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2020 United States federal government data breach | december cisa issued emergency directive asking federal agencies disable solarwinds software reduce risk additional intrusions even though would reduce agencies ability monitor computer networks.russian government said involved attacks.on december department commerce confirmed asked cisa fbi investigate.nsc activated presidential policy directive obamaera emergency plan convened cyber response group.u.s. cyber command threatened swift retaliation attackers pending outcome investigations.the doe helped compensate staffing shortfall cisa allocating resources help federal energy regulatory commission ferc recover cyberattack.fbi cisa office director national intelligence odni formed cyber unified coordination group ucg coordinate efforts.on december cisa said state local government networks addition federal ones organizations impacted attack provide details. |
2020 United States federal government data breach | congress senate armed services committees cybersecurity subcommittee briefed defense department officials.house committee homeland security house committee oversight reform announced investigation.marco rubio acting chair senate intelligence committee said u.s. must retaliate perpetrator certain.committees vicechairman mark warner criticized president trump failing acknowledge react hack.senator ron wyden called mandatory security reviews software used federal agencies.on december u.s. treasury secretary steven mnuchin told reporters completely top senate finance committee briefed microsoft dozens treasury email accounts breached attackers accessed systems treasurys departmental offices division home top treasury officials.senator wyden said briefing showed treasury still know actions taken hackers precisely information stolen.on december senator bob menendez asked state department end silence extent breach senator richard blumenthal asked veterans administration. |
2020 United States federal government data breach | judiciary administrative office united states courts initiated audit dhs u.s. judiciarys case managementelectronic case files cmecf system.stopped accepting highly sensitive court documents cmecf requiring instead accepted paper form airgapped devices.president trump president donald trump made comment hack days reported leading senator mitt romney decry silence inaction.december trump publicly addressed attacks first time downplayed hack contended media overblown severity incident said everything well control proposed without evidence china rather russia might responsible attack.trump pivoted insisting presidential election. |
2020 United States federal government data breach | speculated without evidence attack might also involved hit voting machines part longrunning campaign trump falsely assert election.trumps claim rebutted former cisa director chris krebs pointed trumps claim possible.adam schiff chair house intelligence committee described trumps statements dishonest calling comment scandalous betrayal national security sounds like could written kremlin.former homeland security advisor thomas p. bossert said president trump verge leaving behind federal government perhaps large number major industries compromised russian government noted congressional action including via national defense authorization act would required mitigate damage caused attacks.president biden presidentelect joe biden said would identify penalize attackers.bidens incoming chief staff ron klain said biden administrations response hack would extend beyond sanctions. |
2020 United States federal government data breach | december biden reported transition team still denied access briefings attack trump administration officials.in january biden named appointees two relevant white house positions elizabeth sherwoodrandall homeland security adviser anne neuberger deputy national security adviser cyber emerging technology.in march biden administration expressed growing concerns hack white house press secretary jen psaki called “an active threat”.meanwhile new york times reported us government planning economic sanctions well series clandestine actions across russian networks retaliation.on april united states expelled russian diplomats issued sanctions russian companies support cyber operations well individuals entities role hack russian interference united states elections.rest world nato said currently assessing situation view identifying mitigating potential risks networks.december united kingdom national cyber security centre said still establishing attacks impact uk.uk irish cybersecurity agencies published alerts targeting solarwinds customers.on december uk information commissioners office – national privacy authority – told uk organizations check immediately whether impacted.on december canadian centre cyber security asked solarwinds orion users canada check system compromises. |
2020 United States federal government data breach | cyber espionage cyberattack attack prompted debate whether hack treated cyber espionage cyberattack constituting act war.current former u.s. officials considered russian hack stunning distressing feat espionage cyberattack russians appear destroy manipulate data cause physical damage example electrical grid.erica borghard atlantic council columbias saltzman institute jacquelyn schneider hoover institution naval war college argued breach act espionage could responded arrests diplomacy counterintelligence yet shown cyberattack classification would legally allow u.s. respond force.law professor jack goldsmith wrote hack damaging act cyberespionage violate international law norms wrote practices u.s. government traditionally accepted legitimacy foreign governmental electronic spying u.s. government networks.law professor michael schmitt concurred citing tallinn manual.by contrast microsoft president brad smith termed hack cyberattack stating espionage usual even digital age attack specific targets trust reliability worlds critical infrastructure. |
2020 United States federal government data breach | u.s. senator richard j. durbin dil described attack tantamount declaration war.debate possible u.s. responses writing wired borghard schneider opined u.s. continue build rely strategic deterrence convince states weaponize cyber intelligence collect.also stated deterrence may effectively discourage cyberespionage attempts threat actors u.s. also focus making cyberespionage less successful methods enhanced cyberdefenses better informationsharing defending forward reducing russian chinese offensive cybercapabilities.writing dispatch goldsmith wrote failure defense deterrence strategies cyberintrusion prompt consideration mutual restraint strategy whereby united states agrees curb certain activities foreign networks exchange forbearance adversaries networks.cybersecurity author bruce schneier advocated retaliation increases offensive capabilities proposing instead adoption defensedominant strategy ratification paris call trust security cyberspace global commission stability cyberspace.in new york times paul kolbe former cia agent director intelligence project harvards belfer center science international affairs echoed schneiers call improvements u.s.s cyberdefenses international agreements.also noted us engaged similar operations countries described ambient cyberconflict.see also cyberwarfare united statescyberwarfare russiaeternalblueglobal surveillance disclosures –presentlist data breachesmoonlight mazeoffice personnel management data breachsecurity dilemmathe shadow brokers cyberattack united states microsoft exchange server data breach references external links solarwinds security advisoryfireeye research reportguidepoint security analysisrussian svr targets u.s. allied networks pdf filea worst nightmare cyberattack untold story solarwinds hack dina templeraston friday april npr text version |
Burmese pythons in Florida | however since end th century become established breeding population south florida.although burmese pythons first sighted everglades national park officially recognized reproducing population .since number python sightings exponentially increased sightings .burmese pythons prey wide variety birds mammals crocodilian species occupying everglades.pronounced declines several mammalian species coincided spatially temporally proliferation pythons south florida indicating already devastating impacts upon native animals.although low detectability pythons makes population estimates difficult researchers propose least upwards pythons likely occupy south florida population continue grow. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | importation burmese pythons banned united states january u.s. department interior.invasive impact burmese pythons state florida classified invasive species.disrupt ecosystem preying native species outcompeting native species food resources andor disrupting physical nature environment.comparable size even larger adult native snake species quickly reach sizes reduce vulnerability predation.however important note often targeted native american alligator prey invading territory. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | high reproductive potential rapid sexual development longevity burmese pythons clarify controlling population removal individuals would difficult.typical female breeds every year produces clutch twenty fifty eggs live twenty years more.additionally apex predators dietary generalists burmese pythons target wide array taxonomic groups.thus dependent upon specific prey species.flexible dietary requirements burmese pythons enable survive long periods time without food prey readily available eat regularly.consequently burmese pythons pose great threat wildlife especially midsized mammals.severe declines mammalian populations across everglades may tied proliferation pythons. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | comparisons road surveys conducted prior proliferation proliferation indicated declines frequency raccoon opossum bobcat rabbit fox mammalian species sightings.declines concordant spatial geography python spread.species well known increased numbers following human disturbance however.smaller declines observed pythons recently documented greatest mammalian abundances observed outside pythons current range.burmese pythons dominant predator reintroduced marsh rabbits sylvilagus palustris everglades national park predation pythons extirpated rabbit population less months.overall extent greatly reduced mammalian populations disrupt complex food web everglades indirectly affecting native species however unclear. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | everglades everglades region subtropical wetlands comprising lower third florida peninsula.original everglades remains protected within everglades national park enp.climate south florida location everglades surrounded metropolitan area east naples west florida bay south make particularly vulnerable infestations exotic species.miami particular hub trade exotic pets within united states.although exact origin burmese pythons everglades unknown likely many pets released owners found difficult care for. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | however majority experts concur python population grew particularly hurricane andrew.category storm destroyed python breeding facility released numerous snakes adjacent swamps.evaluation genetic structure burmese pythons sampled everglades national park determined population genetically distinct pythons sampled native range within everglades population little genetic diversity.united states geological survey began year period analysis pythons captured everglades.survey discovered existed tangled genetic tree captured snakes hybrid pythons manifesting within everglades. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | pythons analyzed genetic signatures indian rock python within dna.indian rock pythons notorious smaller faster aggressive species burmese python.suggested interbreeding allows invasive hybrid species adapt rapidly everglades ecosystem.estimating population burmese pythons everglades challenging secretive nature species limited ability conduct traditional markrecapture assessments.namely counterintuitive primary goal python removal return captured pythons wild.furthermore low detectability pythons means even markrecapture studies could conducted would require greater research effort currently possible. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | pythons spend majority day hiding whether burrows aquatic habitats one study indicated even seasoned herpetologists showed efficacy detecting pythons housed seminatural environment.consequently estimates python populations range least .spatial ecology several attempts made better understanding spatial ecology burmese pythons everglades including capture analysis radiotelemetry studies.since recognition breeding population pythons researchers made effort note capture history date location time well characteristics mass length sex reproduction condition gut contents animal better characterize pythons activity patterns spread ecology.pythons captured since including hatchling pythons gravid females adults excess ft . |
Burmese pythons in Florida | total length.gut analyses indicate captured pythons consume nearly bird mammal alligator found everglades including nationally endangered key largo woodrats neotoma floridana smalli wood storks mycteria americana.radiotelemetry includes use small surgically implanted radiotransmitters track movement patterns captured released animals extended periods time.study suggests burmese pythons navigational map compass senses.contrast previous research documented poor navigational abilities terrestrial snakes movement behavior burmese python seems nonrandom.movements twelve adult burmese pythons everglades national park tracked translocated initial locations. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | five six snakes displaced – kilometres – mi capture sites displayed oriented movement returning within kilometres mi original location.homing ability burmese python therefore additional factor must considered predictions future range python within southern us management current population within south florida.they carried raillietiella orientalis pentastome parasitic disease se asia.reptiles florida become infested parasite appears become endemic.risk assessment one contentious issues related burmese python population florida potential spread areas southern united states.potential limitation speciess habitat range climate. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | february usgs scientists published projected range map us based average climate data snakes home range global warming projections predicted end st century snakes could migrate flourish much third continental united states including three coasts.numerous climate matching models indicated florida vast portions coast rest southeastern united states provide hospitable habitats burmese pythons.original model takes account fundamental climate space python thus disregards factors could limit python spread.furthermore data set obtained localities outside burmese pythons native range.however subsequent study produced map incorporating climatic extremes averages projected burmese pythons range limited southern florida extreme south texas though projection criticized unsigned axcess news article peerreviewed.burmese pythons kept throughout winter experimental enclosure south carolina died study apparently could properly acclimate cold survived extended periods temperatures typical southern florida. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | report concluded regarding areas putative suitability potential expansion within united states find remarkably area snakes known colonized south florida essentially region climatic conditions suitable pythons.almost potential continental expansion predicted based results ecological niche models.in contrast proposal conservative niche model identifies regions suitable climate south florida extreme southern texas spotty areas across central southern americas.however use model criticized overfitting data excess variables misidentification four blood pythons burmese pythons.model corrected miscalculations showed greater projected range burmese python climate match including nearly florida much lower coastal plain southeast united states southern texas.a severe freeze southeastern united states january provided additional insight threat burmese python range extension.wake extended cold spell several investigators reported dead snakes coiled along canal banks outdoor enclosures. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | however numerous snakes survived cold spell potentially using behavioral mechanisms seeking refuge underground.behavioral traits heritable possible winter served selection event coldtolerant pythons.selected population pythons would enhanced ability spread northwards extend pythons invasive range.addition behavioral traits study showed surviving pythons showed evidence directional selection genomic regions enriched genes associated thermosensation behavior physiology...several genes linked regenerative organ growth adaptive response modulates organ size function feeding fasting pythons.if traits continue passed would enable pythons continue digestion colder periods time would useful geographic regions north.data published contradict initial usgs study claimed nonnative burmese pythons could expand far north southern third united states. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | burmese python remain everglades.furthermore reputable herpetologists commented controversial theory positing future migration past florida everglades.national geographic societys resident herpetologist dr. brady barr said climate data reveal temperatures found southern florida simply conducive longterm survival large tropical snakes.gets cold snakes die.dr. barr also said feral hogs bigger problem everglades pythons. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | press sensationalized story point people think sky falling.hopefully comprehensive research jacobson et al.put end hysteria.control several methods proposed control thriving burmese python population florida much pythons introduced range includes areas inaccessible humans.unfortunately strategies proposed thus far resulted limited success. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | example numerous people suggested using dogs detect pythons.assessment detection dogs mode python removal determined success dog search team significantly greater compared human search teams controlled plot searches.thick vegetation reduce visibility hold odors limited efficacy human dog searchers within plots.however dog search team significantly successful canal searches capable covering three times distance human searchers.despite potential dog search teams detect freeranging pythons several impracticalities prevent widespread use dog search teams including danger posed released dogs everglades limited efficacy chemoreceptive cues shallow waters everglades extensive limestone substrate would hinder movement. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | greater cost dog search team compared human searchers additional consideration.second week december program first success.the burmese python system also poses challenges trapping efforts.trapping traditional method snake capture include use device inescapable funnel drift fence directs snake movement towards trap.crucial drift fences inserted several inches ground order ensure snakes cannot bypass hard limestone foundation area would make construction adequate drift fences difficult.additionally python moves infrequently predation habits thus less likely crawl trap. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | finally immense area occupied burmese python undermines utility extensive trapping.trapping could practical smaller scale critical areas targeted.biocontrol biological control pythons also proposed several scientists likely low detectability pythons.traditionally biocontrols use virus parasite bacterium selective target species order reduce populations size.pathogen speciesspecific could harm species.given biocontrol methods present nontrivial somewhat unpredictable risk areas delicate ecosystem additional research careful deliberation necessary techniques used. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | one possible ways biocontrol reintroduction native predators.example jaguars lived florida pleistocene became locally extinct.big cats kill eat large snakes diet south america includes anacondas.beyond scientific community use bounty hunters received great deal support officials media results disappointing.python challenge monthlong event cash incentives python captures sponsored florida fish wildlife conservation commission resulted total python captures registered participants.another hunt nonetheless held resulting pythons captured participants.some participants statesponsored hunts snakeskin products made carcasses hunting animals food recommended many top level predators everglades dangerously high levels mercury bioaccumulation pythons exception. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | environmental chemist dr. david krabbenhoft u.s. geological survey tested tissue samples collection frozen python tails maintained scientists everglades national park.analysis samples yielded .ppm mercury.state florida considers fish containing .ppm mercury unsafe eat. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | however december fwc studying mercury levels order make recommendations size age location origin might safe eat.eggs edible.in july south florida water management district florida fish wildlife conservation commission announced th python removed everglades.legislation effective practical control method south floridas burmese python population yet proposed regulatory measures place prevent spread.recently florida legislators also put place provisions targeted release exotic snakes wild.specifically florida fish wildlife commission instituted regulations requiring permits boas pythons greater in. |
Burmese pythons in Florida | diameter well pit tags implanted snakes skin identification purposes.measure aims prevent introduction snake species burmese python regions beyond south florida.united states department interior placed four additional species snakes including burmese python lacey act provisions.according provisions importation burmese pythons united states illegal january .see also invasive species united stateslist invasive species evergladeslist invasive species floridalist invasive plant species floridalist invasive marine fish floridasqueeze novel references luscombe richard. |
Tropical cyclone engineering | “florida hunters capture giant snakes python bowl.” guardian guardian news media jan. external links removing pythons florida archived wayback machine florida fish wildlife conservation commissionpbs nature video invasion giant pythonstracking big snakes devouring everglades interview michael dorcasinvasive snakesburmese python python molurus eddmaps state distribution eddmapshurricane engineering relatively new emerging discipline within field civil engineering.integration many recognized branches engineering structural engineering wind engineering coastal engineering forensic engineering recognized sciences planning functions climatology oceanography architecture emergency management preparedness hazard mitigation hazard vulnerability analysis.hurricane engineering aims minimize risks human safety natural built environment business processes.as result tremendous threats life safety economic disruptions caused hurricane seasons governmental organizations united states national science foundation recognized need better understand hurricane threats establish discipline.september national science board released recommendations united states congress calling major new investments hurricane science engineering.accredited university engineering programs louisiana state university civil engineering department university notre dame department civil engineering geological sciences establishing programs better understand catastrophic storms interaction environment.lsu hurricane center begun offer hurricane engineering courses focus educating students unique threats caused hurricanes.in northwest pacific term strong tropical cyclones typhoon concept typhoon engineering similar hurricane engineering proposed.the past two decades witnessed exponential growth damage due hurricanes situation continues deteriorate. |
Tactics of terrorism | vulnerable areas coastal counties along gulf atlantic seaboards experiencing greater population growth development anyplace else country.trend rapidly increasing losses caused hurricanes reversed whole new philosophy understanding planning preparedness required.hurricane engineering curriculum result multidisciplinary project aimed giving engineering students comprehensive understanding hazards associated hurricanes extreme windswindborne debrisstorm surgesriver floodingraininduced landslides references levitan m. l. hurricane engineering new curriculum planet risk proceedings structures congress american society civil engineers structural engineering institute isbn pacheco b. m. aquino r. e. r. dmaps looking forward call typhoon engineers proceedings pice national convention philippine institute civil engineers external links nsf hurricane engineering science recommendationsamerican society civil engineers papers articles hurricane analysis response mitigationlsu hurricane engineering curriculum developmentimportant actual attacks cultivation target population fear attacks threat violence becomes effective actual violence.while advancements technology modernization globalization helped many states prosper course history also opened terrorist groups new tactics weaponry.different tactics terrorist groups utilize simple extremely complex.terrorist tactics tend favor attacks avoid effective countermeasures exploit vulnerabilities.terrorist groups potential utilize many different types terrorism tactics depending circumstances perceived likelihood success.tactics conventional widely used operations many terrorist groups. |
Tactics of terrorism | tactics include shootings hijackings kidnappings bombings suicide attacks.tactics seen unconventional used instances all.however unconventional tactics perceived government officials experts alike serious potential threats.types unconventional terrorism tactics commonly recognized terrorism experts bioterrorism agroterrorism nuclear terrorism cyberterrorism.bombings consequence globalisation relative ease access chemicals used make explosives made improvised explosive devices ieds increasingly prominent. |
Tactics of terrorism | dual effect increasing available firepower terrorists generally far weaker targets well assuring publicity necessary attract sympathisers cause.these may implanted automobiles make car bomb planted roadside detonate near target vehicles even strapped bodies individuals suicide attacks.tactical perspective methods positives drawback instance car bombs act delivery mechanisms carry relatively large amount explosives weights pounds kg suicide vest much smaller payload may allow wearer access spaces individuals vehicles cannot.suicide attacks suicide terrorism aggressive form terrorism pursuing coercion even expense losing support among terrorists community.distinguishes suicide terrorist attacker expect survive mission often employs method attack requires attackers death order succeed planting car bomb wearing suicide vest ramming airplane building.essence suicide terrorist kills others time kills himself. |
Tactics of terrorism | usually tactics used demonstrative purposes targeted assassinations.cases though target kill large number people.thus coercion element terrorism coercion paramount objective suicide terrorism.the number attacks using suicide tactics grown average fewer five per year per year suicide attacks .attacks aimed diverse military civilian targets including sri lanka israel since july iraq since usled invasion country pakistan afghanistan since .between largest number suicide attacks carried separatist liberation tigers tamil eelam sri lanka.number attacks conducted ltte almost double nine major extremist organizations.in israel gaza west bank suicide bombings antiisrael strategy perpetrated generally islamist occasionally secular palestinian groups including pflp.india also victim suicide attacks groups based pakistan recent example taking place february . |
Tactics of terrorism | attack pakistan based jaishemohammed group indian security forces pulwama district jammu kashmir india resulted loss security personnel crpf.eventually resulted india–pakistan border skirmishes .rocket mortar attacks use rocket mortar attacks widely used – example middle east rocket attacks cities settlements carried political entities hizballa hamas counted state terrorism non political organization islamic jihad islamic jihad movement palestine alqaeda many others.rocketpropelled grenades especially rpg hand grenades widespread use terrorist groups.the number attacks using explosive projectiles grown seen palestinian rocket attacks israel according reports somewhere people million half direct danger mortar missile range.research published people treated need treatment ptsd people treated psychometric facilities due reasons directly mortar qassam rocket attacks grad.vehiclebased attacks number vehiclebased attacks terrorists used earthmovers motor vehicles run pedestrians attack vehicles. |
Tactics of terrorism | examples attacks include jerusalem bulldozer attack omeed aziz popal suv rampage.compared suicidebomb attacks using vehicles weapons easier plan carry without detection.tactic require acquiring explosives.weapon standard streetlegal vehicle readily available target country used without raising suspicion.according report stratfor global intelligence using vehicle terrorist tactic nearly effective yet destructive suicide bombing.in two deadly terrorist vehiclebased attacks occurred europe july attack nice france killed december attack berlin germany killed .followed five similar attacks one jerusalem january killed four one london march killed three one stockholm april killed five second attack london june killed three two barcelona cambrils august killed fourteen people. |
Tactics of terrorism | year another similar attack occurred us specifically new york city october killing eight.terrorist attacks similar m.o.occurred intermittently western countries since though produced fatalities.aircraft attacks hijackings failed airliner attack shoulderlaunched surfacetoair missiles fired airliner taking off.aircraft hijacking also employed terrorist tactic.september alqaeda terrorists hijacked american airlines flight united airlines flight american airlines flight united airlines flight crashed twin towers world trade center southwestern side pentagon building stonycreek township near shanksville pennsylvania terrorist attack killing victims american citizens. |
Tactics of terrorism | chemical biological weapons bioterrorism deliberate release viruses bacteria germs agents used cause illness death people animals plants.biological agents typically found nature possible changed increase ability cause disease make resistant current medicines increase ability spread environment.biological agents hands terrorists pose serious threats states’ security easily spread air water food.biological agents also difficult detect often cause illness several hours several days.prominent example bioterrorist attack united states september anthrax attacks. |
Tactics of terrorism | september several letters containing anthrax sent media outlets u.s. congressional offices senator thomas daschle senator patrick leahy.five americans died anthrax inhalation result contact contaminated mail.anthrax attacks relatively smallscale united states government taken several steps since pass legislation initiatives aimed better protecting united states biological attacks improving united states’ public health system improving united states ability respond biological attacks.the use chemical weapons includes aum shinrikyo japanese new religious movement carried sarin gas attack tokyo subway.ian davison british white supremacist neonazi arrested planning terrorist attacks involving ricin poison.united states government discovered information terrorist groups attempting obtain large amounts castor beans weaponized ricin use. |
Tactics of terrorism | agroterrorism subset bioterrorism agroterrorism refers deliberate introduction animal plant disease purposes generating fear causing economic losses undermining social stability.ultimate goal agroterrorism killing livestock plants contaminating food cause economic crises agricultural food industries social unrest loss confidence government.many experts believe united states’ agricultural sector food supply among vulnerable least protected potential targets attack believe terrorists taken note this.american allied forces overran alqaedas refuges caves eastern afghanistan found u.s. agricultural documents alqaeda training manuals targeting agriculture among thousands documents.analysts identified number characteristics united states’ agricultural system make vulnerable agroterrorism.given agriculture generally demands large expanses land farms geographically dispersed environments difficult secure. |
Tactics of terrorism | also livestock usually concentrated confined locations allows diseases infect animals quickly.although many experts believe united states susceptible agroterrorism never suffered large scale agroterrorism related attack.many political scientists identified salmonella attack dalles oregon smallscale example agroterrorism attack united states.religious cult intentionally contaminated ten restaurant salad bars salmonella attempt influence local election sickening people.even though united states experienced largescale agroterrorism attack date similar antibioterrorism initiatives united states government passed several pieces legislation started initiatives past decades better secure agricultural system prepare potential attacks. |
Tactics of terrorism | nuclear weapons concerns also raised regarding attacks involving nuclear weapons.considered plausible terrorists could acquire nuclear weapon.british news agency telegraph received leaked documents regarding guantanamo bay interrogations khalid sheikh mohammed.documents cited khalid saying osama bin laden captured killed coalition willing alqaeda sleeper cell detonate weapon mass destruction secret location europe promised would nuclear hellstorm.while terrorist group ever successfully acquired used nuclear weapon many political scientists prominent government officials consider nuclear terrorism one single greatest threats global security.strong evidence terrorist groups like alqaeda actively seeking acquire nuclear weapons plutonium highly enriched uranium heu needed produce them. |
Tactics of terrorism | another serious concern weaknesses many states’ nuclear security apparatuses left susceptible theft loss heu plutonium.according international atomic energy agencys iaea illicit trafficking database itdb incidents theft loss heu plutonium reported itdbs participating states.given serious concerns united states allies international organizations like united nations established several international agreements initiatives ensure states’ nuclear security standards adequate effective secure vulnerable unprotected nuclear stockpiles around world next years.cyberterrorism developing age information technology many political scientists prominent government officials become increasingly concerned ability terrorist groups execute cyber attacks states’ vulnerabilities attacks.cyberterrorism could potentially become increasingly desirable tactic terrorist groups given executed thousands miles away target difficult trace back perpetrator. |
Tactics of terrorism | october speech united states secretary defense leon panetta described seriousness cyber attack united states “a cyber attack perpetrated nation states violent extremists groups could destructive terrorist attack .destructive cyber terrorist attack could paralyze nation.” term “cyberterrorism” first coined barry collin senior research fellow institute security intelligence california s. center strategic international studies defines cyberterrorism “the use computer network tools shut critical national infrastructures energy transportation government operations coerce intimidate government civilian population.” many experts believe new vulnerabilities created nations critical infrastructures become dependent computer networks operation.while concern growing cyberterrorism attacks still largely remain hypothetical especially united states.report center strategic international studies james lewis writes far cyberterrorism meant little propaganda intelligence collection critical infrastructures ever shut cyber terrorist attacks.lewis also describes terrorist groups like alqaeda made significant use internet tool intragroup relations fundraising public relations.alqaeda training manual entitled “military studies jihad tyrants” explicates explosives preferred weapon terrorists “explosives strike enemy sheer terror fright.” explosions dramatic strike fear hearts opponents lasting damage cyber attacks like types terrorism tactics simply dramatic political effect terrorists seek. |
Tactics of terrorism | political scientists like lewis argue terrorist organizations like alqaeda might use cyber attacks disrupt emergency services order reinforce multiply effect physical attack.conventional firearms despite popular image terrorism bombings alone large number casualties higher media impact associated bombings conventional firearms much pervasive use.example second part norway attacks people killed anders behring breivik man armed two guns.mumbai terrorist attacks done partly guns partly bombs.also one transportation security administration officer killed others injured man assault rifle los angeles international airport shooting.in omar mateen killed people firearms orlando nightclub shooting.in european council recognized need ensure terrorist organisations groups starved components trade including “the need ensure greater security firearms explosives bombmaking equipment technologies contribute perpetration terrorist outrages. |
Tactics of terrorism | stabbing stabbing attacks inexpensive easy carry difficult security services prevent.secondary attacks terrorist groups may arrange secondary devices detonate slightly later time order kill emergencyresponse personnel attempting attend dead wounded.repeated suspected use secondary devices also delay emergency response concern devices may exist.examples include failed device meant release cyanidegas february world trade center bombing second car bomb detonated minutes december ben yehuda street bombing hamas jerusalem.training training camps terrorists. |
Tactics of terrorism | range training depends greatly level support terrorist organization receives various organizations states.nearly every case training incorporates philosophy agenda groups leadership justification training well potential acts terrorism may committed.state sanctioned training far extensive thorough often employing professional soldiers covert operatives supporting state.cover terrorism occurs context open warfare insurgency perpetrators may shelter behind section local population.examples include intifada israelioccupied territory insurgency iraq. |
Tactics of terrorism | population may ethnically distinct counterterrorist forces either sympathetic cause indifferent acts duress.funding funding raised legal illegal ways.common ways raise funds front groups charitable organizations ngos similar ideologies.absence state funding terrorists may rely organized crime fund activities.included kidnapping drug trafficking robbery.terrorist financing generated use underground smuggling tunnels probability specific smuggling tunnel terrorist criminal social network use smuggling tunnel launch kidnapping operation terrorist attack addressed literature. |
Tactics of terrorism | communications even though older communication methods like radio still used revolution communication technology past – years dramatically changed terrorist organizations communicate.emails fax transmissions websites cell phones satellite telephones made possible organizations contemplate global strategy.however great reliance new technology leaves organizations vulnerable sophisticated monitoring communication triangulation source.osama bin laden found satellite phone conversations intercepted ceased using method communicate.fear primary weapon terrorism fear destruction killing end tool create fear terror minds enemy. |
Mobile asset management | asymmetric situation enemy cannot defeated militarily may defeated psychologically may come fear attack consequences much may become willing forgo superior military position order free cause fear.if terrorist group carry enough credible attacks coded warnings planted electronic chatter designed intercepted cause much disruption genuine attack bomb.long supposed attacks plausible supported occasional genuine attack authorities forced expend resources combat nonexistent devices dummy bombs plain fictions disrupting lives citizens feeding publics fear.references external links media related terrorism tactics wikimedia commonsclasses ofreturnable reusable containers used transport raw materials workinprogress finished goods supply chain.precious tools apparatuses used technical services required proper performing services fully valid certificationany objects value justifies additional tagging purpose managing object availabilityany objects certification terminates certain time justifies controlled return next inspectionpersons special threat site operation.rental companies increasingly turning asset tracking larger pieces equipment order manage theft misuse assets assist management preventive maintenance tracking mobile assets business justification invest asset tracking capability usually risk loss.loss asset directly loss ability render service customers enabled asset.example business may critical tools loss one tools would significantly degrade ability perform necessary work.thus assets tracked may specific quantifiable capital value b general aggregate operational value.examples assets include beer kegsintermediate bulk containers ibcs used food chemical industriesracks glass automotive partsunit load devices ulds used airline industry.linereplaceable unit lrus infield operational installationsrolling cagescollapsible aluminum containers raw materialsportable surgical instrumentsmedical devices hospitals subject repetitive certification.nonasset mobile tracking applications persons may tracked within controlled geographical area e.g.hospital patients visitors secure facility workers power plants chemical plants tunnel construction sites. |
Mobile asset management | people actively tracked locate reliably quickly unfortunate case disaster.persontracking highly specialized application requires specialpurpose technology workable within specific controlled environment.tracking individual person open uncontrolled environment without special instrumentation realistically possible.concerns usage tracking mobile assets assets often hands third party entities suppliers customers logistics providers carriers sight control owning entity.usually represent significant capital expenditure companies management maintenance resourceintensive.on average businesses spend annual revenue logistics assets almost onefifth respondents spend . |
Mobile asset management | annual costs include replacement lost damaged special containers typically containers surplus circulation nobody knows where.outsourcing mobile asset management mobile asset management providers manage asset operation within supply chain directing activities client’s third party logistics company needed ensure proper services performed asset handling cleaning maintenance repair.providers also study business processes within supply chain help optimize process.methods tracking different methods exist track manage mobile assets.today companies use laborintensive manual processes track assets manufacturers distributors result higher supply chain costs processes less reliable due natural human error. |
Mobile asset management | specific identification container’s origin destination virtually impossible method.components mobile asset management mobile asset management solutions include one partsserver unitdatabase unitwireless tags unitsillumination bases wireless communications gsmlocating receivers gps asset tracking technology sophisticated mobile asset management companies use advanced means tracking assets available today radiofrequency identification.rfid automatically captures data individual container indicate container contents without ever open container.technology also combined software applications collect maintain track analyze data provide customized reporting location status audit maintenance history asset.example wayne memorial hospital saved tracking infusion pumps rfid technology piggyback wifi system already place. |
Mobile asset management | system known active rfid uses tags batteries constantly beacon.popular form asset tracking using rfid passive rfid using iso standard c. financial services technology consortium created standard tracking assets bank locations see company performed work fstc member banks odin specialty rfid asset tracking software.flexible pricing options management providers typically offer flexible financing options including payperuse subscription leasing models.financing option provides predictable monthly assetrelated expense.benefits mobile asset management major benefits mobile asset management includeimprove visibility assets supply chainmeet compliance mandates customersimprove asset tracking inventory control across multiple facilitiesreduce loss damage goods transitstreamline business processes assetsreduced labor cost human error automatic asset tracking technologyreductions theft improvements rental utilization see also track trace notes |
International Computing Centre | created interorganization facility provide electronic data processing services users.initially unicc functioned service bureau providing mainframe services limited number users.years unicc broadened range services include internet hosting managed storage services.unicc years experience providing information communications technology ict services united nations programmes funds entities.mission provide ict services united nations family maximise sharing infrastructure systems skills generate economies scale benefit clients partner organizations including united nations related notforprofit entities.unicc staff unicc headquarters geneva switzerland offices new york city u.s. brindisi rome italy valencia spain hanoi vietnam.unicc mission unicc core shared service provider united nations system providing agile costeffective unaudit compliant high value digital business solutions.unicc looking competent experienced highly motivated individuals desire work international civil servants prepared evolve challenging rewarding environment. |
Sinking cities | unicc offices geneva switzerlandvalencia spainrome italy brindisi italy new york city u.s. unicc services client services unicc offers client services areas consulting strategic advisory services subject matter expertise.unicc consultingit advisory firmslearningdigital business communicationsproject managementapplication developmentmonitoringrobotic process automationelectronic signature servicessecure authn servicessoftware services cloud unicc offers clients hosting delivery software applications.amazon web services managementmicrosoft managementmicrosoft azure managementcloud web hostingmicrosoft dynamics servicenow supportinformation security uniccs information security services cover cyber security oversight governance well whole spectrum operational components.governance ciso supportthreat intelligence networksecurity operations centresecurity information event managementphishing vulnerability managementpenetration testingincident response forensicsinformation security awarenessinfrastructure network supportpki digital identityplatform services unicc offers computing platforms allow administrators developers create run customise application suites including softwareasaservice components.enterprise resource planningenterprise web applications hosting traffic analysisenterprise sharepointbusiness intelligence platform supportanalytics data management unicc offers data analytics services across entire business digital spectrum.consulting supportdata analytics – visualisationadvanced analyticsdata managementdatabase servicesinfrastructure services unicc provides computing infrastructure resources easily manage networking data centres infrastructure elements business needs application stack.business continuity disaster recovery planningservers enterprise server supportstorage demand managemententerprise backupdata centre consolidationnetwork servicesinternet connectivityoneictbox unicc awards information security cso award common secure information security services innovation itu innovation challenge winner unicc microsofts un digital academy un digital identity un digital id project un digital solutions centre operations unicc winner reimagine un together challenge information security cso award common secure information security services references external links unicc official websiteunicc linkedin page linkedininternational computing centre unicc youtube channels channel youtubeunicc twitter profile twitterlargest contributors cities becoming unlivable combined effects climate change manifested sea level rise intensifying storms storm surge land subsidence accelerated urbanization.many worlds largest rapidly growing cities located along rivers coasts exposing natural disasters.countries continue invest people assets infrastructure cities loss potential areas also increases.sinking cities must overcome substantial barriers properly prepare todays dynamic environmental climate.background history development fundamental conditions gave rise ancient cities like mesopotamia long debated scholars. |
Sinking cities | number theories presented date insufficient evidence support single root cause led formation cities.agriculture increased economic productivity superior social organization often cited key contributing factors gave rise ancient cities although likely factors play.today similar forces continue drivers behind urbanization global population.the vast majority sinking cities located coastal lowlands.areas particularly vulnerable climate related hazards since ancient times also preferred areas human settlement.soil fertility availability fresh water rivers accessibility due flat topographical relief sea waterways allowing trade routes long made coastal plains valuable agricultural economic resources. |
Sinking cities | throughout history areas continued develop today densely populated regions world.causes growing physical risks many coastal cities stem combination factors relating rapid urbanization climate change land subsidence.many natural hazards largely anthropogenic origin.many cases fundamental aspects lead sinking cities become tightly interwoven time increasingly difficult resolve.urbanization first time human history majority people live urban areas. |
Sinking cities | united nations estimates approximately worlds population living urban areas .urbanization vast implications including urban planning geography sociology architecture economics public health region.rate urbanization occurs also important.slower rates urbanization allow city planners time make thoughtful planning decisions.cities reach maturity take decades local governments develop fund execute major infrastructure projects alleviate issues brought rapid urbanization.in particular regions asia currently experiencing unprecedented urban growth. |
Sinking cities | currently asian urban population increasing per day expected nearly double .billion .billion .troubling fact much growth taking place along coasts.china population growth urban coastal locations three times national growth rate. |
Sinking cities | rapid increases population growth challenge carrying capacity urban environments often leading mismanagement natural resources.sinking cities common result overextraction groundwater ultimately resulting land subsidence.climate change lowlying cities especially prone devastating effects climate change.risks posed climate change continue grow next century even dramatic reduction greenhouse gas emissions achieved due builtin momentum previous emissions.moreover recent reports united nations shown climate change may accelerating rather slowing down. |
Sinking cities | emissions gap report confirmed ghg emissions continue rise despite highly publicized political commitments.report goes emphasize countries must increase intended nationally determined contributions threefold remain °c goal fivefold achieve .°c goal.coastal cities bear largest impacts climate change due proximity sea.storm surges high tides could combine sea level rise land subsidence increase flooding many regions.oftentimes even recently completed infrastructure projects properly accounted rapidly changing climate. |
Sinking cities | asias coastal megacities particularly risk certain cities flood protection measures cited inadequate even year flood events.sea level rise although reports vary widely predicting height sea level rise future ipcc estimates predict meter rise next century.reports consider ipcc estimates far low suggest levels closer .meters .nevertheless sea level rise unavoidable reality. |
Sinking cities | sea levels continue rise coastal cities face challenges properly modeling preparing increased storm surges brought tropical storms.intensifying storms risks due sea level rise compounded intensifying storms.oceans continue warm tropical cyclone rainfall rates cyclone intensities likely increase.studies conducted noaa also suggest °c increase global temperatures lead greater proportion tropical storms reach category category levels.hurricane sandy category storm inflicted nearly billion usd damages. |
Sinking cities | additionally climate change may cause change paths tropical cyclones bringing storms places previously contend major hurricanes.vulnerable areas likely unaware illprepared ever intensifying storms.land subsidence subsidence sudden sinking gradual downward settling grounds surface little horizontal motion.land subsidence direct indirect repercussions cities.direct impacts often form structural damage major infrastructure systems including water management networks buildings highways. |
Sinking cities | land subsidence also adds growing risk coastal flooding oftentimes net rate subsidence exceeds sea level rise.bangkok gulf thailand rising .cm per year city sinking far faster rate cm per year.downward settlement significantly increases flood vulnerability ultimately lead major economic damages loss lives.causes throughout twentyfirst century cities continued grow fresh water became ever precious resource. |
Sinking cities | due dense populations along river deltas industrial development relaxed environmental protections river waters often became polluted.become ever common phenomena coastal megacities particularly asia.many cities unable afford costly water treatment systems forced rely heavily groundwater.groundwater extracted aquifers subsurface rapidly able recharge voids created beneath earth.ground loaded often increased development soil compresses land begins subside. |
Sinking cities | depending geology region subsidence may occur rapidly many coastal plains slowly large bedrock exists region.examples venice often referenced example city suffering subsidence however relatively minor case mostly historical origins.serious asian metropolises concentrations millions people living even mean sea level.cities tokyo developed sophisticated techniques measuring monitoring combating land subsidence.many large cities hanoi haiphong rangoon manila etc. |
Sinking cities | particularly developing nations record subsidence far control.many cities possess resources necessary conduct complex often expensive geological geotechnical hydrogeological studies required accurately measure model future land subsidence.mexico city example sinking city neither coastal lowlying.city originally constructed aztecs large aquifer s. subsidence originally caused loading large aztec spanish structures.city grew rapidly nineteenth century demand water.wells drilled aquifer beneath mexico city. |
Sinking cities | although early cultures drew water lakes aquifers merely people compared citys current population million.today historic densely populated city rapidly sinking varying rates – cmyear.city also currently plagued water shortage issues emphasizing common positive feedback loop exists within sinking cities.impacts economic cities continue grow fueled global urbanization countries continue invest additional resources accommodate growing populations.every day sinking cities becoming increasingly vulnerable natural disasters many critical components national economies global economy. |
Sinking cities | natural catastrophes cause average economic losses us– billion annually single largescale disaster easily surpass proven hurricanes sandy maria.numerous sinking cities throughout world becoming ever exposed natural disasters many financial means prepare impending storms.in july august floods high tide often near subway level mumbai clearly indicative impending climate dangers.one study put cost mumbai meter sea level rise us billion.ho chi minh city currently accounts vietnams gdp become especially vulnerable due rising sea levels land subsidence continued urbanization.bangkok also highly exposed river flooding major storm could potentially massive impacts national economy. |
Sinking cities | confirmed chao phraya river flooded losses amounted around thailands gdp.although many us cities less exposed better equipped handle impacts climate change cases us cities especially susceptible terms economic risk.study conducted zillow real estate firm found combined billion worth real estate would underwater sea level rise six feet.furthermore estimate accounts sea level rise doesnt consider possibility major storms land subsidence.new york city alone accounts approximately united states gdp experienced costly storms within past decade.megaprojects like big u nyc proposed help protect future super storms longterm sea level rise. |
Sinking cities | however major questions raised regarding projects effectiveness social responsibility.social ethical asian urbanization accompanied significant increase number urban poor migrants continue move cities hopes economic prosperity.one report oecd examined vulnerability major port cities climate change found approximately half total population threatened coastal flooding would reside ten megacities one located asia.another report analyzed largest metropolitan areas home .billion people cover approximately us billion global gdp. |
Sinking cities | study found flood risk threatens people natural catastrophe.the urban poor bear disproportionate burden climate change risk likely settle areas prone flooding.also seen many us cities low income housing typically situated flood zones.hurricane katrina new orleans disproportionately impacted low income minority communities wealthiest communities situated sea level thus protected major storms.highly impacted areas orleans parish th ward predominately contain minority communities therefore impacts unevenly dispersed.in countries environmental refugees become particularly difficult problem governments.bangladesh rising sea levels resulting floods caused many people flee cities india. |
Sinking cities | coming decades impending storms begin damage large sinking cities environmental refugees likely become global phenomena.political sinking cities even led nations make drastic political changes.jakarta capital indonesia home million people one fastest sinking cities world.almost half city sits sea level researchers believe subsidence issues continue go unchecked parts city entirely submerged .jakartas environmental issues become dire indonesian government proposed capital moved jakarta yettobebuilt city kalimantan. |
Sinking cities | move hopes ease inequality growing population issues jakarta relocating large portion population new capital.controversial move unprecedented likely one first capital relocations driven environmental forces.policy development many cases urban officials unable manage challenges associated sinking cities.although every city specific issues following common general barriers urban adaptationurban officials lack awareness regarding magnitude vulnerability coastal flooding riskthe need cope immediate problems housing transportation povertyfinancial constraints limit infrastructure upgradesgovernance issues mitigation first step mitigating risks associated sinking cities raising awareness among citizens city officials.vulnerabilities sinking cities unable controlled engineering projects like climate change essential urban officials aware risks vulnerabilities posed region. |
Sinking cities | starts conducting local regional assessments analyze citylevel flood risks culminates creating long term resiliency plan cities.stage climate change longer mitigated.international goals hope reduce impact throughout twentyfirst century however cities must design climate adaptability mind.land subsidence components sinking cities within control urban officials successfully mitigated.first step toward successful subsidence mitigation strategy measuring understanding root causes. |
Sinking cities | many different techniques used today including optical leveling gps surveys lidar insar satellite imagery.ideally combination techniques used conduct initial studies.many cities successfully implemented policies reduce subsidence.tokyo groundwater regulations implemented early ten years later subsidence came halt.shanghai another example city successfully implemented subsidence mitigation strategy. |
Sinking cities | shanghai implemented active recharge technique actively pumps equal amount water back subsurface water extracted.assuming pumping rates balance recharge rates proven successful strategy.adaptation many sinking cities adaptation realistic strategy many feedback loops associated urbanization strong overcome.sinking cities largest challenge associated adaptation often becomes cost.cost adaptation climate change required developing countries mostly asia estimated world bank us– billion per annum. |
Sinking cities | however united nations adaptation fund remains pitifully underresourced us million.many countries foreign assistance necessary fund large adaptation projects.a major component adapting climate change installation flood protections warning systemsevacuation planning land use spatial planning.construction large seawalls dikes diversion channels underway many cities solutions often limit damage must combined warning systems evacuation plans.warning systems evacuation plans likely response coping largescale disasters avoid significant loss life.however seen hurricane katrina evacuation easily executed residents often unwilling abandon unprotected property.as previously discussed flood risk remains largest natural risk sinking cities throughout world. |
World Health Day | need regulate land use reduce exposure flood risk highest priority many governments.netherlands implemented countrywide program coined room river programme aims give river room able manage higher water levels throughout country.allowing buffer space rivers flood naturally sinking cities reduce risk floods impact established built environment.largest potential sinking cities see also list lost lands referencesassembly decided celebrate april year effect world health day.world health day held mark whos founding seen opportunity organization draw worldwide attention subject major importance global health year.organizes international regional local events day related particular theme.world health day acknowledged various governments nongovernmental organizations interests public health issues also organize activities highlight support media reports global health council.world health day one official global health campaigns marked along world tuberculosis day world immunization week world malaria day world tobacco day world aids day world blood donor day world chagas disease day world patient safety day world antimicrobial awareness week world hepatitis day.list world health days themes themes world health days working together health world health day devoted health workforce crisis chronic shortages health workers around world due decades underinvestment education training salaries working environment management. |
World Health Day | day also meant celebrate individual health workers – people provide health care need words heart health systems.the day also marked launch whos world health report focused theme.report contained assessment current crisis global health workforce revealing estimated shortage almost .million physicians midwives nurses health care providers worldwide proposed series actions countries international community tackle it.the world health protecting health adverse effects climate change world health day focused need protect health adverse effects climate change establish links climate change health development areas environment food energy transport.the theme protecting health climate change put health centre global dialogue climate change.selected theme recognition climate change posing ever growing threats global public health security.save lives. |
World Health Day | make hospitals safe emergencies world health day focused safety health facilities readiness health workers treat affected emergencies.health centres staff critical lifelines vulnerable people disasters – treating injuries preventing illnesses caring peoples health needs.often already fragile health systems unable keep functioning disaster immediate future public health consequences.for years world health day campaign international partners underscored importance investing health infrastructure withstand hazards serve people immediate need urged health facilities implement systems respond internal emergencies fires ensure continuity care.urbanization health campaign cities lives events organized worldwide week starting april .global goals campaign cities open public spaces health whether activities parks town hall meetings cleanup campaigns closing portions streets motorized vehicles. |
World Health Day | lives collect stories urban health champions taken action significant impact health cities.antimicrobial resistance theme world health day marked april antimicrobial resistance global spread focused need governments stakeholders implement policies practices needed prevent counter emergence highly resistant microorganisms.when infections caused resistant microorganisms fail respond standard treatments including antibiotics antimicrobial medicines – also known drug resistance – may result prolonged illness greater risk death.on world health day called intensified global commitment safeguard antimicrobial medicines future generations.organization introduced sixpoint policy package combat spread antimicrobial resistancecommit comprehensive financed national plan accountability civil society engagement.strengthen surveillance laboratory capacity.ensure uninterrupted access essential medicines assured quality.regulate promote rational use medicines including animal husbandry ensure proper patient care reduce use antimicrobials foodproducing animals.enhance infection prevention control.foster innovations research development new tools.ageing health world health day marked slogan good health adds life years.life expectancy going countries meaning people live longer enter age may need health care. |
World Health Day | meanwhile birth rates generally falling.countries health care systems need find innovative sustainable ways cope demographic shift.stated john beard director department ageing life course rapid ageing populations finding right model longterm care becomes urgent.different activities organized well nongovernmental community organizations around world mark world health day .healthy blood pressure theme world health day marked april need control raised blood pressure hypertension silent killer global public health crisis.slogan campaign healthy heart beat healthy blood pressure”. |
World Health Day | reports hypertension – preventable treatable – contributes burden heart disease stroke kidney failure important cause premature death disability.organization estimates one adults raised blood pressure.specific objectives world health day campaign toraise awareness causes consequences high blood pressureprovide information prevent high blood pressure related complicationsencourage adults check blood pressure follow advice healthcare professionalsencourage self care prevent high blood pressureto make blood pressure measurement affordable allto incite national local authorities create enabling environments healthy behaviours.small bite big threat world health day put spotlight commonly known vectors – mosquitoes sandflies bugs ticks snails – responsible transmitting wide range parasites pathogens cause many different illnesses.mosquitoes example transmit malaria – deadly vectorborne disease causing estimated deaths annually worldwide – well dengue fever lymphatic filariasis chikungunya japanese encephalitis yellow fever.half worlds population risk diseases.the goal world health day campaign better protection vectorborne diseases especially families living areas diseases transmitted vectors travelers countries pose health threat. |
World Health Day | campaign advocated health authorities countries vectorborne diseases public health problem emerging threat put place measures improve surveillance protection.food safety promoted improvement food safety part world health day campaign.unsafe food — food containing harmful bacteria viruses parasites chemical substances — responsible diseases linked deaths million people annually mostly children.changes food production distribution consumption changes environment new emerging pathogens antimicrobial resistance pose challenges food safety systems.the works countries partners strengthen efforts prevent detect respond foodborne disease outbreaks line codex alimentarius advocating food safety shared responsibility — farmers manufacturers vendors consumers — raising awareness importance part everyone play ensuring food plate safe eat.diabetes focused world health day diabetes – largely preventable treatable noncommunicable disease rapidly increasing numbers many countries dramatically low middleincome countries. |
World Health Day | simple lifestyle measures shown effective preventing delaying onset type diabetes including maintaining normal body weight engaging regular physical activity eating healthy diet.diabetes controlled managed prevent complications diagnosis selfmanagement education affordable treatment.estimates million people world diabetes disease direct cause .million deaths.goals whd scale prevention strengthen care enhance surveillance. |
World Health Day | depression lets talk world health day celebrated april aims mobilize action depression.condition affects people ages walks life countries.impacts peoples ability carry everyday tasks consequences families friends even communities workplaces health care systems.worst depression lead selfinflicted injury suicide.better understanding depression – prevented treated – help reduce stigma associated illness lead people seeking help. |
World Health Day | universal health coverage everyone everywhere world health day theme universal health coverage everyone everywhere emphasized idea health fundamental human right people able access health care.slogan day health all.several events held including panel discussion universal health coverage live streamed.marked th anniversary world health organizations founding.universal health coverage everyone everywhere world health day theme universal health coverage everyone everywhere repeat theme emphasis idea universal health coverage whos number one goal. |
World Health Day | commemorate world health day theme world health organization launched campaign sign petition health held facebook live event shared information primary health care universal health coverage statistics facts.support nurses midwives world health day theme took place context covid global pandemic therefore launched support nurses midwives.around world people spent day thanking nurses health care workers frontlines battling covid coronavirus.us white house released presidential message emphasizing role public health plays building strong prosperous free societies around world.celebration world health day took place around world mostly virtual environment online press conferences announcements social media due worldwide broad based stay home order due covid coronavirus pandemic. |
Chernobyl disaster | much efforts focused raising funds covid solidarity response fund.see also references external links world health day official websiteworld health day official website pan american health organization world health organization regional office americasworld health official website world health organization regional office eastern mediterraneanreactor chernobyl nuclear power plant near city pripyat north ukrainian ssr soviet union.considered worst nuclear disaster history cost casualties.one two nuclear energy accidents rated seven—the maximum severity—on international nuclear event scale fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster japan.initial emergency response together later decontamination environment involved personnel cost estimated billion soviet rubles—roughly us billion adjusted inflation.the accident occurred safety test steam turbine rbmktype nuclear reactor.planned decrease reactor power preparation test power output unexpectedly dropped nearzero. |
Chernobyl disaster | operators unable restore power level specified test program put reactor unstable condition.risk made evident operating instructions operators proceeded test.upon test completion operators triggered reactor shutdown.combination operator negligence critical design flaws made reactor primed explode.instead shutting uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction began releasing enormous amounts energy. |
Chernobyl disaster | core melted two explosions ruptured reactor core destroyed reactor building.immediately followed openair reactor core fire.released considerable airborne radioactive contamination nine days precipitated onto parts ussr western europe finally ending may .fallout landed belarus kilometres .mi away. |
Chernobyl disaster | fire released amount contamination initial explosion.result rising ambient radiation levels offsite kilometre .mi radius exclusion zone created hours accident.people evacuated area primarily pripyat.exclusion zone later increased kilometres mi people evacuated wider area later became chernobyl exclusion zone covering area approximately km sq mi.the reactor explosion killed two engineers severely burned two more. |
Chernobyl disaster | massive emergency operation put fire stabilize reactor clean ejected nuclear core began.immediate emergency response station staff firemen hospitalized acute radiation syndrome due absorbing high doses ionizing radiation.people died days months afterward approximately suspected radiationinduced cancer deaths followed within next years.chernobyls health effects general population uncertain.excess childhood thyroid cancer deaths documented .united nations committee found date fewer deaths resulted fallout. |
Chernobyl disaster | determining total eventual number exposure related deaths uncertain based linear nothreshold model contested statistical model.model predictions eventual total death toll coming decades vary.robust studies predict fatalities solely assessing three contaminated former soviet states fatalities assessing whole europe.following disaster pripyat replaced new purpose built city slavutych.ussr built protective chernobyl nuclear power plant sarcophagus december . |
Chernobyl disaster | reduced spread radioactive contamination wreckage protected weathering.also provided radiological protection crews undamaged reactors site restarted late .due continued deterioration sarcophagus enclosed chernobyl new safe confinement.larger enclosure allows removal sarcophagus reactor debris containing radioactive hazard.nuclear cleanup scheduled completion . |
Chernobyl disaster | background reactor cooling shutdown powergenerating operation heat generated nuclear reactor fuel rods derived nuclear fission significant fraction derived radioactive decay accumulated fission products process known decay heat.decay heat continues time fission chain reaction stopped following reactor shutdown either emergency planned continued pumped circulation coolant essential prevent core overheating worst case core meltdown.rbmk reactors like chernobyl use water coolant circulated electrically driven pumps.coolant flow rate considerable reactor no.individual fuel channels requiring coolant flow m³hr full reactor power total million litres per hour million gallons per hour entire reactor.in case total power loss station chernobyls reactors three backup diesel generators took – seconds attain full load generate .‑megawatt output required run one main pump. |
Chernobyl disaster | interim special counterweights pump would enable provide coolant via inertia thereby bridging gap generator startup.however potential safety risk existed event station blackout occurred simultaneously rupture millimetre coolant pipe socalled design basis accident.scenario emergency core cooling system eccs needed pump additional water core replacing coolant lost evaporation.theorized rotational momentum reactors steam turbine could used generate required electrical power operate eccs via feedwater pumps.turbines speed would run energy taken analysis indicated might sufficient energy provide electrical power run coolant pumps seconds. |
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