulnerability blocking remote code loaded default although attack vectors still exist certain applications.several methods tools published help detect usage vulnerable logj versions built java packages.usage exploit allows hackers gain control vulnerable devices using java.hackers employ vulnerability utilize capabilities victims devices uses include cryptocurrency mining creating botnets sending spam establishing backdoors illegal activities ransomware attacks.days following publication vulnerability check point monitored millions attacks initiated hackers researchers observing rate one hundred attacks per minute ultimately resulted business networks attacked internationally.according cloudflare ceo matthew prince evidence usage testing exploit goes back early december nine days publicly disclosed. |
Log4Shell | according cybersecurity firm greynoise several ip addresses scraping websites check servers vulnerability.several botnets began scanning vulnerability including muhstik botnet december well mirai tsunami xmrig.conti observed using vulnerability december.some statesponsored groups china iran also utilized exploit according check point though known exploit used israel russia united states prior disclosure vulnerability.check point said december hackers backed iran attempted infiltrate networks businesses government israel.response impact governmental united states director cybersecurity infrastructure security agency cisa jen easterly described exploit one serious ive seen entire career serious explaining hundreds millions devices affected advising vendors prioritize software updates. |
Log4Shell | civilian agencies contracted united states government december patch vulnerabilities though would already allowed access hundreds thousands targets date.federal trade commission ftc intends use full legal authority pursue companies fail take reasonable steps update used logj software current version.white house meeting importance security maintenance opensource software – often also carried largely volunteers – national security clarified.open source projects many eyes others dont many people ensuring security.the canadian centre cyber security cccs called organizations take immediate action.canada revenue agency temporarily shut online services learning exploit government quebec closed almost websites preventative measure.the belgian ministry defence experienced breach attempt forced shut part network.germanys bundesamt für sicherheit der informationstechnik bsi designated exploit agencys highest threat level calling extremely critical threat situation translated. |
Log4Shell | also reported several attacks already successful extent exploit remained hard assess.netherlandss national cyber security centre ncsc began ongoing list vulnerable applications.the chinese ministry industry information technology suspended work alibaba cloud cybersecurity threat intelligence partner six months failing report vulnerability government first.businesses research conducted wiz ey showed cloud enterprise environment vulnerable logshell.vulnerable workloads exposed internet prone wide exploitation attempts.according research ten days publication vulnerability december vulnerable workloads patched average cloud environments. |
Log4Shell | amazon google microsoft cloud data affected logshell.microsoft asked windows azure customers remain vigilant observing statesponsored cybercriminal attackers probing systems logj logshell flaw december .the human resource management workforce management company ukg one largest businesses industry targeted ransomware attack affected large businesses.ukg said evidence logshell exploited incident though analyst allan liska cybersecurity company recorded future said possibly connection.as larger companies began release patches exploit risk small businesses increased hackers focused vulnerable targets.privacy personal devices smart tvs security cameras connected internet vulnerable exploit.possibly remain vulnerable unless patched. |
Log4Shell | analysis december almost half corporate networks globally actively probed variants exploit produced within hours.check point software technologies detailed analysis described situation true cyberpandemic characterizing potential damage incalculable.several initial advisories exaggerated amount packages vulnerable leading false positives.notably logjapi package marked vulnerable reality research showed main logjcore package vulnerable.confirmed original issue thread external security researchers.technology magazine wired wrote despite previous hype surrounding multiple vulnerabilities logj vulnerability ... lives hype host reasons. |
Firefighting threat assessment matrix | magazine explains pervasiveness logj vulnerability difficult detect potential targets ease transmitting code victims created combination severity simplicity pervasiveness security community rattled.wired also outlined stages hackers using logshell cryptomining groups first using vulnerability data brokers sell foothold cybercriminals finally go engage ransomware attacks espionage destroying data.amit yoran ceo tenable founding director united states computer emergency readiness team stated logshell far single biggest critical vulnerability ever noting sophisticated attacks beginning shortly bug saying also already seeing leveraged ransomware attacks major alarm bell ... weve also seen reports attackers using logshell destroy systems without even looking collect ransom fairly unusual behavior.sophoss senior threat researcher sean gallagher said honestly biggest threat people already gotten access sitting even remediate problem somebodys already network ... going around long internet.according bloomberg news report anger directed apaches developers failure fix vulnerability warnings exploits broad class software including logj made cybersecurity conference.references external links logj websitencsc overview logshell githubcommon vulnerabilities exposures pagenational vulnerabilities database pageprojects affected cve apache security teamform table threats columns vulnerabilities rows.proposed terms threats vulnerabilities really defined origin come field risk management.filled table helps commander prepare strategy handling situation.since table virtual commanders head underlying mnemonic scheme naming threats german language acerule.vulnerability likely threat checked likelyimportant one.there two versions threat matrix classical extended. |
Firefighting threat assessment matrix | classical one undisputed basic training german firemen experts recommend extended version allows better description situation.vulnerabilities humansanimalsenvironmentpropertyrescuersequipment scientific research threat matrix used scientific projects allows providing humancomputer interface order describe emergency situation commanders.references external links ulrich cimolino erweiterung des gefahrenschemas z.b.einsatzleiterhandbuch ecomed verlag ab ca.karlheinz knorr die gefahren der einsatzstelle kohlhammer verlag isbn roland lipp und bernd domres hrsg. |
Firefighting threat assessment matrix | lpn – berufskunde organisation einsatztaktik..überarbeitete auflage.s. –.stumpf und kossendey edewecht wien isbn hans kemper fachwissen feuerwehr gefahren der einsatzstelle ecomedverlag isbn heinrich schläfer das taktikschema verlag w. kohlhammer stuttgart |
Data breach | terms unintentional information disclosure data leak information leakage data spill.incidents range concerted attacks individuals hack personal gain malice black hats organized crime political activists national governments poorly configured system security careless disposal used computer equipment data storage media.leaked information range matters compromising national security information actions government official considers embarrassing wants conceal.deliberate data breach person privy information typically political purposes often described leak.data breaches may involve financial information credit card debit card details bank details personal health information phi personally identifiable information pii trade secrets corporations intellectual property.data breaches may involve overexposed vulnerable unstructured data – files documents sensitive information.data breaches quite costly organizations direct costs remediation investigation etc indirect costs reputational damages providing cyber security victims compromised data etc..according nonprofit consumer organization privacy rights clearinghouse total individual records containing sensitive personal information involved security breaches united states january may excluding incidents sensitive data apparently actually exposed.many jurisdictions passed data breach notification laws requires company subject data breach inform customers take steps remediate possible injuries. |
Data breach | definition data breach may include incidents theft loss digital media computer tapes hard drives laptop computers unencrypted information posting information world wide web without proper information security precautions transfer information system completely open appropriately formally accredited security unencrypted email transfer information information systems possibly hostile agency competing corporation foreign nation may exposed intensive decryption techniques.isoiec defines data breach compromise security leads accidental unlawful destruction loss alteration unauthorized disclosure access protected data transmitted stored otherwise processed.trust privacy notion trusted environment somewhat fluid.departure trusted staff member access sensitive information become data breach staff member retains access data termination trust relationship.distributed systems also occur breakdown web trust.data quality one way reducing risk data breach partly allows owner data rate data according importance give better protection important data.most incidents publicized media involve private information individuals e.g. |
Data breach | social security numbers.loss corporate information trade secrets sensitive corporate information details contracts government information frequently unreported compelling reason absence potential damage private citizens publicity around event may damaging loss data itself.insider versus external threats working inside organization significant cause data breaches.estimates breaches caused accidental human factor errors around verizon data breach investigations report.external threat category includes hackers cybercriminal organizations statesponsored actors. |
Data breach | professional associations asset managers work aggressively professionals educate best riskreduction practices internal external threats assets software information.security prevention may deflect high percentage attempts ultimately motivated attacker likely find way given network.one top quotes cisco ceo john chambers two types companies hacked dont know hacked.fbi special agent cyber special operations leo taddeo warned bloomberg television notion protect perimeter falling wayside detection critical.medical data breach celebrities found victims inappropriate medical record access breaches albeit individual basis part typically much larger breach. |
Data breach | given series medical data breaches lack public trust countries enacted laws requiring safeguards put place protect security confidentiality medical information shared electronically give patients important rights monitor medical records receive notification loss unauthorized acquisition health information.united states eu imposed mandatory medical data breach notifications.reportable breaches medical information increasingly common united states.consequences although incidents pose risk identity theft serious consequences cases lasting damage either breach security remedied information accessed unscrupulous people thief interested hardware stolen data contains.nevertheless incidents become publicly known customary offending party attempt mitigate damages providing victims subscription credit reporting agency instance new credit cards instruments. |
Data breach | case target breach cost target significant drop profit dove estimated percent th quarter year.end target published report claiming total loss million data breach related fees.the yahoo breach disclosed may one expensive today.may lower price acquisition verizon billion.verizon later released renegotiation yahoo agreeing lower final price .. |
Data breach | billion.cybercrime cost energy utilities companies average .million year lost business damaged equipment according dnv gl international certification body classification society based norway.data breaches cost healthcare organizations .billion last two years presumably according ponemon study.in health care million people health care stolen resulting identity theft million people outofpocket cost victims close billion. |
Data breach | privacy rights clearinghouse prc shown records january december breaches events.also causes lead breach insider attack payment card fraud lost stolen portable device infected malware sending email wrong person disc.shows many common mistake leads data breach humans make mistakes allowing hackers exploit perform attack.it notoriously difficult obtain information direct indirect value loss resulting data breach.common approach assess impact data breaches study market reaction incident proxy economic consequences.typically conducted use event studies measure events economic impact constructed using security prices observed relatively short period time. |
Data breach | several studies studies published varying findings including works kannan rees sridhar cavusoglu mishra raghunathan campbell gordon loeb lei well schatz bashroush .since data volume growing exponentially digital era data leaks happen frequently ever preventing sensitive information leaked unauthorized parties becomes one pressing security concerns enterprises.safeguard data finances businesses companies often put additional costs take preventive measure potential data breaches.predicted global spending internet security trillion.major incidents notable incidents include ameriprise financial stolen laptop december customer recordschoicepoint february consumer records aol search data scandal sometimes referred data valdez due sizedepartment veterans affairs may veterans reserves active duty military personnelernst young may customers hotels.com similar loss data employees ernst young clients februaryboeing december employees similar losses data employees april employees november d. a. davidson co. clients names customer account social security numbers addresses dates birththe loss ohio connecticut state data accenturetj maxx data million credit debit accounts uk child benefit data scandalcgi group august retirees new york citythe gap september job applicantsmemorial blood center december blood donorsdavidson county election commission december voters january ge money division general electric disclosed magnetic tape containing social security numbers instore credit card information retail customers known missing iron mountain incorporated storage facility.j.c. penney among retailers affected.horizon blue cross blue shield new jersey january memberslifeblood february blood donorsbritish national party membership list leakin early countrywide financial since acquired bank america allegedly fell victim data breach according news reports court documents employee rene l. rebollo jr. stole sold . |
Data breach | million customers personal information including social security numbers.according legal complaint beginning – coincidentally sold mortgage portfolios wrongful fraudulent securitization pools coincidentally mortgage portfolio went massive default result thereof – countrywide learned financial information potentially millions customers stolen certain countrywide agents employees individuals.july bank america settled related classaction lawsuits offering free credit monitoring identity theft insurance reimbursement losses many million consumers impacted alleged data breach.settlement estimated .million including court costs. |
Data breach | december rockyou password database breached containing million usernames plaintext passwords compromising use weak passwords purpose.in may united kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal revealed daily telegraph.hard disk containing scanned receipts uk members parliament peers house lords offered various uk newspapers late april daily telegraph finally acquiring it.published details instalments may onwards.although intended parliament data published redacted form details individual members considered sensitive blanked out.newspaper published unredacted scans showed details claims many appeared breach rules suggested widespread abuse generous expenses system. |
Data breach | resulting media storm led resignation speaker house commons prosecution imprisonment several mps lords fraud.expenses system overhauled tightened put par private industry schemes.metropolitan police service continues investigate possible frauds crown prosecution service considering prosecutions.several mps lords apologised made whole partial restitution retained seats.others shamed media offer reelection united kingdom general election. |
Data breach | although numbering less individuals affair received largest global media coverage data breach february .in january heartland payment systems announced victim security breach within processing system possibly part global cyber fraud operation.intrusion called largest criminal breach card data ever estimates million cards financial services companies compromised.throughout year chelsea manning released large volumes secret military data public.april sony experienced data breach within playstation network.estimated information million users compromised.in march rsa securid suffered breach securid token system seedkey warehouse seed keys factor authentication system stolen allowing attackers replicate hardware tokens used secure access corporate government environments.in june citigroup disclosed data breach within credit card operation affecting approximately customers accounts. |
Data breach | summer wired.com senior writer mat honan claims hackers destroyed entire digital life span hour” hacking apple twitter gmail passwords order gain access twitter handle process claims hackers wiped every one devices deleting messages documents including every picture ever taken monthold daughter.exploit achieved combination information provided hackers amazons tech support social engineering password recovery system apple used information.related experience mat honan wrote piece outlining passwords cannot keep users safe.in october law enforcement agency contacted south carolina department revenue dor evidence personally identifiable information pii three individuals stolen.later reported estimated .million social security numbers compromised along credit card records. |
Data breach | october adobe systems revealed corporate database hacked million user records stolen.according adobe year adobe’s authentication system cryptographically hashed customer passwords using sha algorithm including salting passwords iterating hash times.system subject attack publicly disclosed october .authentication system involved attack backup system designated decommissioned.system involved attack used triple des encryption protect password information stored. |
Data breach | late november early december target corporation announced data around million credit debit cards stolen.second largest credit debit card breach tjx companies data breach almost million cards affected.in edward snowden published series secret documents revealed widespread spying united states national security agency similar agencies countries.august nearly photographs celebrities stolen apple icloud accounts posted image board website chan.investigation apple found images obtained targeted attack user names passwords security questions.however apple toughened icloud security optin factor authentication celebrity breach.in september home depot suffered data breach million credit card numbers.in october staples suffered data breach . |
Data breach | million customer payment cards.in november weeks sony pictures entertainment suffered data breach involving personal information sony pictures employees families emails employees information executive salaries company copies previously unreleased sony films information.hackers involved claim taken terabytes data sony.october british telecommunications provider talktalk suffered data breach group yearold hackers stole information million customers.stock price company fell substantially due issue – around – owing largely bad publicity surrounding leak.in july adult website ashley madison suffered data breach hacker group stole information million users.hackers threatened reveal usernames specifics ashley madison fellow site establishedmen.com shut permanently.in february anthem suffered data breach nearly million records including personal information names social security numbers dates birth sensitive details.in june office personnel management u.s. government suffered data breach records . |
Data breach | million current former federal employees united states hacked stolen.february yearold british hacker kane gamble leaked personal details fbi employees including employees names job titles phone numbers email addresses.judge said gamble engaged politically motivated cyberterrorism.in march website commission elections philippines defaced hacktivist group anonymous philippines.larger problem arose group called lulzsec pilipinas uploaded comelecs entire database facebook following day.in april news media carried information stolen successful network attack central american law firm mossack fonseca resulting “panama papers” sent reverberations throughout world.perhaps justified vindication illegal unethical activity nonetheless illustrates impact secrets coming light. |
Data breach | prime minister iceland forced resign major reshuffling political offices occurred countries farflung malta.multiple investigations immediately initiated countries around world including hard look international offshore banking rules u.s. obviously implications enormous ability organization—whether law firm governmental department—to keep secrets.in september yahoo reported million accounts breached apparent statesponsored data breach.later reported october billion accounts breached accounting every yahoo account time.vault cias hacking techniques revealed data breach.leaked documents codenamed vault dated – detail capabilities cia perform electronic surveillance cyber warfare ability compromise operating systems smartphones including apples ios googles android well operating systems microsoft windows macos linux. |
Data breach | joshua adam schulte former cia employee accused leaking cia hacking secrets wikileaks.equifax july consumer records largest known data breach history time leading potential largest class action lawsuit history.early october cities chicago san francisco commonwealth massachusetts filed enforcement actions equifax following july data breach hackers allegedly exploited vulnerability opensource software used create equifaxs online consumer dispute portal.hackers information u.s. residents also u.k. canadians well.united statessouth korea classified military documents october .south korean lawmaker claimed north korean hackers stole gigabytes military documents defense integrated data center september .leaked documents included south koreau.s. |
Data breach | wartime operational plans.paradise papers november .facebook cambridge analytica data scandal march.in march google identified vulnerability exposing personal information nearly half million users.patched vulnerability disclose exposure users issue reported wall street journal months fact.on march armour disclosed data breach million accounts myfitnesspal compromised data consisting user names users email addresses hashed passwords.armour notified breach week – march leak happened sometime february.it reported april data breach occurred saks fifth avenue lord taylor.million credit card holders may data compromised stores north america.it reported july data breach singhealth one singapores largest health organisations happened july . |
Data breach | million personal data including data ministers including singapores prime minister lee hsien loong compromised.ministers press conference dubbed data breach serious breach personal data.on august reddit disclosed hacked.hacker able compromise employees accounts even though used sms based twofactor authentication.reddit refused disclose number affected users.on september reported british airways experienced data theft customer records including full bank details.on october us centers medicare medicaid services cms reported data breach exposed files individuals.on december quora reported data breach affected million users data.in late epic games fortnite game discovered security vulnerability would allowed attacker use victims payment card data.breaches estimated led stolen fortnite accounts illegally sold value million us dollars year underground forums. |
Zip bomb | class action lawsuit epic games forming .may personal data roughly million users graphic design service canva exposed including real names users usernames addresses geographical information password hashes.on july bulgaria’s national revenue agency branch country’s ministry finance.in september personal data ecuadors entire population million along deceased people breached marketing analytics firm novestrat managed unsecured server leaked full names dates places birth education phone numbers national identity numbers.july writing site wattpad suffered major data breach shinyhunters involving million users users data sold forum darknet including password hashes.in mid december reported multiple us federal government entities many private organizations across globe using solarwinds microsoft vmware products became victims extensive data breach hack.microsoft exchange server data breachpandora papers see also full disclosure computer securitylist data breachessurveillance capitalismdata breaches india references external links data loss database research project aimed documenting known reported data loss incidents worldwide.breaches affecting individuals breaches reported u.s. department health human services hipaacovered entitiesoften employed disable antivirus software order create opening traditional malware.a zip bomb allows program function normally instead hijacking programs operation creates archive requires excessive amount time disk space memory unpack.modern antivirus programs detect whether file zip bomb avoid unpacking it.details use zip bomb usually small file ease transport avoid suspicion.however file unpacked contents system handle.one example zip bomb file .zip zip file consisting kilobytes compressed data containing five layers nested zip files sets bottomlayer archive containing .gigabyte bytes gib − b file total .petabytes bytes pib − mib uncompressed data.this file available download various websites across internet making widely accessible. |
Misuse case | many antivirus scanners layers recursion performed archives help prevent attacks would cause buffer overflow outofmemory condition exceed acceptable amount program execution time.zip bombs often rely repetition identical files achieve extreme compression ratios.dynamic programming methods employed limit traversal files one file followed recursively level effectively converting exponential growth linear.there also zip files uncompressed yield identical copies themselves.sophisticated form zip bombs exploits specifications zip files deflate compression algorithm create bombs without use nested layers used .zip.see also billion laughs attack similar attack xml parsersbusy beaver program produces maximal possible output terminatingemail bombfork bomblogic bomb referencesterm misuse case misuse case derived inverse use case.term first used guttorm sindre norwegian university science technology andreas l. opdahl university bergen norway.describes process executing malicious act system use case used describe action taken system.overview use cases specify required behaviour software products development essentially structured stories scenarios detailing normal behavior usage software.misuse case hand highlights something happen i.e. |
Misuse case | negative scenario threats hence identified help defining new requirements expressed new use cases.this modeling tool several strengthsit allows provision equal weightage functional nonfunctional requirements e.g.security requirements platform requirements etc.may possible tools.it emphasises security beginning design process helps avoid premature design decisions.it tool improving communication developers stakeholders valuable ensuring agree critical system solutions tradeoff analysis.creating misuse cases often trigger chain reaction eases identification functional nonfunctional requirements.discovery misuse case often leads creation new use case acts counter measure.turn might subject new misuse case.as compared tools relates better use cases uml eases seamless employment model.its biggest weakness simplicity. |
Misuse case | needs combined powerful tools establish adequate plan execution project.one weakness lack structure semantics.use misuse case industry important describe systems behavior responds request originates outside use cases become popular requirements engineers thanks features like visual modeling technique describe system actors viewpoint format explicitly conveys actors goals flows system must implement accomplish them.the level abstraction use case model makes appropriate starting point design activities thanks use uml use case diagrams end users domain experts language.software security analyses developers pay attention negative scenarios understand them.concept inverse use case born norway.the contrast misuse case use case goal misuse case describes potential system behaviors systems stakeholders consider unacceptable guttorm sindre andreas l. opdahl said function system allow.this difference also scenarios positive scenario sequence actions leading goal desired person organization negative one scenario whose goal desired occur organization question desired hostile agent necessarily human.another description difference defines use case completed sequence actions gives increased value user one could define misuse case completed sequence actions results loss organization specific stakeholder.between good bad case language represent scenario common use case diagrams formally included two modeling languages defined omg unified modeling language uml systems modeling language sysml use drawing agents misuse cases scenario explicitly helps focus attentionon it. |
Misuse case | area use misuse case commonly used field security.evergrowing importance system become vital every company develop capability protect data.hence example misuse case might used define hacker would want system define requirements.developer designer define requirements user hacker uml diagram turn helps identify security risks system.basic concepts misuse case diagram created together corresponding use case diagram.model introduces new important entities addition traditional use case model use case actormisuse case sequence actions performed person entity order harm system.misuser actor initiates misuse case. |
Misuse case | either done intentionally inadvertently.diagrams misuse case model makes use relation types found use case model include extend generalize association.addition introduces two new relations used diagrammitigatesa use case mitigate chance misuse case complete successfully.threatensa misuse case threaten use case e.g.exploiting hinder achieving goals.these new concepts together existing ones use case give following meta model also found fig.sindre opdahl . |
Misuse case | descriptions two different ways describing misuse case textual one embedded use case description template extra description field called threats added.field misuse case steps alternate steps filled in.referred lightweight mode describing misuse case.the way describing misuse case using separate template purpose only.suggested inherit field use case description name summary author date.also adapts fields basic path alternative path describe paths misuse cases instead use cases. |
Misuse case | addition proposed use several fields toomisuse case namesummaryauthordatebasic pathalternative pathsmitigation pointsextension pointstriggerspreconditionsassumptionsmitigation guaranteerelated business rulespotential misuser profilestakeholders threatsterminology explanationsscopeabstraction levelprecision levelas one might understand list comprehensive completely filled every time.fields required filled beginning thus viewed living document.also debating whether start diagrams start descriptions.recommendation given sindre opdahl matter done use cases.sindre opdahl proposes following steps using misuse cases identify security requirementsidentify critical assets systemdefine security goals assetsidentify threats security goals identifying stakeholders may want cause harm systemidentify analyze risks threats using techniques like risk assessmentdefine security requirements risks.it suggested use repository reusable misuse cases support step process.research current field research current research misuse cases primarily focused security improvements bring project software projects particular. |
Misuse case | ways increase widespread adoption practice misuse case development earlier phases application development considered sooner flaw found easier find patch lower impact final cost project.other research focuses improving misuse case achieve final goal lack application process results general cause underdefinition misinterpretation concepts.suggest furthermore see misuse case light reference model information system security risk management issrm obtain security risk management process.future improvement misuse cases well known population researchers.body research subject demonstrate knowledge beyond academic world misuse case broadly adopted.as sindre opdahl parents misuse case concept suggest another important goal work facilitate broader industrial adoption misuse cases.propose article embed misuse case usecase modeling tool create database standard misuse cases assist software architects. |
Misuse case | system stakeholders create misuse case charts requirements specific problem domains.developed knowledge database reduce amount standard security flaws used lambda hackers.other research focused possible missing concrete solutions misuse case wrote approach help high level elicitation security requirements show associate misuse cases legitimate behavior concrete assets therefore clear misuse case considered context.criticisms might addressed suggestions improvements presented precedent section.standardization misuse case part uml notation might allow become mandatory part project development.might useful create specific notation security functionality countermeasures added mitigate vulnerabilities threats.see also use case diagramsteps business analyst gather security requirements misuse cases exception handlingthreat model software references |
Information infrastructure | changed perspective organizations networks systems infrastructure allowing global emergent perspective information systems.information infrastructure technical structure organizational form analytical perspective semantic network.the concept information infrastructure ii introduced early first political initiative gore bangemann later specific concept research.research community important inspiration hughes accounts large technical systems analyzed sociotechnical power structures bygstad .information infrastructure typically different previous generations large technological system digital sociotechnical systems considered generative meaning allow new users connect even appropriate system.information infrastructure theory used frame number extensive case studies star ruhleder ciborra hanseth ciborra particular develop alternative approach design infrastructures rather built establishing working local solutions supporting local practices subsequently linked together rather defining universal standards subsequently implementing ciborra hanseth .later developed full design theory focusing growth installed base hanseth lyytinen .information infrastructures include internet health systems corporate systems. |
Information infrastructure | also consistent include innovations facebook linkedin myspace excellent examples bygstad .bowker described several key terms concepts enormously helpful analyzing information infrastructure imbrication bootstrapping figureground short discussion infrastructural inversion.imbrication analytic concept helps ask questions historical data.bootstrapping idea infrastructure must already exist order exist .definitions technological nontechnological elements linked hanseth monteiro .information infrastructures formative contexts shape work routines also ways people look practices consider natural give overarching character necessity. |
Information infrastructure | infrastructure becomes essential factor shaping takenforgrantedness organizational practices ciborra hanseth .the technological human components networks systems processes contribute functioning health information system braa et al..the set organizational practices technical infrastructure social norms collectively provide smooth operation scientific work distance edwards et al..a shared evolving heterogeneous installed base capabilities developed open standardized interfaces hanseth lyytinen .etymology according online etymology dictionary oed etymology words make phrase information infrastructure followsinformation late c. act informing o.fr.informacion enformacion information advice instruction l. informationem nom. |
Information infrastructure | informatio outline concept idea noun action pp.stem informare see inform.meaning knowledge communicated midc.information technology attested .information revolution .infrastructure fr. |
Information infrastructure | infrastructure see infra structure.installations form basis operation system.originally military sense.theories dimensions according star ruhleder dimensions information infrastructures.embeddednesstransparencyreach scopelearned part membershiplinks conventions practiceembodiment standardsbuilt installed basebecomes visible upon breakdown public policy presidential chair professor information studies university california los angeles christine l. borgman argues information infrastructures like infrastructures subject public policy.united states public policy defines information infrastructures physical cyberbased systems essential minimum operations economy government connected information technologies. |
Information infrastructure | global information infrastructure gii borgman says governments businesses communities individuals work together create global information infrastructure links worlds telecommunication computer networks together would enable transmission every conceivable information communication application.currently internet default global information infrastructure.regional information infrastructure asia asiapacific economic cooperation telecommunications information working group tel program asian information communications infrastructure.southeast asia association south east asian nations easean framework agreement .north america united states national information infrastructure act national information infrastructure nii canada national research council established canet network connecting provincial nodes operational .canadian network advancement research industry educationcanarie established canet upgraded connection . |
Information infrastructure | commercial basis canadas information infrastructure established government ended role project.europe european union proposed european information infrastructure.european information infrastructure evolved furthermore thanks martin bangemann report projects eeurope eeurope iiniciaive africa american vice president al gore asked usaid help improve africas connection global information infrastructure.the usaid leland initiative li designed june september implemented september .initiative fiveyear million us government effort support sustainable development bringing full internet connectivity approximately african nations.the initiative three strategic objectivescreating enabling policy environment – reduce barriers open connectivity.creating sustainable supply internet services – help build hardware industry need full internet connectivity.enhancing internet use sustainable development – improve ability african nations use infrastructures.see also data infrastructureinformation scienceit infrastructureonline etymology dictionary notes references bowker geoffrey c . |
Information infrastructure | history information infrastructures case international classification diseases.information processing management.–.doi.m.johnson nathan r. .information infrastructure rhetorictools analysis. |
Information infrastructure | poroi..doi...johnson nathan r. .enhancing epistemological project rhetoric science information infrastructure tool identifying epistemological commitments scientific technical communities.poroi. |
Wiper (malware) | .doi... external links usaid leland initiativeaseanapecexamples piece malware referred wiper allegedly used attacks iranian oil companies.international telecommunication union supplied kaspersky lab hard drives allegedly damaged wiper analysis.sample alleged malware could found kaspersky discovered traces separate piece malware known flame.the shamoon malware contained disk wiping mechanism employed malware attacks targeting saudi energy companies utilized commercial direct drive access driver known rawdisk.original variant overwrote files portions image burning u.s. flag.variant nearly identical except using image body alan kurdi instead.a wiping component used part malware employed lazarus group—a cybercrime group alleged ties north korea south korea cyberattack sony pictures hack. |
Web shell | sony hack also utilized rawdisk.in computers several countries—most prominently ukraine infected variant petya ransomware modified effectively act wiper.malware infects master boot record payload encrypts internal file table ntfs file system.although still demanded ransom found code significantly modified payload could actually revert changes even ransom successfully paid.referencesweb shell unique web browser used interact it.a web shell could programmed programming language supported server.web shells commonly written php programming language due widespread usage php web applications.however active server pages asp.net python perl ruby unix shell scripts also used although languages less commonly used.using network monitoring tools attacker find vulnerabilities potentially allow delivery web shell.vulnerabilities often present applications run web server.an attacker use web shell issue shell commands perform privilege escalation web server ability upload delete download execute files web server.general usage web shells used attacks mostly multipurpose difficult detect.web shells commonly used fordata theftinfecting website visitors watering hole attackswebsite defacement modifying files malicious intentlaunch distributed denialofservice ddos attacksto relay commands inside network inaccessible internetto use command control base example bot botnet system way compromise security additional external networks. |
Web shell | delivery web shells web shells installed vulnerabilities web application weak server security configuration including followingsql injectionvulnerabilities applications services e.g.web server software nginx content management system applications wordpressfile processing uploading vulnerabilities mitigated e.g.limiting file types uploadedremote file inclusion rfi local file inclusion lfi vulnerabilitiesremote code executionexposed administration interfacesan attacker may also modify spoof contenttype header sent attacker file upload bypass improper file validation validation using mime type sent client result successful upload attackers shell.example following simple example web shell written php executes outputs result shell commandassuming filename example.php example would output contents etcpasswd file shown belowhttpsexample.comexample.phpxcatfetcfpasswdthe request take value x parameter query string sending following shell commandthis could prevented shell functions php disabled arbitrary shell commands cannot executed php.prevention mitigation web shell usually installed taking advantage vulnerabilities present web servers software. |
Web shell | removal vulnerabilities important avoid potential risk compromised web server.the following security measures preventing installation web shellregularly update applications host servers operating system ensure immunity known bugsdeploying demilitarized zone dmz web facing servers internal networkssecure configuration web serverclosing blocking ports services usedusing user input data validation limit local remote file inclusion vulnerabilitiesuse reverse proxy service restrict administrative urls known legitimate ones frequent vulnerability scan detect areas risk conduct regular scans using web security software prevent zero day attacksdeploy firewalldisable directory browsingnot using default passwords detection web shells easily modified easy detect web shells antivirus software often able detect web shells.the following common indicators web shell present web serverabnormal high web server usage due heavy downloading uploading attackerfiles abnormal timestamp e.g.newer last modification dateunknown files web serverfiles dubious references example cmd.exe evalunknown connections logs web serverfor example file generating suspicious traffic e.g.png file requesting post parametersdubious logins dmz servers internal subnets vice versa.web shells may also contain login form often disguised error page.using web shells adversaries modify .htaccess file servers running apache http server software web servers redirect search engine requests web page malware spam.often web shells detect useragent content presented search engine spider different presented users browser.find web shell useragent change crawler bot usually required. |
Firewall (computing) | web shell identified deleted easily.analyzing web servers log could specify exact location web shell.legitimate usersvisitor usually different useragents referers referrers hand web shell usually visited attacker therefore variants useragent strings.see also backdoor computingcyberwarfareinternet securitynetwork securitychina chopper referencesfirewall typically establishes barrier trusted network untrusted network internet.history term firewall originally referred wall intended confine fire within line adjacent buildings.later uses refer similar structures metal sheet separating engine compartment vehicle aircraft passenger compartment.term applied late network technology emerged internet fairly new terms global use connectivity.predecessors firewalls network security routers used late s. already segregated networks routers could apply filtering packets crossing them.before used reallife computing term appeared computerhacking movie wargames possibly inspired later use. |
Firewall (computing) | types firewalls categorized networkbased hostbased system.networkbased firewalls positioned anywhere within lan wan.either software appliance running generalpurpose hardware hardware appliance running specialpurpose hardware virtual appliance running virtual host controlled hypervisor.firewall appliances may also offer non firewall functionality dhcp vpn services.hostbased firewalls deployed directly host control network traffic computing resources. |
Firewall (computing) | daemon service part operating system agent application protection.packet filter first reported type network firewall called packet filter inspect packets transferred computers.firewall maintains access control list dictates packets looked action applied default action set silent discard.three basic actions regarding packet consist silent discard discard internet control message protocol tcp reset response sender forward next hop.packets may filtered source destination ip addresses protocol source destination ports. |
Firewall (computing) | bulk internet communication th early st century used either transmission control protocol tcp user datagram protocol udp conjunction wellknown ports enabling firewalls era distinguish specific types traffic web browsing remote printing email transmission file transfers.the first paper published firewall technology engineers digital equipment corporation dec developed filter systems known packet filter firewalls.att bell labs bill cheswick steve bellovin continued research packet filtering developed working model company based original firstgeneration architecture.connection tracking – three colleagues att bell laboratories dave presotto janardan sharma kshitij nigam developed second generation firewalls calling circuitlevel gateways.secondgeneration firewalls perform work firstgeneration predecessors also maintain knowledge specific conversations endpoints remembering port number two ip addresses using layer transport layer osi model conversation allowing examination overall exchange nodes.application layer marcus ranum wei xu peter churchyard released application firewall known firewall toolkit fwtk october .became basis gauntlet firewall trusted information systems.the key benefit application layer filtering understand certain applications protocols file transfer protocol ftp domain name system dns hypertext transfer protocol http. |
Firewall (computing) | allows identify unwanted applications services using non standard port detect allowed protocol abused.also provide unified security management including enforced encrypted dns virtual private networking.as nextgeneration firewall provides wider range inspection application layer extending deep packet inspection functionality include limited toweb filteringintrusion prevention systemsuser identity managementweb application firewall endpoint specific endpoint based application firewalls function determining whether process accept given connection.application firewalls filter connections examining process id data packets rule set local process involved data transmission.application firewalls accomplish function hooking socket calls filter connections application layer lower layers.application firewalls hook socket calls also referred socket filters. |
Social engineering (security) | configuration setting firewall complex errorprone task.network may face security issues due configuration errors.see also references external links evolution firewall industry – discusses different architectures packets processed provides timeline evolution.a history survey network firewalls – provides overview firewalls various iso levels references original papers early firewall work reported.differs social engineering within social sciences concern divulging confidential information.type confidence trick purpose information gathering fraud system access differs traditional con often one many steps complex fraud scheme.it also defined act influences person take action may may best interests.an example social engineering use forgot password function websites require login.improperlysecured passwordrecovery system used grant malicious attacker full access users account original user lose access account.information security culture employee behavior big impact information security organizations.cultural concepts help different segments organization work effectively work effectiveness towards information security within organization. |
Social engineering (security) | exploring relationship organizational culture information security culture provides following definition information security culture isc totality patterns behavior organization contribute protection information kinds.andersson reimers found employees often see part organization information security effort often take actions ignore organizational information security best interests.research shows information security culture needs improved continuously.information security culture analysis change authors commented never ending process cycle evaluation change maintenance.suggest manage information security culture five steps taken preevaluation strategic planning operative planning implementation postevaluation.preevaluation identify awareness information security within employees analyse current security policy.strategic planning come better awarenessprogram need set clear targets.clustering people helpful achieve it.operative planning set good security culture based internal communication managementbuyin security awareness training program.implementation four stages used implement information security culture. |
Social engineering (security) | commitment management communication organizational members courses organizational members commitment employees.techniques terms social engineering techniques based specific attributes human decisionmaking known cognitive biases.biases sometimes called bugs human hardware” exploited various combinations create attack techniques listed below.attacks used social engineering used steal employees confidential information.common type social engineering happens phone. |
Social engineering (security) | examples social engineering attacks criminals posing exterminators fire marshals technicians go unnoticed steal company secrets.one example social engineering individual walks building posts officiallooking announcement company bulletin says number help desk changed.employees call help individual asks passwords ids thereby gaining ability access companys private information.another example social engineering would hacker contacts target social networking site starts conversation target.gradually hacker gains trust target uses trust get access sensitive information like password bank account details.social engineering relies heavily six principles influence established robert cialdini.cialdinis theory influence based six key principles reciprocity commitment consistency social proof authority liking scarcity.six key principles authority social engineering attacker may pose authority increase likelihood adherence victim. |
Social engineering (security) | intimidation attacker potentially disguised informs implies negative consequences certain actions performed.consequences could include subtle intimidation phrases ill tell manager much worse.consensussocial proof people things see people doing.example one experiment one confederates would look sky bystanders would look sky see missing.one point experiment aborted many people looking stopped traffic. |
Social engineering (security) | see conformity asch conformity experiments.scarcity perceived scarcity generate demand.common advertising phrase supplies last capitalizes sense scarcity.urgency linked scarcity attackers use urgency timebased psychological principle social engineering.example saying offers available limited time encourages sales sense urgency. |
Social engineering (security) | familiarity liking people easily persuaded people like.cialdini cites marketing tupperware might called viral marketing.people likely buy liked person selling them.many biases favoring attractive people discussed.see physical attractiveness stereotype. |
Social engineering (security) | four social engineering vectors vishing vishing otherwise known voice phishing criminal practice using social engineering telephone system gain access private personal financial information public purpose financial reward.also employed attackers reconnaissance purposes gather detailed intelligence target organization.phishing phishing technique fraudulently obtaining private information.typically phisher sends email appears come legitimate business—a bank credit card company—requesting verification information warning dire consequence provided.email usually contains link fraudulent web page seems legitimate—with company logos content—and form requesting everything home address atm cards pin credit card number. |
Social engineering (security) | example phishing scam users received emails supposedly ebay claiming users account suspended unless link provided clicked update credit card information genuine ebay already had.mimicking legitimate organizations html code logos relatively simple make fake website look authentic.scam tricked people thinking ebay requiring update account information clicking link provided.indiscriminately spamming extremely large groups people phisher counted gaining sensitive financial information small percentage yet large number recipients already ebay accounts also fall prey scam.smishing act using sms text messaging lure victims specific course action. |
Social engineering (security) | like phishing clicking malicious link divulging information.examples text messages claim common carrier like fedex stating package transit link provided.impersonation pretending pretexting another person goal gaining access physically system building.impersonation used sim swap scam fraud.concepts pretexting pretexting adj. |
Social engineering (security) | pretextual act creating using invented scenario pretext engage targeted victim manner increases chance victim divulge information perform actions would unlikely ordinary circumstances.elaborate lie often involves prior research setup use information impersonation e.g.date birth social security number last bill amount establish legitimacy mind target.background pretexting interpreted first evolution social engineering continued develop social engineering incorporated currentday technologies.current past examples pretexting demonstrate development.this technique used fool business disclosing customer information well private investigators obtain telephone records utility records banking records information directly company service representatives. |
Social engineering (security) | information used establish even greater legitimacy tougher questioning manager e.g.make account changes get specific balances etc.pretexting also used impersonate coworkers police bank tax authorities clergy insurance investigators—or individual could perceived authority righttoknow mind targeted victim.pretexter must simply prepare answers questions might asked victim.cases needed voice sounds authoritative earnest tone ability think ones feet create pretextual scenario.vishing phone phishing vishing uses rogue interactive voice response ivr system recreate legitimatesounding copy bank institutions ivr system. |
Social engineering (security) | victim prompted typically via phishing email call bank via ideally toll free number provided order verify information.typical vishing system reject logins continually ensuring victim enters pins passwords multiple times often disclosing several different passwords.advanced systems transfer victim attackerdefrauder poses customer service agent security expert questioning victim.spear phishing although similar phishing spear phishing technique fraudulently obtains private information sending highly customized emails end users.main difference phishing attacks phishing campaigns focus sending high volumes generalized emails expectation people respond. |
Social engineering (security) | hand spearphishing emails require attacker perform additional research targets order trick end users performing requested activities.success rate spearphishing attacks considerably higher phishing attacks people opening roughly phishing emails compared roughly potential attempts.users actually open emails phishing emails relatively modest success rate link attachment clicked compared spearphishing attacks success rate.spearphishing success heavily dependent amount quality osint opensource intelligence attacker obtain.social media account activity one example source osint.water holing water holing targeted social engineering strategy capitalizes trust users websites regularly visit. |
Social engineering (security) | victim feels safe things would different situation.wary person might example purposefully avoid clicking link unsolicited email person would hesitate follow link website often visit.attacker prepares trap unwary prey favored watering hole.strategy successfully used gain access supposedly secure systems.the attacker may set identifying group individuals target.preparation involves gathering information websites targets often visit secure system. |
Social engineering (security) | information gathering confirms targets visit websites system allows visits.attacker tests websites vulnerabilities inject code may infect visitors system malware.injected code trap malware may tailored specific target group specific systems use.time one members target group get infected attacker gain access secure system.baiting baiting like realworld trojan horse uses physical media relies curiosity greed victim. |
Social engineering (security) | attack attackers leave malwareinfected floppy disks cdroms usb flash drives locations people find bathrooms elevators sidewalks parking lots etc.give legitimate curiositypiquing labels wait victims.for example attacker may create disk featuring corporate logo available targets website label executive salary summary q .attacker leaves disk floor elevator somewhere lobby target company.unknowing employee may find insert disk computer satisfy curiosity good samaritan may find return company.case inserting disk computer installs malware giving attackers access victims pc perhaps target companys internal computer network.unless computer controls block infections insertion compromises pcs autorunning media. |
Social engineering (security) | hostile devices also used.instance lucky winner sent free digital audio player compromising computer plugged to.road apple colloquial term horse manure suggesting devices undesirable nature removable media malicious software left opportunistic conspicuous places.may cd dvd usb flash drive among media.curious people take plug computer infecting host attached networks. |
Social engineering (security) | hackers may give enticing labels employee salaries confidential.one study done researchers drop usb drives around campus university illinois.drives contained files linked webpages owned researchers.researchers able see many drives files opened many inserted computer without file opened.drives dropped picked called home.quid pro quo quid pro quo means something somethingan attacker calls random numbers company claiming calling back technical support. |
Social engineering (security) | eventually person hit someone legitimate problem grateful someone calling back help them.attacker help solve problem process user type commands give attacker access launch malware.in information security survey office workers gave researchers claimed password answer survey question exchange cheap pen.similar surveys later years obtained similar results using chocolates cheap lures although made attempt validate passwords.tailgating attacker seeking entry restricted area secured unattended electronic access control e.g.rfid card simply walks behind person legitimate access. |
Social engineering (security) | following common courtesy legitimate person usually hold door open attacker attackers may ask employee hold open them.legitimate person may fail ask identification several reasons may accept assertion attacker forgotten lost appropriate identity token.attacker may also fake action presenting identity token.types common confidence tricksters fraudsters also could considered social engineers wider sense deliberately deceive manipulate people exploiting human weaknesses obtain personal benefit.may example use social engineering techniques part fraud.as early another type social engineering technique includes spoofing hacking ids people popular email ids yahoo gmail hotmail. |
Social engineering (security) | additionally spoofing attempts included emails major online service providers like paypal.led proposed standard sender policy framework rfc dated april combination dmarc means combat spoofing.among many motivations deception arephishing creditcard account numbers passwords.cracking private emails chat histories manipulating using common editing techniques using extort money creating distrust among individuals.cracking websites companies organizations destroying reputation.computer virus hoaxesconvincing users run malicious code within web browser via selfxss attack allow access web accountanother type read sensitive information unshielded unprotected displays input devices called shoulder surfing.countermeasures organizations reduce security risks bytraining employees training employees security protocols relevant position.e.g. |
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