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PH
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example lactic acid produced muscle activity.state protonation phosphate derivatives atp phdependent.functioning oxygentransport enzyme hemoglobin affected ph process known root effect.seawater ph seawater typically limited range ... plays important role oceans carbon cycle evidence ongoing ocean acidification caused carbon dioxide emissions.
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PH
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however ph measurement complicated chemical properties seawater several distinct ph scales exist chemical oceanography.as part operational definition ph scale iupac defines series buffer solutions across range ph values often denoted nbs nist designation.solutions relatively low ionic strength ≈.compared seawater ≈.consequence recommended use characterizing ph seawater since ionic strength differences cause changes electrode potential.resolve problem alternative series buffers based artificial seawater developed.
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PH
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new series resolves problem ionic strength differences samples buffers new ph scale referred total scale often denoted pht.total scale defined using medium containing sulfate ions.ions experience protonation h so− ⇌ hso− total scale includes effect protons free hydrogen ions hydrogen sulfate ionsht hf hso−an alternative scale free scale often denoted phf omits consideration focuses solely hf principle making simpler representation hydrogen ion concentration.ht determined therefore hf must estimated using so− stability constant hso− kshf ht − hso− ht so− ks −however difficult estimate ks seawater limiting utility otherwise straightforward free scale.another scale known seawater scale often denoted phsws takes account protonation relationship hydrogen ions fluoride ions h f− ⇌ hf.resulting following expression hswshsws hf hso− hfhowever advantage considering additional complexity dependent upon abundance fluoride medium.
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PH
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seawater instance sulfate ions occur much greater concentrations times fluoride.consequence practical purposes difference total seawater scales small.the following three equations summarise three scales phphf −log hfpht −loghf hso− −log htphsws −loghf hso− hf −log hswsin practical terms three seawater ph scales differ values .ph units differences much larger accuracy ph measurements typically required particular relation oceans carbonate system.since omits consideration sulfate fluoride ions free scale significantly different total seawater scales.relative unimportance fluoride ion total seawater scales differ slightly.
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PH
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living systems ph different cellular compartments body fluids organs usually tightly regulated process called acid–base homeostasis.common disorder acid–base homeostasis acidosis means acid overload body generally defined ph falling .. alkalosis opposite condition blood ph excessively high.the ph blood usually slightly basic value ph .. value often referred physiological ph biology medicine.plaque create local acidic environment result tooth decay demineralization.enzymes proteins optimum ph range become inactivated denatured outside range.calculations ph calculation ph solution containing acids andor bases example chemical speciation calculation mathematical procedure calculating concentrations chemical species present solution.
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PH
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complexity procedure depends nature solution.strong acids bases calculations necessary except extreme situations.ph solution containing weak acid requires solution quadratic equation.ph solution containing weak base may require solution cubic equation.general case requires solution set nonlinear simultaneous equations.a complicating factor water weak acid weak base see amphoterism.
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PH
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dissociates according equilibrium ho ⇌ ho aq oh− aqwith dissociation constant kw defined k w h oh − displaystyle kwce hohce h stands concentration aqueous hydronium ion oh− represents concentration hydroxide ion.equilibrium needs taken account high ph solute concentration extremely low.strong acids bases strong acids bases compounds practical purposes completely dissociated water.normal circumstances means concentration hydrogen ions acidic solution taken equal concentration acid.ph equal minus logarithm concentration value.
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PH
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hydrochloric acid hcl example strong acid.ph .m solution hcl equal −log.ph .sodium hydroxide naoh example strong base.poh value .m solution naoh equal −log.
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PH
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poh .definition poh poh section means ph equal .solutions sodium hydroxide higher concentrations selfionization equilibrium must taken account.selfionization must also considered concentrations extremely low.consider example solution hydrochloric acid concentration ×−m.simple procedure given would suggest ph .. clearly wrong acid solution ph less .
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PH
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treating system mixture hydrochloric acid amphoteric substance water ph .results.weak acids bases weak acid conjugate acid weak base treated using formalism.acid ha ha ⇌ h a−base ha ⇌ h afirst acid dissociation constant defined follows.electrical charges omitted subsequent equations sake generality k h ha displaystyle kafrac ce h ace ha value assumed determined experiment.three unknown concentrations ha h a− determine calculation.
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PH
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two additional equations needed.one way provide apply law mass conservation terms two reagents h a. c ha displaystyle cce ace ace ha c h h ha displaystyle cce hce hce ha c stands analytical concentration.texts one mass balance equation replaced equation charge balance.satisfactory simple cases like one difficult apply complicated cases below.together equation defining ka three equations three unknowns.
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PH
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acid dissolved water ca ch ca concentration acid h. algebraic manipulation equation hydrogen ion concentration may obtained.h k h − k c displaystyle ce hkace hkaca solution quadratic equation gives hydrogen ion concentration hence ph loosely ph.procedure illustrated ice table also used calculate ph additional strong acid alkaline added system ca ≠ ch.for example ph .m solution benzoic acid pka .step k − ..× − displaystyle ka..times step set quadratic equation.
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PH
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h .× − h − .× − displaystyle ce h.times ce h.times step solve quadratic equation.h .× − p h .
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PH
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displaystyle ce h.times quad mathrm ph .alkaline solutions additional term added massbalance equation hydrogen.since addition hydroxide reduces hydrogen ion concentration hydroxide ion concentration constrained selfionization equilibrium equal k w h displaystyle frac kwce h c h h ha − k w h displaystyle cce hfrac ce hce hakwce h case resulting equation h cubic equation.general method systems polyprotic acids amenable spreadsheet calculations.three reagents many complexes formed general formulae apbqhrthe following general method used calculate ph solution.
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PH
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example three reagents equilibrium characterized equilibrium constant β. p b q h r β p q r p b q h r displaystyle ce apce bqce hrbeta pqrce apce bqce hr next write massbalance equations reagent c σ p β p q r p b q h r c b b σ q β p q r p b q h r c h h σ r β p q r p b q h r − k w h − displaystyle beginalignedcce ace asigma pbeta pqrce apce bqce hrcce bce bsigma qbeta pqrce apce bqce hrcce hce hsigma rbeta pqrce apce bqce hrkwce hendaligned note approximations involved equations except stability constant defined quotient concentrations activities.much complicated expressions required activities used.there nonlinear simultaneous equations three unknowns b h. equations nonlinear concentrations may range many powers solution equations straightforward.however many computer programs available used perform calculations.may three reagents.calculation hydrogen ion concentrations using formalism key element determination equilibrium constants potentiometric titration.
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Security alarm
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see also ph indicatorarterial blood gaschemical equilibriumpcopka notes references external linkssecurity alarms used residential commercial industrial military properties protect burglary theft property damage well personal protection intruders.security alerts neighborhoods show connection diminished robbery.car alarms likewise help protect vehicles contents.prisons also use security systems control inmates.some alarm systems serve single purpose burglary protection combination systems provide fire intrusion protection.intrusionalarm systems combined closedcircuit television surveillance cctv systems record intruders activities interface access control systems electrically locked doors.
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Security alarm
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many types security systems.homeowners typically small selfcontained noisemakers.devices also complicated multirole systems computer monitoring control.may even include twoway voice allows communication panel monitoring station.design basic alarm consists least one sensor detect trespassers alerting device indicate intrusion.
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Security alarm
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however typical premises security alarm employs following componentspremises control unit pcu alarm control panel acp simply panel brain system reads sensor inputs tracks armdisarm status signals intrusions.modern device typically one computer circuit boards inside metal enclosure.many newer networks often use sealed plastic boxes open.also control units builtin keypad humanmachine interface.sensors devices detect intrusions.sensors locations perimeter protected area within both.
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Security alarm
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sensors detect intruders different methods.example sensors monitor doors windows openings monitor unoccupied interiors motions sound vibration disturbancesalerting devices indicate alarm condition.commonly bells sirens also flashing lights.alerting devices serve dual purposes warning occupants intrusion potentially scaring burglars.devices also warn occupants fire smoke conditionkeypads small devices typically wallmounted function humanmachine interface system.
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Security alarm
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addition buttons keypads typically feature indicator lights small multicharacter display both.interconnections components.interconnections may consist direct wiring control unit wireless links local power supplies.in addition system security alarms often offer monitoring service.event alarm premises control unit contacts central monitoring station.operators station see signal take appropriate action contacting property owners notifying police dispatching private security forces.alerts transmit via dedicated alarm circuits telephone lines internet many cases.
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Security alarm
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sensor types hermetically sealed reed switches hermetically sealed reed switch common type twopiece sensor.switch operates electrically conductive reed switch either normally open normally closed influence magnetic field respect proximity second piece contains magnet.magnet moves away reed switch reed switch either closes opens based whether design usually open closed.action coupled electric current typically v dc allows alarm control panel detect fault zone circuit.sensors common found wired directly alarm control panel typically found wireless door window contacts subcomponents.
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Security alarm
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passive infrared detectors passive infrared pir motion detector one common sensors found household small business environments.offers affordable reliable functionality.term passive refers fact detector generate radiate energy works entirely detecting heat energy given objects.strictly speaking pir sensors detect motion instead identify abrupt changes temperature given point.intruder walks front sensor temperature point rise room temperature body temperature back again.quick change triggers detection.pir sensors designed wall ceilingmounted come various fields view narrowpoint detectors degree radar.
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Security alarm
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pirs require power supply addition detection signaling circuit.infrasound detectors infrasound detector works detecting infrasound sound waves frequencies hertz.sounds frequencies inaudible human ear.due inherent properties infrasound travel distances many hundreds kilometers.infrasound signals result volcanic eruptions earthquakes gravity waves opening closing doors forcing windows name few.the entire infrasound detection system consists following components speaker infrasound sensor microphone input orderfrequency filter analog digital ad converter finally mcu used analyze recorded signal.each time potential intruder tries enter house tests whether closed locked uses tools openings orand applies pressure therefore creates lowfrequency sound vibrations.
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Security alarm
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intruder breaks infrasound detector automatically catches sight intruders actionsthe purpose system detect burglars enter house avoid theft vandalism.sensitivity dependent size home presence animals.ultrasonic detectors active detectors transmit ultrasonic sound waves inaudible humans using frequencies khz khz.doppler shift principle underlying method operation detects change frequency due object motion.detection occurs object must cause change ultrasonic frequency receiver relative transmitting frequency.the ultrasonic detector operates transmitter emitting ultrasonic signal area protected.
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Security alarm
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solid objects surrounding floor walls ceiling reflect sound waves receiver detect.ultrasonic waves transmitted air hardsurfaced objects tend reflect ultrasonic energy soft surfaces tend absorb energy.when surfaces stationary frequency waves detected receiver equal transmitted frequency.however change frequency occur result doppler principle person object moving towards away detector.event initiates alarm signal.technology active many properties many alarm professionals consider obsolete.
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Security alarm
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microwave detectors device emits microwaves transmitter detects reflected microwaves reduction beam intensity using receiver.transmitter receiver usually combined inside single housing monostatic indoor applications separate housings bistatic outdoor applications.reduce false alarms type detector usually combined passive infrared detector dual tec brand similar alarm.microwave detectors respond doppler shift frequency reflected energy phase shift sudden reduction level received energy.effects may indicate motion intruder.advantages low cost easy install invisible perimeter barrier.affected fog rain snow sand storms wind.disadvantages may affected presence water dripping ground.
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Security alarm
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typically need sterile clearance area prevent partial blocking detection field.compact surveillance radar compact surveillance radar emits microwaves transmitter detects reflected microwaves.similar microwave detectors detect precise location intruders areas extending hundreds acres.capability measuring range angle velocity direction size target csr pinpoint precise gps coordinate intruder.target information typically displayed map user interface situational awareness software defines geographical alert zones geofences different types actions initiated depending time day factors.
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Security alarm
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csr commonly used protect outside fence line critical facilities electrical substations power plants dams bridges.photoelectric beams photoelectric beam systems detect presence intruder transmitting invisible infrared light beams across area beams may obstructed.improve detection surface area beams often employed stacks two more.however intruder aware technologys presence avoided.technology effective longrange detection system installed stacks three transmitters receivers staggered create fencelike barrier.
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Security alarm
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systems available internal external applications.prevent clandestine attack using secondary light source used hold detector sealed condition whilst intruder passes systems use detect modulated light source.advantages low cost easy install.require little sterile clearance area operate disadvantages affected fog high luminosity.position transmitter located cameras.
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Security alarm
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glassbreak detection glassbreak detector may used internal perimeter building protection.glassbreak acoustic detectors mounted close proximity glass panes listen sound frequencies associated glass breaking.seismic glassbreak detectors generally referred shock sensors different installed glass pane.glass breaks produces specific shock frequencies travel glass often window frame surrounding walls ceiling.typically intense frequencies generated khz depending type glass presence plastic interlayer.seismic glassbreak detectors feel shock frequencies turn generate alarm condition.window foil less sophisticated mostly outdated detection method involves gluing thin strip conducting foil inside glass putting lowpower electric current it.
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Security alarm
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breaking glass intents purposes ensured tear foil break circuit.smoke heat carbon monoxide detectors systems also equipped smoke heat andor carbon monoxide detectors.also known hour zones times.smoke heat detectors protect risk fire using different detection methods.carbon monoxide detectors help protect risk carbon monoxide poisoning.
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Security alarm
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although intruder alarm panel may also detectors connected may meet local fire code requirements fire alarm system.traditional smoke detectors technically ionization smoke detectors create electric current two metal plates sound alarm disrupted smoke entering chamber.ionization smoke alarms quickly detect small amounts smoke produced fastflaming fires cooking fires fueled paper flammable liquids.newer perhaps safer type photoelectric smoke detector.contains light source lightsensitive electric sensor positioned degree angle sensor.normally light light source shoots straight across misses sensor.
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Security alarm
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smoke enters chamber scatters light hits sensor triggers alarm.photoelectric smoke detectors typically respond faster fire early smoldering stage – source fire bursts flames.motion sensors motion sensors devices use various forms technology detect movement.technology typically found motion sensors trigger alarm includes infrared ultrasonic vibration contact.dual technology sensors combine two forms detection order reduce false alarms method advantages disadvantages.
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Security alarm
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traditionally motion sensors integral part home security system.devices typically installed cover large area commonly cover ft. ° field vision.driveway alarms driveway alarm systems combined security automation systems.designed alert residents unexpected visitors intruders deliveries arriving property.come magnetic infrared motion sensing options.
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Security alarm
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driveway alarms also purchased hardwired wireless systems.common rural security systems well commercial applications.electromechanical shaker sensors electromechanical devices mounted barriers used primarily detect attack structure itself.technology relies unstable mechanical configuration forms part electrical circuit.movement vibration occurs unstable portion circuit moves breaks current flow produces alarm.
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Security alarm
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medium transmitting vibration must correctly selected specific sensor best suited different types structures configurations.technology gradually replaced intelligent digital accelerometerbased systems.advantages lowcost easily installed existing fences.disadvantages must fencemounted.mechanical nature system unable analyze differences pattern vibrations example difference gusts wind person climbing fence.ferrous metal detectors change local magnetic field due presence ferrous metals induces current buried sensors buried cables discrete sensors analyzed system.change exceeds predetermined threshold alarm generated.
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Security alarm
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type sensor used detect intruders carrying substantial amounts metal firearm making ideally suited antipoaching applications.electrostatic field sometimes referred efield volumetric sensor uses electric field proximity sensing installed buildings perimeters fences walls.also ability installed freestanding dedicated poles.system uses electromagnetic field generator powering one wire another sensing wire running parallel it.sensing wire connected signal processor analysesamplitude change mass intruderrate change movement intruderpreset disturbance time time intruder pattern.these items define characteristics intruder three detected simultaneously alarm signal generated.the barrier provide vertical protection ground height mounting posts typically – meters height depending number sensor wires installed.
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Security alarm
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usually configured zones metre lengths.advantage highsecurity difficult defeat high vertical detection field.disadvantages expensive short zones mean electronics thus higher cost.microphonic systems microphonic systems vary design example timedomain reflectrometer piezoelectric generally based detection intruder attempting cut climb fence.usually microphonic detection systems installed sensor cables attached rigid chainwire fences however specialized versions systems also installed buried systems underground.depending version selected sensitive different frequencies levels noise vibration.system based coaxial electromagnetic sensor cable controller ability differentiate signals cable chainwire cut intruder climbing fence bad weather conditions.the systems designed detect analyze incoming electronic signals received sensor cable generate alarms signals exceed preset conditions.
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Security alarm
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systems adjustable electronics permit installers change sensitivity alarm detectors suit specific environmental conditions.tuning system usually accomplished commissioning detection devices.advantages relatively inexpensive compared systems easy install.disadvantage older systems may high rate false alarms caused wind distances although newer systems use dsp digital signal processing process signal greatly reduce false alarms cases.taut wire fence systems taut wire perimeter security system basically independent screen tensioned tripwires usually mounted fence wall.alternatively screen made thick need supporting chainwire fence.
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Security alarm
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systems designed detect physical attempt penetrate barrier.taut wire systems operate variety switches detectors sense movement end tense wires.switches detectors simple mechanical contact static force transducer electronic strain gauge.unwanted alarms caused birds animals avoided adjusting sensors ignore objects exert small amounts pressure wires.type system vulnerable intruders digging fence.
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Security alarm
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concrete footing directly fence installed prevent type attack.advantages low rate false alarms reliable sensors high rate detection.disadvantages expensive complicated install.fiber optic cable fiberoptic cable used detect intruders measuring difference amount light sent fiber core.variety fiber optic sensing technologies may used including rayleigh scattering interferometry cable disturbed light changed intrusion detected.cable attached directly chainwire fence bonded barbed steel tape used protect tops walls fences.type barbed tape provides good physical deterrent well giving immediate alarm tape cut severely distorted.advantages cablebased similar microphonic system easy install.
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Security alarm
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allow cover large perimeters tens km.disadvantage typically performs manner similar microphonicbased systems higher cost complexity due use fiberoptic technology.ported coaxial cable system employs electromagnetic field disturbance principle based two unshielded leaky coaxial cables buried approximately cm ft. deep ft. apart.transmitter emits continuous radio frequency rf energy along one cable energy received cable.change field strength weakens due presence object reaches preset lower threshold alarm condition generated.system covert installation.
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Security alarm
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care must taken ensure surrounding soil offers good drainage order avoid nuisance alarms.advantage concealed buried form.disadvantages affected rf noise difficult install.security electric fence security electric fences consist wires carry pulses electric current provide nonlethal shock deter potential intruders.tampering fence also results alarm logged security electric fence energiser also trigger siren strobe andor notifications control room directly owner via email phone.practical terms security electric fences type sensor array acts part physical barrier psychological deterrent potential intruders part security alarm system.advantages less expensive many methods less likely give false alarms many alternative perimeter security methods highest psychological deterrent methods.disadvantage potential unintended shock.wired wireless hybrid systems trigger signal every sensor transmitted one control units either wires wireless means radio line carrier infrared.
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Security alarm
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wired systems convenient sensors pirs smoke detectors etc.require external power operate correctly however may costly install.entrylevel wired systems utilize star network topology panel center logically devices home run line wires back panel.complex panels use bus network topology wire basically data loop around perimeter facility drops sensor devices must include unique device identifier integrated sensor device e.g.id.
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Security alarm
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biscuit.wired systems also advantage wired properly example dual loop tamperevident.wireless systems hand often use batterypowered transmitters easier install less expensive startup costs may fail batteries maintained.depending distance construction materials one wireless repeaters may required bring signal alarm panel reliably.wireless system moved new home easily advantage rent move frequently.important wireless connection security one control panel monitoring station.
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Security alarm
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wireless monitoring alarm system protects burglar cutting cable failures internet provider.full wireless setup commonly referred wireless.hybrid systems use wired wireless sensors achieve benefits both.transmitters also connected premises electrical circuits transmit coded signals control unit line carrier.control unit usually separate channel zone burglar fire sensors better systems separate zone every different sensor well internal trouble indicators mains power loss low battery broken wire etc.. alarm connection monitoring depending upon application alarm output may local remote combination.local alarms include monitoring though may include indoor andor outdoor sounders e.g.
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Security alarm
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motorized bell electronic siren lights e.g.strobe light may useful signaling evacuation notice people fire alarms one hopes scare amateur burglar quickly.however widespread use alarm systems especially cars false alarms frequent many urbanites tend ignore alarms rather investigating let alone contacting necessary authorities.short may response all.rural areas nobody may hear fire bell burglar siren lights sounds may make much difference nearest emergency responders may arrive late avoid losses.remote alarm systems used connect control unit predetermined monitor sort come many different configurations.
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Security alarm
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highend systems connect central station first responder e.g.policefiremedical via direct phone wire cellular network radio network i.e.gprsgsm ip path.case dual signaling system two options utilized simultaneously.alarm monitoring includes sensors also communication transmitter itself.
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Security alarm
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direct phone circuits still available areas phone companies high cost advent dual signaling comparatively lower cost becoming uncommon.direct connections usually seen federal state local government buildings school campus dedicated security police fire emergency medical department uk communication possible alarm receiving centre – communication directly emergency services permitted.more typical systems incorporate digital cellular communication unit contact central station location via public switched telephone network pstn raise alarm either synthesized voice increasingly via encoded message string central station decodes.may connect regular phone system system side demarcation point typically connect customer side ahead phones within monitored premises alarm system seize line cuttingoff active calls call monitoring company needed.dual signaling system would raise alarm wirelessly via radio path gprsgsm cellular path using phone line broadband line backup overcoming compromise phone line.encoders programmed indicate specific sensor triggered monitors show physical location zone sensor list even map protected premises make resulting response effective.
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Security alarm
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example heat sensor alarm coupled flame detector area reliable indication actual fire one sensor indication itself.many alarm panels equipped backup communication path use primary pstn circuit functioning.redundant dialer may connected second communication path specialized encoded cellular phone radio internet interface device bypass pstn entirely thwart intentional tampering phone lines.fact someone tampered line could trigger supervisory alarm via radio network giving early warning imminent problem e.g.arson.cases remote building may pstn phone service cost trenching running direct line may prohibitive.
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Security alarm
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possible use wireless cellular radio device primary communication method.in uk popular solution kind similar principle primary back paths reversed.utilizing radio path gprsgsm primary signaling path quicker pstn also allows huge cost savings unlimited amounts data sent extra expense.broadband alarm monitoring increasing deployment voice ip technology voip driving adoption broadband signaling alarm reporting.many sites requiring alarm installations longer conventional telephone lines pots alarm panels conventional telephone dialer capability work reliably types voip service.dialup analogue alarm panels systems serialparallel data ports may migrated broadband addition alarm server device converts telephone signaling signals data port traffic ip messages suitable broadband transmission.direct use voip pots port premises terminal transport analogue alarms without alarm server device problematic audio codecs used throughout entire network transmission path cannot guarantee suitable level reliability quality service acceptable application.in response changing public communications network new alarm systems often use broadband signaling method alarm transmission manufacturers including ip reporting capability directly alarm panel products.
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Security alarm
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internet used primary signaling method critical security life safety applications frequent supervision messages configured overcome concerns backup power network equipment signal delivery time.typical applications connectivity concerns controlled normal supervision messages sent daily weekly.various ip alarm transmission protocols exist use today proprietary.formats used conventional telephone reporting standardized published broadband signaling alarm reporting standardized today.us alarm manufacturers developed open standard called dc.standard accepted american national standard published ansisia dc.
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Security alarm
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ref ansisia dc without protocol provides encoding scheme transport mechanism carry data previously defined alarm protocols including latest contact id sia dc sia protocols.ref ansisia dc.several manufacturers panels receivers reported developing released support dc.radio alarm dual signaling dual signaling method alarm transmission uses mobile phone network telephone andor ip path transmit intruder fire personal attack signals high speed protected premises alarm receiving centre arc.commonly uses gprs gsm highspeed signaling technology used send receive ‘packets’ data telephone line addition.
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Security alarm
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option ip used frequently due issues installation configuration high level i.t expertise often required addition alarm installation knowledge.a dual signaling communication device attached control panel security installation component transmits alarm arc.number different ways via gprs radio path via gsm radio path via telephone lineor ip chosen.multiple signaling paths present live time backing minimize exposure property intruders.one fail always one form back depending manufacturer chosen three paths working simultaneously one time.prior availability dual signaling systems police keyholders often called premises alarm signal telephone path discover network fault genuine alarmdual paths allow distinction hardware failures genuine attack alarm.
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Security alarm
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helps eliminate false alarms unnecessary responses.dual signaling helped considerably restoration police response instance phone line cut dual signaling device continue send alarm calls via one alternative paths either confirming denying alarm initial path.in uk csl dualcom ltd pioneered dual signaling .company offered first credible alternative existing alarm signaling setting current standard professional dual path security monitoring.dual signaling firmly regarded standard format alarm signaling duly specified leading insurance companies.listenin alarm monitoring monitored alarms speaker phones allow central station speak homeowner intruder.
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Security alarm
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may beneficial owner medical emergencies.actual breakins speaker phones allow central station urge intruder cease desist response units dispatched.listenin alarm monitoring also known immediate audioresponse monitoring speaking alarm systems uk.alarm monitoring services list services monitored central station expanded past years include access control cctv monitoring alarm verification environmental monitoring intrusion alarm monitoring fire alarm sprinkler monitoring critical condition monitoring medical response monitoring elevator telephone monitoring holdup panic alarm monitoring duress monitoring auto dialer tests open close signal supervision reporting exception reports pin passcode management.increasingly central stations making information available directly end users via internet secure logon view create custom reports events themselves.
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Security alarm
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alarm response united states police respond least million alarm activations year estimated annual cost .billion.depending upon zone triggered number sequence zones time day factors alarm monitoring center may automatically initiate various actions.central station operators might instructed call emergency services immediately first call protected premises property manager try determine alarm genuine.operators could also start calling list phone numbers provided customer contact someone go check protected premises.zones may trigger call local heating oil company go check system call owner details room may getting flooded.
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Security alarm
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alarm systems tied video surveillance systems current video intrusion area instantly displayed remote monitor mention recorded.some alarm systems use realtime audio video monitoring technology verify legitimacy alarm.municipalities around united states type alarm verification allows property protecting placed verified response list allowing quicker safer police responses.the first video home security system patented december inventor marie brown.system used television surveillance.access control bypass codes useful intrusion alarm system deactivated reconfigured authorized personnel present.authorization may indicated number ways often keys codes used control panel remote panel near entry.
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Security alarm
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highsecurity alarms may require multiple codes fingerprint badge handgeometry retinal scan encryptedresponse generator means deemed sufficiently secure purpose.failed authorizations result alarm least timed lockout prevent experimenting possible codes.systems configured permit deactivation individual sensors groups.others also programmed bypass ignore individual sensors multiple times leave remainder system armed.feature useful permitting single door opened closed alarm armed permit person leave return.highend systems allow multiple access codes may even permit used particular days combination users codes i.e.
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Security alarm
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escorted.case remote monitoring center arrange oral code provided authorized person case false alarms monitoring center assured alarm response unnecessary.access codes also hierarchy oral codes say furnace repairperson enter kitchen basement sensor areas silver vault pantry.also systems permit duress code entered silence local alarm still trigger remote alarm summon police robbery.fire sensors isolated meaning triggered trigger main alarm network.important smoke heat intentionally produced.
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Security alarm
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owners buildings fined generating false alarms waste time emergency personnel.false absent alarms united states department justice estimates alarm calls law enforcement false alarms.system reliability user error cause false alarms sometimes called nuisance alarms.false alarms costly local governments local law enforcement security system users members local communities.department justice reported one year false alarms cost local municipalities constituents least .billion.in many municipalities across united states policies adopted fine home business owners multiple false alarm activations security system.
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Security alarm
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multiple false alarms property persist property could even added response list bars police dispatch property except event verified emergency.approximately police alarm calls actually involve crime.nuisance alarms occur unintended event evokes alarm status otherwise properly working alarm system.false alarm also occurs alarm system malfunction results alarm state.three circumstances source problem immediately found fixed responders lose confidence alarm reports.
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Security alarm
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easier know false alarms system designed react condition.failure alarms troublesome usually require periodic testing make sure sensors working correct signals getting monitor.systems designed detect problems internally low dead batteries loose connections phone circuit trouble etc.earlier nuisance alarms could set small disturbances like insects pets newer model alarms technology measure sizeweight object causing disturbance thus able decide serious threat especially useful burglar alarms.false alarm reduction many municipalities across united states require alarm verification police dispatched.
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Security alarm
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approach alarm monitoring companies must verify legitimacy alarms except holdup duress panic alarms calling police.verified response typically involves visual onscene verification breakin remote audio video verification.home business owners choose new type keypad control panel designed help reduce false alarms.based standard called cp developed american national standards institute security industry association new generation keypad control panels takes aim user error building extra precautions minimize unwarranted dispatch emergency responders.some features cp keypads include progress annunciation function emits different sound last seconds delay hastens exit premises.also exit time doubles user disables prewarning feature.other rules address failure exit premises results arming zones stay mode onetime automatic restart exit delay.however exit error immediate local alarm sound.audio video verification alarms utilize audio video combination audio video verification technology give security companies dispatchers police officers property managers reliable data assess threat level triggered alarm.audio video verification techniques use microphones cameras record audio frequencies video signals image snapshots.
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Security alarm
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source audio video streams sent communication link usually internet protocol ip network central station monitors retrieve images proprietary software.information relayed law enforcement recorded event file used plan strategical tactical approach property later prosecution evidence.an example system works passive infrared sensor triggered designated number video frames event sent central station.a second video solution incorporated standard panel sends central station alarm.signal received trained monitoring professional accesses onsite digital video recorder dvr ip link determine cause activation.type system camera input dvr reflects alarm panels zones partitioning allows personnel look alarm source multiple areas.the united states department justice states legislation requiring alarm companies verify legitimacy alarm contacting law enforcement commonly known verified response effective way reduce false burglar alarms.department justice considers audio video eyewitness account verification legitimacy burglar alarm.
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Security alarm
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crosszoning crosszoning strategy require new keypad.using multiple sensors monitor activity one area software analyses input sources.example motion detector trips one area signal recorded centralstation monitor notifies customer.second alarm signal—received adjacent zone within short time—is confirmation centralstation monitor needs request dispatch immediately.builds increased protection failsafe door blow open bird rattle exterior window.
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Security alarm
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enhanced call verification enhanced call verification ecv helps reduce false dispatches – still protecting citizens mandated several us jurisdictions although alarm industry successfully opposed others.ecv requires central station personnel attempt verify alarm activation making minimum two phone calls two different responsible party telephone numbers dispatching law enforcement scene.the first alarmverification call goes location alarm originated.contact person made second call placed different number.secondary number best practices dictate telephone answered even hours preferably cellular phone decision maker authorized request bypass emergency response.ecv cannot confirm actual intrusion event prompt priority law enforcement dispatch considered true alarm verification security industry.independent certification insurance companies local agencies require alarm systems installed code certified independent third party.
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Security alarm
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alarm system required maintenance check carried every – months uk audible intruder alarm systems require routine service visit every months monitored intruder alarm systems require check twice every month period ensure internal components sensors psus functioning correctly.past would require alarm service engineer attend site carry checks out.use internet radio path compatible ipradio transmitting device alarmed premises checks carried remotely central station.see also access controlalarm managementdoor securitydual loopemergency serviceenvironmental designfire alarmglassbreak detectorperimeter intrusion detection systemphysical securitysecurity lightingvandalresistant switchvoiceactivated radiodispatched alarm references sources chilo josé lindblad thomas .wireless data acquisition system using bluetooth technology infrasonic records.
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Security alarm
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computing.–.scid .lee seungmug wilson harry .spatial impact burglar alarms decline residential burglary.security journal.
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Security alarm
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–.doi.sj... issn .scid .chen pinwei young gregory december .ported coax intrusion detection sensor.ieee transactions antennas propagation.
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Security alarm
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–.bibcodeitap....c. doi.tap... issn .reading aii n. clifton.broadband csv xml alarm data standards auckland nz us patent nichani sanjay schatz david a. shillman robert joel video safety curtain published october assigned cognex corporation trimmer h.william .understanding servicing alarm systems rd ed.. boston butterworthheinemann.
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Security alarm
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isbn .registration requiredwalker philip .electronic security systems reducing false alarms.oxford newnes.isbn .
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LiteSpeed Web Server
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registration requiredweber thad l. .alarm systems theft prevention nd ed.. boston butterworth.oclc .registration requiredwolf guard alarm system china cn external links burglar alarm worksth popular web server estimated used websites july .lsws developed privately held litespeed technologies.software uses configuration format apache http server compatible apache features.open source variant also available.lsws released august became th popular web server.november litespeeds market share grew .
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LiteSpeed Web Server
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.increasing position th th popular web server according netcraft.team hong kong polytechnic university found one six popular web servers estimated team rwth aachen university running .httpenabled websites.april lsws used .
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LiteSpeed Web Server
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websites using quic .websites using http.according latest netcraft web server survey litespeed never grew upon global market shares.features lsws compatible commonlyused apache features including modrewrite .htaccess modsecurity.lsws load apache configuration files directly works dropin replacement apache fully integrating popular control panels.lsws replaces apache functions uses event driven approach handle requests.
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LiteSpeed Web Server
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history litespeed technologies founded early team engineers led george wang.july litespeed web server officially released fullfeatured web server.litespeed web server became litespeed web server enterprise configured apache dropin replacement.year web server integrated cpanel directadmin plesk.litespeed web server officially began supporting http version .
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VirusTotal
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also released lscache cache plugin wordpress esi version ... lsws released quic support.july lsws announced support http.see also comparison web server softwareweb server referenceslaunched june acquired google september .companys ownership switched january chronicle subsidiary google.virustotal aggregates many antivirus products online scan engines called contributors.november cyber national mission force unit subordinate u.s. cyber command became contributor.aggregated data contributors allows user check viruses users antivirus software may missed verify false positives.files mb uploaded website sent via email max.
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VirusTotal
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mb.antivirus software vendors receive copies files flagged scans passed engine help improve software extension virustotals capability.users also scan suspect urls search virustotal dataset.virustotal uses cuckoo sandbox dynamic analysis malware.virustotal selected pc world one best products .products services windows uploader virustotals windows uploader application integrates explorers rightclick contextual menu listed send virus total.
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VirusTotal
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application also launches manually submitting url program currently running os.virustotal stores name various hashes scanned file.already scanned files identified known e.g.vt default sha hash without uploading complete files.sha query url form https file uploads normally limited mb.virustotal discontinued support windows uploader.
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VirusTotal
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uploader mac os x linux windows app upload file via apps ui context menu given back result.mac os x app downloaded website however need compile build app linux using core provided repository used mac os x application.already scanned files identified known e.g.vt default sha hash without uploading complete files.virustotal browsers several browser extensions available vtbrowsers mozilla firefox google chrome vtexplorer internet explorer.
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VirusTotal
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allow user download files directly virustotals web application prior storing computer well scanning urls.virustotal mobile service also offers android app employs public api search installed application virustotals previously scanned ones show status.application previously scanned submitted api key must provided restrictions public api usage may apply see public api.public api virustotal provides free service public api allows automation online features upload scan files submit scan urls access finished scan reports make automatic comments urls samples.restrictions apply requests made public api requiring individual api key freely obtained online signing low priority scan queue limited number requests per time frame etc.
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VirusTotal
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antivirus products antivirus engines used detection uploading files.websitedomain scanning engines datasets antivirus scanning engines used url scanning.file characterization tools datasets utilities used provide additional info uploaded files.privacy files uploaded virustotal may shared freely antimalware companies also retained store.virustotal page states virustotal confidentialityfiles urls sent virustotal shared antivirus vendors security companies help improving services products.
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National Security Council (India)
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believe eventually lead safer internet better enduser protection.by default fileurl submitted virustotal detected least one scanner freely sent scanners detect resource.additionally files urls enter private store may accessed premium mainly securityantimalware companiesorganizations virustotal users improve security products services.references external links official websiteestablished former prime minister india atal bihari vajpayee november brajesh mishra first national security advisor.prior formation nsc activities overseen principal secretary preceding prime minister.members besides national security advisor nsa deputy national security advisors ministers defence external affairs home finance government india vice chairman niti aayog members national security council.pm chair meeting nsc eg pm chaired meeting nsc post pulwama discuss heightened tension pakistan.members may invited attend monthly meetings required.
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National Security Council (India)
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organisational structure nsc apex body threetiered structure national security management system india.three tiers strategic policy group national security advisory board secretariat joint intelligence committee.strategic policy group strategic policy group first level three tier structure national security council.forms nucleus decisionmaking apparatus nsc.national security advisor ajit doval chairman group consists following membersvice chairman niti aayog rajiv kumarcabinet secretary rajiv gauba iaschief defence staff vacantchief army staff general manoj mukund naravanechief naval staff admiral r. hari kumarchief air staff air chief marshal vivek ram chaudharigovernor reserve bank india rbi shaktikanta dasforeign secretary harsh vardhan shringla ifsdefence secretary ajay kumar iashome secretary ajay kumar bhalla iasfinance secretary t. v. somanathan iassecretary research i.e.
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National Security Council (India)
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head research analysis wing samant goel ipsdirector general defence intelligence agency lieutenant general kjs dhilliondirector intelligence bureau arvind kumar ipschairperson central board direct taxes pramod chandra mody irs itsecretary defence production dr. ajay kumar iasscientific advisor raksha mantri chairman defence research development organisation drdo dr. g. satheesh reddysecretary atomic energy dr. k. n. vyassecretary space exofficio chairman indian space research organization isro dr. k. sivanthe strategic policy group undertakes strategic defence review blueprint short long term security threats well possible policy options priority basis.national security advisory board brainchild first national security advisor nsa brajesh mishra former member indian foreign service.national security advisory board nsab consists group eminent national security experts outside government.members usually senior retired officials civilian well military academics distinguished members civil society drawn expertise internal external security foreign affairs defence science technology economic affairs.the first nsab constituted december headed late k. subrahmanyam produced draft nuclear doctrine country strategic defence review national security review .the board meets least month frequently required.provides longterm prognosis analysis nsc recommends solutions address policy issues referred it.
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National Security Council (India)
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initially board constituted one year since board reconstituted two years.the tenure previous nsab headed former foreign secretary shyam saran ended january .members.the new board reconstituted july p. s. raghavan former indian ambassador russia – head.tenure two years.joint intelligence committee joint intelligence committee jic government india analyses intelligence data intelligence bureau research analysis wing directorates military naval air intelligence thus analyses domestic foreign intelligence.jic secretariat works cabinet secretariat.
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National Security Council (India)
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cyber security national cyber security strategy formulated office national cyber security coordinator national security council secretariat.national security council national information board headed national security adviser working cyber security surveillance helping framing india’s cyber security policy.aims protect cyber space including critical information infrastructure attack damage misuse economic espionage.in national critical information infrastructure protection centre national technical research organisation mandated protection critical information infrastructure.office national cyber security coordinator created advice prime minister strategic cyber security issues.case nodal entity india’s computer emergency response team certin playing crucial role ministry electronics information technologymeity.on june government india launched trusted telecom portal signalling coming effect national security directive telecommunication sector nsdts.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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consequently effect june telecom service providers tsps mandatorily required connect networks new devices designated trusted products trusted sources.see also cabinet committee securitylist indian intelligence agencies references external links official website national security advisory boardtrusted telecom portal national security directive telecommunication sectorcenter contemporary conflict indian internal security intelligence organizationespionage info india intelligence securityfas directorate interservices intelligenceglobal security india intelligence security agenciesspecifically software framework middleware hosts javabased web applications.flagship product within ibms websphere software suite.initially created donald f. ferguson later became cto software dell.first version launched .project offshoot ibm http server team starting domino go web server.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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architecture websphere application server built using open standards java ee xml web services.runs following platforms windows aix linux solaris ibm zos.beginning version .version .open standard specifications aligned common across platforms.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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platform exploitation extent takes place done open standard specification line.it works number web servers including apache http server netscape enterprise server microsoft internet information services iis ibm http server ios ibm http server zos ibm http server aixlinuxmicrosoft windowssolaris.uses port connection default administration port port default website publication port.the traditional opposed liberty variant websphere application server platform architected distributed computing platform could installed multiple operating system instances collectively referred websphere cell.management instances could done management node called deployment manager within cell deployment applications including ability perform rolling updates could pushed subset cell nodes.configuration information entire cell many nodes applications deployed applications configured session management details resources etc tracked xml configuration files distributed throughout cell every node.product lifetime implementation configuration details went files databasebased around v. back files around v.given distributed install given also management entire cell required management local effects deployment logging configuration etc overall effect security could often override local security configured properly.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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example earlier versions management console option available specify location log file remote node.could used read write arbitrary file remote node.reason advisable run application server node agent processes root privileges starting v security configuration defaulted box secure state even meant enabling desired functions required manual changing defaults.originally nodes cell single domain management well application security.however starting v. multiple security domains administrative application security separate.many ibm products ibm infosphere datastage use websphere application server base platform infrastructure.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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version history ibm shipped several versions editions websphere application server.in first beta versions websphere called servlet express.although versioning scheme x. x. would usually indicate minor release software industry websphere v. v. major releases like websphere v. v.. websphere liberty versions websphere liberty introduced websphere application server v. originally referred websphere liberty profile version numbering scheme rest was.ibm introduced new fix pack numbering scheme liberty reflect move continuous delivery liberty single support stream v... liberty numbering scheme rebased starting ... reflect year quarter liberty fixpack release.common level websphere liberty distributed part version .version .websphere application server.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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liberty continuous delivery model introduced allow new capabilities features delivered frequent basis.version .websphere application server v. adds java ee java se default also provides configured run java se .brought application server traditional level java ee websphere liberty offered since .first release made simultaneously available onpremises offering websphere service ibm cloud.websphere liberty increasingly focus new cloud native applications liberty ... version liberty included version .... liberty ... adds support new microprofile programming model simplifies cloud native application development using standard java ee technologies.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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flexible access websphere liberty provided additional distributions docker image cloud foundry buildpack.september ibm moved ongoing development liberty new open source project called open liberty.open liberty source liberty runtime websphere application server.distributions open liberty supported openliberty.io community ibm provides commercial support liberty websphere application server.version .. websphere application server v.. includes significant enhancements liberty profile including support java se full java ee compliance since v... webspheres intelligent management capabilities.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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websphere libertys support java ee enabled configuration sets features different sets library features available edition was.liberty core edition includes liberty features required java ee webprofile editions add liberty features full java ee .network deployment edition adds liberty features intelligent management.beyond zos edition adds liberty features enable zos platform capabilities.version .. websphere application server v. offers java ee java se default v. also provides configured run java se .
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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primary new capabilities v. liberty profile websphere application server intelligent management features.the liberty profile websphere application server included commercial editions server providing lightweight profile server web mobile osgi applications.release functional subset full profile websphere application server development production use install size mb startup time around seconds new xmlbased server configuration treated development artifact aid developer productivity.server capabilities engaged set features defined server configuration features added removed dynamically internal use osgi services.new model provided moving applications pipeline development production packaged server complete archive server server configuration application unzip deploy.centralized managed install optionally available job manager component websphere application server network deployment edition.intelligent management capability added network deployment zos editions websphere application server.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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integrates operational features previously available separate websphere virtual enterprise wve offering application editioning server health management dynamic clustering intelligent routing.compute grid also included network deployment zos editions websphere application server.previously separately priced websphere xd compute grid feature scheduling managing java batch workloads.version .version released september .java ee compliant application server.following flagship features introduced websphere application server version flexible management facilitates administration large number websphere application server base edition network deployment topologies might geographically distributedbusinesslevel application used managing application artifacts independent packaging programming modelsproperty based configuration feature simplifies experience automating administration administrator update websphere application server version configuration using simple property filebetween general availability websphere application server v websphere application server v number additional capabilities made available v form feature packs optionally added v install.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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feature pack content quality support main release content purpose feature pack deliver new innovation next major release.following feature packs provided websphere application server vfeature pack modern batchfeature pack osgi applications jpa .feature pack scafeature pack web .mobilefeature pack xmlfeature pack communication enabled applications version .version released june .september ibm extended end service v. full year september announced new versiontoversion migration incentives assistance.
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
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java ee .compliant application server includes following functionsupport java standard edition .support running jsr portlets application serversession initiation protocol sip servletsenhancements websphere install factoryibm support assistantibm jsf widget librarysimplified administrationimproved certificate key managementsecurity enhancementsadministration ibm http server websphere admin consolesupport preoasis wssecurity .support web services resource framework wsbusinessactivity wsbasupport jsr jmx remote connections ibm agents onlyadministrative console jython command assistanceenhanced scripting.version started deprecation process jacl syntax.bit servants new apachebased ibm http server zossupport ejb .technology support webservices standards provided ejb feature pack webservices feature packs respectively.function feature packs folded main product version .
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IBM WebSphere Application Server
|
functions webservices feature pack includeasynchronous programming model limited functional supportmultiple payload structuresstax streaming api xmlwsrm limited functional supportsupport oasis specified wssecurity ..wsaddressing limited functional supportjaxb supportpolicy set limited functional supportsecured thin client limited functional supportsoap protocol message transmission optimization mechanism mtomsupports cgi corba version .version released december .java ee .compliant application server.security enhancements include support jacc .
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