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Asset and liability management | non maturity assets overdrafts credit card balances drawn undrawn lines credit offbalance sheet commitments movements well volume predict making assumptions derived examining historic data clients behaviour.slotting every asset liability offbalance sheet items corresponding time bucket based effective liquidity duration maturityin dealing liquidity gap bank main concern deal surplus longterm assets shortterm liabilities thus continuously finance assets risk required funds available prohibitive level.before remediation actions bank ensure first spread liability maturity profile across many time intervals avoid concentration funding overnight days time buckets standard prudent practices admit total funding overnight oneweek periodplan large size funding operation advancehold significant productions high liquid assets favorable conversion rate cash case distressed liquidity conditionsput limits time bucket monitor stay within comfortable level around limits mainly expressed ratio mismatch may exceed x total cash outflows given time interval nonmaturing liabilities specificity instruments contractual maturity bank needs dispose clear understanding duration level within banking books.analysis nonmaturing liabilities non interestbearing deposits savings accounts deposits consists assessing account holders behavior determine turnover level accounts decay rate deposits speed accounts decay retention rate representing inverse decay rate.calculation define exampleaverage opening accounts retail deposit portfolio open average .yearsretention rate given retention rate .duration level translation duration .yearsvarious assessment approaches may usedto place funds longestdated time bucket deposits remain historically stable time due large numbers depositors.to divide total volume parts stable part core balance floating part seen volatile short maturityto assign maturities repricing dates nonmaturing liabilities creating portfolio fixed income instruments imitates cashflows liabilities positions.the crisis however evidence fiercely withdrawal client deposits driven two major factors level sophistication counterparty highnetworth clients withdraw funds quicker retail ones absolute deposit size large corporate clients leaving faster smes enhancing simplification new deposit runoff models.remediation actions surplus assets creates funding requirement i.e. |
Asset and liability management | negative mismatch financedby longterm borrowings typically costlier longterm debt preferred stock equity demand depositby shortterm borrowings cheaper higher uncertainty level term availability cost collateralized borrowings repo money marketby asset sales distressed sales loss sales induce drastic changes banks strategya surplus liabilities assets creates need find efficient uses funds i.e.positive mismatch wrong signal generally rare scenario bank bank always target return capital achieve requires funds put work acquiring assets means bank sacrificing profits unnecessarily achieve liquidity position liquid.excess liquidity deployed money market instruments riskfree assets government tbills bank certificate deposit cds liability excess belongs banks capital alm desk take risk putting capital creditrisk investment.measuring liquidity risk liquidity measurement process consists evaluating liquidity consumption bank consumed illiquid assets volatile liabilitiesliquidity provision bank provided stable funds liquid assets essential factors take account speed speed market deterioration fosters need daily measurement liquidity figures quick data availabilityintegritybut daily completeness data internationally operating bank represent forefront procupation seek daily consolidation lengthy process may put away vital concern quick availability liquidity figures.main focus material entities business well offbalance sheet position commitments given movements collateral posted...for purposes quantitative analysis since single indicator define adequate liquidity several financial ratios assist assessing level liquidity risk. |
Asset and liability management | due large number areas within banks business giving rise liquidity risk ratios present simpler measures covering major institution concern.order cover shortterm longterm liquidity risk divided categories indicators operating cashflowsratios liquidityfinancial strength leverage setting limits setting risk limits still remain key control tool managing liquidity provide clear easily understandable communication tool risk managers top management adequacy level liquidity banks current exposure also good alert system enhance conditions liquidity demands may disrupt normal course businessone easiest control framework implement funding management echo deficit funds resulting gaps assets liabilities bank also address funding requirement effective robust stable funding model.constraints take account obtaining funds reasonable costsfostering funding diversification sources tenor funding short medium longterm funding mix processadapting maturities liabilities cashflow order match funds usesgaining cushion high liquid assets refers banks management asset funding sourcestoday banking institutions within industrialized countries facing structural challenges remain still vulnerable new market shocks setbacksnew regulations basel iii requirements new capital buffers liquidity ratios increasing pressure banks balance sheetprolonged period low rates compressed margins creates incentives expand assets hold order cover yields thus growing exposures rise credit liquidity riskslongterm secured funding fallen half since decrease average maturity yearsunsecured funding markets longer available many banks mostly banks located southern european countries cut access cheap fundingclient deposits reliable source stable funding growth period depositors shifting away funds safer institutions nonbanks institutions well following economic slowdown trendsthe banking system needs deal fierce competition shadow banking system entities activities structured outside regular banking mechanism perform banklike functions credit intermediation funding sources bank corporate clients refinancing rates lower similar banks course without financial regulatory restrictions risk control.size shadow banking system evaluated trillion according financial stability board fsb estimation based proxy measure noncredit intermediation australia canada japan korea uk us euro area.principal sources funding financial groups improved diversification funding sources crisis proven limited mix funds may turn risky sources run dry sudden. |
Asset and liability management | forms obtain funding banks assetbased funding sources asset contribution funding requirement depends bank ability convert easily assets cash without loss.cashflows primary source asset side funding occur investments mature amortization loans periodic principal interest cashflows mortgagebacked securitiespledging assets order secure borrowings line commitments.practice induces close management assets hold collateralliquidation assets sale subsidiaries lines business form shortening assets also reduce new loans originationsecuritization assets bank originates loans intent transform pools loans selling investors liability equity funding sources retail funding customers small businesses seen stable sources poor sensitivity level market interest rates banks financial conditions.deposit accounttransaction accountssavings accountspublic depositcurrent account wholesale funding borrowing funds secured unsecured debt obligations volatile subordinated liabilities purchased rate sensitive investorsshortterm highgrade securities otherwise counterparty broker dealer accept collateral charge high haicut collateral sold repurchase agreement repo transaction helps create leverage shortterm liabilities collateralised longer maturity assetsdebt instruments commercial paper promissory note assetbacked commercial paper program abcplonger terms collateralized loans issuance debt securities straight covered bondsother form depositcertificate depositmoney market depositbrokered deposit us banking industryparent company depositdeposit bankssupport legacy governments central bank facilities.long term refinancing operations ltro eurozone ecb provides financing eurozone banks february last ltro contained € billion months maturity lowinterest loans banks participants equity funds raising capital common stockpreferred stockretained earnings putting operative plan normal daily operations ongoing business activities plan needs embrace available funding sources requires integrated approach strategic business planning process.objective provide realistic projection funding future various set assumptions.strategy includes assessment possible funding sources main characteristics concentrations level funding sourcessensitivity interestrate credit risk volatilityability speed renew replace funding source favorable terms evaluation possibility lengthening maturity liability sourcefor borrowed funds documentation plan defining repayment funds terms including call features prepayment penalties debt covenants...possible early redemption option sourcediversification sources tenors investors base types currencies collateralization requirements limits counterparty secured versus unsecured level market funding instrument types securitization vehicles geographic market investor typescosts bank privilegiate interest bearing deposit products retail clients still considered cheap form stable funding fierce competition banks attract big market share increased acquisition operational costs generated manage large volume treatment personnel advertising...dependencies endogenous bank specific events formulas asset allocation funding methods... exogenous investment returns market volatility inflation bank ratings... factors influence bank ability access one particular source. |
Asset and liability management | setting source action plan assessment banks exposure changes bank established list potential sources based characteristics risk reward analysis monitor link funding strategy market conditions systemic events.for simplification diversify available sources divided main time categoriesshorttermmediumtermlongterm periodkey aspects take account assessment likehood funding deficiencies cost increase across time periods.case example position wholesale funding providers often require liquid assets collateral.collaterals become less liquid difficult evaluate wholesale funds providers may arbitrate funding extension maturityexplanation objective purpose strategy behind funding source chosen bank may borrow longterm basis fund real estate loansmonitoring bank capacity raise funds quickly without bad cost effects well monitoring dependence factors affecting capacity raise themmaintenance constant relation funding market market access critical affects ability raise new funds liquid assets.access market expressed first identification building strong relationships current potential key providers funding even bank soliciting also brokers third parties raise fundsas prudent measure choice source demonstrated effective ability access source bank.bank never experienced sold loans past securitization program anticipate using funding strategies primary source liquidity liquidity reserve highly liquid assets stock reserve also referred liquidity buffer represents first line defense liquidity crisis intervention measures contingency funding plan. |
Asset and liability management | consists stock highly liquid assets without legal regulatory constraints assets need readily available pledged payments clearing houses call cashlike assets.include high grade collateral received repocollateral pledged central bank emergency situationtrading assets freely disposable used collateralkey actions undertake maintain central data repository unencumbered liquid assetsto invest liquid assets purely precautionary motives normal time business first signs market turbulenceto apply possible smaller banks may suffer lack internal model intelligence economic regulatory liquidity assets holding position.lcr liquidity coverage ratio one new basel iii ratios context represent excellent warning indicator monitoring dedicated level evolution dedicated stock liquid assets.indeed lcr addresses sufficiency stock high quality liquid assets meet shortterm liquidity needs specified acute stress scenario.identifies amount unencumbered high quality liquid assets institution holds used offset net cash outflows would encounter acute days stress scenario specified supervisors. |
Asset and liability management | light stricter lcr eligible assets definition economic approach could include larger bulk liquid assets particular trading bookto adapt scalability approach stock cushion liquid assets according stress scenarios scenarios including estimation loss impairment unsecured secured funding sources contractual non contractual cashflows well among others withdrawal stickiness measures.example bank may decide use high liquid sovereign debt instruments entering repurchase transaction response one severe stress scenarioto evaluate cost maintening dedicated stock liquid assets portfolio negative carry yield portfolio penalty rate cost funding rate bank may obtain funding financial markets interbank market.negative carry high liquid portfolio assets allocated respective business lines creating need liquidity reserve contingency funding plan bank assume business always continue current business process institution needs explore emergency sources funds formalise contingency plan.purpose find alternative backup sources funding occur within normal course operations.dealing contingency funding plan cfp find adequate actions regard lowprobability highimpact events opposed highprobability lowimpact daytoday management funding sources usage within bank.to bank needs perform hereafter tasks identification plausible stress events bank specific events generally linked banks business activities arising credit market operational reputation strategic risk.aspects expressed inability fund asset growthto renew replace maturing liabilitiesto use offbalance sheet commitments givento hold back unexpected large deposit withdrawalsexternal events changes economic conditionschanges price volatility securitiesnegative press coveragedisruption markets bank obtains funds estimation severity levels occurrence duration stress events bank funding structure assessment realised accordance bank current funding structure establish clear view impacts normal funding plan therefore evaluate need extra funding.this quantitative estimation additional funding resources stress events declined foreach relevant level bank consolidated level solo business lines oneswithin main time categories horizon shortterm focus intraday daily weekly operations medium longtermin addition analysis conducted evaluate threat stress events bank earnings capital level business activities well balance sheet composition.the bank need accordance develop monitoring process detect early sign events could degenerate crisis situation set warning indicators triggersbuild escalation scheme via reporting action plan order provide precautionary measure material risk materialized overview potential viable contingent funding sources build central inventory inventory includes dedicated liquidity reserve stock highly liquid assets follow basel iii new liquidity ratios lcr nsfr strict liquid asset definitionother unencumbered liquid assets i.e.those contained trading book relation economic liquidity reserve view. |
Asset and liability management | represent additional unsecured secured funding possible use securities lending borrowingaccess central bank reservesreduction plan assetsadditional sale plan unencumbered assets determination contingent funding sources value according stressed scenario events stressed haircut appliedvariation around cashflow projectionerosion level funding resourcesconfidence level gain access funding markets tested market accessmonetization possibility less liquid assets realestate mortgage loans linked operational procedures legal structure put place well investor base prices applied transfer servicing rights recourse debt setting administrative structure crisismanagement team last key aspect effective contingency funding plan relates management potential crisis dedicated team charge provide action plan take given level stresscommunication scheme counterparties large investors central bank regulators involvedreports escalation processlink contingent activities business continuity planning bank managing alm profile generated funding requirements objective settle approach assetliabilitiy profile bank accordance funding requirement.fact effectively balancing funding sources uses regard liquidity interest rate management funding diversification type businessmodel bank conducting example business based majority shortterm movements high frequency changement asset profile type activities respective business lines market making business requiring flexible liquidity profile traditional bank activities alm report funding report summarises total funding needs sources objective dispose global view forward funding requirement lies time snapshot.report breakdown business line level consolidatedone firmwide level.widespread standard gap tolerance level applied time bucket meaning gap within time period defined support total funding.marginal gap difference change assets change liabilities given time period next known also incremental gapgap total gap prevent excessive forward gap developing one time period funding cost allocation fund transfer pricing concept effect terming funding produce cost funds objective set internal price estimation cost financing needed coming periodsassign users fundsthis concept fund transfer pricing ftp process within alm context ensure business lines funded adequate tenors charged accountable adequation current future estimated situation.see also treasury managementliquidity riskinterest rate risk references crockford neil . |
Asset and liability management | introduction risk management nd ed.. woodheadfaulkner..van deventer imai mesler chapter moorad choudhry .bank asset liability management strategy trading analysis.wiley finance.external links society actuaries professional actuarial specialty guide describing asset liability managementassetliability management riskglossary.comasset liability management risk framework coolavenues.comasset liability management system banks guidelines reserve bank indiaassetliability management issues trends r. vaidyanathan asci journal management . |
Automotive security | price waterhouse coopers status balance sheet management practices among international banks bank international settlements principles management supervision interest rate risk final documentbank international settlements basel iii liquidity coverage ratio liquidity risk monitoring toolsfinancial stability board global shadow banking monitoring report deloitte global risk management survey eighth edition july latest trends managing risks global financial services industryincreasingly high number ecus vehicles alongside implementation multiple different means communication towards vehicle remote wireless manner led necessity branch cybersecurity dedicated threats associated vehicles.confused automotive safety.causes implementation multiple ecus electronic control units inside vehicles began early thanks development integrated circuits microprocessors made economically feasible produce ecus large scale.since number ecus increased per vehicle.units nowadays control almost everything vehicle simple tasks activating wipers safetyrelated ones like brakebywire abs antilock braking system. |
Automotive security | autonomous driving also strongly reliant implementation new complex ecus adas alongside sensors lidars radars control units.inside vehicle ecus connected cabled wireless communication networks bus controller area network bus media oriented system transport flexray rf radio frequency many implementations tpmss tire pressure monitoring systems.important notice many ecus require data received networks arrive various sensors operate use data modify behavior vehicle e.g.cruise control modifies vehicles speed depending signals arriving button usually located steering wheel.since development cheap wireless communication technologies bluetooth lte wifi rfid similar automotive producers oems designed ecus implement technologies goal improving experience driver passengers.safetyrelated systems onstar general motors telematic units communication smartphones vehicles speakers bluetooth android auto apple carplay.threat model threat models automotive world based realworld theoretically possible attacks. |
Automotive security | realworld attacks aim safety people around car modifying cyberphysical capabilities vehicle e.g.steering braking accelerating without requiring actions driver theoretical attacks supposed focus also privacyrelated goals obtaining gps data vehicle capturing microphone signals similar.regarding attack surfaces vehicle usually divided longrange shortrange local attack surfaces lte dsrc considered longrange ones bluetooth wifi usually considered shortrange although still wireless.finally usb obdii attack surfaces require physical access car defined local.attacker able implement attack longrange surface considered stronger dangerous one requires physical access vehicle.possibility attacks vehicles already market proven possible miller valasek managed disrupt driving jeep cherokee remotely connecting remote wireless communication. |
Automotive security | controller area network attacks common network used vehicles one mainly used safetyrelated communication due realtime properties simplicity cheapness.reason majority realworld attacks implemented ecus connected type network.the majority attacks demonstrated either actual vehicles testbeds fall one following categories sniffing sniffing computer security field generally refers possibility intercepting logging packets generally data network.case since bus network every node listens communication network.useful attacker read data learn behavior nodes network implementing actual attack.usually final goal attacker simply sniff data since packets passing type network usually valuable read. |
Automotive security | denial service denial service dos information security usually described attack objective making machine network unavailable.dos attacks ecus connected buses done network abusing arbitration protocol used always win arbitration targeting single ecu abusing error handling protocol can.second case attacker flags messages victim faulty convince victim broken therefore shut network.spoofing spoofing attacks comprise cases attacker falsifying data sends messages pretending another node network.automotive security usually spoofing attacks divided masquerade replay attacks. |
Automotive security | replay attacks defined attacker pretends victim sends sniffed data victim sent previous iteration authentication.masquerade attacks contrary spoofing attacks data payload created attacker.real life automotive threat example security researchers charlie miller chris valasek successfully demonstrated remote access wide variety vehicle controls using jeep cherokee target.able control radio environmental controls windshield wipers certain engine brake functions.the method used hack system implementation preprogrammed chip controller area network bus.inserting chip bus able send arbitrary message bus. |
Automotive security | one thing miller pointed danger bus broadcasts signal message caught hackers throughout network.the control vehicle done remotely manipulating system without physical interaction.miller states could control .million vehicles united states regardless location distance thing needed someone turn vehicle gain access.security measures increasing complexity devices networks automotive context requires application security measures limit capabilities potential attacker.since early many different countermeasures proposed cases applied. |
National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace | following list common security measuressubnetworks limit attacker capabilities even heshe manages access vehicle remote remotely connected ecu networks vehicle divided multiple subnetworks critical ecus placed subnetworks ecus accessed remote.gateways subnetworks divided secure gateways firewalls block messages crossing subnetwork intended to.intrusion detection systems ids critical subnetwork one nodes ecus connected goal reading data passing subnetwork detect messages given rules considered malicious made attacker.arbitrary messages caught passenger using ids notify owner regarding unexpected message.authentication protocols order implement authentication networks already implemented possible design authentication protocol works higher layers iso osi model using part data payload message authenticate message itself.hardware security modules since many ecus powerful enough keep realtime delays executing encryption decryption routines ecu network possible place hardware security module manages security it.legislation june united nations economic commission europe unece world forum harmonization vehicle regulations released two new regulations r r establishing clear performance audit requirements car manufacturers terms automotive cybersecurity software updates.notesnational strategy secure cyberspace drafted department homeland security reaction september terrorist attacks.released february offers suggestions mandates business academic individual users cyberspace secure computer systems networks.prepared year research businesses universities government five months public comment.plan advises number security practices well promotion cyber security education.the national strategy secure cyberspace identifies three strategic objectives prevent cyber attacks americas critical infrastructures reduce national vulnerability cyber attacks minimize damage recovery time cyber attacks occur.meet objectives national strategy outlines five national priorities first priority creation national cyberspace security response system focuses improving governments response cyberspace security incidents reducing potential damage events. |
National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace | second third fourth priorities development national cyberspace security threat vulnerability reduction program creation national cyberspace security awareness training program necessity securing governments cyberspace aim reduce threats vulnerabilities cyber attacks.fifth priority establishment system national security international cyberspace security cooperation intends prevent cyber attacks could impact national security assets improve international management response attacks.ultimately national strategy encourages companies regularly review technology security plans individuals use internet add firewalls antivirus software systems.calls single federal center help detect monitor analyze attacks expanded cyber security research improved governmentindustry cooperation.strategies formulated cybersecurity discourse responsive multipronged.former focuses flexible plans actions developed adapted response changes dynamics existing sociotechnical systems. |
Microsoft account | latter focuses strategies developed thoughtfully considering interconnected elements methods actors systems several points view directions.see also cybersecurity regulationnational security directive notes external links national strategy secure cyberspace dhsstatement press secretary conclusion cyberspace review white house press office april nato cooperative cyber defence centre excellencemicrosoft windows computers tablets windows phones xbox consoles microsoft application software including visual studio.history microsoft passport predecessor windows live id originally positioned single signon service web commerce.microsoft passport received much criticism.prominent critic kim cameron author laws identity questioned microsoft passport violations laws.since become microsofts chief identity architect helped address violations design windows live id identity metasystem. |
Microsoft account | consequence windows live id positioned single signon service web commerce one choice many among identity systems.in december microsoft neglected pay annual passport.com domain registration fee network solutions.oversight made hotmail used site authentication unavailable december .linux consultant michael chaney paid next day christmas hoping would solve issue downed site.payment resulted site available next morning.autumn similar good samaritan helped microsoft missed payment hotmail.co.uk address although downtime resulted.in electronic frontier foundations staff attorney deborah pierce criticized microsoft passport potential threat privacy revealed microsoft would full access usage customer information. |
Microsoft account | privacy terms quickly updated microsoft allay customers fears.in july august electronic privacy information center coalition fourteen leading consumer groups filed complaints federal trade commission ftc alleging microsoft passport system violated section federal trade commission act ftca prohibits unfair deceptive practices trade.microsoft pushed nonmicrosoft entities create internetwide unifiedlogin system.examples sites used microsoft passport ebay monster.com agreements cancelled.august expedia sent notice stating longer support microsoft passport windows live id.in windows live id renamed microsoft account.overview microsoft account allows users sign websites support service using single set credentials.users credentials checked microsoft accountenabled websites microsoft account authentication server. |
Microsoft account | new user signing microsoft accountenabled website first redirected nearest authentication server asks username password ssl connection.user may select computer remember login newly signedin user encrypted timelimited cookie stored computer receives triple des encrypted idtag previously agreed upon authentication server microsoft accountenabled website.idtag sent website upon website plants another encrypted http cookie users computer also timelimited.long cookies valid user required supply username password.user actively logs microsoft account cookies removed.microsoft account offers user two different methods creating accountuse existing email address users able use valid email address sign microsoft account. |
Microsoft account | service turns requesting users email address microsoft account.users may also choose password choice.sign microsoft email address users also sign email account microsofts webmail services designated domains i.e.hotmail.com live.com msn.com passport.com outlook.com variant specific country used microsoft account sign microsoft accountenabled websites.microsoft websites services apps bing msn xbox live use microsoft account mean identifying users.also several companies use hoyts website hosted ninemsn.windows xp later option link windows user account microsoft account thus automatically logging users microsoft account whenever service accessed.starting windows server windows allows users directly authenticate pcs using microsoft account rather local domain user. |
Microsoft account | profile feature microsoft account service profile manager named profile formerly part windows live.displays information particular user recent activities relationship windows live users.also provides ability connect others skype via social networks facebook myspace linkedin.users share personal information interests hobbies social information favorites quote hometown places lived previously.profile also allows users modify privacy settings decide shared.web authentication august microsoft released windows live id web authentication sdk enabling web developers integrate windows live id websites running broad range web server platforms including asp.net c java perl php python ruby. |
Microsoft account | support openid october microsoft announced publicly committed supporting openid framework windows live id becoming openid provider.would allow users use windows live id sign website supports openid authentication.update microsofts planned implementation openid since august however since november microsoft publicly participated openid connect interoperability testing.login methods addition using account password users login microsoft account accepting mobile notification sent mobile device microsoft authenticator fido security token using windows hello.users also set twofactor authentication getting timebased singleuse code text phone call using authenticator app. |
Microsoft account | features microsoft account website users manage identity.features microsoft account includeupdating users information first last names address etc.associated accountupdating user settings preferred language preferences email communicationschanging resetting user passwordsclose accountview billing details associated accounts.integrated following list computer programs web services support using microsoft account credentials required authentication process.windows laterwindows server laterwindows componentscalendarcortanagroove musicfeedback hubmailmovies tvmicrosoft storeoutlook expresspeoplewindows messengerwindows phone laterwindows phone storebingexchange onlineexchange online protectionmicrosoft officeoffice office onlineonedrive formerly skydriveoutlook.com formerly hotmailskypesystem center advisorvisual studiomicrosoft azure formerly windows azurewindows insider programwindows live messengerwindows movie makerwindows photo galleryxbox network security vulnerabilities june erik duindam web developer netherlands reported privacy identity risk saying critical error made microsoft programmers allows everyone create id virtually email address.procedure found allow users register invalid currently used email addresses. |
Microsoft account | upon registration valid email address email verification link sent user.using however user allowed change email address one exist email address currently used someone else.verification link caused windows live id system confirm account verified email address.flaw fixed two days later june .on april microsoft fixed flaw hotmails password reset system allowed anyone reset password hotmail account.company notified flaw researchers vulnerability lab day responded fix within hours — widespread attacks exploitation technique spread quickly across internet.on december security researcher discovered vulnerability adobe experience manager aem software used signout.live.com reported microsoft security response center msrc. |
Web API security | vulnerability enabled fulladministrative access aem publish nodes osgi console made possible execute code inside jvm upload custom osgi bundle.vulnerability confirmed resolved may .see also identity managementidentity management systemlist single signon implementationsother identity servicesactive directory federation servicesopenidlightweight identityyadiswindows cardspaceidentity managementliberty allianceoasis organizationwindows hello references reading creating microsoft accountintroduction windows live id whitepaper — provides brief overview windows live id service context microsofts overall identity strategy.understanding windows live delegated authentication whitepaper — describes web site use windows live id delegated authentication system get permission access users information windows live services.windows live id federation whitepaper — describes concept identity federation offers considerable detail windows live id service supports it.external links official websitemultitenant environment security controls based proper authn authz help ensure api access limited need entitled it.appropriate authn schemes enable producers apis services properly identify consumers clients calling programs evaluate access level authz.words may consumer invoke particular method business logic based credentials presentedinterface design flaws widespread world crypto processors sundryembedded systems right antivirus software operating system itself.method authentication authorization common methods authentication authorization include.static strings like passwords provided apis consumers.dynamic tokens time based tokens obtained caller authentication service.userdelegated tokens tokens oauth granted based user authentication.policy attributebased access control policies use attributes define apis invoked using standards alfa xacml.the methods provide different level security ease integration.oftentimes easiest method integration also offers weakest security model. |
Web API security | static strings static strings method api caller client embeds string token request.method often referred basic authentication.security point view basic authentication satisfactory.means sending users password network clear text every single page accessed unless secure lowerlevel protocol like ssl used encrypt transactions.thus user vulnerable packet sniffers net. |
Web API security | dynamic tokens api protected dynamic token timebased nonce inserted token.token time live ttl client must acquire new token.api method time check algorithm token expired request forbidden.example token json web token.exp expiration time claim identifies expiration time jwt must accepted processing. |
Web API security | userdelegated token type token used threelegged systems application needs access api behalf user.instead revealing user id password application user grants token encapsulates users permission application invoke api.the oauth .authorization framework enables thirdparty application obtain limited access http service either behalf resource owner orchestrating approval interaction resource owner http service allowing thirdparty application obtain access behalf.finegrained authorization apis attributebased access control approach policy enforcement point either within api api framework interceptor message handler api gateway e.g.wso kong similar intercepts call api response back api. |
Web API security | converts authorization request typically xacml sends policy decision point pdp e.g.authzforce axiomatics.policy decision point configured policies implement dynamic access control use number user resource action context attributes define access allowed denied.policies aboutthe resource e.g.bank accountthe user e.g. |
Digital privacy | customerthe context e.g.time daya relationship e.g.customer account belongs.policies expressed alfa xacml.references external links owasp api security projectapi security platform enterprise company wallarmpingintelligencenoname securitythreatxdigital privacy defined three subrelated categories information privacy communication privacy individual privacy.digital privacy increasingly become topic interest information data shared social web continued become commodified socialmedia users considered unpaid digital labors one pays free eservices loss privacy.example change levels disclosure different profile items facebook show years people want keep information private.however observing sevenyear span facebook gained profit billion collection sharing users data thirdparty advertisers.the user shares social networks privacy lost.information data one shares connected clusters similar information.user continues share productive expression gets matched respective cluster speech expression longer possession social circle. |
Digital privacy | seen consequence bridging social capital.people create new diverse ties social networks data becomes linked.decrease privacy continues bundling appears ties become strong network homogenous.some laws allow filing case breach digital privacy.instance classaction lawsuit lodged behalf facebook users led facebook close advertising system beacon.similar case users sued facebook sharing personal user information advertisers gaming application. |
Digital privacy | laws based consumers consent assume consumers already empowered know best interest.therefore past years people focusing selfmanagement digital privacy rational educated decisionmaking.types privacy information privacy context digital privacy information privacy idea individuals freedom determine digital information collected used.particularly relevant personally identifiable information.concept information privacy evolved parallel evolution field information technology it. |
Digital privacy | rise networking computing led dramatic change ways information exchange.baseline concept put forward late third era privacy development began s.the european union various privacy laws dictate information may collected used companies.laws written give agency preferences individualsconsumers data used.general data protection regulation gdpr example this.places like united states privacy law argued less developed regard. |
Digital privacy | example legislation lack thereof allow companies selfregulate collection dissemination practices consumer information.communication privacy context digital privacy communication privacy notion individuals freedom right communicate information digitally expectation communications secure—meaning messages communications accessible senders original intended recipient.however communications intercepted delivered recipients without senders knowledge multitude ways.communications intercepted directly various hacking methods maninthemiddle attack mitm.communications also delivered recipients unbeknown sender due false assumptions made regarding platform medium used send information.example failure read companys privacy policy regarding communications platform could lead one assume communication protected fact not. |
Digital privacy | additionally companies frequently known lack transparency use information intentional unintentional.discussion communication privacy necessarily requires consideration technological methods protecting informationcommunication digital mediums effectiveness ineffectiveness methodssystems developmentadvancement new current technologies.individual privacy context digital privacy individual privacy notion individuals right exist freely internet choose type information exposed importantly unwanted information interrupt them.example digital breach individual privacy would internet user receiving unwanted ads emailsspam computer virus forces user take actions otherwise would not.cases individual exist digitally without interruption unwanted information thus individual privacy infringed upon. |
Digital privacy | individual privacy internet users proactively work ensure information collected practice attempting remain anonymous.many ways user stay anonymous internet including onion routing anonymous vpn services probabilistic anonymity deterministic anonymity.companies trying create allinone solution interview tom okman cofounder nordvpn mentioned they’re currently exploring technology block trackers cookies detect malware lands user’s device more.information anonymity user keep information anonymous accessing web onion routing used ensure protection personally identifiable information.onion routing originally developed u.s. naval research lab intended anonymize web traffic.system created path tcpip server creating pathway onion routers. |
Digital privacy | pathway established information sent anonymously delivered.user finished utilizing pathway essentially deleted freed resources used new pathway within onion routing.onion routing project developed today known tor completely opensourced free software.unlike predecessor tor able protect anonymity individuals well web providers.allows people set anonymous web servers effect provide censorshipresistant publishing service. |
Digital privacy | communication anonymity previously mentioned information anonymity system also potentially protect contents communications two people systems directly function guarantee communication remains intended recipients.one systems pretty good privacy pgp existed various forms many years.functions protect email messages encrypting decrypting them.originally existed commandlineonly program evolved recent years full interface multitude email providers offer builtin pgp support.users also install pgpcompatible software manually configure encrypt emails nearly platform.secure sockets layer ssl transport layer security tls measures secure payments online.systems immune breaches failure many users benefit greatly use every major browser program builtin support it. |
Digital privacy | additional services additional methods work provide anonymity extension protect users data.ip addresses frequently traced back specific physical location likewise identify someone well changing ones ip address help users remain anonymous providing access multitude servers various geographic locations around world allowing appear physically located selected area even not.example methodservice works allow information communication anonymity.ipaddress changers one service internet user typically pays fee use.the virtual private network vpn technology provides users secured connection nonsecure public network internet several tunneling protocols handling encapsulating traffic different levels ensure communication security.vpn also effective securing data privacy cloud datacenter environments capable protecting ips exposure different kinds attacks. |
Digital privacy | technology categorized ssl vpn ipsec vpn methods data communication user device vpn gateway using secure tunnel.also case vhsp mechanism protects exposure ip address assigning temporal ip vpn gateway services.the use network address translation nat allows users hide connections passing gateway behind gateway use sensible hiding ip address routable issuing gateway.harm principle following harm principle john stuart mill private references must respected one whatever want long others suffer consequences it.ones private space alone person free whatever desire.with advent photojournalism invasion celebrities private lives arose along notion righttoprivacy—or samuel d. warren louis brandeis branded right left alone.todays privacy incidents exclusively concern celebrities politicians people connected share data people online left alone. |
Digital privacy | economic value data according alessandro acquisti curtis taylor liad wagman economics privacy individual data seen two types value commercial value private value.fact data collected positive negative effects cause violation privacy monetary cost.per acquisti taylor wagman concerns progress collecting data data analysis becomes increasingly efficient.regulations eu data protection directive u.s. childrens online privacy protection act many put place however industry always evolving requires users empowered focus selfmanagement online privacy.important lawmakers continue focusing right balance use internet economics privacy. |
Digital privacy | privacy information breaches methods purposely crafted obtain ones personal information illegally.directed attacks commonly referred hacking though term refers general practice address specific hacking methods implementation.various hacking methods pertains invasion ones digital privacy outlined below.pertains intent within hacking two categories invasiondirected attacks someone individually anddirected attacks groups.with latter category however hacker could effectively obtain specifiedparticular individuals information first targeting larger group.example possibility could follows hacker named individuala wishes obtain particular persons information individualb could first target platform group individualbs information already credit agency could likewise target group individualb previously relinquishedprovided data like social media network cloud based data service. |
Digital privacy | targeting one groups individuala could effectively obtain individualbs information first hacking data group including data individuals.obtained hacker could simply identify individualbs information within data disregard rest.phishing phishing common method obtaining someones private information.generally consists individual often referred context hacker developing website looks similar major websites target person commonly uses.phishing website may look identical legitimate site url could variation spelling different domain .org instead .com. |
Digital privacy | target person directed site link fake email designed look like came website commonly use.user clicks url proceeds sign provide personal information opposed information submitted website user thought actually sent directly hacker.phishing attacks commonly obtain bank financial data well social networking website information.there tools help users protect information phishing attacks include web browser extensions capable flagging suspicious websites links.development controversy digital privacy trending social concern.example past decade usage phrase digital privacy increased fivefold published books. |
Digital privacy | ted talk eric berlow sean gourley following mass surveillance disclosures cast shadow privacy cloud storage social media.digital privacy concerned privacy digital information general many contexts specifically refers information concerning personal identity shared public networks.as secrecy american foreign intelligence surveillance act becomes widely disclosed digital privacy increasingly recognized issue context mass surveillance.prior edward snowden disclosures concerning extent nsa prism program revealed public debate digital privacy mainly centered privacy concerns socialnetworking services viewed within services.even scandals related socialmedia privacy issues continued attract public attention.notable coverage facebook–cambridge analytica data scandal led decrease public trust facebook.the use cryptographic software evade prosecution harassment sending receiving information computer networks associated cryptoanarchism movement intending protect individuals mass surveillance government. |
Crimeware | see also internet privacytor network references external linksalternatively crimeware may steal confidential sensitive corporate information.crimeware represents growing problem network security many malicious code threats seek pilfer valuable confidential information.the term crimeware coined david jevans february antiphishing working group response fdic article putting end accounthijacking identity theft published december .examples criminals use variety techniques steal confidential data crimeware including following methodssurreptitiously install keystroke loggers collect sensitive data—login password information online bank accounts example—and report back thief.redirect users web browser counterfeit website controlled thief even user types websites proper domain name address bar also known pharming.steal passwords cached users system.hijack user session financial institution drain account without users knowledge.enable remote access applications allowing criminals break networks malicious purposes.encrypt data computer require user pay ransom decrypt ransomware.delivery vectors crimeware threats installed victims computers multiple delivery vectors includingvulnerabilities web applications.bankash.g trojan example exploited internet explorer vulnerability steal passwords monitor user input webmail online commerce sites.targeted attacks sent via smtp. |
Crimeware | socialengineered threats often arrive disguised valid email message include specific company information sender addresses.malicious emails use social engineering manipulate users open attachment execute payload.remote exploits exploit vulnerabilities servers clients concerns crimeware significant economic impact due loss sensitive proprietary information associated financial losses.one survey estimates organizations lost excess million due theft proprietary information.theft financial confidential information corporate networks often places organizations violation government industryimposed regulatory requirements attempt ensure financial personal confidential.united states us laws regulations includesarbanesoxley acthealth insurance portability accountability act hipaagrammleachbliley actfamily educational rights privacy actcalifornia senate bill payment card industry data security standard see also malwaremetasploit projectmpack software phpbased crimewaretargeted attackstiny banker trojan small banking trojanphishingspywarezeus malware perhaps best known banking trojan references external links symantec internet security threat reportcomputer security institute archived august realtime hackers foil twofactor security technology review september cyber crooks target public private schools washington post september crimeware gets worse avoid robbed pc computerworld september |
Endpoint security | connection endpoint devices laptops tablets mobile phones internetofthings devices wireless devices corporate networks creates attack paths security threats.endpoint security attempts ensure devices follow definite level compliance standards.the endpoint security space evolved last several years away limited antivirus software advanced comprehensive defense.includes nextgeneration antivirus threat detection investigation response device management data leak protection dlp considerations face evolving threats.corporate network security endpoint security management software approach helps identify manage users computer data access corporate network.allows network administrator restrict use sensitive data well certain website access specific users maintain comply organizations policies standards. |
Endpoint security | components involved aligning endpoint security management systems include virtual private network vpn client operating system updated endpoint agent.computer devices compliance organizations policy provisioned limited access virtual lan.encrypting data endpoints removable storage devices helps protect data leaks.client server model endpoint security systems operate clientserver model security program controlled centrally managed host server pinned client program installed network drives.another model called software service saas security programs host server maintained remotely merchant. |
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol | payment card industry contribution delivery models server program verifies authenticates user login credentials performs device scan check complies designated corporate security standards prior permitting network access.in addition protecting organizations endpoints potential threats endpoint security allows admins monitor operation functions data backup strategies.endpoint protection platforms endpoint protection platform epp solution deployed endpoint devices prevent filebased malware attacks detect malicious activity provide investigation remediation capabilities needed respond dynamic security incidents alerts.several vendors produce systems converging epp systems endpoint detection response edr platforms – systems focused threat detection response unified monitoring.see also network securityinternet security referencesisakmp provides framework authentication key exchange designed key exchange independent protocols internet key exchange ike kerberized internet negotiation keys kink provide authenticated keying material use isakmp.example ike describes protocol using part oakley part skeme conjunction isakmp obtain authenticated keying material use isakmp security associations ah esp ietf ipsec doi.overview isakmp defines procedures authenticating communicating peer creation management security associations key generation techniques threat mitigation e.g.denial service replay attacks.framework isakmp typically utilizes ike key exchange although methods implemented kerberized internet negotiation keys. |
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol | preliminary sa formed using protocol later fresh keying done.isakmp defines procedures packet formats establish negotiate modify delete security associations.sas contain information required execution various network security services ip layer services header authentication payload encapsulation transport application layer services selfprotection negotiation traffic.isakmp defines payloads exchanging key generation authentication data.formats provide consistent framework transferring key authentication data independent key generation technique encryption algorithm authentication mechanism.isakmp distinct key exchange protocols order cleanly separate details security association management key management details key exchange.may many different key exchange protocols different security properties. |
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol | however common framework required agreeing format sa attributes negotiating modifying deleting sas.isakmp serves common framework.isakmp implemented transport protocol.implementations must include send receive capability isakmp using udp port .implementation openbsd first implemented isakmp via isakmpd software.the ipsec services service microsoft windows handles functionality.the kame project implements isakmp linux open source bsds.modern cisco routers implement isakmp vpn negotiation.vulnerabilities leaked nsa presentations released der spiegel indicate isakmp exploited unknown manner decrypt ipsec traffic ike. |
Emergency management | researchers discovered logjam attack state breaking bit diffie–hellman group would break vpn servers top million https domains ssh servers consistent leaks according researchers.see also oakley protocolipsecikegdoi references external links rfc — internet security association key management protocolrfc — internet ip security domain interpretation isakmpaim prevent reduce harmful effects hazards including disasters.the world health organization defines emergency state normal procedures interrupted immediate measures management need taken prevent becoming disaster even harder recover from.disaster management related term equated emergency management.emergency planning ideals emergency planning discipline urban planning design aims prevent emergencies occurring failing initiates efficient action plan mitigate results effects emergencies.development emergency plans cyclical process common many risk management disciplines business continuity security risk managementrecognition identification risksranking evaluation risksresponding significant riskstoleratingtreatingtransferringterminatingresourcing controls planningreaction planningreporting monitoring risk performancereviewing risk management frameworkthere number guidelines publications regarding emergency planning published professional organizations asis national fire protection association nfpa international association emergency managers iaem.health safety workers cleanup disaster recovery involves many occupational hazards. |
Emergency management | often hazards exacerbated conditions local environment result natural disaster.employers responsible minimizing exposure hazards protecting workers possible including identification thorough assessment potential hazards application appropriate personal protective equipment ppe distribution relevant information order enable safe performance work.physical exposures floodassociated injuriesflooding disasters often expose workers trauma sharp blunt objects hidden murky waters cause lacerations open closed fractures.injuries exacerbated exposure often contaminated waters leading increased risk infection.risk hypothermia significantly increases prolonged exposure water temperatures less degrees fahrenheit. |
Emergency management | noninfectious skin conditions may also occur including miliaria immersion foot syndrome including trench foot contact dermatitis.earthquakeassociated injuriesthe predominant injuries related building structural components including falling debris possible crush injury burns electric shock trapped rubble.chemical exposures hazardous material release chemicals pose risk human health exposed humans certain quantities.natural disaster certain chemicals become prominent environment.hazardous materials released directly indirectly.chemical hazards directly released natural disaster often occur time event impeding planned actions mitigation. |
Emergency management | indirect release hazardous chemicals intentionally released unintentionally released.example intentional release insecticides used flood chlorine treatment water flood.chemicals controlled engineering minimize release natural disaster strikes example agrochemicals inundated storehouses manufacturing facilities poisoning floodwaters asbestos fibers released building collapse hurricane.flowchart right adopted research performed stacy young et al.exposure limitsbelow tlvtwa pel idlh values common chemicals workers exposed natural disaster.direct releasemagnesiumphosphorusammoniasilicaintentional releaseinsecticideschlorine dioxideunintentional releasecrude oil componentsbenzene nhexane hydrogen sulfide cumene ethylbenzene naphthalene toluene xylenes pcbs agrochemicalsasbestos biological exposures mold exposures exposure mold commonly seen natural disaster flooding hurricane tornado tsunami.mold growth occur exterior interior residential commercial buildings. |
Emergency management | warm humid conditions encourage mold growth.exact number mold species unknown examples commonly found indoor molds aspergillus cladosporium alternaria penicillium.reaction molds differ individuals range mild symptoms eye irritation cough severe lifethreatening asthmatic allergic reactions.people history chronic lung disease asthma allergy breathing problems immunocompromised could sensitive molds may develop fungal pneumonia.some methods prevent mold growth natural disaster include opening doors windows using fans dry building positioning fans blow air windows cleaning building within first – hours moisture control.removing molds n masks respirators higher protection level used prevent inhalation molds respiratory system. |
Emergency management | molds removed hard surfaces soap water diluted bleach solution commercial products.human remains according centers disease control prevention cdc direct risk contagion infectious disease near human remains people directly involved recovery efforts require handling dead bodies.” viruses bacteria perish along human body death.therefore excessive measures necessary handling human remains indirectly.however workers direct contact human remains universal precautions exercised order prevent unnecessary exposure bloodborne viruses bacteria.relevant ppe includes eye protection face mask shield gloves.predominant health risk gastrointestinal infections fecaloral contamination hand hygiene paramount prevention. |
Emergency management | mental health support also available workers endure psychological stress recovery.floodassociated skin infections flood waters often contaminated bacteria waste chemicals.prolonged direct contact waters leads increased risk skin infection especially open wounds skin history previous skin condition atopic dermatitis psoriasis.infections exacerbated compromised immune system aging population.common bacterial skin infections usually staphylococcus streptococcus.one uncommon wellknown bacterial infections vibrio vulnificus causes rare often fatal infection called necrotizing fasciitis.other saltwater mycobacterium infections include slow growing m. marinum fast growing m. fortuitum m. chelonae m. abscessus. |
Emergency management | freshwater bacterial infections include aeromonas hydrophila burkholderia pseudomallei causing melioidosis leptospira interrogans causing leptospirosis chromobacterium violaceum.fungal infections may lead chromoblastomycosis blastomycosis mucormycosis dermatophytosis.numerous arthropod protozoal parasitic infections described.worker reduce risk floodassociated skin infections avoiding water open wound present minimum cover open wound waterproof bandage.contact flood water occur open wound washed thoroughly soap clean water. |
Emergency management | psychosocial exposures according cdc sources stress emergency responders may include witnessing human suffering risk personal harm intense workloads lifeanddeath decisions separation family.substance abuse mental health services administration samhsa provides stress prevention management resources disaster recovery responders.volunteer responsibilities federal emergency management agency fema advises desire assist go organized volunteer organizations selfdeploy affected locations.national volunteer organizations active disaster voad serves primary point contact volunteer organization coordination.states state voad organization. |
Emergency management | employer responsibilities every employer required maintain safe healthy workplace employees.emergency situation occurs employers expected protect workers harm resulting potential hazard including physical chemical biological exposure.addition employer provide preemergency training build emergency action plan.emergency action plan eap eap written document actions employers employees take responding emergency situation.according osha regulations . |
Emergency management | employer must emergency action plan whenever osha standard requires one.develop eap employer start workplace evaluation.occupational emergency management divided worksite evaluation exposure monitoring hazard control work practices training.worksite evaluation identifying source location potential hazards falling noise cold heat hypoxia infectious materials toxic chemicals workers may encounter emergency situations.hazard control employers conduct hazard control byelimination substitution eliminating hazard workplace.engineering controlswork practice administrative controls change task performed reduce probability exposure.personal protective equipment training employers train employees annually emergency action plan implemented inform employees responsibilities andor plan action emergency situations.training program include types emergencies may occur appropriate response evacuation procedure warningreporting procedure shutdown procedures. |
Emergency management | training requirements different depending size workplace workforce processes used materials handled available resources charge emergency.the training program address following informationworkers roles responsibilities.potential hazards hazardpreventing actions.notification alarm system communications process.communication means family members emergency.first aid kits.emergency response procedures.evacuation procedures.a list emergency equipment including location function.emergency shutdown procedures.after emergency action plan completed employer employees review plan carefully post public area accessible everyone.addition another responsibility employer keep record injury illness workers according oshastate plan recordkeeping regulations.implementation ideals preincident actions develop implement review emergency management system form manual including quality assurance quality control activities ensure efficiency effectiveness time.install ensure detection protection suppression systems based swiss cheese model always working demands provide intended triggers emergency occurs.systems include detect monitor provide early triggers warnings seismic meteriological fire pandemic climate change conditions.inspect local public streets gutters storm entrances necessary notify public works clean repair structures cut vegetation dredge etc.necessary.at emergency generators fill tank working capacity typically capacity.issue letter access curfews employees vendors. |
Emergency management | access letters government issued photo id company photo id required vehicles company corporate suppliers may enter curfew zones.curfew areas allow vehicle circulate.the government emergency telecommunications service supports federal state local tribal government personnel industry nongovernmental organizations crisis emergency providing emergency access priority handling local long distance calls public switched telephone network.consider whether organization qualifies wishes pay low priority access nationwide wireless priority service allows user wait celluar telephone bandwidth open.preincident training testing emergency management plans procedures include identification appropriately trained staff members responsible decisionmaking emergency occurs.training plans include internal people contractors civil protection partners state nature frequency training testing.testing plans effectiveness occur regularly instances several business organisations occupy space joint emergency plans formally agreed parties put place.drills exercises preparation foreseeable hazards often held participation services involved handling emergency people affected.drills held prepare hazards fires tornadoes lockdown protection earthquakes etc. |
Emergency management | phases personal activities emergency management consists five phases prevention mitigation preparedness response recovery.prevention preventive measures taken domestic international levels designed provide permanent protection disasters.risk loss life injury mitigated good evacuation plans environmental planning design standards.build minimum two feet five year flood level build year flood height.in january governments adopted year plan make world safer natural hazards world conference disaster reduction held kobe hyogo japan results adapted framework called hyogo framework action.mitigation strategy disaster mitigation measures eliminate reduce impacts risks hazards proactive measures taken emergency disaster occurs.preventive mitigation measures vary different types disasters.earthquake prone areas preventive measures might include structural changes installation earthquake valve instantly shut natural gas supply seismic retrofits property securing items inside building. |
Emergency management | latter may include mounting furniture refrigerators water heaters breakables walls addition cabinet latches.flood prone areas houses built stilts.areas prone prolonged electricity blackouts installation generator ensures continuation electrical service.construction storm cellars fallout shelters examples personal mitigative actions.the safe room reinforced structure provide near absolute protection extreme wind events tornadoes hurricanes.if one window door breaks roof likely blow due pressure wind coming house.closing interior doors reduces forces roof. |
Emergency management | doors windows roofs rated mph winds stronger hurricanes typhoons tornadoes.hurricanerated garage doors rolling accordion shutters windows reduce damages.preparedness preparedness focuses preparing equipment procedures use disaster occurs.equipment procedures used reduce vulnerability disaster mitigate impacts disaster respond efficiently emergency.federal emergency management agency fema proposed basic fourstage vision preparedness flowing mitigation preparedness response recovery back mitigation circular planning process. |
Emergency management | circular overlapping model modified agencies taught emergency classes discussed academic papers.fema also operates building science branch develops produces multihazard mitigation guidance focuses creating disasterresilient communities reduce loss life property.fema advises citizens prepare homes emergency essentials event food distribution lines interrupted.fema subsequently prepared contingency purchasing hundreds thousands freeze dried food emergency meals ready eat mres dispense communities emergency shelter evacuations implemented.some guidelines household preparedness published online state colorado topics water food tools on.emergency preparedness difficult measure.cdc focuses evaluating effectiveness public health efforts variety measurement assessment programs.disaster preparation hampered several cognitive biases features certain types disasterstendency overvalue certain shortterm costs undervalue uncertain longterm rewards.long time local disasters given type allowing fading emotional impact lends urgency preparedness many people personal experience type disaster.inertia resulting inaction cases overcome e.g.making insurance optout rather optin.optimism bias normalcy bias make people tend believe disasters happen elsewhere disaster happens locally neighbors affected ok.singleaction bias may lead satisfied feeling taking single preparedness step even single action unimportant compared measures inadequate. |
Emergency management | local emergency planning committees local emergency planning committees lepcs required united states environmental protection agency emergency planning community righttoknow act develop emergency response plan review plan least annually provide information chemicals community local citizens.emergency preparedness effort focuses hazards presented use storage extremely hazardous toxic chemicals.particular requirements lepcs includeidentification facilities transportation routes extremely hazardous substancesdescription emergency response procedures sitedesignation community coordinator facility emergency coordinators implement planoutline emergency notification proceduresdescription determine probable affected area population releasesdescription local emergency equipment facilities persons responsible themoutline evacuation plansa training program emergency responders including schedulesmethods schedules exercising emergency response plansaccording epa many lepcs expanded activities beyond requirements epcra encouraging accident prevention risk reduction addressing homeland security communities agency offers advice evaluate effectiveness committees.preparedness measures preparedness measures take many forms ranging focusing individual people locations incidents broader governmentbased hazard planning.number preparedness stages hazard individual planning generally involving combination mitigation response planning. |
Emergency management | business continuity planning encourages businesses disaster recovery plan.community faithbased organizations mitigation efforts promote field response teams interagency planning.schoolbased response teams cover everything live shooters gas leaks nearby bank robberies.educational institutions plan cyberattacks windstorms.industry specific guidance exists horse farms boat owners more. |
Emergency management | survey found american families felt prepared disaster.disasters take variety forms include earthquakes tsunamis regular structure fires.disaster emergency large scale terms population acreage impacted duration make less disaster people area impacted much learned preparedness socalled small disasters.red cross stated responds nearly disasters year common single family fire.basic theme behind preparedness ready emergency number different variations ready based assessment sort threats exist.nonetheless basic guidance preparedness common despite areas specific dangers. |
Emergency management | fema recommends everyone threeday survival kit household.individual household sizes specific needs might vary femas recommendations item specific list includesthreeday supply nonperishable food.threeday supply water – one gallon water per person per day.portable batterypowered radio television extra batteries.flashlight extra batteries.first aid kit manual.sanitation hygiene items e.g.toilet paper menstrual hygiene products.matches waterproof container.whistle.extra clothing.kitchen accessories cooking utensils including opener.photocopies credit identification cards.cash coins.special needs items prescription medications eyeglasses contact lens solutions hearing aid batteries.items infants formula diapers bottles pacifiers.along similar lines cdc list proper disaster supply kit.water—one gallon per person per dayfood—nonperishable easytoprepare itemsflashlightbattery powered hand crank radio noaa weather radio possibleextra batteriesfirst aid kitmedications day supply medical supplies medical paperwork e.g.medication list pertinent medical informationmultipurpose tool e.g.swiss army knifesanitation personal hygiene itemscopies personal documents e.g. |
Emergency management | proof address deedlease home passports birth certificates insurance policiescell phone chargersfamily emergency contact informationextra cashemergency blanketmaps areaextra set car keys house keysmanual openerfema suggests family emergency plan occasions.family members may together disaster strikes plan include reliable contact information friends relatives live outside would disaster area household members notify safe otherwise communicate other.along contact information fema suggests wellunderstood local gathering points house must evacuated quickly avoid dangers rereentering burning home.family emergency contact information printed cards put family members backpack wallet.family members spend significant amount time specific location work school fema suggests learning emergency preparation plans places. |
Emergency management | fema specific form english spanish help people put together emergency plans though lacks lines email contact information.like children people disabilities special needs special emergency preparation needs.disability specific meaning specific organizations collecting social security benefits purposes emergency preparedness red cross uses term broader sense include people physical medical sensor cognitive disabilities elderly special needs populations.depending disability specific emergency preparations may required.femas suggestions people disabilities include copies prescriptions charging devices medical devices motorized wheelchairs weeks supply medication readily available go stay kit.instances lack competency english may lead special preparation requirements communication efforts individuals responders.fema notes long term power outages cause damage beyond original disaster mitigated emergency generators power sources provide emergency power system. |
Emergency management | united states department energy states homeowners business owners local leaders may take active role dealing energy disruptions own.active role may include installing procuring generators either portable permanently mounted run fuels propane natural gas gasoline.concerns carbon monoxide poisoning electrocution flooding fuel storage fire lead even small property owners consider professional installation maintenance.major institutions like hospitals military bases educational institutions often considering extensive backup power systems.instead addition fuelbased power systems solar wind alternative power sources may used. |
Emergency management | standalone batteries large small also used provide backup charging electrical systems devices ranging emergency lights computers cell phones.the united states department health human services addresses specific emergency preparedness issues hospitals may respond including maintaining safe temperature providing adequate electricity life support systems even carrying evacuations extreme circumstances.fema encourages businesses emergency response plan small business administration specifically advises small business owners also focus emergency preparedness provides variety different worksheets resources.fema cautions emergencies happen people travelling well provides guidance around emergency preparedness range travelers include commuters commuter emergency plan holiday travelers.ready.gov number emergency preparations specifically designed people cars.preparations include full gas tank maintaining adequate windshield wiper fluid basic car maintenance tips.items specific emergency includejumper cables might want include flares reflective triangleflashlights include extra batteries batteries less power colder weatherfirst aid kit include necessary medications baby formula diapers caring small childrennonperishable food canned food alert liquids freezing colder weather protein rich foods like nuts energy barsmanual openerat least gallon water per person day least days alert hazards frozen water resultant container rupturebasic toolkit pliers wrench screwdriverpet supplies food waterradio battery hand crankedfor snowy areas cat litter sand better tire traction shovel ice scraper warm clothes gloves hat sturdy boots jacket extra change clothesblankets sleeping bagscharged cell phone car chargerin addition emergency supplies training various situations fema offers advice mitigate disasters. |
Emergency management | agency gives instructions retrofit home minimize hazards flood include installing backflow prevention device anchoring fuel tanks relocating electrical panels.given explosive danger posed natural gas leaks ready.gov states unequivocally vital household members know shut natural gas property owners must ensure special tools needed particular gas hookups.ready.gov also notes wise teach responsible household members shut electricity cautioning individual circuits shut main circuit.ready.gov states vital household members learn shut water main house valve cautions possibility rusty valves might require replacement.response response phase emergency may commence search rescue cases focus quickly turn fulfilling basic humanitarian needs affected population. |
Emergency management | assistance may provided national international agencies organizations.effective coordination disaster assistance often crucial particularly many organizations respond local emergency management agency lema capacity exceeded demand diminished disaster itself.national response framework united states government publication explains responsibilities expectations government officials local state federal tribal levels.provides guidance emergency support functions may integrated whole parts aid response recovery process.on personal level response take shape either shelterinplace evacuation.shelterinplace scenario family would prepared fend home many days without form outside support. |
Emergency management | evacuation family leaves area automobile mode transportation taking maximum amount supplies carry possibly including tent shelter.mechanical transportation available evacuation foot would ideally include carrying least three days supplies raintight bedding tarpaulin bedroll blankets.organized response includes evacuation measures search rescue missions provision emergency services provision basic needs recovery ad hoc substitution critical infrastructure.range technologies used purposes.donations often sought period especially large disasters overwhelm local capacity.due efficiencies scale money often costeffective donation fraud avoided.money also flexible goods sourced locally transportation minimized local economy boosted. |
Emergency management | donors prefer send gifts kind however items end creating issues rather helping.one innovation occupy sandy volunteers use donation registry families businesses impacted disaster make specific requests remote donors purchase directly via web site.medical considerations vary greatly based type disaster secondary effects.survivors may sustain multitude injuries include lacerations burns near drowning crush syndrome.amanda ripley points among general public fires largescale disasters remarkable lack panic sometimes dangerous denial lack reaction rationalization warning signs obvious.says often attributed local national character appears universal typically followed consultations nearby people signals finally get enough attention.disaster survivors advocate training everyone recognize warning signs practice responding. |
Emergency management | recovery recovery phase starts immediate threat human life subsided.immediate goal recovery phase bring affected area back normalcy quickly possible.reconstruction recommended consider location construction material property.the extreme home confinement scenarios include war famine severe epidemics may last year more.recovery take place inside home.planners events usually buy bulk foods appropriate storage preparation equipment eat food part normal life. |
Emergency management | simple balanced diet constructed vitamin pills wholegrain wheat beans dried milk corn cooking oil.vegetables fruits spices meats prepared freshgardened included possible.psychological first aidin immediate aftermath disaster psychological first aid provided trained lay people assist disaster affected populations coping recovery.trained workers offer practical support assistance securing basic needs food water referrals needed information services.psychological first aid similar medical first aid providers need licensed clinicians.psychotherapy counseling debriefing. |
Emergency management | goal psychological first aid help people longterm recovery offering social physical emotional support contributing hopeful calm safe environment enabling help communities.research states mental health often neglected first responders.disaster lasting psychological impacts affected.individuals supported processing emotional experiences disaster leads increases resilience increases capacity help others crises increases community engagement.processing emotional experiences done collective manner leads greater solidarity following disaster.emotional experiences inherent adaptiveness within however opportunity reflected processed necessary growth occur.psychological preparedness type emergency preparedness specific mental health preparedness resources offered mental health professionals organizations red cross. |
Emergency management | mental health preparedness resources designed support community members affected disaster disaster workers serving them.cdc website devoted coping disaster traumatic event.event cdc substance abuse mental health services administration samhsa suggests people seek psychological help exhibit symptoms excessive worry crying frequently increase irritability anger frequent arguing wanting alone time feeling anxious fearful overwhelmed sadness confused trouble thinking clearly concentrating difficulty making decisions increased alcohol andor substance use increased physical aches pains complaints headaches trouble nerves.profession professional emergency managers focus government community preparedness private business preparedness.training provided local state federal private organizations ranges public information media relations highlevel incident command tactical skills.in past field emergency management populated mostly people military first responder background. |
Emergency management | field diversified many managers coming variety backgrounds.educational opportunities increasing seeking undergraduate graduate degrees emergency management related field.schools us emergency managementrelated programs one doctoral program specifically emergency management.professional certifications certified emergency manager cem certified business continuity professional cbcp becoming common professional standards raised throughout field particularly united states.also professional organizations emergency managers national emergency management association international association emergency managers.principles dr. wayne blanchard femas emergency management higher education project direction dr. cortez lawrence superintendent femas emergency management institute convened working group emergency management practitioners academics consider principles emergency management. |
Emergency management | first time principles discipline codified.group agreed eight principles guide development doctrine emergency managementcomprehensive – consider take account hazards phases stakeholders impacts relevant disasters.progressive – anticipate future disasters take preventive preparatory measures build disasterresistant disasterresilient communities.riskdriven – use sound risk management principles hazard identification risk analysis impact analysis assigning priorities resources.integrated – ensure unity effort among levels government elements community.collaborative – create sustain broad sincere relationships among individuals organizations encourage trust advocate team atmosphere build consensus facilitate communication.coordinated – synchronize activities relevant stakeholders achieve common purpose.flexible – use creative innovative approaches solving disaster challenges.professional – value science knowledgebased approach based education training experience ethical practice public stewardship continuous improvement.tools emergency management information systems continuity feature emergency management resulted new concept emergency management information systems emis.continuity interoperability emergency management stakeholders emis supports infrastructure integrates emergency plans levels government nongovernment involvement four phases emergencies.healthcare field hospitals utilize hospital incident command system hics provides structure organization clearly defined chain command. |
Emergency management | populations explorer u.s. agency international development created webbased tool estimating populations impacted disasters called population explorer.tool uses land scan population data developed oak ridge national laboratory distribute population resolution km countries world.used usaids fews net project estimate populations vulnerable impacted food insecurity.population explorer gaining wide use range emergency analysis response actions including estimating populations impacted floods central america pacific ocean tsunami event .smaug model – basis prioritizing hazard risks emergency disaster management smaug model identifying prioritizing risk hazards associated natural technological threats effective tool. |
Emergency management | smaug stands seriousness manageability acceptability urgency growth criteria used prioritization hazard risks.smaug model provides effective means prioritizing hazard risks based upon aforementioned criteria order address risks posed hazards avail effecting effective mitigation reduction response recovery methods.seriousnessthe relative impact terms people dollars includes potential lives lost potential injury well physical social economic losses may incurred.manageabilitythe relative ability mitigate reduce hazard managing hazard community both.hazards presenting high risk requiring significant amounts risk reduction initiatives rated high.acceptabilitythe degree risk hazard acceptable terms political environmental social economic impacturgencythis related probability risk hazard defined terms imperative address hazardgrowththe potential hazard event expand increase either probability risk community both.vulnerability increase potential growth may also increase.an example numerical ratings four criteria shown memory institutions cultural property professionals memory institutions e.g.museums historical societies etc. |
Emergency management | dedicated preserving cultural heritage—objects records.increasingly major component within emergency management field result heightened awareness following september attacks hurricanes collapse cologne archives.international organizations international emergency management society international emergency management society tiems international nonprofit ngo registered belgium.tiems global forum education training certification policy emergency disaster management.tiems goal develop bring modern emergency management tools techniques practice exchange information methodology innovations new technologies.tiems provides platform stakeholders meet network learn new technical operational methodologies focuses cultural differences understood included societys events education research programs establishing local chapters worldwide. |
Emergency management | today tiems chapters benelux romania finland italy middle east north africa mena iraq india korea japan china.international association emergency managers international association emergency managers iaem nonprofit educational organization aimed promoting goals saving lives property protection emergencies.mission iaem serve members providing information networking professional opportunities advance emergency management profession.it seven councils around world asia canada europa international oceania student usa.the air force emergency management association affiliated membership iaem provides emergency management information networking u.s. air force emergency management personnel.international recovery platform international recovery platform irp joint initiative international organizations national local governments nongovernmental organizations engaged disaster recovery seeking transform disasters opportunities sustainable development.irp established second un world conference disaster reduction wcdr kobe japan support implementation hyogo framework action hfa addressing gaps constraints experienced context postdisaster recovery.decade functioning international source knowledge good recovery practice irp focused specialized role highlighted sendai framework disaster risk reduction – “international mechanism sharing experience lessons associated build back better” international red cross red crescent movement international federation red cross red crescent societies ifrc works closely national red cross red crescent societies responding emergencies many times playing pivotal role. |
Emergency management | addition ifrc may deploy assessment teams e.g.field assessment coordination teams fact affected country requested national society.assessing needs emergency response units erus may deployed affected country region.specialized response component emergency management framework.baptist global response baptist global response bgr disaster relief community development organization. |
Emergency management | bgr partners respond globally people critical needs worldwide whether needs arise chronic conditions acute crises natural disasters.bgr official entity southern baptist convention rooted southern baptist life international partnership southern baptist disaster relief teams operate primarily us canada.united nations united nations system rests resident coordinator within affected country.however practice un response coordinated un office coordination humanitarian affairs unocha deploying un disaster assessment coordination undac team response request affected countrys government.finally unspider designed networking hub support disaster management application satellite technology world bank since world bank approved projects related disaster management dealing disaster mitigation well reconstruction projects amounting us billion. |
Emergency management | projects taken place world countries argentina bangladesh colombia haiti india mexico turkey vietnam.prevention mitigation projects include forest fire prevention measures early warning measures education campaigns earlywarning systems hurricanes flood prevention mechanisms e.g.shore protection terracing etc.earthquakeprone construction.joint venture columbia university umbrella provention consortium project world bank established global risk analysis natural disaster hotspots.in june world bank response hfa established global facility disaster reduction recovery gfdrr partnership aid donors reduce disaster losses.gfdrr helps developing countries fund development projects programs enhance local capacities disaster prevention emergency preparedness. |
Emergency management | european union eu adopted community mechanism civil protection facilitate cooperation event major emergencies requiring urgent response actions.also applies situations may imminent threat well.the heart mechanism monitoring information center mic part european commissions directorategeneral humanitarian aid civil protection.gives countries hour access civil protections available amongst participating states.country inside outside union affected major disaster make appeal assistance mic.acts communication hub provides useful updated information actual status ongoing emergency. |
Emergency management | organization unspider national organizations australia natural disasters part life australia.heatwaves killed australians type natural disaster th century.australias emergency management processes embrace concept prepared community.principal government agency achieving emergency management australia.canada public safety canada canadas national emergency management agency. |
Emergency management | province required legislation dealing emergencies provincial emergency management agencies typically called emergency measures organizations emo.public safety canada coordinates supports efforts federal organizations well levels government first responders community groups private sector nations.public safety emergency preparedness act sc c. defines powers duties functions ps outlined.acts specific individual fields corrections law enforcement national security.china state council peoples republic china responsible level ii public emergency incidents except level ii natural disasters taken ministry emergency management. |
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