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Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | forest covers sri lanka greatly reduced legal well illegal forest clearing.due deforestation sri lanka size land covered natural forests decreased .partly caused british colonialism increased amount tea coffee rubber plantations.natural forest cover decreased .sri lankas area covered forests number includes forest plantations.drivers recent forest degradation increase population road construction timber production agricultural development forest cleaning private businessmen. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | even though conservation areas management partly insufficient.extensive deforestation leads rise average surface temperature.deforestation also responsible increase greenhouse gas emissions trees remove co air.clear cutting areas co returns air thereby increases atmospheric carbon concentration.the government sri lanka adopted target increase size land covered forests .order achieve government intends reforest degraded forests increase urban forests improve forest plantations.sri lanka forest landscape integrity index mean score . |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | ranking th globally countries.mangrove degradation sri lankas mangrove forests small trees grow coastal water decreased since .size mangrove ecosystems reduced implementation agriculture aquaculture systems like fisheries.shrimp aquaculture projects one biggest threats.shrimp business growing fast high demand high profits. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | one negative impacts shrimp farms mangroves destroyed farms built.mangroves however important people living close coast.reason mangroves offer products used cooking building houses fodder well fish food items.also offer protection floods pollutants.moreover mangroves important ecosystems host animals like fish crab shrimp.in government sri lanka reached agreement private companies nongovernmental organizations researchers members affected communities.agreement protects mangrove forests sri lanka law. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | moreover agreed launch mangrove reforestation activities create alternative sources income locals.coral reef destruction coral reefs threatened human activities destructive fishing methods coralmining pollution unsustainable management practices.extensive aquaculture biggest threat coral reefs.shrimp farms especially destructive coral reefs.coral reefs important coastal population.provide food protect coast popular destination tourists therefore important peoples income. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | sri lankans live along coast population growing greater negative consequences coral reefs.soil degradation parts dry zone well wet zone damaged soil degradation.soil erosion sri lanka times bigger would without human influence.negative impacts agriculture well peoples livelihood.soil degradation mainly caused unsustainable agricultural practices high intensity rainfall indirectly caused population growth results increased consumption.tree plantation tea rubber plantation cause low rates soil erosion. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | higher rates soil erosion caused crops harvested annually like potatoes vegetables tobacco.soil degradation dry zone leads desertification.loss soil also big problem near watersheds lot hydro power plants built watersheds.air pollution air pollution problem sri lankas cities mostly caused vehicles.number motor vehicles almost tripled also led increase traffic jams. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | use old vehicles poor quality gas intensify negative consequences.major air pollutants sri lanka oxides carbon oxides nitrogen oxides sulfur particulates inorganic compounds hydrocarbons secondary pollutant photochemical smog.pollutants negative impact peoples health cause respiratory illnesses asthma even death.dust falls also issue areas high traffic density.besides outdoor pollution indoor pollution also concern.pollutants listed even worse impacts inside motor vehicles buildings.air pollution inside buildings severe problem firewood used cooking. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | households burned firewood cooking sets free many fine particles cause respiratory illnesses cancer.water pollution domestic activities industry agriculture cause water pollution sri lanka.rivers lakes affected pollutants.pollutants end lakes sewage vegetable waste waste hospitals.pollution lakes sri lanka leads algal blooms reduces oxygen content negative consequences fish populations.kelani river especially polluted flows industrial areas. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | industrial waste often discharged river treated untreated.moreover dumps located close rivers negative influences water quality.large amounts pesticides used agricultural sector also get water rivers lakes.groundwater surface water also polluted heavy use fertilizer pesticides storm runoffs.coastal marine waters threatened pesticides fertilizer industrial waste runoffs waste dumps. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | rivers flow sea deteriorate sea water.oil spills chemicals nonbiodegradable waste plastic also decrease quality sri lankas seawater.microplastic pollution resulted drastic reduction fish stocks.in households sri lanka got water pipes.even water come pipe local suppliers monitored efficiently.part population get clean drinking water. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | waste management sri lanka faces managerial problems waste collection waste disposal.a study revealed household waste management percentage access waste collection even smaller rural areas .increased waste generation caused high population growth industrialization urbanization increased consumption.provinces local authorities overstrained large amounts.collected waste often brought open dumps treated.moreover dumps located environmentally sensitive locations close residential areas.problems caused lack governmental regulations public commitment also lack technical knowledge low financial resources little suitable space waste disposal sites. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | effects poor waste management waste laying streets waterways swamps.results influence aesthetic landscape decrease biodiversity cause health problems negative impacts sri lankas tourist industry.study shows areas without waste collection majority people dump waste going landfill backyard.plastics paper often burned also disposed backyard.moreover green waste burned household southern provinces access waste collection.sri lankas government aims address problems implementing waste sorting systems households improved waste collection municipalities cities composting systems systematic treatment hazardous waste industry clinics. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | overfishing sri lanka experiencing declines fish populations due overfishing.climate change vulnerability sri lankas geographic location makes vulnerable climate change impacts.expected impacts increase temperature frequent extreme weather events like floods cyclones well sea level rise.sea level rise especially critical sri lankas coastal regions.impacts negatively influence agriculture fisheries tourism peoples livelihood environment. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | impacts agriculture fisheries turn influence food security exports crops fishes.negative consequences environment include biodiversity loss ecosystem degradation water cycle disturbances.sri lanka set goals intended nationally determined contributions indc implement climate change mitigation adaptation strategies order prevent severe climate change impacts.government already implemented regulations guidelines like national climate change policy sri lanka climate change vulnerability profiles technology action plans climate change adaption mitigation .moreover steps taking reduce possible impacts climate change sri lanka.steps include limited building resilient infrastructure actions ensure human health food security climate change impacts like floods cyclones protection environment tourism sector. |
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka | environmental disasters xpress pearl references reading bandara n. j. g. j. .water wastewater related issues sri lanka.water science technology.–.issn –.nandasena yatagama lokuge wickremasinghe ananda r sathiakumar nalini . |
DDoS mitigation | air pollution health sri lanka review epidemiologic studies bmc public health .rajasuriya a. de silva m. w. r. n. oehman m. c. .coral reefs sri lanka human disturbance management issues.ambio.ddos attacks constant threat businesses organizations threatening service performance shut website entirely even short time.the first thing ddos mitigation identify normal conditions network traffic defining traffic patterns necessary threat detection alerting.ddos mitigation also requires identifying incoming traffic separate human traffic humanlike bots hijacked web browsers.process done comparing signatures examining different attributes traffic including ip addresses cookie variations http headers javascript footprints.after detection made next process filtering.filtering done antiddos technology like connection tracking ip reputation lists deep packet inspection blacklistingwhitelisting rate limiting.one technique pass network traffic addressed potential target network highcapacity networks traffic scrubbing filters.manual ddos mitigation longer recommended due ddos attackers able circumvent ddos mitigation software activated manually.ways prevent ddos attacks implemented onpremises orand via cloudbased solution providers. |
DDoS mitigation | onpremises mitigation technology commonly hardware device placed front network disadvantage filtering capacity limited capacity filtering device.middle option hybrid solution combining onpremises filtering cloudbase filtering.best practices ddos mitigation include antiddos technology antiddos emergency response services.ddos mitigation also available cloudbased providers.methods attack ddos attacks executed websites networks selected victims.number vendors offering ddos resistant hosting services mostly based techniques similar content delivery networks. |
Asset (computer security) | distribution avoids single point congestion prevents ddos attack concentrating single target.one technique ddos attacks use misconfigured thirdparty networks allow amplification spoofed udp packets.proper configuration network equipment enabling ingress filtering egress filtering documented bcp rfc prevents amplification spoofing thus reducing number relay networks available attackers.methods mitigation use client puzzle protocol guided tour puzzle protocoluse content delivery networkblacklist ip addressesuse intrusion detection system firewall see also internet securityweb threatvulnerability computingddos referencesassets generally include hardware e.g.servers switches software e.g.mission critical applications support systems confidential information.assets protected illicit access use disclosure alteration destruction andor theft resulting loss organization.cia triad goal information security ensure confidentiality integrity availability cia assets various threats. |
Asset (computer security) | example hacker might attack system order steal credit card numbers exploiting vulnerability.information security experts must assess likely impact attack employ appropriate countermeasures.case might put firewall encrypt credit card numbers.risk analysis performing risk assessment important weigh much spend protecting asset cost losing asset.also important take account chance loss occurring. |
National Cyber Security Division | intangible costs must also factored in.hacker makes copy companys credit card numbers cost anything directly loss fines reputation enormous.see also countermeasure computerfactor analysis information riskinformation security managementit riskrisk factorrisk management references external links fismapedia termformed critical infrastructure assurance office national infrastructure protection center federal computer incident response center national communications system ncsd opened june .ncsd mission collaborate private sector government military intelligence stakeholders conduct risk assessments mitigate vulnerabilities threats information technology assets activities affecting operation civilian government private sector critical cyber infrastructures.ncsd also provides cyber threat vulnerability analysis early warning incident response assistance public private sector constituents.ncsd carries majority dhs’ responsibilities comprehensive national cybersecurity initiative.fy budget request ncsd . |
National Cyber Security Division | million includes federal positions.current director ncsd john streufert former chief information security officer ciso united states department state assumed position january .strategic objectives priorities strategic objectivesto protect cyber infrastructure ncsd identified two overarching objectivesto build maintain effective national cyberspace response system.to implement cyberrisk management program protection critical infrastructure.prioritiescontinued development einstein system’s capabilities critical tool protecting federal executive branch civilian departments agencies.development national cyber incident response plan ncirp full collaboration private sector key stakeholders.ncirp ensures national cybersecurity partners understand roles cyber incident response prepared participate coordinated managed process.increase security automated control systems operate elements national critical infrastructure.organization ncsd funded following three congressionally appropriated programs projects activities ppa united states computer emergency readiness team uscert strategic initiatives outreach programsuscert leverages technical competencies federal network operations threat analysis centers develop knowledge knowledge management practices. |
National Cyber Security Division | uscert provides single accountable focal point support federal stakeholders make key operational implementation decisions secure federal executive branch civilian networks.holistic approach enables federal stakeholders address cybersecurity challenges manner maximizes value minimizing risks associated technology security investments.uscert analyzes threats vulnerabilities disseminates cyber threat warning information coordinates partners customers achieve shared situational awareness related nation’s cyber infrastructure.uscert funds also support development acquisition deployment personnel required implement national cybersecurity protection system ncps operationally known einstein.einstein program automated intrusion detection system collecting correlating analyzing sharing computer security information across federal government improve nation’s situational awareness. |
National Cyber Security Division | einstein early warning system monitors network gateways federal executive branch civilian departments agencies malicious cyber activity.dhs deploying einstein systems conjunction federal tic initiative optimizes network security capabilities common solution federal executive branch facilitates reduction consolidation external connections including internet points presence approved access points.march einstein currently staged rollout federal agencies reached high tic compliance.the national cybersecurity center ncsc component uscert’s budget.ncsc fulfills presidential mandate outlined national security presidential directive homeland security presidential directive ensuring federal agencies access receive information intelligence needed execute respective cybersecurity missions.ncsc accomplishes following six mission areas mission integration collaboration coordination situational awareness cyber incident response analysis reporting knowledge management technology development management supported developing ncsc programs capabilities.strategic initiatives enables ncsd establish mechanisms federal partners deploy standardized tools services reduced cost paving way collaborative environment enables sharing best practices common security challenges shortfalls. |
National Cyber Security Division | addition strategic initiatives enables nppd develop promulgate sound practices software developers security professionals cikr stakeholders also enables collaboration public private sectors assess mitigate risk nation’s cyber cikr.outreach programs promotes opportunities leverage cybersecurity investments public private industry partners.ppa encourages cybersecurity awareness among general public within key communities maintains relationships government cybersecurity professionals share information cybersecurity initiatives develops partnerships promote collaboration cybersecurity issues.outreach programs enables governance assistance setting policy direction establishes resource requirements ncsd’s complex activities.early leadership turnover ncsd plagued leadership problems multiple directors resign serving short terms potential candidates position director refuse position.chair preexisting counterterrorism security group richard clarke initially offered position director ncsd refused citing concerns would many bureaucratic layers homeland security director tom ridge. |
National Cyber Security Division | robert liscouski ran division initially permanent director sought continued assistant director february .amit yoran became director ncsd september helped set division year job left abruptly october .one divisions deputy directors andy purdy assumed position interim director within week yorans departure.upon andy purdys departure jerry dixon took role acting director december officially appointed position executive director january .upon dixons departure september mcguire took role acting director march usss assigned cornelius tate current director ncsd.an audit division conducted dhss inspector general clark kent ervin cast negative view divisions first year. |
Cybersecurity information technology list | although report praised formation u.s. computer emergency readiness team uscert national cyber alert system division received criticism failing set priorities develop strategic plans provide effective leadership cyber security issues.references external links national cybersecurity division webpage article incorporates public domain material websites documents united states department homeland security.cybersecurity security applied information technology.includes technology stores manipulates moves data computers data networks devices connected included networks routers switches.information technology devices facilities need secured intrusion unauthorized use vandalism.additionally users information technology protected theft assets extortion identity theft loss privacy confidentiality personal information malicious mischief damage equipment business process compromise general activity cybercriminals.public protected acts cyberterrorism compromise loss electric power grid.cybersecurity major endeavor industry. |
Cybersecurity information technology list | number professional certifications given cybersecurity training expertise.although billions dollars spent annually cybersecurity computer network immune attacks considered completely secure.single expensive loss due cybersecurity exploit iloveyou love bug email worm cost estimated .billion american dollars.this article attempts list important wikipedia articles cybersecurity.number minor articles reached means links listed articles. |
Cybersecurity information technology list | general introductory articles cybersecurity subjects cryptography art secret writing code.plaintext message converted sender ciphertext means mathematical algorithm uses secret key.receiver message reverses process converts ciphertext back original plaintext.steganography art hidden writing.secret message hidden within another object digital photograph. |
Cybersecurity information technology list | authentication access process potential client granted authorized use facility proving identity.public key infrastructure pki framework managing digital certificates encryption keys.tools computerized utilities designed study analyze security facilities andor break unauthorized potentially criminal basis.threats modes potential attacks facilities.exploits violations facilities. |
Cybersecurity information technology list | criminal activity violation law means breaking andor misusing facilities.laws attempt prevent crimes.nation states countries governments use misuse andor violate facilities achieve national goals.endpoint protection securing networked computers mobile devices terminals.network protection protection means data moved one facility another. |
Cybersecurity information technology list | processing protection securing facilities manipulate data computer servers often means specialized cybersecurity hardware.storage protection protection data nonmoving state usually magnetic optical media computer memory.management security processes security technology monitored faults deployed configured measured usage queried performance metrics log files andor monitored intrusions.standards frameworks requirements officially agreed architectures conceptual structures designing building conducting cybersecurity.see also references |
Wildland–urban interface | human settlements wui greater risk catastrophic wildfire.definitions united states america wildlandurban interface wui two definitions.us forest service defines wildlandurban interface qualitatively place humans development meet intermix wildland fuel.communities within .miles . |
Wildland–urban interface | km zone included.quantitative definition provided federal register defines wui areas containing least one housing unit per acres ha.the federal register definition splits wui two categories based vegetation densityintermix wui lands contain least one housing unit per acres ha vegetation occupies terrestrial area heavily vegetated intermix wui area vegetation occupies terrestrial area least km.interface wui lands contain least one housing unit per acres ha vegetation occupies less terrestrial area least .km.growth wui human development increasingly encroached wildlandurban interface.population shifts wui fastestgrowing land use type united states . |
Wildland–urban interface | factors include geographic population shifts expansion cities suburbs wildlands vegetative growth formerly unvegetated land.primary cause migration.new wui areas result new housing.united states population shifts towards wuis west south increasing nationally percent per decade covering million additional homes percent habitable structures.globally wui growth includes regions argentina france south africa australia regions around mediterranean sea. |
Wildland–urban interface | going forward expected wui continue expand anticipated amenityseeking migration retiring babyboomers smaller communities lower costs living close scenic recreational natural resources contribute wui growth.climate change also driving population shifts wui well changes wildlife composition.ecological effects housing growth wui regions displace fragment native vegetation.introduction nonnative species humans landscaping change wildlife composition interface regions.pets kill large quantities wildlife.forest fragmentation another impact wui growth lead unintended ecological consequences. |
Wildland–urban interface | instance increased forest fragmentation lead increase prevalence lyme disease.whitefooted mice primary host lyme tick thrive fragmented habitats.additionally disease vectors isolated patches undergo genetic differentiation increasing survivability whole.increases wildfire risk pose threat conservation wui growth regions.ecological change driven human influence climate change often resulted arid fireprone wui.factors include climate change driven vegetation growth introduction nonnative plants insects plant diseases.in north america chile australia unnaturally high fire frequencies due exotic annual grasses led loss native shrublands.fire wui human development increasingly encroached wildlandurban interface.coupled recent increase large wildland fires led increase fire protection costs. |
Wildland–urban interface | – area burned wildfires united states nearly doubled square kilometers.wildfires united states exceeding acres ha steadily increased since bulk modern history occurred .united states federal wildfire suppression expenditures tripled .billion per year .billion per year. |
Wildland–urban interface | wildfire risk assessment calculating risk posed structure located within wui predictive factors simulations.identifying risk factors simulation factors help understand manage wildfire threat.for example proximity factor measures risk fire wind carried embers ignite new spot fires mile ahead flame front.vegetation factor measures risk wind carried embers starting fire lower vegetation lower risk.a quantitative risk assessment simulation combines wildfire threat categories.areas highest risk moderate population overlaps adjacent wildland support large intense wildfire vulnerable limited evacuation routes.risk factors calkin framework predicts catastrophic wildfire wildlandurban interface wui three categories factors. |
Wildland–urban interface | factors allow assessment degree wildfire threat.ecological factors define force human factors define ignition vulnerability factors define damage.factors typically viewed geospatial relationship.the ecological factor category includes climate seasonal weather patterns geographical distributions vegetation historical spatial wildfire data geographic features.ecological determines wildfire size intensity.the human factor category includes arrangement density housing.density correlates wildfire risk two reasons. |
Wildland–urban interface | first people cause fires people caused wildfires recorded national interagency fire center nifc.second housing intensifies wildfires contain flammable material produce mobile embers wood shakes.relationship population density wildfire risk nonlinear.low population densities human ignitions low.ignitions increase population density. |
Wildland–urban interface | however threshold population density fire occurrence decreases.true range environments north america mediterranean basin chile south africa.possible reasons decrease include decreases open space ember transmission fuel fragmentation due urban development higher availability firesuppression resources.areas moderate population densities tend exhibit higher wildfire risk areas low high population densities.the vulnerability factor category measured evacuation time proximity habitable structures roads matching administrators responsibilities land use building standards landscaping types.risk simulations wildfire spread commonly simulated minimum travel time mtt algorithm.prior mtt algorithms fire boundaries modeled application huygens principle boundaries treated wave fronts twodimensional surface.minimum travel time mtt methods build huygens principle find minimum time fire travel two points. |
Wildland–urban interface | mtt assumes nearlyconstant factors environmental factors wind direction fuel moisture.mtt advantageous huygens scalability algorithm speed.however factors dynamic constant representation comes cost limited window thus mtt applicable shorttimescale simulations.risk management structure vegetation flammability reduced communityfocused risk management reduction community vulnerabilities.degree control vulnerability wildfires measured metrics responsibilities zones defenses. |
Wildland–urban interface | reducing risk responsibility distribution probability catastrophic wui wildfire controlled assignment responsibility three actionable wui objectives controlling potential wildfire intensity reducing ignition sources reducing vulnerability.objectives met community fireadapted community.u.s. forest service defines fireadapted communities knowledgeable engaged community awareness actions residents regarding infrastructure buildings landscaping surrounding ecosystem lessens need extensive protection actions enables community safely accept fire part surrounding landscape.three groups responsible achieving three wui objectives land management agencies local governments individuals.land management agencies eliminate ignition sources hardening infrastructure reduce wildfire size intensity fuel vegetation management reduce vulnerability community education individual preparedness respond wildfires suppression.local governments control human factors avoiding moderate density development zoning.individuals reduce vulnerability preparedness increasing home resistance ignition reducing flammability structures eliminating ember generating materials.fireadapted communities successful interacting wildfires.the key benefit fireadapted communities reliance individuals core block responsibility framework reduces wui expenditures local regional national governments.reducing risk zone defenses risk structure ignite wildfire calculated home ignition zone hiz metric.hiz includes minimum space within foot radius around structure. |
Wildland–urban interface | hiz guideline whoever responsible structure wildfire protection landlords tenants homeowner responsible physically constructing maintaining defense zones local government defines land use boundaries way defense zones effective note fireresistant arbitrary defined hours resistance given degree heat guidelines relaxed nonevergreen trees less flammable guide intended prevent combustion individual structures wildfire—it intended prevent catastrophic wildfire wuiguidelines structuresroof materials fireresistant produce embers.exterior wall materials fireresistant.vents eaves attics foundations roof covered wire mesh fine enough catch embersdeck porch materials fireresistant.guidelines landscapingkeep vegetation around windows heat break glass.keep plants farther feet .walls bare dirt nogrow zone optional use mowed green lawn grass noncombustible mulch sparse deciduous plants.keep trees growing within feet .structure.keep vegetation thinned within feet structure.guidelines outdoor maintenanceprune tree limbs back feet .roofs.separate tree branches power lines.clear fallen debris roof gutters window wells decks.prune tree branches feet .ground.burn ground leaf litter needles.remove dispose dead trees shrubs.guidelines flammableskeep clear flammables feet . |
Wildland–urban interface | around primary auxiliary structures including firewood piles.keep clear feet .around propane tanks fuel oil tanks.challenges risk management three challenges.wildfires ecological process naturally contribute development ecosystems many wildlands historically predisposed periodic fire eradication fires wui regions feasible.coordination wildfire management efforts difficult since wildfires capable spreading far distances communities vary wildfire risk preparedness.actual wildfire risk sociopolitical expectations wildland fire management services mismatched real dangers hidden overconfidence.an example fireadapted communities performance demonstrated november camp fire passed community concow butte county ca.concow community fireadapted community.late season fire provided stress test fireadapted communities theory. |
Wildland–urban interface | concow community destroyed.wildfire continued community without demonstrating expected slowing flame front.slowing less anticipated though slowing contributed allowing residents evacuate ahead flame front.wildfire continued wildlands community concow town paradise ca.wildfire destroyed town paradise process developing fireadapted community. |
Anomaly detection | wildfire ignition suspected originated unhardened electrical transmission line infrastructure recently redesigned though reconstructed new design include hardening ignition passed wui.camp fire demonstrated limitations fireadapted community theory late season wildfires driven katabatic winds land management agencies responsibility controlling infrastructure ignition sources.see also edge effectexurbfenceline communityfireadapted communitieshuman–wildlife conflictnatural environmenthabitat destructionnatural landscaperestoration ecologyperiurbanizationrural–urban fringeurban sprawl references external links extension wildfire information networkfire adapted communitiesfire adapted communities learning networkfirewise communities usarecognition programfires urban interfaceexamples may arouse suspicions generated different mechanism appear inconsistent data.typically anomalous items translate kind problem bank fraud structural defect medical problems errors text.anomalies also referred outliers novelties noise deviations exceptions.in particular context abuse network intrusion detection interesting objects often rare objects unexpected bursts activity.pattern adhere common statistical definition outlier rare object many outlier detection methods particular unsupervised methods fail data unless aggregated appropriately.instead cluster analysis algorithm may able detect micro clusters formed patterns.three broad categories anomaly detection techniques exist.unsupervised anomaly detection techniques detect anomalies unlabeled test data set assumption majority instances data set normal looking instances seem fit least remainder data set. |
Anomaly detection | supervised anomaly detection techniques require data set labeled normal abnormal involves training classifier key difference many statistical classification problems inherent unbalanced nature outlier detection.semisupervised anomaly detection techniques construct model representing normal behavior given normal training data set test likelihood test instance generated utilized model.applications anomaly detection applicable large number variety domains important subarea unsupervised machine learning.applications cybersecurity intrusion detection fraud detection fault detection system health monitoring event detection sensor networks detecting ecosystem disturbances defect detection images using machine vision medical diagnosis law enforcement.it often used preprocessing remove anomalous data dataset.done number reasons. |
Anomaly detection | statistics data mean standard deviation accurate removal anomalies visualisation data also improved.supervised learning removing anomalous data dataset often results statistically significant increase accuracy.anomalies also often important observations data found intrusion detection detecting abnormalities medical images.popular techniques several anomaly detection techniques proposed literature.popular techniques arestatistical zscore modified zscore iqr tukeys method grubbs test.distance based methodsdensitybased techniques knearest neighbor local outlier factor isolation forests many variations concept.subspace correlationbased tensorbased outlier detection highdimensional data.oneclass support vector machines.replicator neural networks autoencoders variational autoencoders long shortterm memory neural networksbayesian networks.hidden markov models hmms.minimum covariance determinantclustering cluster analysisbased outlier detection.deviations association rules frequent itemsets.fuzzy logicbased outlier detection.ensemble techniques using feature bagging score normalization different sources diversity.the performance different methods depends lot data set parameters methods little systematic advantages another compared across many data sets parameters. |
Anomaly detection | application data security anomaly detection proposed intrusion detection systems ids dorothy denning .anomaly detection ids normally accomplished thresholds statistics also done soft computing inductive learning.types statistics proposed included profiles users workstations networks remote hosts groups users programs based frequencies means variances covariances standard deviations.counterpart anomaly detection intrusion detection misuse detection.data preprocessing supervised learning anomaly detection often important step data preprocessing provide learning algorithm proper dataset learn on. |
Anomaly detection | also known data cleansing.detecting anomalous samples classifiers remove however times corrupted data still provide useful samples learning.common method finding appropriate samples use identifying noisy data.one approach find noisy values create probabilistic model data using models uncorrupted data corrupted data.below example iris flower data set anomaly added.anomaly included classification algorithm may difficulties properly finding patterns run errors. |
Anomaly detection | removing anomaly training enabled find patterns classifications easily.in data mining highdimensional data also propose high computing challenges intensely large sets data.removing numerous samples find irrelevant classifier detection algorithm runtime significantly reduced even largest sets data.software elki opensource java data mining toolkit contains several anomaly detection algorithms well index acceleration them.scikitlearn opensource python library built functionality provide unsupervised anomaly detection.datasets anomaly detection benchmark data repository carefully chosen data sets ludwigmaximiliansuniversität münchen mirror university são paulo.odds – odds large collection publicly available outlier detection datasets ground truth different domains.unsupervised anomaly detection benchmark harvard dataverse datasets unsupervised anomaly detection ground truth.kmash data repository research data australia anomaly detection datasets ground truth.see also change detectionstatistical process controlnovelty detectionhierarchical temporal memory references |
Business continuity planning | addition prevention goal enable ongoing operations execution disaster recovery.business continuity intended outcome proper execution business continuity planning disaster recovery.several business continuity standards published various standards bodies assist check listing ongoing planning tasks.an organizations resistance failure ability ... withstand changes environment still function.often called resilience capability enables organizations either endure environmental changes without permanently adapt organization forced adapt new way working better suits new environmental conditions.overview event could negatively impact operations included plan supply chain interruption loss damage critical infrastructure major machinery computing network resource.bcp subset risk management. |
Business continuity planning | us government entities refer process continuity operations planning coop.business continuity plan outlines range disaster scenarios steps business take particular scenario return regular trade.bcps written ahead time also include precautions put place.usually created input key staff well stakeholders bcp set contingencies minimize potential harm businesses adverse scenarios.resilience analysis disruptions adversely affect operations corporations investments resilience give competitive advantage entities prepared various contingencies extended thencommon business continuity planning practices. |
Business continuity planning | business organizations council competitiveness embraced resilience goal.adapting change apparently slower evolutionary manner sometimes many years decades described resilient term strategic resilience used go beyond resisting onetime crisis rather continuously anticipating adjusting case change becomes desperately obvious.this approach sometimes summarized preparedness protection response recovery.resilience theory related field public relations.resilience communicative process constructed citizens families media system organizations governments everyday talk mediated conversation.the theory based work patrice m. buzzanell professor brian lamb school communication purdue university.article resilience talking resisting imagining new normalcies buzzanell discussed ability organizations thrive crisis building resistance.buzzanell notes five different processes individuals use trying maintain resilience crafting normalcy affirming identity anchors maintaining using communication networks putting alternative logics work downplaying negative feelings foregrounding positive emotions.when looking resilience theory crisis communication theory similar same.crisis communication theory based reputation company resilience theory based process recovery company. |
Business continuity planning | five main components resilience crafting normalcy affirming identity anchors maintaining using communication networks putting alternative logics work downplaying negative feelings foregrounding negative emotions.processes applicable businesses crisis times making resilience important factor companies focus training.there three main groups affected crisis.micro individual meso group organization macro national interorganizational.also two main types resilience proactive post resilience.proactive resilience preparing crisis creating solid foundation company. |
Business continuity planning | post resilience includes continuing maintain communication check employees.proactive resilience dealing issues hand cause possible shift work environment post resilience maintaining communication accepting chances incident happened.resilience applied organization.continuity plans procedures used business continuity planning ensure critical organizational operations required keep organization running continue operate events key dependencies operations disrupted.continuity need apply every activity organisation undertakes. |
Business continuity planning | example iso organisations required define business continuity objectives minimum levels product service operations considered acceptable maximum tolerable period disruption mtpd allowed.a major cost planning preparation audit compliance management documents automation tools available reduce time cost associated manually producing information.inventory planners must information aboutequipmentsupplies supplierslocations including offices backupwork area recovery war sitesdocuments documentation including offsite backup copiesbusiness documentsprocedure documentation analysis analysis phase consists impact analysisthreat analysis andimpact scenarios.quantifying loss ratios must also include dollars defend lawsuit.estimated dollar spent loss prevention prevent seven dollars disasterrelated economic loss.business impact analysis bia business impact analysis bia differentiates critical urgent noncritical nonurgent organization functionsactivities.function may considered critical dictated law.each functionactivity typically relies combination constituent components order operatehuman resources fulltime staff parttime staff contractorsit systemsphysical assets mobile phones laptopsworkstations etc.documents electronic physicalfor function two values assignedrecovery point objective rpo – acceptable latency data recovered. |
Business continuity planning | example acceptable company lose days data recovery point objective must ensure maximum tolerable data loss activity exceeded.recovery time objective rto – acceptable amount time restore function maximum rto maximum time constraints long enterprises key products services unavailable undeliverable stakeholders perceive unacceptable consequences named asmaximum tolerable period disruption mtpodmaximum tolerable downtime mtdmaximum tolerable outage mtomaximum allowable outage maoaccording iso terms maximum acceptable outage maximum tolerable period disruption mean thing defined using exactly words.consistency one system crashes recovery plans must balance need data consistency objectives rto rpo.recovery consistency objective rco name goal.applies data consistency objectives define measurement consistency distributed business data within interlinked systems disaster incident.similar terms used context recovery consistency characteristics rcc recovery object granularity rog.while rto rpo absolute persystem values rco expressed percentage measures deviation actual targeted state business data across systems process groups individual business processes.the following formula calculates rco n representing number business processes entities representing abstract value business data rco − number inconsistent entities n number entities n displaystyle textrcofrac textnumber inconsistent entitiesntextnumber entitiesn rco means post recovery business data deviation occurs. |
Business continuity planning | threat risk analysis tra defining recovery requirements potential threat may require unique recovery steps.common threats includethe areas cascade responders stumble.supplies may become depleted.sars outbreak organizations compartmentalized rotated teams match incubation period disease.also banned inperson contact business nonbusiness hours. |
Business continuity planning | increased resiliency threat.impact scenarios impact scenarios identified documentedneed medical suppliesneed transportation optionscivilian impact nuclear disastersneed business data processing suppliesthese reflect widest possible damage.tiers preparedness shares seven tiers disaster recovery released updated ibm eight tier modeltier offsite data • businesses tier disaster recovery solution disaster recovery plan.saved information documentation backup hardware contingency plan.typical recovery time length recovery time instance unpredictable. |
Business continuity planning | fact may possible recover all.tier data backup hot site • businesses use tier disaster recovery solutions back data offsite facility.depending often backups made prepared accept several days weeks data loss backups secure offsite.however tier lacks systems restore data.pickup truck access method ptam.tier data backup hot site • tier disaster recovery solutions make regular backups tape.combined offsite facility infrastructure known hot site restore systems tapes event disaster. |
Business continuity planning | tier solution still result need recreate several hours days worth data less unpredictable recovery time.examples include ptam hot site available ibm tivoli storage manager.tier electronic vaulting • tier solutions utilize components tier .additionally missioncritical data electronically vaulted.electronically vaulted data typically current shipped via ptam.result less data recreation loss disaster occurs.tier pointintime copies • tier solutions used businesses require greater data currency faster recovery users lower tiers. |
Business continuity planning | rather relying largely shipping tape common lower tiers tier solutions begin incorporate diskbased solutions.several hours data loss still possible easier make pointintime pit copies greater frequency data replicated tapebased solutions.tier transaction integrity • tier solutions used businesses requirement consistency data production recovery data centers.little data loss solutions however presence functionality entirely dependent application use.tier zero little data loss • tier disaster recovery solutions maintain highest levels data currency.used businesses little tolerance data loss need restore data applications rapidly.solutions dependence applications provide data consistency.tier highly automated businessintegrated solution • tier solutions include major components used tier solution additional integration automation. |
Business continuity planning | allows tier solution ensure consistency data granted tier solutions.additionally recovery applications automated allowing restoration systems applications much faster reliably would possible manual disaster recovery procedures.solution design two main requirements impact analysis stage arefor minimum application data requirements time must available.outside preservation hard copy contracts.process plan must consider skilled staff embedded technology.this phase overlaps disaster recovery disaster recovery planning.the solution phase determinescrisis management command structuretelecommunication architecture primary secondary work sitesdata replication methodology primary secondary work sitesbackup site applications data work space required secondary work site iso standards many standards available support business continuity planning management.iso example developed whole series standards business continuity management systems responsibility technical committee isotc iso security resilience – vocabularyiso security resilience – business continuity management systems – requirementsiso security resilience – business continuity management systems – guidance use iso isots security resilience – business continuity management systems – guidelines business impact analysisisots security resilience – business continuity management systems – guidelines supply chain continuityisots security resilience – business continuity management systems – guidelines people aspects business continuityisots security resilience – business continuity management systems – guidelines business continuity strategyisots security resilience – business continuity management systems – guidelines developing business continuity plans proceduresisoiects conformity assessment – requirements bodies providing audit certification management systems – part competence requirements auditing certification business continuity management systemsisoiec security techniques — guidelines information communication technology readiness business continuity. |
Business continuity planning | british standards bsi group british standards institution bsi released series standards bs peripherally addressed information security procedures.withdrawn bcp — bs business continuity management.code practice withdrawn bs specification business continuity management specifies requirements implementing operating improving documented business continuity management system bcms.withdrawn bs specifically align computer continuity business continuity.withdrawn march standards withdrawn replaced iso standards above. |
Business continuity planning | within uk bs bs used business continuity management across organizations industries sectors.documents give practical plan deal eventualities—from extreme weather conditions terrorism system failure staff sickness.itil defined terms.civil contingencies act following crises preceding years uk government passed civil contingencies act businesses must continuity planning measures survive continue thrive whilst working towards keeping incident minimal possible.the act separated two parts part civil protection covering roles responsibilities local responderspart emergency powers australia new zealand united kingdom australia incorporated resilience continuity planning.united kingdom resilience implemented locally local resilience forum.in new zealand canterbury university resilient organizations programme developed assessment tool benchmarking resilience organizations.covers categories questions. |
Business continuity planning | resilience ratio summarizes evaluation.implementation testing implementation phase involves policy changes material acquisitions staffing testing.testing organizational acceptance book exercising excellence published british standards institution identified three types exercises employed testing business continuity plans.tabletop exercises small number people concentrate specific aspect bcp.another form involves single representative several teams.medium exercises several departments teams disciplines concentrate multiple bcp aspects scope range teams one building multiple teams operating across dispersed locations.prescripted surprises added.complex exercises aspects medium exercise remain maximum realism nonotice activation actual evacuation actual invocation disaster recovery site added.while start stop times preagreed actual duration might unknown events allowed run course. |
Business continuity planning | maintenance biannual annual maintenance cycle maintenance bcp manual broken three periodic activities.confirmation information manual roll staff awareness specific training critical individuals.testing verification technical solutions established recovery operations.testing verification organization recovery procedures.issues found testing phase often must reintroduced analysis phase.informationtargets bcp manual must evolve organization maintain information know series checklistsjob descriptions skillsets needed training requirementsdocumentation document managementdefinitions terminology facilitate timely communication disaster recoverydistribution lists staff important clients vendorssuppliersinformation communication transportation infrastructure roads bridges technical specialized technical resources must maintained.checks includevirus definition distributionapplication security service patch distributionhardware operabilityapplication operabilitydata verificationdata application testing verification recovery procedures software work process changes must documented validated including verification documented work process recovery tasks supporting disaster recovery infrastructure allow staff recover within predetermined recovery time objective.see also references reading united states bibliography business continuity planning fema retrieved june continuity operations planning date.u.s. department homeland security. |
Business continuity planning | retrieved july .purpose standard checklist criteria business recovery date.federal emergency management agency.retrieved july .nfpa standard disasteremergency management business continuity programs .national fire protection association.united states general accounting office yk bcp guide august .united states government accountability office.spc. |
Business continuity planning | organizational resilience security preparedness continuity management systems—requirements guidance use approved american national standards institute international organization standardization iso security resilience vocabularyiso security resilience – business continuity management systems – requirementsiso security resilience business continuity management systems guidance use iso isots societal security – business continuity management systems – guidelines business impact analysis biaisopas guideline incident preparedness operational continuity management withdrawnisoiec guidelines information communications technology disaster recovery servicesisoiec formerly bs information technology — security techniques — information security management systems — requirementsisoiec information technology — security techniques — code practice information security controlsisoiec information technology – security techniques – guidelines information communication technology readiness business continuityiwa emergency preparedness withdrawn british standards institution bs business continuity management part code practice superseded withdrawnbs business continuity management part specification superseded withdrawn australia standards hb practitioners guide business continuity managementhb executive guide business continuity management others james c. barnes .guide business continuity planning.isbn .kenneth l fulmer .business continuity planning stepbystep guide.isbn .richard kepenach. |
Business continuity planning | business continuity plan design steps getting started designing plan.judy bell october .disaster survival planning practical guide businesses.isbn .dimattia s. november .planning continuity.library journal. |
Business continuity planning | –.andrew zolli ann marie healy .resilience things bounce back.simon schuster.isbn .international glossary resilience dri international.external links tiers disaster recovery tsm. |
Business continuity planning | charlotte brooks matthew bedernjak igor juran john merryman.disaster recovery strategies tivoli storage management.chapter .pages –.red books series. |
Business continuity planning | ibm.tivoli software..steelstore cloud storage gateway disaster recovery best practices guide.riverbed technology inc. october .disaster recovery levels.robert kern victor peltz. |
Business continuity planning | ibm systems magazine.november .business continuity tiers disaster recovery.archived wayback machine recovery specialties..continuous operations seven tiers disaster recovery.mary hall. |
Swiss cheese model | storage community ibm.july .retrieved march .refmaximum tolerable period disruption mtpodmaximum tolerable period disruption mtpod bsi committee responsewayback machinejanco associatesdepartment homeland security emergency plan guidelinescidrapshrm pandemic hr guide toolkitadapt respond risks business continuity plan bcplikens human systems multiple slices swiss cheese stacked side side risk threat becoming reality mitigated differing layers types defenses layered behind other.therefore theory lapses weaknesses one defense allow risk materialize since defenses also exist prevent single point failure.model originally formally propounded james t. reason university manchester since gained widespread acceptance.sometimes called cumulative act effect.although swiss cheese model respected considered useful method relating concepts subject criticism used broadly without enough models support.failure domains reason hypothesized accidents traced one four failure domains organizational influences supervision preconditions specific acts. |
Swiss cheese model | example aviation preconditions unsafe acts include fatigued air crew improper communications practices.unsafe supervision encompasses example pairing inexperienced pilots night flight known adverse weather.organizational influences encompass things reduction expenditure pilot training times financial austerity.holes slices swiss cheese model organisations defenses failure modeled series barriers represented slices cheese specifically swiss cheese holes known eyes emmental cheese.holes slices represent weaknesses individual parts system continually varying size position across slices. |
Swiss cheese model | system produces failures hole slice momentarily aligns permitting reasons words trajectory accident opportunity hazard passes holes slices leading failure.frosch described reasons model mathematical terms model percolation theory analyses bethe lattice.active latent failures model includes active latent failures.active failures encompass unsafe acts directly linked accident case aircraft accidents navigation error.latent failures include contributory factors may lie dormant days weeks months contribute accident.latent failures span first three domains failure reasons model.in early days swiss cheese model late attempts made combine two theories james reasons multilayer defence model willem albert wagenaars tripod theory accident causation. |
Swiss cheese model | resulted period swiss cheese diagram represented slices cheese labels active failures preconditions latent failures.these attempts combine two theories still causes confusion today.correct version combined theories shown active failures called immediate causes precondition latent failure called underlying causes shown reason barrier slice cheese hole slices cheese barriers.applications framework applicable areas healthcare.example latent failure could similar packaging two drugs stored close pharmacy.failure would contributory factor administration wrong drug patient. |
Swiss cheese model | research led realization medical error result system flaws character flaws greed ignorance malice laziness causes error.lubnau lubnau okray apply model engineering firefighting systems aiming reduce human errors inserting additional layers cheese system namely techniques crew resource management.this one many models listed references taylor et al .kamoun nicho found swiss cheese model useful theoretical model explain multifaceted human organizational technological aspects healthcare data breaches.see also references sources reason james .contribution latent human failures breakdown complex systems.philosophical transactions royal society london.series b biological sciences. |
Swiss cheese model | –.bibcodersptb...r. doi.rstb... jstor .pmid .reading bayley carol .medical errors tell us management mistakes. |
Swiss cheese model | paul b. hofmann frankie perry ed.. management mistakes healthcare identification correction prevention.cambridge university press.pp.–.isbn .garland daniel j. westrum ron adamski anthony j. . |
Swiss cheese model | organizational factors associated safety mission success aviation environments.handbook aviation human factors.lawrence erlbaum associates.p. .isbn . |
Swiss cheese model | – westrum adamski relate reasons swiss cheese model westrums human envelope model around every complex operation human envelope develops operates maintains interfaces evaluates function sociotechnological system system depends integrity envelope thickness strength.westrum models latent failures voids within envelope active failures factors external envelope acting breach it.horn john r. hansten philip d. .sources error drug interactions swiss cheese model.pharmacy times.howell elizabeth a. chassin mark r. may .right left neither. |
Swiss cheese model | morbidity mortality rounds web.agency healthcare research quality.archived original .– application swiss cheese model specific case medical errorluxhøj james t. kauffeld kimberlee .evaluating effect technology insertion national airspace system. |
Swiss cheese model | rutgers scholar..nance john j. .secure airline security swiss cheese model weve really accomplished since .abc news.perneger thomas v. .swiss cheese model safety incidents holes metaphor. |
Swiss cheese model | bmc health services research.biomed central ltd. .doi.. pmc .pmid .reason james .system approach organizational error. |
Swiss cheese model | ergonomics.–.doi..reason james .managing risks organizational accidents.aldershot ashgate. |
Swiss cheese model | isbn .reason james .human error models management.british medical journal.–.doi.bmj.... pmc . |
Swiss cheese model | pmid .shappell scott a. wiegmann douglas a. february .human factors analysis classification system – hfacs swiss cheese model accident causation.national technical information service.young m.s.shorrock s.t.faulkner j.p.e . |
2018 SingHealth data breach | seeking finding organisational accident causes comments swiss cheese model.department aviation university new south wales.also available online – reminder reasons model extends causation latent failures expense eliminating active failure entirely.period personal particulars .million singhealth patients records outpatient dispensed medicines belonging patients stolen.names national registration identity card nric numbers addresses dates birth race gender patients visited specialist outpatient clinics polyclinics may july maliciously accessed copied.information relating patient diagnosis test results doctors notes unaffected.information prime minister lee hsien loong specifically targeted. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | discovery database administrators integrated health information systems ihis public healthcare provider detected unusual activity one singhealths databases july implemented precautions intrusions.network traffic monitoring enhanced additional malicious activity detected july result theft data.ascertained cyberattack occurred administrators notified ministries brought cyber security agency csa july carry forensic investigations.agency determined perpetrators gained privileged access network compromising frontend workstation obtained login credentials assess database hiding digital footprints.attack made public statement released ministry communications information ministry health july. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | tenday delay discovery attack public announcement attributed time needed fortify systems conduct preliminary investigations identify affected patients prepare logistics announcement.text messages subsequently sent patients whose data affected.investigation august parliament s. iswaran minister communications information attributed attack sophisticated statelinked actors wrote customized malware circumvent singhealths antivirus security tools.iswaran name state interest national security.a committee inquiry convened july investigate causes attack identify measures help prevent similar attacks.fourmember committee chaired former chief district judge richard magnus comprise leaders cybersecurity firm healthcare technology firm national trades union congress respectively. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | committee called attorneygenerals chambers lead evidence attorneygenerals chambers appointed cyber security agency lead investigations support criminal investigation department.committee held closeddoor public hearings august another tranche hearings september october.addition personal data protection commission investigated possible breaches personal data protection act protecting data hence determine possible action.committee inquiry hearings committee inquiry hearings began september .first hearing solicitorgeneral kwek mean luck said series staff missteps gaps system contributed breach. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | examples mentioned emr system place since .addition mentioned cyberattacker behind incident started infecting workstations early august using hacking tool.version microsoft outlook used patch prevents attacks hacking tool.december may cyberattacker moved sideways gained access workstation infect computers malware.inadequacies identified include able identify multiple failed attempts log system done nonexistent accounts accounts much privileges system. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | eventually cyberattacker successfully gained entry coding vulnerability june hence sent sql queries july stopped administrator.addition three periods staff failed respond responded days knowledge cyberattack first known.day two staff members said framework place report cyberattacks insufficient training hence unclear staff actions taken.at next hearing september revealed prime minister lee hsien loongs personal data outpatient records along two unnamed people searched hackers infiltrated servers using nric numbers.rest queries generally done patient demographic data like one involved first records data singapore general hospital.assistant lead analyst detected unusual activity investigated even scope sent alerts different divisions find staff make sense queries. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | analysts supervisor told analyst continue monitoring situation assumed medical data informed leak.analyst informed reporting officer point reporting query asking analyst follow queries.details reporting procedures containment measures mentioned.on third day cybersecurity employee integrated health information systems ihis holiday incident happened follow read emails thought collection data workstations investigation.addition one computer ihis used carry forensic examinations resulting delays diagnosing issue.confirmed fourth day trial failings judgement organisational processes exposed. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | instance meetings security management department conducted regularly framework created set appropriate responses cybersecurity risks appoint covering officers staff go leave.clarification processes provided standard operating procedure escalate incidents approved management march .also revealed day staffers took six days july confirm data breach ihis employee mistakenly informed colleagues data stolen confirmed tests run superior finding data stolen.queries later recreated.it also revealed fifth day server exploited hackers receive security updates year since may due wannacry ransomware attacks compared normal duration patches done several times month.besides computers antivirus software old must reinstalled. |
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