Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
Chernobyl disaster	important note evidence increase solid cancers leukemia.said increase psychological problems among affected population.whos radiation program reported cases thyroid cancer resulted nine deaths.according united nations scientific committee effects atomic radiation year excess cases thyroid cancer reported.estimated preaccident baseline thyroid cancer rate casual cases thyroid cancer reported children adolescents exposed time accident number expected increase.concluded evidence major health impacts radiation exposure.welldifferentiated thyroid cancers generally treatable treated fiveyear survival rate thyroid cancer years.
Chernobyl disaster	united nations scientific committee effects atomic radiation reported deaths thyroid cancer .international atomic energy agency iaea also states increase rate birth defects abnormalities solid cancers—such lung cancer—corroborating assessments un committee.unscear raised possibility long term genetic defects pointing doubling radiationinduced minisatellite mutations among children born .however risk thyroid cancer associated chernobyl accident still high according published studies.the german affiliate antinuclear energy organization international physicians prevention nuclear war suggest people affected thyroid cancer cases expected future.disorders fred mettler radiation expert university new mexico puts number worldwide cancer deaths outside highly contaminated zone perhaps total chernobylassociated fatal cancers saying number small representing percent relative normal spontaneous risk cancer numbers large absolute terms.
Chernobyl disaster	report outlined studies based data found russian registry suggested russian workers exposed average dose msv five percent fatalities occurred may due radiation exposure.the report went depth risks mental health exaggerated fears effects radiation.according iaea designation affected population victims rather survivors led perceive helpless weak lacking control future.iaea says may led behaviour caused health effects.fred mettler commented years later population remains largely unsure effects radiation actually retain sense foreboding.number adolescents young adults exposed modest small amounts radiation feel somehow fatally flawed downside using illicit drugs unprotected sex.reverse attitudes behaviours likely take years although youth groups begun programs promise.
Chernobyl disaster	addition disadvantaged children around chernobyl suffer health problems attributable chernobyl accident also poor state postsoviet health systems.the united nations scientific committee effects atomic radiation unscear part chernobyl forum produced assessments radiation effects.unscear set collaboration various united nation bodies including world health organization atomic bomb attacks hiroshima nagasaki assess longterm effects radiation human health.longterm radiation deaths number potential deaths arising chernobyl disaster heavily debated.world health organizations prediction future cancer deaths surrounding countries based linear nothreshold model lnt assumes damage inflicted radiation low doses directly proportional dose.radiation epidemiologist roy shore contends estimating health effects population lnt model wise uncertainties.according union concerned scientists number excess cancer deaths worldwide including contaminated areas approximately based lnt.another study critical chernobyl forum report commissioned greenpeace asserted recently published figures indicate belarus russia ukraine accident could resulted – additional deaths period .
Chernobyl disaster	scientific secretary chernobyl forum criticized reports reliance nonpeerreviewed locally produced studies.although studys sources peerreviewed journals including many western medical journals higher mortality estimates nonpeerreviewed sources gregory härtl spokesman suggested conclusions motivated ideology.chernobyl consequences catastrophe people environment russian publication concludes premature deaths consequence radioactivity released.results criticized m. i. balonov institute radiation hygiene st. petersburg described biased drawing sources difficult independently verify lacking proper scientific base.balanov expressed opinion authors unfortunately appropriately analyze content russianlanguage publications example separate contain scientific evidence based hasty impressions ignorant conclusions.according u.s. nuclear regulatory commission member professor health physics kenneth mossman lnt philosophy overly conservative lowlevel radiation may less dangerous commonly believed.yoshihisa matsumoto radiation biologist tokyo institute technology cites laboratory experiments animals suggest must threshold dose dna repair mechanisms completely repair radiation damage.
Chernobyl disaster	mossman suggests proponents current model believe conservative justified due uncertainties surrounding low level doses better prudent public health policy.another significant issue establishing consistent data base analysis impact chernobyl accident.since large social political changes occurred within affected regions changes significant impact administration health care socioeconomic stability manner statistical data collected.ronald chesser radiation biologist texas tech university says subsequent soviet collapse scarce funding imprecise dosimetry difficulties tracking people years limited number studies reliability.socioeconomic impact difficult establish total economic cost disaster.according mikhail gorbachev soviet union spent billion rubles equivalent us.
Chernobyl disaster	billion time .billion todays dollars containment decontamination virtually bankrupting itself.total cost years belarus includes monthly payments liquidators estimated us billion billion todays dollars given inflation rates.gorbachev april wrote nuclear meltdown chernobyl years ago month even launch perestroika perhaps real cause collapse soviet union.ongoing costs well known – report chernobyl forum stated five seven percent government spending ukraine still related chernobyl belarus billion thought spent national budget chernobylrelated falling six percent .ukraine spent five seven percent national budget recovery activities related chernobyl disaster.
Chernobyl disaster	overall economic loss estimated billion belarus.much current cost relates payment chernobylrelated social benefits seven million people across three countries.a significant economic impact time removal ha acres agricultural land ha acres forest production.much returned use agricultural production costs risen due need special cultivation techniques fertilizers additives.politically accident gave great significance new soviet policy glasnost helped forge closer soviet–us relations end cold war bioscientific cooperation.– disaster also became key factor dissolution soviet union major influence shaping new eastern europe.
Chernobyl disaster	– ukraine belarus first months independence lowered legal radiation thresholds soviet unions previous elevated thresholds rems per lifetime ussr rems per lifetime ukraine .rems per year belarus.– – ukrainians viewed chernobyl disaster another attempt russians destroy comparable holodomor.meanwhile commentators argued events chernobyl disaster uniquely inclined occur communist country versus capitalist country.argued soviet power plant administrators empowered make crucial decisions time essence.
Chernobyl disaster	long term site remediation following accident questions arose future plant eventual fate.work unfinished reactors no.no.halted three years later.however trouble chernobyl plant end disaster reactor no.
Chernobyl disaster	.damaged reactor sealed cubic meters cu yd concrete placed disaster site operational buildings.work managed grigoriy mihaylovich naginskiy deputy chief engineer installation construction directorate – .ukrainian government allowed three remaining reactors continue operating energy shortage country.decommissioning reactors october fire broke turbine building reactor no.
Chernobyl disaster	authorities subsequently declared reactor damaged beyond repair taken offline.reactor no.decommissioned november part deal ukrainian government international organizations iaea end operations plant.december thenpresident leonid kuchma personally turned reactor no.official ceremony shutting entire site.
Chernobyl disaster	no.reactor confinement soon accident reactor building quickly encased mammoth concrete sarcophagus notable feat construction severe conditions.crane operators worked blindly inside leadlined cabins taking instructions distant radio observers gargantuansized pieces concrete moved site custommade vehicles.purpose sarcophagus stop release radioactive particles atmosphere mitigate damage core go critical explode provide safety continued operations adjacent reactors one three.the concrete sarcophagus never intended last long lifespan years.february sq ft section roof turbinebuilding collapsed adjacent sarcophagus causing new release radioactivity temporary evacuation area.
Chernobyl disaster	first assumed roof collapsed weight snow however amount snow exceptional report ukrainian factfinding panel concluded collapse result sloppy repair work aging structure.experts warned sarcophagus verge collapse.in international chernobyl shelter fund founded design build permanent cover unstable shortlived sarcophagus.received € million managed european bank reconstruction development ebrd.new shelter named new safe confinement construction began .metal arch metres ft high spanning metres ft built rails adjacent reactor no.
Chernobyl disaster	building could slid top existing sarcophagus.new safe confinement completed slid place top sarcophagus november.huge steel arch moved place several weeks.unlike original sarcophagus new safe confinement designed allow reactor safely dismantled using remotely operated equipment.waste management used fuel units – stored units cooling ponds interim spent fuel storage facility pond isf holds spent fuel units – allowing reactors decommissioned less restrictive conditions.
Chernobyl disaster	approximately fuel assemblies units damaged required special handling.moving fuel isf thus carried three stages fuel unit moved first undamaged fuel units finally damaged fuel units .fuel transfers isf completed june .a need larger longerterm radioactive waste management chernobyl site fulfilled new facility designated isf.facility serve dry storage used fuel assemblies units – operational wastes well material decommissioning units – first rbmk units decommissioned anywhere.a contract signed areva np framatome construction isf.significant part storage structures built technical deficiencies design concept became apparent.
Chernobyl disaster	areva withdrew holtec international contracted new design construction isf.new design approved work started construction completed august .isf worlds largest nuclear fuel storage facility expected hold fuel assemblies least years.project includes processing facility able cut rbmk fuel assemblies place material canisters filled inert gas welded shut.canisters transported dry storage vaults fuel containers enclosed years.expected processing capacity fuel assemblies per year.
Chernobyl disaster	fuelcontaining materials according official estimates fuel reactor no.time accident tonnes long tons short tons remains inside shelter total radioactivity nearly million curies pbq.radioactive material consists core fragments dust lavalike fuel containing materials fcm—also called corium—that flowed wrecked reactor building hardening ceramic form.three different lavas present basement reactor building black brown porous ceramic.lava materials silicate glasses inclusions materials within them.porous lava brown lava dropped water thus cooled rapidly.
Chernobyl disaster	unclear long ceramic form retard release radioactivity.series published papers suggested selfirradiation lava would convert tonnes long tons short tons submicrometre mobile powder within weeks.it reported degradation lava likely slow gradual process rather sudden rapid.paper states loss uranium wrecked reactor kg lb per year low rate uranium leaching suggests lava resisting environment.paper also states shelter improved leaching rate lava decrease.fuel already degraded significantly.
Chernobyl disaster	famous elephants foot originally hard enough required use armor piercing ak remove chunk softened texture similar sand.prior completion new safe confinement building rainwater acted neutron moderator triggering increased fission remaining materials risking criticality.gadolinium nitrate solution used quench neutrons slow fission.even completion building fission reactions may increasing scientists working understand cause risks.neutron activity declined across destroyed fuel late doubling neutron density recorded subreactor space levelling early .indicated increasing levels fission water levels dropped opposite expected atypical compared fuelcontaining areas.
Chernobyl disaster	fluctuations led fears selfsustaining reaction could created would likely spread radioactive dust debris throughout new safe confinement making future cleanup even difficult.potential solutions include using robot drill fuel insert boron carbide control rods.early chnpp press release stated observed increase neutron densities leveled since beginning year.exclusion zone exclusion zone originally area radius kilometres mi directions plant subsequently greatly enlarged include area measuring approximately km sq mi officially called zone alienation.area largely reverted forest overrun wildlife due lack human competition space resources.some sources estimated site could considered habitable years less ukraine state authorities c. years christian science monitor years chernobyl director ihor gramotkin c. tens thousands years greenpeace march locals returned zone living permanently there.in ukraine opened sealed zone around chernobyl reactor tourists wishing learn tragedy.
Chernobyl disaster	sergii mirnyi radiation reconnaissance officer time accident academic national university kyivmohyla academy written psychological physical effects survivors visitors worked advisor chernobyl tourism groups.forest fire concerns dry season forest fires perennial concern areas contaminated radioactive material.dry conditions buildup debris make forests ripe breeding ground wildfires.depending prevailing atmospheric conditions smoke wildfires could potentially spread radioactive material outside exclusion zone.belarus bellesrad organization tasked overseeing food cultivation forestry management area.in april forest fires spread hectares acres exclusion zone causing increased radiation release caesium strontium ground biomass.
Chernobyl disaster	increase radioactivity detectable monitoring network pose threat human health.average radiation dose kyiv residents received result fires estimated nsv.recovery projects chernobyl trust fund created united nations help victims chernobyl accident.administered united nations office coordination humanitarian affairs also manages strategy formulation resource mobilization advocacy efforts.beginning united nations development programme fund shifted focus emergency assistance longterm development.the chernobyl shelter fund established g summit denver finance shelter implementation plan sip.
Chernobyl disaster	plan called transforming site ecologically safe condition stabilization sarcophagus construction new safe confinement nsc structure.original cost estimate sip us million estimate .billion.sip managed consortium bechtel battelle électricité de france conceptual design nsc consisted movable arch constructed away shelter avoid high radiation slid sarcophagus.nsc moved position november expected completed late .in united nations development programme launched chernobyl recovery development programme crdp recovery affected areas.
Chernobyl disaster	programme initiated february based recommendations report human consequences chernobyl nuclear accident.main goal crdp supporting government ukraine mitigating longterm social economic ecological consequences chernobyl catastrophe.crdp works four affected ukrainian areas kyivska zhytomyrska chernihivska rivnenska.more ukrainian children affected disaster treated resort town tarará cuba since .the international project health effects chernobyl accident created received us million mainly japan hopes discovering main cause health problems due iodine radiation.funds divided among ukraine belarus russia three main affected countries investigation health effects.significant corruption former soviet countries foreign aid given russia results funding demonstrated.in became known ukrainian government power time aimed make chernobyl tourist attraction.
Chernobyl disaster	nuclear debate chernobyl accident attracted great deal interest.distrust many people soviet authorities great deal debate situation site occurred first world early days event.defective intelligence based satellite imagery thought unit number three also suffered dire accident.journalists mistrusted many professionals turn encouraged public mistrust them.the accident raised already heightened concerns fission reactors worldwide concern focused unusual design hundreds disparate nuclear reactor proposals including construction chernobyl reactors numbers eventually cancelled.ballooning costs result new nuclear reactor safety system standards legal political costs dealing increasingly hostileanxious public opinion precipitous drop rate new reactor construction .the accident also raised concerns cavalier safety culture soviet nuclear power industry slowing industry growth forcing soviet government become less secretive operating procedures.
Chernobyl disaster	government coverup chernobyl disaster catalyst glasnost paved way reforms leading soviet collapse.numerous structural construction quality issues well deviations original plant design known kgb since least passed central committee take action classified information.in italy chernobyl accident reflected outcome referendum.result referendum italy began phasing nuclear power plants decision effectively reversed .referendum reiterated italians strong objections nuclear power thus abrogating governments decision.in germany chernobyl accident led creation federal environment ministry several states already created post.post held among others angela merkel would later become leader opposition chancellor.
Chernobyl disaster	german environmental minister given authority reactor safety well responsibility current minister still holds today.chernobyl disaster also credited strengthening antinuclear movement germany culminated decision end use nuclear power made – schröder government.temporary reversal policy turn reverted fukushima nuclear disaster.in direct response chernobyl disaster conference create convention early notification nuclear accident called international atomic energy agency.resulting treaty bound signatory member states provide notification nuclear radiation accidents occur within jurisdiction could affect states along convention assistance case nuclear accident radiological emergency.the chernobyl disaster along space shuttle challenger disaster three mile island accident bhopal disaster used together case studies us government third parties research concerning root causes disasters sleep deprivation mismanagement.see also cultural impact chernobyl disaster – references chernobyl disaster popular culturechernobyl miniseries – historical drama television miniserieslist chernobylrelated articles – wikipedia list articlelist books chernobyl disasterlist industrial disasters – wikipedia list articlelists nuclear disasters radioactive incidents – list compiling numerous categories nuclear radiation accidentsnuclear radiation accidents incidents – severe disruptive events involving fissile fusile materialsnuclear fallout effects ecosystemindividual involvement chernobyl disaster – people took notable actions nuclear accident references notes footnotes reading external links official un chernobyl siteinternational chernobyl portal chernobyl.info un interagency project icrinfrequently asked chernobyl questions iaeachernobyl disaster facts information national geographicchernobyl recovery development programme united nations development programmefootage documentary films chernobyl disaster netfilm newsreels documentary films archivephotographs inside zone alienation city prypyat photographs city pripyat affected disasterenglish russia photos rbmkbased power plant showing details reactor hall pumps control roompostsoviet pollution effects chernobyl thedean peter krogh foreign affairs digital archivesmap residual radioactivity around chernobyl
Uttar Pradesh	northern province state northern india.million inhabitants populated state india well populous country subdivision world.established india become republic.successor united provinces period dominion india – turn successor united provinces established eventually united provinces agra oudh established british raj.state divided divisions districts state capital lucknow allahabad serving judicial capital.
Uttar Pradesh	november new state uttaranchal uttarakhand created uttar pradeshs western himalayan hill region.two major rivers state ganges tributary yamuna meet triveni sangam allahabad hindu pilgrimage site.notable rivers gomti saryu.forest cover state .states geographical area.
Uttar Pradesh	cultivable area total geographical area net area sown .cultivable area.the state bordered rajasthan west haryana himachal pradesh delhi northwest uttarakhand international border nepal north bihar east madhya pradesh south touches states jharkhand chhattisgarh southeast.covers km sq mi equal .total area india fourthlargest indian state area.though long known sugar production states economy dominated services industry.
Uttar Pradesh	service sector comprises travel tourism hotel industry real estate insurance financial consultancies.economy uttar pradesh thirdlargest state economy india ₹.lakh crore us billion gross domestic product per capita gsdp ₹ us.presidents rule imposed uttar pradesh ten times since different reasons total days.state currently two international airports chaudhary charan singh airport lucknow lal bahadur shastri airport varanasi.allahabad junction headquarters north central railway gorakhpur railway station serves headquarters north eastern railway.
Uttar Pradesh	high court state located allahabad.state contributes seats seats lower house lok sabha upper house rajya sabha respectively.inhabitants state called either awadhi bagheli bhojpuri braji bundeli kannauji rohilkhandi depending upon region origin.hinduism practised threefourths population islam next largest religious group.hindi widely spoken language also official language state along urdu.uttar pradesh home mainstream political entities existed ancient medieval india including maurya empire harsha empire gupta empire pala empire delhi sultanate mughal empire well many empires.
Uttar Pradesh	time indian independence movement early th century three major princely states uttar pradesh – ramgadi rampur benares.state houses several holy hindu temples pilgrimage centres.uttar pradesh three world heritage sites ranks first among tourist destinations india.uttar pradesh several historical natural religious tourist destinations including agra allahabad aligarh ayodhya kushinagar varanasi vrindavan.history prehistory modern human huntergatherers uttar pradesh since around years ago.
Uttar Pradesh	also prehistorical finds uttar pradesh middle upper paleolithic dated – years old mesolithicmicrolithic huntergatherer settlement near pratapgarh around – bce.villages domesticated cattle sheep goats evidence agriculture began early bce gradually developed c. bce beginning indus valley civilisation harappa culture vedic period extending iron age.ancient classical period sixteen mahajanapadas lit.great realms oligarchic republics existed ancient india seven fell entirely within presentday boundaries uttar pradesh.kingdom kosala mahajanapada era also located within regional boundaries modernday uttar pradesh.
Uttar Pradesh	according hinduism divine king rama ramayana epic reigned ayodhya capital kosala.krishna another divine king hindu legend plays key role mahabharata epic revered eighth reincarnation avatar hindu god vishnu said born city mathura uttar pradesh.aftermath mahabharata yuddh believed taken place area upper doab delhi kuru mahajanapada reign pandava king yudhishthira.kingdom kurus corresponds black red ware painted gray ware culture beginning iron age northwest india around bce.control gangetic plains region vital importance power stability indias major empires including maurya – bce kushan – ce gupta – gurjarapratihara – empires.following huns invasions broke gupta empire gangesyamuna doab saw rise kannauj.
Uttar Pradesh	reign harshavardhana – kannauj empire reached zenith.spanned punjab north gujarat west bengal east odisha south.included parts central india north narmada river encompassed entire indogangetic plain.many communities various parts india claim descent migrants kannauj.soon harshavardhanas death empire disintegrated many kingdoms invaded ruled gurjarapratihara empire challenged bengals pala empire control region.
Uttar Pradesh	kannauj several times invaded south indian rashtrakuta dynasty th century th century.fall pala empire chero dynasty ruled th century th century.delhi sultanate parts uttar pradesh ruled delhi sultanate years –.five dynasties ruled delhi sultanate sequentially mamluk dynasty – khalji dynasty – tughlaq dynasty – sayyid dynasty – lodi dynasty –.medieval early modern period th century babur timurid descendant timur genghis khan fergana valley modernday uzbekistan swept across khyber pass founded mughal empire covering india along modernday afghanistan pakistan bangladesh.
Uttar Pradesh	mughals descended persianised central asian turks significant mongol admixture.mughal era uttar pradesh became heartland empire.mughal emperors babur humayun ruled delhi.afghan sher shah suri took reins uttar pradesh defeating mughal king humanyun.sher shah son islam shah ruled uttar pradesh capital gwalior.
Uttar Pradesh	death islam shah suri prime minister hemu became de facto ruler uttar pradesh bihar madhya pradesh western parts bengal.bestowed title hemchandra vikramaditya title vikramāditya adopted vedic period formal coronation took place purana quila delhi october .month later hemu died second battle panipat uttar pradesh came emperor akbars rule.akbar ruled agra fatehpur sikri.th century fall mughal authority power vacuum filled maratha empire midth century maratha army invaded uttar pradesh region resulted rohillas losing control rohilkhand maratha forces led raghunath rao malharao holkar.
Uttar Pradesh	conflict rohillas marathas came end december arrest ghulam qadir grandson najeebuddaula defeated maratha general mahadaji scindia.– following second anglomaratha war british east india company defeated maratha empire much region came british suzerainty.british india era starting bengal second half th century series battles north indian lands finally gave british east india company accession states territories.ajmer jaipur kingdoms also included northern territory named northwestern provinces agra.although later became fifthlargest state india nwpa one smallest states british indian empire.
Uttar Pradesh	capital shifted twice agra allahabad.due dissatisfaction british rule serious rebellion erupted various parts north india became known indian rebellion bengal regiments sepoy stationed meerut cantonment mangal pandey widely considered starting point.revolt failed british divided rebellious regions reorganising administrative boundaries splitting delhi region nwfp agra merging punjab ajmer–marwar region merged rajputana oudh incorporated state.new state called north western provinces agra oudh renamed united provinces agra oudh.commonly referred united provinces acronym up.in capital province shifted allahabad lucknow.high court continued allahabad bench established lucknow.
Uttar Pradesh	allahabad continues important administrative base todays uttar pradesh several administrative headquarters.uttar pradesh continued central indian politics especially important modern indian history hotbed indian independence movement.uttar pradesh hosted modern educational institutions aligarh muslim university banaras hindu university darul uloom deoband.nationally known figures ram prasad bismil chandra shekhar azad among leaders movement uttar pradesh motilal nehru jawaharlal nehru madan mohan malaviya gobind ballabh pant important national leaders indian national congress.india kisan sabha aiks formed lucknow session congress april famous nationalist swami sahajanand saraswati elected first president order address longstanding grievances peasantry mobilise zamindari landlords attacks occupancy rights thus sparking farmers movements india.
Uttar Pradesh	quit india movement ballia district overthrew colonial authority installed independent administration chittu pandey.ballia became known baghi ballia rebel ballia significant role indias independence movement.postindependence indias independence united provinces renamed uttar pradesh northern province preserving acronym change coming effect january .state provided nine indias prime ministers including current prime minister narendra modi mp varanasi state source largest number seats lok sabha.despite political influence since ancient times poor record economic development administration poor governance organised crime corruption kept among indias backward states.
Uttar Pradesh	state affected repeated episodes caste communal violence.ayodhya december disputed babri mosque demolished radical hindu activists leading widespread violence across india.northern districts state separated form state uttarakhand.geography uttar pradesh total area square kilometres sq mi indias fourthlargest state terms land area roughly size united kingdom.situated northern spout india shares international boundary nepal.
Uttar Pradesh	himalayas border state north plains cover state distinctly different high mountains.larger gangetic plain region north includes gangesyamuna doab ghaghra plains ganges plains terai.smaller vindhya range plateau region south.characterised hard rock strata varied topography hills plains valleys plateaus.bhabhar tract gives place terai area covered tall elephant grass thick forests interspersed marshes swamps.
Uttar Pradesh	sluggish rivers bhabhar deepen area course running tangled mass thick undergrowth.terai runs parallel bhabhar thin strip.entire alluvial plain divided three subregions.first eastern tract consisting districts subject periodical floods droughts classified scarcity areas.districts highest density population gives lowest per capita land.
Uttar Pradesh	two regions central western comparatively better welldeveloped irrigation system.suffer waterlogging largescale user tracts.addition area fairly arid.state large small rivers ganges yamuna saraswati sarayu betwa ghaghara larger religious importance hinduism.cultivation intensive state.uttar pradesh falls three agroclimatic zones viz.
Uttar Pradesh	middle gangetic plains region zone–iv upper gangetic plains region zone–v central plateau hills region zone–viii.valley areas fertile rich soil.intensive cultivation terraced hill slopes irrigation facilities deficient.siwalik range forms southern foothills himalayas slopes boulder bed called bhabhar.transitional belt running along entire length state called terai bhabhar area.
Uttar Pradesh	rich forests cutting across innumerable streams swell raging torrents monsoon.climate uttar pradesh humid subtropical climate experiences four seasons.winter january february followed summer march may monsoon season june september.summers extreme temperatures fluctuating anywhere °c °c parts state coupled dry hot winds called loo.gangetic plain varies semiarid subhumid.
Uttar Pradesh	mean annual rainfall ranges mm southwest corner state mm eastern southeastern parts state.primarily summer phenomenon bay bengal branch indian monsoon major bearer rain parts state.summer southwest monsoon brings rain winters rain due western disturbances northeast monsoon also contribute small quantities towards overall precipitation state.the rain uttar pradesh vary annual average cm hilly areas cm western uttar pradesh.given concentration rainfall four months monsoon excess rain lead floods shortage droughts.two phenomena floods droughts commonly recur state.
Uttar Pradesh	climate vindhya range plateau subtropical mean annual rainfall mm comes monsoon.typical summer months march june maximum temperatures ranging °c °f.low relative humidity around dustladen winds blow throughout season.summers hot winds called loo blow across uttar pradesh.flora fauna state abundance natural resources.
Uttar Pradesh	recorded forest area state km sq mi .states geographical area.spite rapid deforestation poaching wildlife diverse flora fauna continue exist state.species state respect india uttar pradesh habitat .algae .
Uttar Pradesh	fungi .lichens .bryophytes .pteridophytes .gymnosperms .
Uttar Pradesh	angiosperms.several species trees large small mammals reptiles insects found belt temperate upper mountainous forests.medicinal plants found wild also grown plantations.teraiduar savanna grasslands support cattle.moist deciduous trees grow upper gangetic plain especially along riverbanks.
Uttar Pradesh	plain supports wide variety plants animals.ganges tributaries habitat large small reptiles amphibians freshwater fish crabs.scrubland trees babool vachellia nilotica animals chinkara gazella bennettii found arid vindhyas.notable indigenous trees astringent azadirachta indica neem widely used rural indian herbal medicine luxuriant ficus religiosa peepul consider tree sacred hindu jain ascetics tree gautama buddha believed attained enlightenment.tropical dry deciduous forests found parts plains.since much sunlight reaches ground shrubs grasses also abundant.
Uttar Pradesh	large tracts forests cleared cultivation.tropical thorny forests consisting widely scattered thorny trees mainly babool mostly found southwestern parts state.forests confined areas low annual rainfall – cm mean annual temperature – °c low humidity.uttar pradesh known extensive avifauna.common birds found state doves peafowl junglefowl black partridges house sparrows songbirds blue jays parakeets quails bulbuls comb ducks kingfishers woodpeckers snipes parrots.bird sanctuaries state include bakhira sanctuary national chambal sanctuary chandra prabha sanctuary hastinapur sanctuary kaimoor sanctuary okhla sanctuary.other animals state include reptiles lizards cobras kraits gharials.
Uttar Pradesh	among wide variety fishes common ones mahaseer trout.animal species uttar pradesh gone extinct recent years others like lion gangetic plain rhinoceros terai region ganges river dolphin primarily found ganges become endangered.many species vulnerable poaching despite regulation government.divisions districts cities uttar pradesh divided districts divisionsthe following list top districts state uttar pradesh population ranked respect india.each district governed district magistrate indian administrative service officer appointed government uttar pradesh reports divisional commissioner division district falls.divisional commissioner ias officer high seniority.
Uttar Pradesh	district divided subdivisions governed subdivisional magistrate blocks.blocks consists panchayats village councils town municipalities.blocks consists urban units viz.census towns rural units called gram panchayat.uttar pradesh metropolitan cities state india.absolute urban population state .
Uttar Pradesh	million constitutes .total urban population india secondhighest state.according census urban agglomerations population greater .municipal corporations noida greater noida gautam budh nagar district specially administered statutory authorities uttar pradesh industrial development act .in states cabinet ministers headed chief minister mayawati announced separation uttar pradesh four different states purvanchal bundelkhand avadh pradesh paschim pradesh twentyeight seven twentythree seventeen districts respectively later proposal turned akhilesh yadav lead samajwadi party came power election.demographics uttar pradesh large population high population growth rate.
Uttar Pradesh	population increased .uttar pradesh populous state india people march .state contributes .indias population.population density people per square kilometre making one densely populated states country.
Uttar Pradesh	uttar pradesh largest scheduled caste population whereas scheduled tribes less per cent total population.the sex ratio women men lower national figure .states – decennial growth rate including uttrakhand .higher national rate .. uttar pradesh large number people living poverty line.per world bank document released pace poverty reduction state slower rest country.estimates released reserve bank india year – revealed uttar pradesh million people poverty line state india.
Uttar Pradesh	central eastern districts particular high levels poverty.state also experiencing widening consumption inequality.per report ministry statistics programme implementation released january state per capita income ₹ us per annum.as per census uttar pradesh populous state india home highest numbers hindus muslims.religion population hindus .muslims .
Uttar Pradesh	sikhs .christians .jains .buddhists .others .. literacy rate state census .
Uttar Pradesh	national average .literacy rate men women .literacy rate uttar pradesh stood overall men women.report based national statistical office nso survey reveals uttar pradeshs literacy rate —less national average .. according report rural region literacy rate among men .women .
Uttar Pradesh	urban areas literacy rate among men .women ..hindi official language uttar pradesh spoken majority population .. people speak regional languages classified dialects hindi census.include awadhi spoken awadh central uttar pradesh bhojpuri spoken purvanchal eastern uttar pradesh braj bhasha spoken braj region western uttar pradesh.urdu given status second official language spoken .population.
Uttar Pradesh	notable languages spoken state include punjabi .bengali .. government administration state governed parliamentary system representative democracy.uttar pradesh one seven states india state legislature bicameral comprising two houses vidhan sabha legislative assembly vidhan parishad legislative council.legislative assembly consists members elected fiveyear terms.legislative council permanent body members onethird members retiring every two years.
Uttar Pradesh	since uttar pradesh sends largest number legislators national parliament often considered one important states respect indian politics.state contributes seats lower house indian parliament lok sabha seats upper house indian parliament rajya sabha.uttar pradesh government democratically elected body india governor constitutional head appointed president india fiveyear term.leader party coalition majority legislative assembly appointed chief minister governor council ministers appointed governor advice chief minister.governor remains ceremonial head state chief minister council responsible daytoday government functions.council ministers consists cabinet ministers ministers state mos.
Uttar Pradesh	secretariat headed chief secretary assists council ministers.chief secretary also administrative head government.government department headed minister assisted additional chief secretary principal secretary usually officer indian administrative service additional chief secretaryprincipal secretary serve administrative head department assigned to.department also officers rank secretary special secretary joint secretary etc.assisting minister additional chief secretaryprincipal secretary.
Uttar Pradesh	rajendra kumar tiwari current chief secretary.hitesh c. awasthy current director general police.for purpose administration state divided divisions districts.divisional commissioner ias officer head administration divisional level.administration district headed district magistrate ias officer assisted number officers belonging state services.uttar pradesh police headed ips officer rank director general police.
Uttar Pradesh	police zones police ranges police districts state.ips officer rank inspector general police heads zones whereas ips officer rank deputy inspector general police heads ranges.superintendent police ips officer assisted officers uttar pradesh police service entrusted responsibility maintaining law order related issues district.the judiciary state consists allahabad high court allahabad lucknow bench allahabad high court district courts session courts district sessions division lower courts tehsil level.president india appoints chief justice high court uttar pradesh judiciary advice chief justice supreme court india well governor uttar pradesh.judges appointed president india advice chief justice high court.
Uttar Pradesh	subordinate judicial service categorised two divisions viz.uttar pradesh civil judicial services uttar pradesh higher judicial service another vital part judiciary uttar pradesh.uttar pradesh civil judicial services comprise civil judges junior divisionjudicial magistrates civil judges senior divisionchief judicial magistrate uttar pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil sessions judges.subordinate judicial service viz.district court etawah district court kanpur dehat judiciary uttar pradesh controlled district judge.politics uttar pradesh dominated four political parties samajwadi party bahujan samaj party indian national congress bharatiya janata party.
Uttar Pradesh	politicians uttar pradesh played prominent roles union government india held high positions prime minister.uttar pradesh called indias underachiever provided india eight prime ministers remaining poor state.crime accidents according national human rights commission india nhrc uttar pradesh tops list states encounter killings custodial deaths.state recorded judicial deaths total deaths recorded country.nhrc said murders registered country uttar pradesh cases.
Uttar Pradesh	data minister home affairs mha avers bareilly recorded highest number custodial death followed agra allahabad varanasi .national crime records bureau data says uttar pradesh highest number crimes among state india due high population actual per capita crime rate low.state also continues top list states maximum communal violence incidents.analysis ministers state home affairs states incidents communal violence india took place uttar pradesh.according research assembled state bank india uttar pradesh failed improve human development index hdi ranking period years –.
Uttar Pradesh	based subnational human development index data indian states report also stated value human development index uttar pradesh steadily increased time ...uttar pradesh police governed department home largest police force world.uttar pradesh also reported highest number deaths——due road rail accidents according ncrb data.included deaths due careless driving.
Uttar Pradesh	state hit three terrorist attacks including explosions landmark holy place court temple.varanasi bombings series bombings occurred across hindu holy city varanasi march .least people killed many others injured.in afternoon november within span minutes six consecutive serial blasts occurred lucknow varanasi faizabad courts people killed several others injured.blasts came week uttar pradesh police central security agencies busted jaishemohammed terrorists planned abduct rahul gandhi.indian mujahideen claimed responsibility blasts email sent tv stations five minutes blast.
Uttar Pradesh	another blast occurred december blast occurred sheetla ghat varanasi people killed several others injured.economy agriculture leading occupation uttar pradesh plays vital role economic development state.terms net state domestic product nsdp uttar pradesh secondlargest economy india maharashtra estimated gross state domestic product ₹.lakh crore us billion hence contributes .india.
Uttar Pradesh	according report generated india brand equity foundation ibef – uttar pradesh accounted share countrys total food grain output.state experienced high rate economic growth past years.food grain production state – stood .thousand tonnes.wheat states principal food crop sugarcane main commercial crop particularly western uttar pradesh.
Uttar Pradesh	indias sugar comes uttar pradesh.sugarcane important cash crop state countrys largest producer sugar.per report generated indian sugar mills association isma total sugarcane production india estimated .million tonnes fiscal ending september includes .million tonnes maharashtra .
Uttar Pradesh	million tonnes uttar pradeshstate industries localised kanpur region fertile purvanchal lands noida region.mughalsarai home number major locomotive plants.major manufacturing products include engineering products electronics electrical equipment cables steel leather textiles jewellery frigates automobiles railway coaches wagons.meerut sports capital india also jewellery hub.smallscale industrial units situated uttar pradesh state per cent .
Uttar Pradesh	million units.manufacturing clusters cement top sector smes uttar pradesh.the uttar pradesh financial corporation upfc established year sfcs act mainly develop small mediumscale industries state.upfc also provides working capital existing units sound track record new units single window scheme.july due financial constraints directions state government lending activities suspended except state government schemes.state reported total private investment worth rs.
Uttar Pradesh	crores years .according recent report world bank ease business india uttar pradesh ranked among top states first among northern states.according uttar pradesh budget documents – uttar pradeshs debt burden .per cent gsdp.states total financial debt stood ₹ billion us billion .uttar pradesh able witness double digit economic growth despite consistent attempts years.
Uttar Pradesh	gsdp estimated grown per cent – .per cent – per cent indias gdp.according survey conducted centre monitoring indian economy cmie uttar pradeshs unemployment rate increased .percentage points rising .per cent april .
Uttar Pradesh	uttar pradesh largest number net migrants migrating state.census data migration shows nearly .million .people migrated uttar pradesh.marriage cited predominant reason migration among females.
Uttar Pradesh	among males important reason migration work employment.in – tertiary sector economy service industries largest contributor gross domestic product state contributing .state domestic product compared primary sector agriculture forestry tourism .secondary sector industrial manufacturing.msme sector secondlargest employment generator uttar pradesh first agriculture employs .million people across state.
Uttar Pradesh	leadership akhilesh yadav uttar pradesh exceeded fiveyear plan targets established several micro small medium enterprises msmes generated employment opportunities across state.th fiveyear plan – average gross state domestic product gsdp growth rate .lower .average states country.states per capita gsdp ₹ us lower national per capita gsdp ₹ us.
Uttar Pradesh	labour efficiency higher index national average .textiles sugar refining longstanding industries uttar pradesh employ significant proportion states total factory labour.economy also benefits states tourism industry.states exports include footwear leather goods sporting gear.the state attracting foreign direct investment mostly come software electronics fields noida kanpur lucknow becoming major hubs information technology industry house headquarters major corporate media financial institutions.sonebhadra district eastern uttar pradesh largescale industries.
Uttar Pradesh	southern region known energy capital india.may uttar pradesh largest number mobile subscribers country total .million mobile phone connections .million india according telecom regulator telecom regulatory authority india trai.november ministry urban development selected sixty one cities uttar pradesh comprehensive development program known atal mission rejuvenation urban transformation amrut.
Uttar Pradesh	package ₹ billion us.billion declared cities develop service level improvement plan slip plan better functioning local urban bodies cities.transportation state largest railway network country relative terms sixthhighest railway density despite plain topography largest population.km mi rail state.allahabad headquarters north central railway gorakhpur headquarters north eastern railway.
Uttar Pradesh	zonal headquarters allahabad gorakhpur lucknow moradabad serve divisional headquarters northern railway division.lucknow swarna shatabdi express second fastest shatabdi train connects indian capital new delhi lucknow kanpur shatabdi express connects new delhi kanpur.first train india get new german lhb coaches.railway stations allahabad junction agra cantt lucknow nr gorakhpur junction kanpur central mathura junction varanasi junction included indian railways list worldclass railway stations.the state large multimodal transportation system largest road network country.state well connected nine neighbouring states almost parts india national highways nh.
Uttar Pradesh	boasts national highways total length km .total nh length india.uttar pradesh state road transport corporation established provide economical reliable comfortable transportation state connecting services adjoining states boasts state transport corporation runs profit entire nation.cities connected state highways district headquarters connected four lane roads carry traffic major centres within state.one agra lucknow expressway km mi controlledaccess highway constructed uttar pradesh expressways industrial development authority upeida reduce vehicular traffic previously congested roads.
Uttar Pradesh	expressway countrys largest greenfield expressway reduced travel time lucknow agra hours .hours.district roads village roads provide villages accessibility meet social needs also means transport agriculture produce village nearby markets.major district roads provide secondary function linking main roads rural roads.uttar pradesh highest road density india km per km largest surfaced urbanroad network country km.the state two international airports located lucknow chaudhary charan singh international airport lal bahadur shastri international airport varanasi.
Uttar Pradesh	six domestic airports located agra allahabad bareilly ghaziabad gorakhpur kanpur.lucknow airport secondbusiest airport north india indira gandhi international airport new delhi.state also proposed creating taj international airport kurikupa near hirangaon tundla firozabad district.two international airports proposed built kushinagar jewar greater noida.lucknow metro operational since march .
Uttar Pradesh	kanpur metro construction.capital cities witnessing swift rise number immigrants called transformation public modes transport.sports traditional sports played mostly pastime include wrestling swimming kabaddi tracksports watersports played according local traditional rules without modern equipment.sports designed display martial skills using sword pata stick.due lack organised patronage requisite facilities sports survive mostly individuals hobbies local competitive events.
Uttar Pradesh	among modern sports field hockey popular uttar pradesh produced finest players india including dhyan chand recently nitin kumar lalit kumar upadhyay.recently cricket become popular field hockey.uttar pradesh first ranji trophy tournament february beating bengal final.also boast routinely three four players national side.green park stadium kanpur internationally recognised cricket stadium state witnessed indias famous victories.uttar pradesh cricket association upca headquarters kanpur.
Uttar Pradesh	international cricket stadium capacity spectators set capital city uttar pradesh.greater noida cricket stadium another newly built international cricket stadium capacity around spectators.the buddh international circuit hosted indias inaugural f grand prix race october ..kilometrelong .mile circuit designed german architect racetrack designer herman tilke compete worldclass race circuits.however races held three times cancelled due falling attendance lack government support.government uttar pradesh considered formula one entertainment sport thus imposed taxes event participants.
Uttar Pradesh	education uttar pradesh long tradition education although historically primarily confined elite class religious schools.sanskritbased learning formed major part education vedic gupta periods.cultures travelled region brought bodies knowledge adding pali persian arabic scholarship community.formed core hindubuddhistmuslim education rise british colonialism.present schoolstouniversity system education owes inception development state rest country foreign christian missionaries british colonial administration.
Uttar Pradesh	schools state either managed government private trusts.hindi used medium instruction schools except affiliated cbse council icse boards.plan completing secondary school students typically enroll two years junior college also known preuniversity schools higher secondary facility affiliated uttar pradesh board high school intermediate education central board.students choose one three streams namely liberal arts commerce science.upon completing required coursework students may enroll general professional degree programs.
Uttar Pradesh	uttar pradesh schools example delhi public school noida la martinière girls college lucknow step step school noida ranked among best schools country.uttar pradesh universities including central universities state universities deemed universities iits varanasi kanpur aiims gorakhpur aiims rae bareli iim lucknow nit allahabad iiits national law university lucknow several polytechnics engineering colleges industrial training institutes.institutes like aligarh muslim university sanjay gandhi postgraduate institute medical sciences indian institute technology kanpur indian institute technology bhu indian institute management lucknow motilal nehru national institute technology allahabad indian institute information technology allahabad indian institute information technology lucknow university institute engineering technology kanpur king georges medical university dr. ram manohar lohiya national law university harcourt butler technical university known worldwide quality education research respective fields.presence institutions provides students state ample opportunities higher education.the integral university state level institution established uttar pradesh government provide education different technical applied science disciplines.central institute higher tibetan studies founded autonomous organisation national ministry culture.jagadguru rambhadracharya handicapped university university established exclusively disabled world.
Uttar Pradesh	large number indian scholars educated different universities uttar pradesh.notable scholars born worked studied geographic area state include harivansh rai bachchan motilal nehru harish chandra indira gandhi.tourism uttar pradesh ranks first domestic tourist arrivals among states india million owing rich varied topography vibrant culture festivals monuments ancient places worship viharas.uttar pradesh also home three world heritage sites taj mahal agra fort nearby fatehpur sikri.uttar pradesh favoured tourist destination india due location taj mahal nearly lakhs .

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.