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2018 SingHealth data breach | manager supposed manage server paper practice given role server located national cancer centre singapore thereby convenient staff members approach case help needed.counterparts resigned one ihis present take managing server.fact ihis director aware server managed firm practice giving directive ihis manage research servers.next day security loophole plugged scruntised.even though loophole flagged ihis employee action taken. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | fact employee dismissed sending details flaw rival company.towards end second tranche hearings october revealed second attempt hack servers done july via another server attackers skilled.stopped immediately soon began.addition malware used customised system evaded detection top antivirus software.tool called powershell used process disabled july.meanwhile ihis stepped security changing passwords removing compromised accounts rebooting servers.the third tranche hearings started october . |
2018 SingHealth data breach | evidence shown managers reluctant report incidents would mean increased amount work thereby creating bottleneck.meanwhile chief information officer told team escalate incident saying bottleneck acceptable adding written protocol report singhealthrelated cybersecurity incidents ihis staff discover incident.another pointed annual cybersecurity exercises mandated critical information infrastructure cii operators staff able identify advanced persistent threats apts.however tests classroom settings may necessarily apply singhealth case thus defeating purpose exercises situational awareness there.also plans secure internet browsing healthcare sector delayed year due technical issues.the following day audit found systemic weaknesses network link singapore general hospital cloudbased systems brought showing inadequacies systems managed ihis. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | incident reported operations team plugged management without anyone verifying works fix vulnerabilities done.cyber security agency also found similar vulnerabilities investigation.due three lines defence compliance checks performed operations team technology team internal audit team training stepped ihis early detection attacks ensured.pointed next day even weaknesses found may fixed quickly expected public healthcare institutions operate around clock resulting little downtime.later hearings singhealth executives said enhance cyber safety awareness employees well roll new systems capture patients data rigorously.also allow patients update particulars instead counter. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | townhalls held update employees latest cyber threats login messages strengthened hone importance data protection.storytelling formats also used explain concepts.cyber security exercises simulating data breaches called subsequent hearing allowing professionals familiar case similar incident happens again.addition expert recommended data within system encrypted including inactive data.full encryption would unfeasible due operational concerns personal data could anonymised instead factor authentication deanonymise it. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | hearing updated many written submissions found useful.towards final hearings former national security agency director suggested government industry partners work together share information learn update new threats pop up.current protection measures insufficient ever evolving vulnerabilities.hearing ministry healths chief data advisor pointed internet separation resulted longer wait times patients declined productivity increased staff fatigue new cyber risks especially antivirus software updates done computers instead within network.hence continue iss factors would need considered.next day security expert recommended centralised incident management tracking system logs incidents occur breach reduce miscommunication one causes delayed reporting. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | addition usage different chat platforms meant crucial details attack lost hence many linkages incident.on final day cyber security agency chief david koh suggested changing way staff healthcare sector report incidents faster response ensured cyberattack along review sectors processes staff training carried out.also suggested cybersecurity processes considered key instead merely existing afterthought.hearings thus concluded november .the closing submissions held november .proposals improve cybersecurity shared including assume breach mindset organisations thus taking necessary measures right people processes complement measures.also pointed administrator passwords supposed characters long one problematic password eight characters unchanged since . |
2018 SingHealth data breach | lastly even measures put place slow cyberattacks important note attack done via advanced persistent threat apt.subsequently report submitted s. iswaran december public version released january .release report january committee inquiry released report singhealth breach.report found staff inadequately trained cybersecurity thus unable stop attacks.key staff take immediate action stop attacks fearing pressure. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | make things worse vulnerabilities network systems patched quickly coupled fact attackers wellskilled.result attackers found easy break in.report point staff adequately trained vulnerabilities fixed quickly attack could averted.report also found work advanced persistent threat group.in report committee inquiry made recommendations boost cybersecurity separated priority additional recommendations.arepriorityadopting enhanced security structure readiness ihis public health institutionsreview online security processes assess ability defend respond cyberattacksimproving staff awareness cyberattacksperform enhanced security checks especially critical information infrastructure cii systemssubject privileged administrator accounts tighter control greater monitoringimprove incident response processesforge partnerships industries government achieve higher cybersecurityadditionalit security risk assessments audits must treated seriously carried regularlyenhanced safeguards must put place protect confidentiality electronic medical recordsimprove domain security attacksimplement robust patch management processimplement software upgrade policy focus cybersecurityimplement internet access strategy limits exposure external threatsclearer guidelines respond cybersecurity incidentsimprove competence computer security incident response personnelconsider postbreach independent forensic review networkon january s. iswaran minister communications information announced parliament government accepted recommendations report fully adopt them. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | also sped implementation cybersecurity act increase security ciis.separately gan kim yong minister health announced changes enhance governance operations singapores healthcare institutions ihis made.dual role ministry healths chief information security officer moh ciso director cybersecurity governance ihis separated moh ciso dedicated office reports permanent secretary moh ihis separate director charge cybersecurity governance changes cluster level.help boost operations governance systems.addition moh establish enhanced three lines defence system public healthcare pilot virtual browser national university health system. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | public healthcare staff remain internet surfing separation implemented immediately cyberattack mandatory contribution patient medical data national electronic health record nehr system continue deferred.aftermath following cyberattack internet access temporarily removed public healthcare terminals access healthcare network additional system monitoring controls implemented.the attack led twoweek pause singapores smart nation initiatives review public sectors cybersecurity policies time.review resulted implementation additional security measures urged public sector administrators remove internet access possible use secure information exchange gateways otherwise.attack also renewed concerns among healthcare practitioners regarding ongoing efforts centralize electronic patient data singapore.plans pass laws late making compulsory healthcare providers submit data regarding patient visits diagnoses national electronic health record system postponed. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | addition ministry health announced august national electrical health record nehr reviewed independent group made cyber security agency pricewaterhousecoopers asking doctors submit records nehr even though affected cyberattack.on july monetary authority singapore told banks singapore tighten customer verification processes case leaked data used impersonate customers additional information requested.banks also told conduct risk assessments mitigate risks misuse information.the integrated health information systems ihis since strengthened public health systems data breaches.suspicious incidents reported within hours.measures also put place including twofactor authentication administrators proactive threat hunting intelligence allowing computers latest security updates hospital networks new database activity monitoring.studies done keep internet separation scheme iss permanent parts healthcare system virtual browser piloted alternative.after report released january integrated health information systems ihis dismissed two employees demoted one negligent handling misunderstanding attack respectively financial penalties imposed two middle management supervisors five members senior management including ceo bruce liang. |
2018 SingHealth data breach | three employees commended ihis handling incident diligently even part job scope.ihis since fasttracked suite measures enhancing cybersecurity.next day personal data protection commission fined ihis singhealth enough safeguard personal data personal data protection act making largest fine imposed data breaches.subsequently march cybersecurity company symantec identified statesponsored group known whitefly behind cyberattack.although country identified group found behind several related cyberattacks singaporebased entities since .references |
Data center security | data center houses enterprise applications data hence providing proper security system critical.denial service dos theft confidential information data alteration data loss common security problems afflicting data center environments.overview according cost data breach survey u.s. companies different industry sectors participated noticed companies say negligence primary cause data breachesmalicious criminal attacks account percent total breaches.the average cost breach .million.need secure data center physical security needed protect value hardware therein. |
Data center security | data protection cost breach security severe consequences company managing data center customers whose data copied.breach global payments processing vendor visa .million credit card numbers stolen highlights risks storing managing valuable confidential data.result global payments partnership visa terminated estimated lost million.insider attacks defenses exploitable software vulnerabilities often built assumption insiders trusted. |
Data center security | studies show internal attacks tend damaging variety amount information available inside organizations.vulnerabilities common attacks quantity data stored data centers increased partly due concentrations created cloudcomputing threats common threats data centersdos denial servicedata theft alterationunauthorized use computing resourcesidentity theft vulnerabilities common vulnerabilities includeimplementation software design protocol flaws coding errors incomplete testingconfiguration use defaults elements inappropriately configured exploitation outofdate software many worm attacks data centers exploited wellknown vulnerabilitiescoderednimda andsql slammer exploitation software defaults many systems shipped default accounts passwords exploited unauthorized access theft information.common attacks common attacks includescanning probing one example probe scanbased attack port scan whereby requests range server port addresses host used find active port cause harm via known vulnerability service.. reconnaissance activity often precedes attack goal gain access discovering information system network.dos denial service denialofservice attack occurs legitimate users unable access information systems devices network resources due actions malicious cyber threat actor.type attack generates large volume data deliberately consume limited resources bandwidth cpu cycles memory blocks.distributed denial service ddos kind attack particular case dos large number systems compromised used source traffic synchronized attack.kind attack hacker use one ip address thousands them. |
Data center security | unauthorized access someone account owner uses privileges associated compromised account access restricted resources using valid account backdoor.eavesdropping etymologically eavesdropping means secretly listen conversation.networking field unauthorized interception information usernames passwords travels network.user logons common signals sought.viruses worms malicious code executed produce undesired results.worms selfreplicating malware whereas viruses also replicate need kind human action cause damage.internet infrastructure attacks kind attack targets critical components internet infrastructure rather individual systems networks.trust exploitation attacks exploit trust relationships computer systems communicate.session hijacking also known cookie hijacking consists stealing legitimate session established target trusted host.attacker intercepts session makes target believe communicating trusted host.buffer overflow attacks program allocates memory buffer space beyond reserved results memory corruption affecting data stored memory areas overflowed.layer attacks type attack exploit vulnerabilities data link layer protocols implementations layer switching platforms.sql injection also known code injection input dataentry forms due incomplete data validation allows entering harmful input causes harmful instructions executed. |
Data center security | network security infrastructure network security infrastructure includes security tools used data centers enforce security policies.tools include packetfiltering technologies acls firewalls intrusion detection systems idss networkbased hostbased.acls access control list acls filtering mechanisms explicitly defined based packet header information permit deny traffic specific interfaces.acls used multiple locations within data center internet edge intranet server farm.following describes standard extended access listsstandard acls simplest type acl filtering traffic solely based source ip addresses. |
Data center security | standard acls typically deployed control access network devices network management remote access.example one configure standard acl router specify systems allowed telnet it.standard acls recommended option traffic filtering due lack granularity.standard aclss configured number cisco routers.extended acls extended acl filtering decisions based source destination ip addresses layer protocols layer ports icmp message type code type service precedence.cisco routers one define extended acls name number range. |
Data center security | firewalls firewall sophisticated filtering device separates lan segments giving segment different security level establishing security perimeter controls traffic flow segments.firewalls commonly deployed internet edge act boundary internal networks.expected following characteristics performance main goal firewall separate secured unsecured areas network.firewalls post primary traffic path potentially exposed large volumes data.hence performance becomes natural design factor ensure firewall meets particular requirements.application support another important aspect ability firewall control protect particular application protocol telnet ftp http. |
Data center security | firewall expected understand applicationlevel packet exchanges determine whether packets follow application behavior deny traffic.there different types firewalls based packetprocessing capabilities awareness applicationlevel informationpacketfiltering firewallsproxy firewallsstateful firewallshybrid firewalls idss idss realtime systems detect intruders suspicious activities report monitoring system.configured block mitigate intrusions progress eventually immunize systems future attacks.two fundamental componentssensors appliances software agents analyze traffic network resource usage end systems identify intrusions suspicious activities.ids management single multidevice system used configure administer sensors additionally collect alarm information generated sensors.sensors equivalent surveillance tools ids management control center watching information produced surveillance tools.layer security cisco layer switches provide tools prevent common layer attacks scanning probing dos ddos etc.. following security features covered layer securityport securityarp inspectionprivate vlansprivate vlans firewalls security measures process securing data center requires comprehensive systemanalysis approach ongoing process improves security levels data center evolves. |
Data center security | data center constantly evolving new applications services become available.attacks becoming sophisticated frequent.trends require steady evaluation security readiness.a key component securityreadiness evaluation policies govern application security network including data center.application includes design best practices implementation details.result security often considered key component main infrastructure requirement. |
Data center security | since key responsibility data centers make sure availability services data center management systems often consider security affects traffic flows failures scalability.due fact security measures may vary depending data center design use unique features compliance requirements companys business goals set specific measures cover possible scenarios.there exist general two types data center security physical security virtual security.physical security physical security data center set protocol builtin within data center facilities order prevent physical damage machines storing data.protocols able handle everything ranging natural disasters corporate espionage terrorist attacks.to prevent physical attacks data centers use techniques ascctv security network locations access points day video retention.×onsite security guardsnetwork operations center noc services technical teamantitailgatingantipassback turnstile gate.permits one person pass authentication.single entry point colocation facility.minimization traffic dedicated data halls suites cages.further access restriction private cagesthreefactor authenticationssae compliant facilities.checking provenance design hardware usereducing insider risk monitoring activities keeping credentials safemonitoring temperature humidityfire prevention zoned drypipe sprinklernatural disaster riskfree locations virtual security virtual security security measures put place data centers prevent remote unauthorized access affect integrity availability confidentiality data stored servers.virtual network security hard task handle exist many ways could attacked. |
Supplier risk management | worst part evolving years years.instance attacker could decide use malware similar exploits order bypass various firewalls access data.old systems may well put security risk contain modern methods data security.virtual attacks prevented techniques asheavy data encryption transfer bit ssl encryption web applications.bit rsa public keys data transfers.aes bit encryption files databases.logs auditing activities users.secured usernames passwords encrypted via bit ssl requirements complex passwords set scheduled expirations prevention password reuse.access based level clearance.adldap integration.control based ip addresses.encryption session id cookies order identify unique user.twofactor authentication availability.third party penetration testing performed annuallymalware prevention firewalls automated scanner referencescomplexity globally outsourced nature modern supply chains combined practice optimization techniques lean justintime manufacturing order improve efficiency increased supply chain vulnerabilities even minor supply disruptions.models allowed companies reduce overall costs expand quickly new markets also expose company risk supplier bankruptcy closing operations data breach acquired.among several types supply disruptions severe relatively low probability occurrence high severity impact occur.risks cannot eliminated however severity reduced.objectives overcome challenges companies mitigate supply chain interruptions reduce risk strategies tactics address suppliercentric risk multiple stages relationship boarding bringing suppliers operation registration includesa centralized supplier registration portalintegration third party performance financial data predictive indicators supplier profilemonitoring stability beyond financial data includingcriminal terrorists i.e. |
Supplier risk management | office foreign assets control ties operational performancevisibility potential disruptions caused geopolitical threats acts nature etc.cultivating strategic supplier relationships longtermleverage supplier scorecards continuous improvementestablish use benchmarks measuring supplier performancecreating system collaboration supplier developmentestablish control across extended enterprisecreate integrated supplier networksextend performance management benchmarks second third tier suppliers supplier risk recession recovery manufacturers experienced startling speed suppliers move stability shutting operations.devastating impact crucial supplier failure moved risk management addon service missioncritical.new focus risk management manufacturers seen value whether economy stagnant thriving.with transparent accessible comprehensive set supplier information manufacturers able monitor suppliers behavioral changes contribute overall stability including changes supplier’s management teamenvironmental legislation violationshealth safety incidentsquality issuesnoticeable lags response time inquiriesforeign asset violationschanges conditions defined parameters raising alert.example financially stable supplier may fact lose ceo retirement – may cause issues within management team.early visibility change gives manufacturer time ensure affect customers negatively. |
Information technology security assessment | based criticality supplier nature alert received manufacturer choose take necessary action calling visiting supplier increasing monitoring moving towards terminating relationship supplier finding replacement.benefits reducing supplier risk give insight manufacturers create defensive offensive strategies turn risk competitive advantage.help determine whether beneficial company conduct customer intervention know advance potential outcomes might intervention.improve competitive position market.lower supplier costs.position manufacturers better address customer needs addressing supplier vulnerabilities become apparent.prevent loss customers trust due data exposure systems hacked.see also thirdparty managementbusiness intelligencemaster data managementrisk managementsupplier performance managementsupplychain risk management references reading understanding risk avoiding supply chain disruption industryweek maybackground assessment assessor full cooperation organization assessed.organization grants access facilities provides network access outlines detailed information network etc.parties understand goal study security identify improvements secure systems.assessment security potentially useful security tests.purpose security assessment goal security assessment also known security audit security review network assessment isto ensure necessary security controls integrated design implementation project. |
Information technology security assessment | properly completed security assessment provide documentation outlining security gaps project design approved corporate security policies.management address security gaps three waysmanagement decide cancel project allocate necessary resources correctthe security gaps accept risk based informed risk reward analysis.methodology following methodology outline put forward effective means conducting security assessment.requirement study situation analysissecurity policy creation updatedocument reviewrisk analysisvulnerability scandata analysisreport briefing sample report security assessment report include following informationintroductionbackground informationexecutive management summaryassessment scope objectivesassumptions limitationsmethods assessment tools usedcurrent environment system description network diagrams anysecurity requirementssummary findings recommendationsthe general control review resultthe vulnerability test resultsrisk assessment results including identified assets threats vulnerabilities impact likelihood assessment risk results analysisrecommended safeguards criticisms shortcomings security risk assessments like many risk assessments actually quantitative represent risk actuariallysound manner.measuring risk quantitatively significant impact prioritizing risks getting investment approval.quantitative risk analysis applied security major us government study .federal cio council commissioned study million security investment department veterans affairs results shown quantitatively. |
Information technology security assessment | united states department veterans affairs professional certifications common vendorneutral professional certifications performing security assessment.cisspccspcismcisaisoiec auditorlead auditorcriscqsaisa automated security assessment tools common tools automatic security assessment selfthird party usage.panoraysrapidfire toolsbeyond securityveracoderiskwatchsolarwinds external links iscinformation systems audit control associationsans institute references casas iii victoriano..information security risk assessment model public university administrators.applied research project.texas state university. |
Water security | httpecommons.txstate.eduarprealized degree water scarcity nonexistent decreased eliminated degree floods contamination freshwater supplies nonthreatening.water security considered necessity sustainable development importance quality life people region.sustainable development would result lowered poverty increased living standards susceptible impacts insecure water resources region especially women children.clearly defining responsibilities control water management high usage sectors terms finance planning agriculture energy industry health development may progress point sustainable living all.the areas world likely water insecurity places low rainfall places rapid population growth freshwater scarce area areas international competition water source.regions water security issues water scarcity changes local global environment may soon lead intense regulation water. |
Water security | already countries high water usage united states china regulations prominent grow number still.international intranational water conflicts long mediated regulations treaties instances involving worsening situations show dire outlooks.definitions scale water security achieved enough water everyone region water supply risk disappearing.united nations water considers quantity quality factors accessible water describing water security.water sufficient quantity enable sustainable livelihood socioeconomic development managed well enough avoid waterborne pollution disasters well preserve waterrelated ecosystems. |
Water security | according pacific institute regional impacts vary global climate change potentially alter agricultural productivity freshwater availability quality access vital minerals coastal island flooding more.among consequences impacts challenges political relationships realignment energy markets regional economies threats security.it impacts regions states countries.tensions exist upstream downstream users water within individual jurisdictions.according nature worlds population .billion live areas threats water security.water security shared threat human nature pandemic. |
Water security | human watermanagement strategies detrimental wildlife migrating fish.regions intensive agriculture dense populations us europe high threat water security.water increasingly used weapon conflict.water insecurity always accompanied one issues poverty war conflict low womens development environmental degradation.researchers estimate – ca us billion required cover annual global investment water infrastructure. |
Water security | good management water resources jointly manage biodiversity protection human water security.preserving flood plains rather constructing floodcontrol reservoirs would provide costeffective way control floods protecting biodiversity wildlife occupies areas.the term water security encompasses ideas concepts regarding sustainability integration adaptiveness water resource management.four key areas focus increasing economic welfare enhancing social equity moving towards longterm sustainability reducing water related risks.risks classified hazards droughts floods quality deterioration exposure vulnerability.water security sometimes sought implementing water desalination pipelines sources users water licences different security levels war.urban water security could understood systems perspective given complexity crossdisciplinary nature. |
Water security | involves understanding types pressures water system climate change urbanization state water system water stocks flows impact water system water services provision affordability availability responses including institutional reforms.water allocation competing users increasingly determined application marketbased pricing either water licenses actual water.important king fresh water water absolute terms short supply planetwide.according united nations water organization unwater total usable freshwater supply ecosystems humans km water – less one percent freshwater resources.usable fresh water includes water contaminated degraded wateraltering chemicals sewage harmful chemicals continuous previous use.th century water use growing twice rate population increase. |
Water security | specifically water withdrawals predicted increase percent developing countries per cent developed countries.one continent example africa predicted million inhabitants lacking access fresh water..billion people living countries regions absolute water scarcity twothirds world population could stress conditions.half worlds population live waterstressed areas another billion may lack sufficient water mit researchers find.the earth limited though renewable supply fresh water stored aquifers surface waters atmosphere. |
Water security | oceans good source usable water amount energy needed convert saline water potable water prohibitive conventional approaches explaining small fraction worlds water supply derived desalination.however modern technologies seawater greenhouse use solar energy desalinate seawater agriculture drinking uses extremely costeffective manner.threats common threat water security water scarcity.several causes water scarcity including low rainfall climate change high population density overallocation water source.world’s population lived areas affected water scarcity mid ’s. |
Water security | conservative estimates number expected increase – dire outlooks predict increase .example periodic water scarcity united states droughts california.another category threats water security environmental threats.include contaminates biohazards biological substances harm humans climate change natural disasters.contaminants enter water source naturally flooding. |
Water security | contaminants also problem population switches water supply surface water groundwater.natural disasters hurricanes earthquakes wildfires damage manmade structures dams fill waterways debris.threats water security include terrorism radiation due nuclear accident.water scarcity international competition international competition water arise one country starts drawing water shared water source.often efficient route getting needed water long term cause conflict water overdrafted.more countries five continents said risk conflict water.during history much conflict use water rivers tigris euphrates rivers. |
Water security | another highly politicized example israels control water resources levant region since creation israel securing water resources one several drivers sixday war.turkeys southeastern anatolia project guneydogu anadolu projesi gap euphrates potentially serious consequences water supplies syria iraq.china constructing dams mekong leaving vietnam laos cambodia thailand without amount water investment.huge project reversing flow brahmaputra chinese tsangpo river leaving chinese tibet flows india bangladesh.struggle water afflicted regions led inhabitants hiring guards order protect wells.moreover amu daria river shared uzbekistan turkmenistan tajikistan afghanistan almost completely dried much ceased reach aral sealake evaporating alarming pace due fact turkmenistan retains much water flows uzbekistan.conflict egypt ethiopia grand ethiopian renaissance dam escalated .egypt sees dam existential threat fearing dam reduce amount water receives nile. |
Water security | countries face threat water shortage demand water projected increase growing population increased urbanisation pursuit economic growth.tensions made worse result fundamental differences beliefs water rights egypt claims rights nile water basis historical practice whereas ethiopia claims rights water based geography water comes highland sources within territory.nile basin initiative provides platform ensure sustainable management water resources cooperation riparian countries cooperative framework agreement ratified six countries date.water scarcity water conflicts demand water grows growth global population many places around world also experiencing droughts due climate change worsening water pollution.could trigger intense competition water leading regional instability. |
Water security | sometimes referred water conflict regulation disputes water access rights often occur areas low water worsening water situations.approximately global river water must shared bilaterally multilaterally thus agreements frequently implemented parties involved.even agreements optimized parties involved countries may still turn water imports main source freshwater.severe example pakistan country frequently conflicts water india imports water resources – india imports theirs.select number rivers serve hotspots neighboring country water sources.nile river’s resources example shared countries. |
Water security | situations given rise unilateral bilateral multilateral water declarations conventions concerning water globally treaties.water scarcity issues increase may become common actively sought after.indiapakistan water conflicts competition transboundary water sources could also worsened result escalating tensions countries case india pakistan.countries highly dependent indus river basin water supply governed primarily indus waters treaty set .february india threatened cut water supply pakistan response kashmir military clash diverting water areas like jammu kashmir punjab instead. |
Water security | construction dams upstream would also result flooding downstream water released quickly.since two countries share resources indus water basin india pakistan decided notable influential treaty called indus water treaty iwt.treaty mediated world bank regulates water use flow basin’s multiple rivers country.treaty survived three wars seen share bilateral strains.following high tensions indian prime minister threatened restrict water flow pakistan region – act pakistan said would consider act war.intranational competition australia australia competition resources darling river system queensland new south wales south australia.in victoria australia proposed pipeline goulburn valley melbourne led protests farmers.in macquarie marshes nsw grazing irrigation interests compete water flowing marshesthe snowy mountains scheme diverted water snowy river murray river murrumbidgee river benefit irrigators electricity generation hydroelectric power. |
Water security | recent years government taken action increase environmental flows snowy spite severe drought murray darling basin.australian government implemented buybacks water allocations properties water allocations endeavour increase environmental flows.india india competition water resources inter state rivers except main brahmaputra river among riparian states india also neighboring countries nepal china pakistan bhutan bangladesh etc.vast area indian subcontinent tropical climate conducive agriculture due favorable warm sunny conditions provided perennial water supply available cater high rate evapotranspiration cultivated land.though overall water resources adequate meet requirements subcontinent water supply gaps due temporal spatial distribution water resources among states countries subcontinent bridged.there intense competition water available inter state rivers kavery krishna godavari vamsadhara mandovi ravibeassutlez narmada tapti mahanadi etc. |
Water security | among riparian states india absence water augmentation water surplus rivers brahmaputra himalayan tributaries ganga west flowing coastal rivers western ghats.river basins face severe water shortage even drinking needs people cattle wild life intense summer season rainfall negligible.water security achieved along energy security going consume electricity link surplus water areas water deficit areas lift canals pipe lines etc.total water resources going waste sea nearly billion cubic meters sparing moderate environmental salt export water requirements rivers.interlinking rivers subcontinent possible achieve water security indian subcontinent active cooperation countries region.israel israeli holistic approach water security draws years experience national security water management. |
Water security | nations us uk spain others collaborating israeli experts water security standards.united states domestic policy united states currently cohesive domestic water security policy.water security projected problem future since future population growth likely occur areas currently water stressed.ensuring united states remains water secure require policies ensure fair distribution existing water sources protecting water sources becoming depleted maintaining good wastewater disposal maintaining existing water infrastructure.currently national limits us groundwater surface water withdrawal. |
Water security | limits imposed people impacted largest water withdrawers water source.us water use irrigation thermoelectric power public supply industrial aquaculture mining domestic livestock less .the lack current national water policy effective regions united states lot water effective regions water scarcity.future national water security policy may implemented move water regions water rich regions water scarce.new policies implemented major stakeholders individual states water rich water poor states farmers power companies industries use substantial amount water mining oil gas.water utility security according united states environmental protection agency epa improving security nations drinking water wastewater infrastructures become top priority since events . |
Water security | significant actions underway assess reduce vulnerabilities potential terrorist attacks plan practice response emergencies incidents develop new security technologies detect monitor contaminants prevent security breaches.one important elements water security early accurate contamination detection.epa issued advisory material guidelines contamination warning systems implemented water utilities supplies.security challenges utilities frequently revolve around fast detection accuracy ability take fast action water problem.contamination detected early enough prevented reaching consumers emergency water supplies put effect.in cases contamination might still reach consumers fast efficient communication systems necessary.factors also point need organized practiced emergency procedures preparedness. |
Water security | regulation since bioterrorism act water utility supplying people must take least following measures ensure security water supplyconduct assessment facilitys vulnerabilities vandalism insider sabotage terrorist attack submit report epa.show facility uptodate emergency response plan incident occur.more recently drinking water security act epa required establish riskbased performance standards community water systems serving people.cincinnati water works san francisco new york city among major water utilities taken water security measures facilities planning contamination warning systems.water utility security components security water supply involves range elements.prevention detection systems include following access public health customer complaint data water quality monitoring equipment sampling analysis cybersecurity includes situation management systems hardware software physical security.crisis management recovery critical water events occur includes flow control security valves rapid effective communication systems emergency water supply equipment.specific technologies involved water security scada gis geographic information system online realtime water quality monitoring devices contamination warning systems intrusion detection systems ids contamination detection devices security valves security cameras fences situation managementemergency management software emergency supply tanks manned human security personnel personal purification devices counterterrorism intelligence.china domestic policy due continual economic growth population size china one world’s leading water consumers. |
Water security | china withdraws roughly billion cubic meters water yearly basis.country surpasses united states billion cubic meters falls short india billion cubic meters.reason china’s domestic policy remains one vital national international scale.water scarcity china large disconnect size china’s population overall allocation world’s water resources containing roughly global population water.china’s per capita water usage quarter global average. |
Water security | despite china’s immense economic growth world resources institute lists many populated areas country experiencing high renewable ground water extracted yearly extremely high water stress.wri also evaluated similar portion country range overall water risk index measurement accounting variety qualitative quantitative evaluations.issues relating water quality quantity likely primary limiting factors china’s sustainable economic infrastructural development.yet despite china’s water predicament actually deal progress made last decades providing citizens improved drinking water.according un almost quarter world’s progress regard occurred china million citizens seeing enhanced water availability quality .un attribute progress increased water pipe systems highlighting importance domestic policy. |
Water security | chinas water security plan perhaps one well known initiatives chinese government purposes water sustainability southtonorth water diversion project.project one largest kind intends reroute water less populated high water availability areas southern china population centers water supply issues northern china.project help alleviate water shortages citizens areas process sustaining water consumption sectors use large sums water industry agriculture.china introduces five year plans every fifth year pertaining various issues facing country.guiding initiative necessarily pertain legal enforcement rather economic social guidance planning.eleventh fiveyear plan introduced intended see decrease water consumption per unit industry increase limiting water usage enabling economic industrial growth. |
Water security | thirteenth fiveyear plan introduced along goal limiting annual water consumption per year billion cubic meters.guidelines played important role china showing reduction water consumption first time decade .domestic regulations policy number laws passed last two decades aimed reduce water usage waste pollution well increase disaster preparedness.water pollution prevention control law amended first passed amendment attempts substantially change parameters surrounding aspects water security.fully encompassing specifics actions constitute violation law subject specific enforcements legal liability including notable increase fines perpetrators agency tasked supervision fails act accordance laws.resource tax law law providing local government ability set local tax rates natural resource usage intention enabling protect specific resources effectively.law also first time lists water natural resource giving local authorities ability promote water preservation limit waste.water law amended first passed amendment provided sections relating water allocation right extraction rights use conservation parameters pollution prevention basin management. |
Water security | law could seen turning point early water security recognition.support criticism chinese water management offered praise china’s campaign last two decades improve water quality noting significant effort fronts regarding industrial agricultural pollution limitations improved water pipe infrastructure.also great deal focus exponentially higher investments spending water conservatory projects trend beginning early s. additionally titling central document no.“the decision accelerating reform development water conservancy” recognized substantial step committing water security due place country’s notable policy document given year.however many concerns criticisms china’s handling water crisis.notable investments conservatory projects recognition issue early legislation many come criticize china failure introduce effective water resource management practices earlier mids onset. |
Water security | nearly decade regulations set forth water laws regulation effectively enforced although effective measures drafted issues continued develop.following decision go forth begin building southtonorth water diversion project great deal pushback regarding economic justification local community disruption relocation environmental strain southern china.regardless upon assessment weighing criticisms benefits water relocation project’s construction continues.management approaches blue peace blue peace method seeks transforms transboundary water issues instruments cooperation.unique approach turn tensions around water opportunities socioeconomic development developed strategic foresight group partnership governments switzerland sweden.the blue peace innovative approach engage political leaders diplomats populations harnessing managing collaborative solutions sustainable water management.blue peace part larger trend viewing water human right rather market commodity. |
Water security | water viewed human right empowers people water stressed areas manage water sources effectively.part effective management water ensuring socioeconomic groups people region adequate access water certain people.see also human right water sanitation references reading international water security domestic threats opportunities isbn pages paperback united nations universityjameel m. zayed.peace without water – role hydropolitics israelpalestine conflict.london.rahaman m. m. editor special issue water wars st century along international rivers basins speculation reality international journal sustainable society vol. |
Climate of Africa | nos.pages.open source elsevier journal titled water security started publication august .water security external links world water councilwater conflict chronology worlds water island press washington edited peter gleickwhitewater securitytemperate climates rare across continent except high elevations along fringes.fact climate africa variable rainfall amount temperatures consistently high.african deserts sunniest driest parts continent owing prevailing presence subtropical ridge subsiding hot dry air masses.africa holds many heatrelated records continent hottest extended region yearround areas hottest summer climate highest sunshine duration more.owing africas position across equatorial subtropical latitudes northern southern hemisphere several different climate types found within it.continent mainly lies within intertropical zone tropic cancer tropic capricorn hence interesting density humidity. |
Climate of Africa | precipitation intensity always high hot continent.warm hot climates prevail africa mostly northern part marked aridity high temperatures.northernmost southernmost fringes continent mediterranean climate.equator runs middle africa tropic cancer tropic capricorn making africa tropical continent.the already hot dry climate straddles equator makes vulnerable continent climate change.temperatures globally heating earth near equator leads large amounts upward motion convection along monsoon trough intertropical convergence zone. |
Climate of Africa | divergence nearequatorial trough leads air rising moving away equator aloft.moves towards midlatitudes air cools sinks leads subsidence near th parallel hemispheres.circulation known hadley cell leads formation subtropical ridge.many worlds deserts caused climatological highpressure areas including sahara desert.temperatures hottest within sahara regions algeria mali coolest across south elevation within topography across eastern northwest sections continent.hottest average temperature earth dallol ethiopia averages temperature . |
Climate of Africa | °c .°f throughout year.hottest temperature recorded within africa also world record .°c .°f aziziya libya september . |
Climate of Africa | later proven false derived inaccurate reading thermometer.worlds hottest place fact death valley california.apparent temperatures combining effect temperature humidity along red sea coast eritrea gulf aden coast somalia range °c °f °c °f afternoon hours.lowest temperature measured within africa − °c − °f ifrane morocco february .nevertheless major part africa experiences extreme heat much year especially deserts semideserts steppes savannas. |
Climate of Africa | african deserts arguably hottest places earth especially sahara desert danakil desert located horn africa.wind lowlevel easterly african jet stream considered play crucial role southwest monsoon africa helps form tropical waves march across tropical atlantic eastern part pacific warm season.jet exhibits barotropic baroclinic instability produces synopticscale westwardpropagating disturbances jet known african easterly waves tropical waves.small number mesoscale storm systems embedded waves develop tropical cyclones move west africa tropical atlantic mainly august september.jet lies south normal peak months atlantic hurricane season tropical cyclone formation suppressed. |
Climate of Africa | precipitation great parts north africa southern africa well whole horn africa mainly hot desert climate hot semiarid climate wetter locations.sahara desert north africa largest hot desert world one hottest driest sunniest places earth.located south sahara narrow semidesert steppe semiarid region called sahel africas southern areas contain savanna plains central portion contains dense jungle rainforest regions.equatorial region near intertropical convergence zone wettest portion continent.annually rain belt across continent moves northward subsaharan africa august passes back southward southcentral africa march. |
Climate of Africa | areas savannah climate subsaharan africa ghana burkina faso darfur eritrea ethiopia botswana distinct rainy season.el nino results drierthannormal conditions southern africa december february wetterthannormal conditions equatorial east africa period.in madagascar trade winds bring moisture eastern slopes island deposited rainfall bring drier downsloped winds areas south west leaving western sections island rain shadow.leads significantly rainfall northeast sections madagascar southwestern portions.southern africa receives rainfall summer convective storms extratropical cyclones moving westerlies.decade tropical cyclones lead excessive rainfall across region. |
Climate of Africa | snow glaciers snow almost annual occurrence mountains south africa including cedarberg around ceres southwestern cape drakensberg natal lesotho.tiffendell resort drakensberg commercial skiing takes place south africa advanced snowmaking capability allowing skiing three months year.mountain club south africa mcsa mountain ski club msc university cape town equipped ski huts hex river mountains.skiing including snowboarding cape hitandmiss affair terms timing snowfalls whether sufficient snow cover rocks.table mountain gets light dusting snow front table also devils peak every years.snowfalls table mountain took place september aug august june .snow rare occurrence johannesburg fell may august june september august june accumulating centimetres . |
Nitrate vulnerable zone | southern suburbs.additionally snow regularly falls atlas mountains maghreb.snowfall also regular occurrence mount kenya mount kilimanjaro tanzania.there permanent glaciers rwenzori mountains border uganda democratic republic congo.however glaciers retreat threat disappearing rising temperatures.climate change see also climate change africaclimate south africaearth rainfall climatology references external links interactive africa koppengeiger climate classification mapnitrate vulnerable zone designated response increase nitrate leaching increased use nitrate fertilizers.nitrate pollution sources nitrate pollution one primary causes nitrate pollution use nitrogen fertilizers application manure agricultural fields stimulates crop production also contributes nutrient pollution due nitrate leaches soil heavy precipitation events.environmental impacts nitrate runoff lead eutrophication waterways leading excessive algal growth oxygen depletion.health effects high levels nitrate drinking water used prepare infant formula negatively affect infant health.continued use contaminated water infants develop blue baby syndrome fatal. |
Nitrate vulnerable zone | regulations nitrate vulnerable zones designated concentration nitrate given area reaches surpasses no− mgl.regulations includereducing amount fertilizer appliedprohibiting application fertilizer winter runoff greatest uptake plants minimumchanging times animal waste applied land holding waste tanks application.the restrictions within good agricultural practice guidelines meaning farmers expected adhere given regulations without receiving subsidies.farmers adhere restrictions fined government.locations nitrate vulnerable zones introduced united kingdom government response european union mandate countries apart eu must reduce nitrate drinking water maximum no− mgl protect public health environmental health.united kingdom united kingdom identifies nitrate vulnerable zones discrete zones specific agricultural regions. |
Nitrate vulnerable zone | least nitrate vulnerable zones england several wales covering hectares surface water ground water.wales welsh government introduced wales nvz previously .wales land designated nvz.environmental fishing groups welcomed new rules.rolled pending review senedd next three years. |
Dahua Technology | review came major political backlash opposition parties farmers.northern europe belgium germany netherlands denmark established entire nations nitrate vulnerable zones.countries take broader approach designating nationwide nitrate vulnerable zones quality groundwater well marine eutrophication.referencesfounded controlled fu liquan 傅利泉.dahua technology employees world.dahua solutions products services used countries regions.subsidiaries globally covering asia americas europe middle east oceania africa etc.history dahua acquired security video camera company lorex.in november dahua us million camera smart city project public security bureau jiexiu.in april motorola solutions announced indigovision motorola solutionsowned company would longer relabel dahua cameras citing u.s. ndaa supplychain concerns.in best buy home depot lowes stopped selling cameras dahua brand lorex due concerns dahuas complicity surveillance human rights violations xinjiang.in november dahua named secure equipment act one several entities prohibited receiving u.s. telecommunication equipment licenses due national security reasons.shareholders dahua technology majority owned fully controlled fu liquan wife chen ailing. |
Dahua Technology | december fu owned .shares largest shareholder chen owned ..according annual financial report dahua technology also partially stateowned central huijin asset management china galaxy securities co. ltd. ..respectively.central huijin investment stateowned enterprise wholly owned subsidiary china investment corporation sovereign wealth fund reports state council peoples republic china.china mobile acquired . |
Dahua Technology | stake dahua march .controversies cybersecurity vulnerabilities september largest ddos attack date krebsonsecurity.com traced back botnet.according internet provider level communications commonly infected devices botnet dahua dahua oem cameras dvrs.nearly one million dahua devices infected bashlite malware.vulnerability dahuas cameras allowed anyone take full control devices underlying linux operating system typing random username many characters. |
Dahua Technology | exploited malware installed devices allowed used ddos attacks well extortion campaigns using ransomware.in march backdoor many dahua cameras dvrs discovered security researchers working fortune company.vulnerability activated cameras within fortune companys network data trafficked china companys firewall.using web browser vulnerability allowed unauthorised people remotely download devices database usernames passwords subsequently gain access it.dahua issued firmware update fix vulnerability products.security researchers discovered updated firmware contained vulnerability vulnerability relocated different part code. |
Dahua Technology | characterized security researchers deliberate deception.in march federal communications commission declared dahua services equipment pose unacceptable risk u.s. national security.” response intercept said “the u.s. government provided public evidence dahua hikvision spying customers.”in september dahua acknowledged identity authentication bypass vulnerability affecting device models exploited allow attackers bypass device identity authentication constructing malicious data packets.october techcrunch reported home depot best buy stopped selling lorexbranded dahua ezviz products.mass surveillance ethnic minorities dahua played role mass surveillance uyghurs xinjiang.october u.s. government placed dahua bureau industry securitys entity list role surveillance uyghurs xinjiang ethnic religious minorities china.november security researchers identified facial identification software code designations ethnicity dahua removed code question github. |
Cyber self-defense | february los angeles times published investigation dahuas technology purpose uyghur surveillance.security industry association expulsion security industry association u.s.based trade organization representing electronic physical security solutions providers united states terminated dahua technologys membership june citing unnamed violations code ethics.see also hikvisionezviz references external links official website chineseinternational official website englishgenerally emphasizes active cybersecurity measures computer users cyber selfdefense sometimes used refer selfdefense organizations whole corporate entities entire nations.surveillance selfdefense variant cyber selfdefense largely overlaps it.active passive cybersecurity measures provide defenders higher levels cybersecurity intrusion detection incident handling remediation capabilities.various sectors organizations legally obligated adhere cyber security standards.background organizations may conduct penetration test via internal team hire thirdparty organization audit organizations systems. |
Cyber self-defense | larger organizations may conduct internal attackerdefender scenarios red team attacking blue team defending.defenders namely threat hunters system administrators programmers proactively manage information systems remediate vulnerabilities gather cyber threat intelligence harden operating systems code connected devices networks.blue teams may include information physical security personnel employed organization.physical security may tested weaknesses employees may target social engineering attacks security audits.digital physical systems may audited varying degrees knowledge relevant systems simulate realistic conditions attackers employees frequently trained security practices measures. |
Cyber self-defense | fullknowledge test scenarios known white box tests attacking party knows available information regarding clients systems.black box tests attacking party provided information regarding clients systems.gray box tests provide limited information attacking party.cybersecurity researcher jeffrey carr compares cyber selfdefense martial arts ones computer network attack surface may shrunk reduce risk exploitation.measures authentication enable multifactor authentication.minimize authentication risk limiting number people know ones three common authentication factors something something know something have.unique information characterized possessing particular degree usefulness threat actor gaining unauthorized access persons information.reduce ones social media footprint mitigate risk profile.regularly check ones social media security privacy settings.create strong unique passwords user account change passwords frequently security incident.use password manager avoid storing passwords physical form. |
Cyber self-defense | incurs greater software risk profile due potential vulnerabilities password management software mitigates risk breaches ones password list stolen lost case keyloggers present machine.pay attention information one might accidentally reveal online posts.change default passwords programs services prevent default credential vulnerability exploitation techniques.appropriately use password brute force attack prevention software failban effective equivalent.never give logins passwords anyone unless absolutely necessary change immediately thereafter.use security questions answers impossible anybody else answer even access ones social media posts engage social engineering.antisocial engineering measures plug found external storage devices external hard drives usb flash drives digital media.beware social engineering techniques six key principles reciprocity commitment consistency social proof authority liking scarcity.beware shoulder surfing wherein threat actors collect passwords authentication information physically observing target user.beware piggybacking tailgating wherein threat actor closely follows authorized personnel secure facility.beware wardriving wherein threat actors use mobile hacking stations gain unauthorized access wifi.wardriving might also consist use parabolic microphones gather acoustic data passwords personally identifiable data.be cautious browsing opening email attachments links emails known phishing.refrain interacting fake phone calls voice fishing also known vishing.scan links malicious websites google transparency report check known malware.preventative software measures use rely solely antivirus software evading trivial threat actors.due reliance easily altered digital signature form applied hash previously known malicious code.use antimalware product malwarebytes antimalware conjunction antivirus vulnerability scanning features.update upgrade ones software programs — including limited users operating system firmware software drivers device drivers. |
Cyber self-defense | use dedicated updatingsoftware enable automated update features.encrypt ones computer phone.regularly create backups ones data.uninstall insecure software adobe flash ones operating system.refrain accessing web pages related plugins within ones web browser.only run software necessary reduce attack surface.refrain rooting ones phone internetfacing device.network information security measures using firewall internetconnected devices.not running programs services browsers superuser privileged user account root linux unix administrator windows unless one understands security risks action.avoiding free wifi logging accounts using it.appropriately using privacy anonymity software tor anonymity network anonymous web browsing given attracts attention.appropriately using http various internet protocol proxies security measures disabling http header fields filtering relaying traffic proxy servers squid proxy proxychains socks socks.publishing public keys pgp authentication able prove ones identity.using strongest encryption method ones router offers updating router firmware.using intrusion detection systemids siem security information event management system alert indicators compromise configuration changes operating system privilege escalation network security breaches unauthorized remote logins.using demilitarized zone reduce number systems services openly facing internet.using virtual private network ipsec secure traffic transport layer osi model harden ip stack.reporting breaches incidents gather evidence document security data breaches intrusions.contact relevant authorities administrators organizations case cyberattack.beware website data breaches wherein stored passwords personally identifiable information publicized.refer states statute security breach notification laws.hacking back legal theorists policy makers increasingly considering authorizing private sector take active measures hacking back also known hackbacks. |
Cyber self-defense | contrast active attack measures passive defense measures present reduced risk cyberwarfare legal political economic fallout.a contemporary topic debate research question cyberattack threat thereof give rise right selfdefensein march tom graves proposed active cyber defense certainty act acdc would enhance computer fraud abuse act cfaa allow individuals private sector use certain tools currently restricted cfaa identify attackers prevent attacks hacking them.presents chicken egg problem wherein everyone allowed hack anyone everyone would hack everyone skilled resourced would remain.brad maryman warns unintended consequences stating view notion legislate accept level undocumented unmonitored cyber actions anyone thinks hacked unfathomable.see also proactive cyber defencecryptopartyinformation securityinternet security references external links cybersecurity selfdefense slatemoore alexis edwards laurie .cyber selfdefense expert advice avoid online predators identity theft cyberbullying.rowman littlefield. |
Cisco Security Monitoring, Analysis, and Response System | isbn .surveillance selfdefense effpaul carugati cyber selfdefense ted talktogether cisco security manager csm product mars made two primary components cisco security management suite.mars appliancebased solution provided insight control existing security deployments.could monitor security events information wide variety sources including thirdparty devices hosts.correlation engine mars could identify anomalous behavior security threats could use large amounts information collected forensics analysis compliance reporting.features learns topology configuration behavior environmentautomatically updates knowledge new cisco ips signatures minute reporting environmentpromotes awareness environmental anomalies network behavior analysis using netflow syslogprovides simple access audit compliance reports readytouse customizable reportsmakes precise recommendations threat mitigation including ability visualize attack path identify source threat detailed topological graphs simplify security response layer layer integrates cisco security manager correlate security events configured firewall rules intrusion prevention system ips signatures affect security event.supported types mars centrally aggregates logs events wide range popular devicesnetwork devices routers switchessecurity devices applications firewalls intrusion detection systems vulnerability scanners antivirus softwarehosts microsoft windows sun microsystems solaris linux syslogserverbased applications databases web servers authentication serversnote web logging supported hosts running microsoft iis windows apache solaris linux iplanet solaris.note hosts running microsoft iis windows need run intersect alliance snare iis mars receives web log data.network traffic cisco netflow. |
Foreshadow | references external links cisco security monitoring analysis response system product pagevulnerability speculative execution attack intel processors may result disclosure sensitive information stored personal computers thirdparty clouds.two versions first version originalforeshadow cve targets data sgx enclaves second version nextgenerationforeshadowng cve cve targets virtual machines vms hypervisors vmm operating systems os kernel memory system management mode smm memory.listing affected intel hardware posted.foreshadow similar spectre security vulnerabilities discovered earlier affect intel amd chips meltdown vulnerability also affected intel.however amd products according amd affected foreshadow security flaws.according one expert foreshadow lets malicious software break secure areas even spectre meltdown flaws couldnt crack. |
Foreshadow | nonetheless one variants foreshadow goes beyond intel chips sgx technology affects intel core processors built last seven years.foreshadow may difficult exploit.august seems evidence serious hacking involving foreshadow vulnerabilities.nevertheless applying software patches may help alleviate concern although balance security performance may worthy consideration.companies performing cloud computing may see significant decrease overall computing power individuals however may likely see performance impact according researchers.real fix according intel replacing todays processors. |
Foreshadow | intel states changes begin nextgeneration intel xeon scalable processors codenamed cascade lake well new client processors expected launch later year .on august researchers presented technical details foreshadow security vulnerabilities seminar publication entitled foreshadow extracting keys intel sgx kingdom transient outoforder execution usenix security conference.history two groups researchers discovered security vulnerabilities independently belgian team including raoul strackx jo van bulck frank piessens imecdistrinet ku leuven reported intel january second team technion – israel institute technology marina minkin mark silberstein university adelaide yuval yarom university michigan ofir weisse daniel genkin baris kasikci thomas f. wenisch reported january .vulnerabilities first disclosed public august .mechanism foreshadow vulnerability speculative execution attack intel processors may result disclosure sensitive information stored personal computers thirdparty clouds.two versions first version originalforeshadow cve attacks sgx targets data sgx enclaves second version nextgenerationforeshadowng cve attacks os kernel smm mode cve attacks virtual machines targets virtual machines vms hypervisors vmm operating systems os kernel memory system management mode smm memory. |
Foreshadow | intel considers entire class speculative execution side channel vulnerabilities l terminal fault ltf.for foreshadow sensitive data interest encrypted data sgx enclave.usually attempt read enclave memory outside enclave made speculative execution permitted modify cache based data read processor allowed block speculation detects protectedenclave memory involved reading permitted.however ... sensitive data level cache speculative execution use processor determines theres permission use it.foreshadow attacks stealthy leave traces attack event afterwards computers logs.on august researchers presented technical details foreshadow security vulnerabilities seminar publication usenix security conference.impact foreshadow similar spectre security vulnerabilities discovered earlier affect intel amd chips meltdown vulnerability affected intel. |
Foreshadow | amd products according amd affected foreshadow security flaws.according one expert foreshadow lets malicious software break secure areas even spectre meltdown flaws couldnt crack.nonetheless one variants foreshadow goes beyond intel chips sgx technology affects intel core processors built last seven years.intel notes foreshadow flaws could produce followingmalicious applications may able infer data operating system memory data applications.a malicious guest virtual machine vm may infer data vms memory data memory guest vms.malicious software running outside smm may infer data smm memory.malicious software running outside intel sgx enclave within enclave may infer data within another intel sgx enclave.according one discoverers computer flaws ... sgx security hole lead complete collapse sgx ecosystem.a partial listing affected intel hardware posted described below.note detailed updated listing affected products official intel website.intel core iiim processor nm nmndrdththththth generation intel core processorsintel core xseries processor family intel x x platformsintel xeon processor seriesintel xeon processor e vvvvvv familyintel xeon processor e vvvv familyintel xeon processor e vvvv familyintel xeon processor scalable familyintel xeon processor foreshadow may difficult exploit seems evidence date august serious hacking involving foreshadow vulnerabilities.mitigation applying software patches may help alleviate concerns although balance security performance may worthy consideration. |
Counter-IED efforts | companies performing cloud computing may see significant decrease overall computing power individuals however may likely see performance impact according researchers.the real fix according intel replacing todays processors.intel states changes begin nextgeneration intel xeon scalable processors codenamed cascade lake well new client processors expected launch later year .see also bluekeep security vulnerabilityhardware security bugmicroarchitectural data samplingtlbleed similar security vulnerabilitytransient execution cpu vulnerabilities references reading foreshadow – technical details usenix fsa external links official website foreshadow – technical video fsa youtubeforeshadow – overview video fsa youtubeforeshadow – overview video red hat youtubeforeshadow – overview video red hat youtubeinvolves comprehensive approach countering threat networks employ improvised explosive devices ieds defeating devices training others.counteried cied usually part broader counterterrorism counterinsurgency law enforcement effort.ieds subset number forms asymmetric warfare used insurgents terrorists cied activities principally adversaries ieds.cied treats ied systemic problem aims defeat ied threat networks themselves.this ied threat network requires multiple actions resources order stage ied event.ied threat network may either hierarchical nonhierarchical contain nodes personnel resources actions linked. |
Counter-IED efforts | importance nodes linkages vary.identifying critical vulnerabilities within ied threat network important cied activity.some ied threat networks may part large international terrorist organizations may state sponsored.may work completely independently others may extend theater village level.span possibilities increases complexity military law enforcement operations requires comprehensive approach cied potentially involving close cooperation coordination diplomatic military economic informational levers power.the complexity ied threat network increased since mobile phones internet provide lowcost easily accessible medium information sharing swift promulgation tactical ideas practices thereby facilitating efficient operation diverse systems.ied network members also ability operate parttime blend back civilian population actions completed. |
Counter-IED efforts | systems extremely resilient invariably hard target therefore survivable.also adversary targets range specific host nation security force bases recruiting events indiscriminate concentrations people public places.however ieds found within land environment targets may include maritime choke points ships alongside well aircraft flight ground.the first organization tackle ieds large scale joint ied defeat organization jieddo u.s. department defense february .nato later adopted jieddos tactics techniques procedures.the cied approach used nato involves mutually supporting complementary pillars activity attack network defeat device prepare force.underpinned understanding intelligence. |
Counter-IED efforts | counteried efforts also broken key operational activities predict prevent detect neutralize mitigate exploit.countering threat networks ctn growing danger international community consists highly complex adversary networks international span employ criminal financing well terror attacks destructive capabilities.effectively countering dynamic violent illicit networks requires creation international multifunctional framework share information networks well collaborative multinational countermeasures.attack network atn principal pillar requiring joint interagency multinational approach.attack network operations defined actions kinetic nonkinetic used disrupt destroy reduce enemys capacity mount terror operations specifically groups use ieds. |
Counter-IED efforts | consists largely offensive proactive activities driven intelligence may go beyond theater operations designed disrupt networks adversarys ied threat network.counternetwork operations usually focus leadership targeting organization follows logic catching right hornet whole colony dies.often overlooked approach however worker bee killed nest aggravated much bigger problem created.concept provides convenient metaphor discuss possible targeting methodology seldom resembles facts human networks directly analogous hornets nest.words every situation resolved single kill capture “queen”.activity focused critical vulnerabilities ied threat network example denying supply components finance leaders specialists recruits adversary exploitation isolating adversary local population. |
Counter-IED efforts | atnctn seeks shape influence ied networks disrupt operations undermine financiers supply chains.exploitation vital component attack networks activity.information gained provides picture adversary capabilities intentions perpetrator relationships technical construction device.enables prediction forthcoming ied activity informs targeting process enables follow activities disrupt ied threat network.intelligence gained exploitation also feeds cied pillars.operating framework executing intelligence cycle execute intelligence cycle model required able treat enemy adversary system. |
Counter-IED efforts | operational experience shown using model based generic core functions find fix strike exploit ensure key areas points adversary system identified enabling power influence applied.immediate effects organized affect parts system.example covertly observing ied placement without attacking placement team could lead subsequent operation identify elements ied threat network example bomb maker cache.process observing bomb maker may lead identifying supply chain ied components used large number teams adding much higher value outcome.model used describe approach called find fix finish exploit analyze feafind. |
Counter-IED efforts | systematic approach longterm investment required allow understanding system built up.enemy dispositions hostile groups must found assessed action taken them.combat physical locations important must analyzed alongside enemy why.stability operations counterinsurgency find involve examining human terrain find networks systematically uncovering them.network members seek anonymity within population. |
Counter-IED efforts | use cover without populations consent.fix.target within system found needs fixed time space.generates pattern life analysis deductions plan formed.target fixed either physical force less intrusively use collection assets intelligence surveillance reconnaissance elements.expands understanding target provide commander options finish phase. |
Counter-IED efforts | patience lead even greater operational gains.finish.instances commander may want strike target remove system.alternatively methods may useful example recruit buy element enemys network.aim finish secure intelligence required continue cycle.detention plays important part phase. |
Counter-IED efforts | although detention without risks taking captured persons prisoners war absorbs combat power.however separate adversary population protects force.detention also provides fertile source intelligence.exploit.exploit analyze important phases fea cycle generate detailed understanding system network order cue appropriate form action.exploit feeds analysis process exploitation activity may coordinated exploitation planning board structure ensure opportunities maximized. |
Counter-IED efforts | agility speed essential information management information exchange underpinned database continuity.exploit includes example tactical interrogation examination documents materiel technical exploitation recovered improvised explosive device parts.activity modelling identifying critical vulnerabilities nodal activity modelling within ied threat network useful means understanding relationships networks within.counteried efforts involve conducting specialized analysis identify vulnerabilities interdependencies cascading effects ied threat network nodal activity model.vulnerability assessments foundation riskbased implementation protective programs designed prevent deter mitigate risk ied attack. |
Counter-IED efforts | human network analysis targeting hnat hnat used interdict neutralize isolate threat networks.primarily consists advanced intelligence analytic procedures techniques social network analysis sna link pattern associative analysis.enabled tools network analysis software target development nomination processes.further network analysis conducted using models look relationships within links nodes.one component analysis subsets individual component analysis looking detail component part nodal component analysis looking relationship nodes.nodal component analysis subsets functional analysis nodal activity analysis. |
Counter-IED efforts | former identifies links nodes terms function latter seeks identify activities take place within functional node.center gravity analysis center gravity analysis provides model systemically identifying critical vulnerabilities.four steps analyzing center gravity ied threat networkdetermine critical capability absolutely essential function system performs.system might several capabilities critical every situation.identify critical capabilitys source power.identify critical requirements.identify critical requirements components vulnerable attack disruption.become targets attack requirements ied system protect. |
Counter-IED efforts | counterthreat finance financial efforts involve seizure assets antimoney laundering efforts example.means methods used underwrite costs associated ied threat network may come charitable organizations donations fundraising illicit activities like extortion money laundering may concealed within payment religious tithes local taxes foreign government support.money transfer may occurring recognized international channels alternative system like hawala brokers.irregular activity inexpensive relative costs countering it.work must done comprehensively identify physical virtual networks raising moving hiding money identify physical links break attack links illicit activity generates revenue adversaries use it.counterthreat finance usually part broader effort administer sanctions regimes combat terrorist finance combat use conflict diamonds conflict minerals finance rebellions legitimate governments disrupt dismantle financial networks somali pirate enterprise. |
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