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Christian Science	supreme cause referred divine mind truth god love life spirit principle father–mother reflecting elements plato hinduism berkeley hegel swedenborg transcendentalism.the metaphysical groups became known mindcure movement strong focus healing.medical practice infancy patients regularly fared better without it.provided fertile soil mindcure groups argued sickness absence right thinking failure connect divine mind.movement traced roots united states phineas parkhurst quimby – new england clockmaker turned mental healer whose motto truth cure.mary baker eddy patient leading debate much christian science based ideas.new thought christian science differed eddy saw views unique final revelation.
Christian Science	eddys idea malicious animal magnetism people harmed bad thoughts others marked another distinction introducing element fear absent new thought literature.significantly dismissed material world illusion rather merely subordinate mind leading reject use medicine materia medica making christian science controversial metaphysical groups.reality eddy purely spiritual.christian science theology christian science leaders place religion within mainstream christian teaching according j. gordon melton reject identification new thought movement.eddy strongly influenced congregationalist upbringing.
Christian Science	according churchs tenets adherents accept inspired word bible sufficient guide eternal life ... acknowledge adore one supreme infinite god ... acknowledge son one christ holy ghost divine comforter man gods image likeness.founding church christ scientist april eddy wrote wanted reinstate primitive christianity lost element healing.later suggested christian science kind second coming science health inspired text.manual mother church ordained bible science health pastor mother church.christian science theology differs several respects traditional christianity.eddys science health reinterprets key christian concepts including trinity divinity jesus atonement resurrection beginning edition added key scriptures title included glossary redefined christian vocabulary.
Christian Science	core eddys theology view spiritual world reality entirely good material world evil sickness death illusion.eddy saw humanity idea mind perfect eternal unlimited reflects divine according bryan wilson called mortal man simply humanitys distorted view itself.despite view nonexistence evil important element christian science theology evil thought form malicious animal magnetism cause harm even harm apparent.eddy viewed god person allinall.although often described god language personhood—she used term father–mother god ann lee founder shakerism third edition science health referred god she—god mostly represented christian science synonyms mind spirit soul principle life truth love.holy ghost christian science heaven hell states mind.
Christian Science	supplication christian science prayer.process involves scientist engaging silent argument affirm unreality matter something christian science practitioners fee including absentia address ill health problems.wilson writes christian science healing curative ... premises rather preventative ill health accident misfortune since claims lead state consciousness things exist.heals realization nothing really heal.closed system thought viewed infallible performed correctly healing confirms power truth absence derives failure specifically bad thoughts individuals.eddy accepted true creation narrative book genesis chapter verse —that god created man image likeness—but rejected rest story false material according wilson.
Christian Science	theology nontrinitarian viewed trinity suggestive polytheism.saw jesus christian scientist wayshower humanity god distinguished jesus man concept christ latter synonym truth jesus first person fully manifest it.crucifixion divine sacrifice sins humanity atonement forgiveness sin jesuss suffering bribing god offerings writes wilson atonement god.views life death vague according wilson doctrine soul christian science death individual continues probationary state worked salvation proving truths christian science.eddy believe dead living could communicate.to conservative protestant clergy eddys view science health divinely inspired challenge bibles authority.
Christian Science	eddyism viewed cult one first uses modern sense word a. h. barringtons antichristian cults book spiritualism theosophy christian science.cases christian scientists expelled christian congregations ministers also worried parishioners choosing leave.may london times boston correspondent wrote boston mindcure craze scores valued church members joining christian scientist branch metaphysical organization thus far impossible check defection.mark twain described appeal new religion adherentsmrs.eddy delivered religion revolutionized lives banished glooms shadowed filled flooded sunshine gladness peace religion hell religion whose heaven put another time break gulf begins melts eternity fancies waking day melt dreams sleep.they believe christianity new testament always drift ages lost disuse neglect benefactor found given back men turning night life day terrors myths lamentations songs emancipation rejoicing.there mrs. eddy followers see her.
Christian Science	... sincerely believe mrs. eddys character pure perfect beautiful history without stain blot blemish.settle it.... history mary baker eddy early christian science movement mary baker eddy born mary morse baker farm bow new hampshire youngest six children religious family protestant congregationalists.common women time eddy given little formal education read widely home privately tutored.childhood lived protracted ill health.
Christian Science	eddys first husband died six months marriage three months son born leaving penniless result poor health lost custody boy four.married new husband promised become childs legal guardian marriage refused sign needed papers boy taken minnesota told mother died.eddy known mary patterson husband moved rural new hampshire eddy continued suffer health problems often kept bedridden.eddy tried various cures health problems including allopathic conventional medicine forms alternative medicine grahamism electrotherapy homeopathy hydropathy finally mesmerism phineas quimby.later accused critics beginning julius dresser borrowing ideas quimby biographer gillian gill would call single controversial issue life.in february eddy fell ice lynn massachusetts.
Christian Science	evidence suggests severe injuries days later apparently asked bible opened account one jesus miracles left bed telling friends healed prayer alone.moment since controversial considered moment one falling apples helped understand christian science although said fully understand time.in fall ice eddy began teaching first student began writing ideas eventually published science health key scriptures considered important work.students voted form church called church christ scientist later reorganized first church christ scientist also known mother church .founded massachusetts metaphysical college continue teaching students eddy started number periodicals christian science journal christian science sentinel herald christian science christian science monitor latter secular newspaper.monitor gone win seven pulitzer prizes .
Christian Science	also wrote numerous books articles addition science health including manual mother church contained bylaws church government member activity founded christian science publishing society order distribute christian science literature.although movement started boston first purposebuilt christian science church building erected oconto wisconsin.eddys lifetime christian science spread throughout united states parts world including canada great britain germany south africa hong kong philippines australia elsewhere.eddy encountered significant opposition began teaching writing christian science increased towards end life.one prominent examples mark twain wrote number articles eddy christian science first published cosmopolitan magazine later published book.another extended criticism first serialized magazine published book form georgine milmine willa cathers life mary baker g. eddy history christian science first appeared mcclures magazine january .
Christian Science	also several eddys relatives filed unsuccessful lawsuit instigated new york world known press next friends suit members eddys household alleging mentally unable manage affairs.suit fell apart eddy interviewed home august judge two psychiatrists including allan mclane hamilton concluded mentally competent.mcclures new york world stories considered least partially reason eddy asked church july found christian science monitor platform responsible journalism.eddy died two years later evening saturday december aged .mother church announced end sunday morning service eddy passed sight.church stated time come death christian scientists look eddys return world.
Christian Science	estate valued .million left church.christian science movement aftermath eddys death newspapers speculated church would fall apart others expected continue before.movement continued grow first decades .manual mother church prohibits church publishing membership figures clear exactly height movement was.
Christian Science	census counted c. christian scientists united states per million rodney stark believes close height.however number christian science churches continued increase around point reversal since many churches closed doors.number christian science practitioners united states began decline according stark.according j. gordon melton congregations worldwide roughly united states following ten years congregations closed.during years eddys death church gone number hardships controversies.included attempts make practicing christian science illegal united states elsewhere period known great litigation involved two intertwined lawsuits regarding church governance persecution nazi communist regimes germany imperial regime japan series lawsuits involving deaths members church notably children controversial decision publish book bliss knapp.
Christian Science	conjunction knapp book controversy controversy within church involving monitor channel part christian science monitor losing money eventually led channel shutting down.addition since beginning branded cult fundamentalist strains christianity attracted significant opposition result.number independent teachers alternative movements christian science emerged since founding none individuals groups achieved prominence christian science church.despite hardships controversies many christian science churches reading rooms remain existence around world recent years reports religion growing africa.christian science monitor also remains well respected nonreligious paper especially noted international reporting lack partisanship.healing practices christian science prayer healing metaphysical process.
Christian Science	means person healed material body patient matter illness one heal substance person thing place needs influenced.practitioner must first clear about.christian scientists avoid almost medical treatment relying instead christian science prayer.consists silently arguing oneself appeals personal god set words.caroline fraser wrote practitioner might repeat allness god using eddys seven synonyms—life truth love spirit soul principle mind spirit substance mind man image likeness mind intelligence spirit substance love wholeness life truth love reality.might deny religions existence evil mesmerism astrology numerology symptoms whatever illness is.
Christian Science	concludes fraser writes asserting disease lie word god power heal.christian science practitioners certified church christ scientist charge fee christian science prayer.practitioners worldwide united states charged – email telephone facetoface consultation.training twoweek lesson course called primary class based recapitulation chapter science health.practitioners wanting teach primary class take sixday normal class held boston every three years become christian science teachers.also christian science nursing homes.
Christian Science	offer medical services nurses christian scientists completed course religious study training basic skills feeding bathing.the christian science journal christian science sentinel publish anecdotal healing testimonials published april must accompanied statements three verifiers people know testifier well either witnessed healing vouch testifiers integrity sharing it.philosopher margaret p. battin wrote seriousness testimonials treated christian scientists ignores factors false positives caused selflimiting conditions.negative accounts published testimonials strengthen peoples tendency rely anecdotes.church study published examined published testimonials church said involved conditions medically diagnosed medically confirmed followup examinations.report offered evidence medical followup.
Christian Science	massachusetts committee children youth listed among reports flaws failed compare rates successful unsuccessful christian science treatment.nathan talbot church spokesperson told new england journal medicine church members free choose medical care according former christian scientists may ostracized.new york times reported church leaders saying year encouraging members see physician feel necessary repositioning christian science prayer supplement medical care rather substitute.church lobbied work christian science practitioners covered insurance.as reported christian scientists australia advising anyone vaccines religious exception deemed longer current necessary.church committee publication reiterated although vaccination individual choice church dictate vaccinated church dogma.church christ scientist governance hierarchy church christ scientist mother church boston first church christ scientist uses definite article name.
Christian Science	otherwise first christian science church city called first church christ scientist second church christ scientist followed name city example third church christ scientist london.church closes others city renamed.founded april church christ scientist led president fiveperson board directors.publicrelations department known committee publication representatives around world set eddy protect churchs reputation.church accused silencing internal criticism firing staff delisting practitioners excommunicating members.the churchs administration headquartered christian science center corner massachusetts avenue huntington avenue boston..acre site includes mother church mother church extension christian science publishing society building —which houses mary baker eddy library churchs administrative staff—the sunday school building church colonnade building .
Christian Science	also includes story administration building designed araldo cossutta i. m. pei associates housed administrative staff churchs departments.also childrens fountain ft × ft × reflecting pool.manual mother church eddys manual mother church first published lists churchs bylaws.requirements members include daily prayer daily study bible science health.members must subscribe church periodicals afford pay annual tax church less one dollar.prohibitions include engaging mental malpractice visiting store sells obnoxious books joining churches publishing articles uncharitable toward religion medicine courts law publishing number church members.
Christian Science	manual also prohibits engaging public debate christian science without board approval learning hypnotism.includes golden rule member mother church shall haunt mrs. eddys drive goes continually stroll house make summer resort near purpose.services church christ scientist lay church ordained clergy rituals performs baptisms clergy faiths often performing marriage funeral services since clergy own.main religious texts bible science health.church two readers read aloud bible lesson lesson sermon made selections texts sunday service shorter set readings open wednesday evening testimony meetings.
Christian Science	addition readings members offer testimonials main portion wednesday meetings including recovery ill health attributed prayer.also hymns time silent prayer repeating together lord’s prayer service.notable members notable scientists included directors central intelligence william h. webster admiral stansfield m. turner richard nixons chief staff h. r. haldeman chief domestic advisor john ehrlichman.viscountess nancy astor christian scientist naval officer charles lightoller survived sinking titanic .there used concentration scientists film industry including joan crawford carol channing doris day colleen dewhurst cecil b. demille horton foote george hamilton mary pickford ginger rogers mickey rooney jean stapleton king vidor.robert duvall val kilmer christian scientists.
Christian Science	raised christian scientists include jurist helmuth james graf von moltke military analyst daniel ellsberg ellen degeneres henry fonda james hetfield audrey hepburn elizabeth taylor robin williams.actor anne archer raised within christian science left church son tommy davis child became prominent church scientology.a conspicuous event death june actress jean harlow died kidney failure age .mother known mama jean recent convert christian science least two occasions attempt block conventional medical treatment daughter.fellow actors studio executives intervened harlow received medical treatment although nothing could done kidney failure perished.christian science publishing society christian science publishing society publishes several periodicals including christian science monitor winner seven pulitzer prizes .
Christian Science	daily circulation contracted .moved largely online presence weekly print run.church produced television programs founded hour news channel closed heavy losses months.the church also publishes weekly christian science sentinel monthly christian science journal herald christian science nonenglish publication.april jshonline made back issues journal sentinel herald available online subscribers.works mary baker eddy see also efficacy prayerfaith healingprincipia collegetherapeutic nihilism citations notes sources bates ernest s. dittemore john v. .
Christian Science	mary baker eddy truth tradition.new york a. a. knopf.beasley norman .continuing spirit.new york duell sloan pearce.fraser caroline .gods perfect child.
Christian Science	new york henry holt company.fuller linda k. .christian science monitor evolving experiment journalism.abcclio.gill gillian .mary baker eddy.reading perseus books.gottschalk stephen .
Christian Science	rolling away stone mary baker eddys challenge materialism.bloomington indiana university press.knee stuart e. .christian science age mary baker eddy.westport ct greenwood publishing company.koestlergrack rachel a. .mary baker eddy.
Christian Science	philadelphia chelsea house publishers.melton j. gordon .encyclopedic handbook cults america.new york garland pub.milmine georgine cather willa .life mary baker g. eddy history christian science.new york doubleday.voorhees amy b. .
Mogadishu	new christian identity christian science origins experience american culture.chapel hill nc university north carolina press.references reading church historieschronologicalbooks former christian scientists external links works related christian science wikisource media related christian science wikimedia commonscity served important port connecting traders round indian ocean millennia estimated population .mogadishu located coastal banadir region indian ocean unlike somali regions considered municipality rather maamul goboleed federal state.mogadishu long history ranges ancient period present serving capital sultanate mogadishu thth century many centuries controlled indian ocean gold trade eventually came ajuran empire th century important player medieval silk road maritime trade.mogadishu enjoyed height prosperity th th centuries early modern period considered wealthiest city east african coast well center thriving textile industry.th century mogadishu parts southern somalia fell hiraab imamate th century came geledi sultanates sphere influence.crdthe onset italian colonialism occurred stages italian treaties signed followed economic engagement somali clans italian benadir company direct governance italian government british military administration somalia world war two un italian trust territory s. followed independence hantiwadaag socialist era barres presidency – threedecade civil war afterward late period reconstruction.
Mogadishu	etymology origins name mogadishu muqdisho many theories likely derived morphology somali words muuq disho literally means sight killer blinder possibly referring citys blinding beauty.theories suggest persian word maqadishāh مقعد شاه means seat shah.another theory derived arabic root mqds means hallowed place place far ancient.th century explorer leo africanus knew city magadazo alt.magadoxo.
Mogadishu	history antiquity tradition old records assert southern somalia including mogadishu area inhabited early huntergatherers.although early inhabitants believed either overwhelmed driven away cases assimilated later migrants area physical traces occupation survive certain ethnic minority groups inhabiting modernday jubaland parts south.latter descendants include relict populations eile aweer waribi especially waboni.time arrival peoples cushitic rahanweyn digil mirifle clan confederacy would go establish local aristocracy cushitic groups affiliated oromo wardai ajuuraan maadanle already formed settlements subregion.sarapion ancient city sarapion believed predecessor state mogadishu.
Mogadishu	mentioned periplus erythraean sea greek travel document dating first century ad one series commercial ports somali littoral.according periplus maritime trade already connected peoples mogadishu area communities along indian ocean.during ancient times mogadishu part somali citystates engaged lucrative trade network connecting somali merchants phoenicia ptolemic egypt greece parthian persia sabaeans nabataea roman empire.somali sailors used ancient somali maritime vessel known beden transport cargo.foundation origins founding ethnicity mogadishu subsequent sultanate topic intrigue somali studies.i.m lewis believed city founded ruled council arab persian families.
Mogadishu	however reference i.m lewis received traces back one th century text called kitab alzunuj discredited modern scholars unreliable unhistorical.importantly contradicts oral ancient written sources archeological evidence preexisting civilizations communities flourished somali coast forefathers mogadishu coastal cities.thus persian arab founding myths regarded outdated false colonialist reflection africans ability create sophisticated states.widely accepted already communities somali coast local african leadership arab persian families ask permission settle cities.also seems local africans retained political numerical superiority coast muslim immigrants would go assimilation process adopting local language culture.mogadishu along zeila somali coastal cities founded upon indigenous network involving hinterland trade happened even significant arab migrations trade somali coast.
Mogadishu	goes back approximately four thousand years supported archaeological textual evidences.this corroborated first century ad greek document periplus erythraean sea detailing multiple prosperous port cities ancient somalia well identification ancient sarapion city would later known mogadishu.ibn battuta visited sultanate th century identified sultan barbara origin ancient term describe ancestors somali people.according ross e. dunn neither mogadishu city coast could considered alien enclaves arabs persians infact african towns.yaqut alhamawi muslim medieval geographer year describes mogadishu prominent town coast.yaqut also mentioned mogadishu town inhabited berbers described darkskinned considered ancestors modern somalis.thirteenth century ibn said described mogadishu merca barawa located benadir coast become islamic commercial centers indian ocean.
Mogadishu	said local people benadir coast interior predominantly inhabited somalis minority arab persian indian merchants living coastal towns.ibn almujawir mentions banu majid fled mundhiriya region yemen year settled mogadishu also traders port towns abyan haram.mogadishu traditionally inhabited four main reer hamar gibil madow dark skins clan groupings somali afarta reer xamar.moorshe iskashato dhabarweyne bandawow.moorshe regarded oldest group mogadishu considered subclan ajuran established one powerful medieval kingdoms africa called ajuran sultanate.gibil madow dark skins faction benadiri said hail somali clan groups interior north make majority benadiris small minority gibil cads light skins descend muslim immigrants.
Mogadishu	medieval period mogadishu sultanate mogadishu sultanate medieval somali sultanate centered southern somalia.rose one preeminent powers horn africa rule fakhr addin becoming part expanding ajuran empire th century.mogadishu sultanate maintained vast trading network dominated regional gold trade minted currency left extensive architectural legacy presentday southern somalia.local citystate much influence hinterland neighboring coastal towns.for many years mogadishu functioned preeminent city بلد البربر bilad al barbar – land berbers medieval arabicspeakers named somali coast.following visit city thcentury syrian historian yaqut alhamawi former slave greek origin wrote global history many places visited mogadishu called richest powerful city region islamic center across indian ocean.
Mogadishu	ajuran sultanate early th century mogadishu along coastal interior somali cities southern somalia eastern abyissina came ajuran sultanate control experienced another golden age.mogadishu longer vassal state became fullfledged ajuran city.ajuran family mudaffar established dynasty city thus combining two entities together next years fortunes urban cities interior coast became fortunes other.during travels ibn said almaghribi – noted mogadishu city already become leading islamic center region.time moroccan traveller ibn battutas appearance somali coast city zenith prosperity.described mogadishu exceedingly large city many rich merchants famous high quality fabric exported egypt among places.
Mogadishu	also describes hospitality people mogadishu locals would put travelers home help local economy.battuta added city ruled somali sultan abu bakr ibn shaikh umar noted sultan abu bakr dark skin complexion spoke native tongue somali also fluent arabic.sultan also retinue wazirs ministers legal experts commanders royal eunuchs officials beck call.ibn khaldun noted book mogadishu massive metropolis.also claimed city populous many wealthy merchants.this period gave birth notable figures like abd alaziz mogadishu described governor island chief maldives ibn battuta named abdulaziz mosque mogadishu remained centuries.the islands appellation madagascar local origin rather popularized middle ages europeans.
Mogadishu	name madageiscar first recorded memoirs thcentury venetian explorer marco polo corrupted transliteration name mogadishu famous port polo confused island.vasco da gama passed mogadishu th century noted large city houses four five storeys high big palaces centre many mosques cylindrical minarets.th century duarte barbosa noted many ships kingdom cambaya sailed mogadishu cloths spices return received gold wax ivory.barbosa also highlighted abundance meat wheat barley horses fruit coastal markets generated enormous wealth merchants.mogadishu center thriving weaving industry known toob benadir specialized markets egypt syria together merca barawa also served transit stops swahili merchants mombasa malindi gold trade kilwa.jewish merchants hormuz also brought indian textile fruit somali coast exchange grain wood.duarte barbosa famous portuguese traveler wrote mogadishu c –it king place great trade merchandise.
Mogadishu	ships come kingdom cambay india aden stuffs kinds spices.carry away much gold ivory beeswax things upon make profit.town plenty meat wheat barley horses much fruit rich place.the portuguese empire unsuccessful conquering mogadishu permanently despite city destroyed powerful naval portuguese commander called joão de sepúvelda.battle benadir peace treaty signed.according thcentury explorer leo africanus indicates native inhabitants mogadishu polity origins denizens northern people zeila capital adal sultanate.generally tall olive skin complexion darker.
Mogadishu	would wear traditional rich white silk wrapped around bodies islamic turbans coastal people would wear sarongs wrote arabic lingua franca.weaponry consisted traditional somali weapons swords daggers spears battle axe bows although received assistance close ally ottoman empire import firearms muskets cannons.muslims although adhered heathen bedouin tradition also number abyssinian christians inland.mogadishu wealthy wellbuilt citystate maintained commercial trade kingdoms across world.metropolis city surrounded walled stone fortifications.ajuran sultanate collapsed th century due heavy taxing subjects opened rebellion.
Mogadishu	exsubjects became new wave somali immigrants abgaal moved shabelle basin mogadishu citys mudaffar dynasty collapsed.new political elite led abgaal yaquub imams ties new leaders interior moved shingaani quarter city.remnants ajuran lived keyquarters xamarweyne.ajuran merchants began look new linkages regional trade opportunities since abgaal commandeered existing trading networks.early modern period s–s hiraab imamate th century hiraab imamate powerful kingdom ruled large parts southern central somalia.
Mogadishu	successfully revolted ajuran sultanate established independent rule least two centuries seventeen hundreds onwards.the alliance involved army leaders advisors habar gidir duduble fiqhiqadi sheekhaal imam reserved abgaal believed first born.established imamate ruled territories shabeelle valley benadir province mareeg area way arid lands mudug included ancient port hobyo.hobyo served prosperous commercial center imamate mogadishu served political center ruling dynasty resided.agricultural centres el dher harardhere included production sorghum beans supplementing herds camels cattle goats sheep.livestock hides skin whilst aromatic woods raisins primary exports rice foodstuffs clothes imported.merchants looking exotic goods came imamate buy textiles precious metals pearls.
Mogadishu	commercial goods harvested along shabelle river brought mogadishu trade.increasing importance rapid settlement southernly cities mogadishu boosted prosperity ships made way somali coast trade replenish supplies.by late th century imamate began decline due internal problems imamate also faced challenges imperialist kingdoms zanzibari sultan coast geledi sultanate hobyo sultanate interior directions.geledi sultanate sultanate geledi omani empire vied would superior power benadir coast sultan yusuf mahamud ultimately dominant force omanis nominal presence said bin sultan even paying tribute order keep omani representatives mogadishu.mogadishu abgaal control period decline disarray near end hiraab imamate.following struggle two leading figures respective quarter shingani hamarweyn sultan yusuf marched city strong army ruled favour shingani leader loser fleeing city.
Mogadishu	yusuf would nominate relative deposed chief lead hamarweyn quarter ending dispute.sultan yusuf even referred governor mogadishu sources highlighting power exerted city.despite hiraab political decline trade geledi sultanate flourished geledi sultan ahmed yusufs reign.british explorer john kirk visited region noted variety things.roughly large dhows docked mogadishu merka filled grain produced farms geledi interior.kirk met hiraab imam mahmood reigned mogadishu.
Mogadishu	shabelle river referred geledi river kirk perhaps respect volume produce sultanate output.barawa little grain instead large quantity ivory skins already loaded onto ships destined zanzibar.the geledi sultans height power.dominated east african ivory trade also held sway jubba shebelle valleys hinterland.omani sultans authority mogadishu however largely nominal existing name only.imam azzan bin qais oman sought build fort city thus obligated request permission sultan ahmed yusuf real power broker turn convinced hiraab imam acquiesce decision.
Mogadishu	omani later zanzibari officials mere representatives sultan collect customs needed fort security rather control city.fort garessa eventually constructed .sultan zanzibar later leased sold infrastructure built italians land somali owned.italian somaliland late s– italy made mogadishu capital newly established italian somaliland.italians subsequently referred city mogadiscio.
Mogadishu	world war surrounding territory came italian control resistance.thousands italians sicilians people italian empire began settle mogadishu founded small manufacturing companies across somalia.also developed agricultural areas south near capital janale villaggio duca degli abruzzi presentday jowhar.new buildings avenues built.km mi narrowgauge railway laid mogadishu jowhar.asphalted road strada imperiale also constructed intended link mogadishu addis ababa.in italosomali population numbered accounting citys population residents.
Mogadishu	mogadishu remained capital italian somaliland throughout latter politys existence.world war ii captured british forces february .after world war ii mogadishu made capital trust territory somaliland italian administered fiduciary political entity onu mandate ten years –.somali republic – british somaliland became independent june state somaliland trust territory somalia former italian somaliland followed suit five days later.july two territories united form somali republic mogadishu serving nations capital.government formed abdullahi issa members trusteeship protectorate governments haji bashir ismail yusuf president somali national assembly aden abdullah osman daar president somali republic abdirashid ali shermarke prime minister later become president .
Mogadishu	july popular referendum people somalia ratified new constitution first drafted .muhammad haji ibrahim egal became prime minister position appointed shermarke.on october paying visit northern town las anod somalias president abdirashid ali shermarke assassinated one bodyguards.assassination quickly followed military coup détat october day funeral somali army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially bloodless takeover.putsch spearheaded major general mohamed siad barre time commanded army.alongside barre supreme revolutionary council src assumed power president sharmarkes assassination led lieutenant colonel salaad gabeyre kediye chief police jama ali korshel.kediye officially held title father revolution barre shortly afterwards became head src.
Mogadishu	src subsequently renamed country somali democratic republic arrested members former civilian government banned political parties dissolved parliament supreme court suspended constitution.the revolutionary army established largescale public works programmes including mogadishu stadium.addition nationalization programme industry land mogadishubased new regimes foreign policy placed emphasis somalias traditional religious links arab world eventually joining arab league .after fallout unsuccessful ogaden campaign late barre administration began arresting government military officials suspicion participation coup détat attempt.people allegedly helped plot putsch summarily executed.however several officials escaped abroad started form dissident groups dedicated ousting barres regime force.civil war late barres regime become increasingly unpopular.
Mogadishu	authorities became ever totalitarian resistance movements encouraged ethiopias communist derg administration sprang across country.led outbreak civil war toppling barres government disbandment somali national army.many opposition groups began competing influence power vacuum followed ouster barres regime.armed factions led united somali congress commanders general mohamed farah aidid ali mahdi mohamed particular clashed sought exert authority capital.un security council resolution un security council resolution led creation unosom first stabilization mission somalia dissolution central government.united nations security council resolution unanimously passed december approved coalition united nations peacekeepers led united states.
Mogadishu	forming unified task force unitaf alliance tasked assuring security humanitarian efforts transferred un.landing un peacekeeping coalition started twoyear united nations operation somalia ii unosom ii primarily south.some militias competing power interpreted un troops presence threat hegemony.consequently several gun battles took place mogadishu local gunmen peacekeepers.among battle mogadishu us apprehension two highranking lieutenants faction leader aidid.un soldiers withdrew altogether country march incurred significant casualties.in islamic courts union icu islamist organization assumed control much southern part country imposed sharia law.
Mogadishu	new transitional federal government tfg established two years earlier sought reestablish authority.assistance ethiopian troops amisom peacekeepers air support united states drove rival icu solidified rule.january battle ras kamboni raged tfg president founder abdullahi yusuf ahmed former colonel somali army entered mogadishu first time since elected office.government relocated villa somalia mogadishu interim location baidoa marking first time since fall barre regime federal government controlled country.following defeat islamic courts union splintered factions.radical elements including alshabaab regrouped continue insurgency tfg oppose ethiopian militarys presence somalia.
Mogadishu	throughout alshabaab scored military victories seizing control key towns ports central southern somalia.end group captured baidoa mogadishu.january alshabaab militias managed force ethiopian troops retreat leaving behind underequipped african union peacekeeping force assist transitional federal governments troops.between may june representatives somalias federal government moderate alliance reliberation somalia ars group islamist rebels participated peace talks djibouti brokered un.conference ended signed agreement calling withdrawal ethiopian troops exchange cessation armed confrontation.parliament subsequently expanded seats accommodate ars members elected new president.
Mogadishu	help small team african union troops coalition government also began counteroffensive february retake control southern half country.solidify control southern somalia tfg formed alliance islamic courts union members alliance reliberation somalia ahlu sunna waljamaa moderate sufi militia.in november new technocratic government elected office enacted numerous reforms especially security sector.august new administration amisom allies managed capture mogadishu alshabaab militants.mogadishu subsequently experienced period intense reconstruction spearheaded somali diaspora municipal authorities turkey historic ally somalia.reconstruction august militant group al shabaab made strategic withdrawal mogadishu return hitandrun tactics.
Mogadishu	mayor mohamed nur recognized opportunity critical stabilizing rebuilding city.working closely un usaid drc nurs administration started largescale rehabilitation roads general infrastructure residents cooperating civil police authorities tighten security.nur recognized opportunity transform mogadishu although resources limited.working urban strategist mitchell sipus benadir government sought design deploy datadriven approach postwar reconstruction.with passing new constitution subsequent election inaugural president new federal government mayorship continued oversee mogadishus ongoing postconflict reconstruction.building initial pilot benadir administration launched citywide street naming house numbering postal codes project.
Mogadishu	officially called house numbering post code system joint initiative municipal authorities somali business community representatives.according nur initiative also aims help authorities firm security resolve housing ownership disputes.postal codes localities sublocalities including mogadishu metropolitan area.geography mogadishu situated indian ocean coast horn africa northeast africa banaadir administrative region gobol southeastern somalia.region coextensive city much smaller historical province benadir.
Mogadishu	city administratively divided eighteen districts abdiaziz bondhere daynile dharkenley hamarjajab hamarweyne heliwa hodan howlwadag karan shangani shibis waberi wadajir wardhigley yaqshid.features city include hamarwein old town bakaara market gezira beach.sandy beaches mogadishu vibrant coral reefs prime real estate first tourist resorts many years.the shebelle river webiga shabelle rises central ethiopia comes within kilometers mi indian ocean near mogadishu turning southwestward.usually dry february march river provides water essential cultivation sugarcane cotton bananas.climate city situated near equator mogadishu dry climate.
Mogadishu	classified hot semiarid köppen climate classification bsh much southeastern somalia.contrast towns northern somalia generally hot arid climate köppen bwh.city relatively dry due coastal location relative humidity rather high averaging year.mogadishu located near tropical thorn woodland biome holdridge global bioclimatic scheme.mean temperature city year round °c °f average maximum °c °f average minimum °c °f.mean temperature readings per month vary °c .
Mogadishu	°f corresponding hyperoceanic subtype truly hyperoceanic continentality type.precipitation per year averages .millimetres .in.wet days annually associated annual daily probability rainfall.
Mogadishu	city average hours sunshine per year .hours sunlight per day.mean daylight hours minutes per day hours minutes.percentage possible sunshine .average sun altitude solar noon st day month .
Mogadishu	government federal government somalia seat mogadishu nations capital.transitional federal government tfg internationally recognized central government somalia .based mogadishu constituted executive branch government.the federal government somalia established august end tfgs interim mandate.represented first permanent central government country since start civil war.federal parliament somalia serves governments legislative branch.
Mogadishu	municipal mogadishus municipal government led omar mohamud mohamed finnish succeeded late mayor abdirahman omar osman yariisow august latter succumbed critical injuries suicide bomb attack targeted office.among administrations development initiatives us million urban renewal project creation garbage disposal incineration plants launch citywide cleanup project creation asphalt cement plants rehabilitation town hall parliament buildings reconstruction former defence ministry offices reconstruction correctional facilities rehabilitation construction health facilities establishment police training center permanent base jasiira new somali armed forces rebuilding somali postal service headquarters rehabilitation public playgrounds several districts.january benadir administration launched house numbering post code system.also began distributing national identity cards march year.addition municipal authorities started renovating important local government centers september including capitals former fisho guverno compound.january benadir administration also opened new health safety office supervise health safety practices city launched municipal beautification campaign ahead various international conferences slated held there.in march benadir administration completed secil project conjunction eu unhabitat.
Mogadishu	.million eur initiative lasted three half years saw establishment mogadishu sustainable waste collection system technical training centre water quality testing laboratories better access clean drinking water improved employment livelihood opportunities lowcost fuel production sector strengthened skills training regulation construction sector laboratories testing construction material quality.diplomatic missions number countries maintain foreign embassies consulates mogadishu.january diplomatic missions include embassies djibouti ethiopia sudan libya yemen saudi arabia turkey iran uganda nigeria united kingdom japan china qatar.embassies scheduled reopen city include egypt united arab emirates italy south korea.in may recognition sociopolitical progress made somalia return effective governance us secretary state john kerry announced preliminary plan reestablish us embassy mogadishu.
Mogadishu	indicated although set timetable premises relaunch us government immediately begun upgrading diplomatic representation country.president somalia hassan sheikh mohamud prime minister omar abdirashid ali sharmarke also presented kerry real estate deed land reserved new us embassy compound.mohamud concurrently signed establishment agreement eu head delegation somalia michele cervone d’urso facilitates opening embassies mogadishu european union member states.eu also announced opened new eu delegation office city.in february somalias minister foreign affairs international cooperation abdirahman duale beyle announced federal government slated reopen former institute diplomacy mogadishu.center historically served one important national institutions diplomacy international relations.
Mogadishu	beyle also pledged reestablish institutes diplomacy department information broadcasting department well library.economy mogadishu traditionally served commercial financial centre.importation massproduced cloth europe america citys textiles forwarded throughout interior continent well arabian peninsula far persian coast.mogadishus economy grown rapidly since citys pacification mid .somalfruit processing factory reopened well local cocacola factory also refurbished.may first somali bank established capital representing first commercial bank open southern somalia since .
Mogadishu	somali civil engineer entrepreneur nasra agil opened citys first dollar store.historic central bank regenerated moumin business center likewise construction.the galvanization mogadishus real estate sector part facilitated establishment local construction yard november municipality istanbul turkish red crescent.construction trucks machines imported turkey.yard produces concrete asphalt paving stones building projects entrepreneurs.istanbul municipality also scheduled bring specialists accelerate construction initiative ultimately aims modernize capitals infrastructure.in mid mogadishu held first ever technology entertainment design tedx conference.
Mogadishu	event organized firstsomali bank showcase improvements business development security potential somali international investors.second consecutive tedx entrepreneurial conference held following year capital highlighting new enterprises commercial opportunities including establishment citys first dry cleaning business several years.a number large firms headquarters mogadishu.among transnational industrial electricity gas company energy conglomerate founded unites five major somali companies trade finance security telecommunications sectors.firms based city include hormuud telecom largest telecommunications company southern central somalia.telcom another telecommunications service provider centered capital.
Mogadishu	local somali energy company specializes generation transmission distribution electric power residents businesses within service area banaadir.villa mansion architects international architectural firm founded somalibritish architect alexander yusuf regional offices mogadishu.international bank somalia opened downtown offers islamic finance international banking services via swift code system.islamic insurance company first takaful retakaful insurance company citys first full service insurance firm many years.central bank somalia national monetary authority also headquarters mogadishu.in june former prime minister abdi farah shirdon signed new foreign investment law.
Mogadishu	draft bill prepared ministry commerce industry conjunction government attorneys.approved cabinet establishes secure legal framework foreign investment mogadishu elsewhere country.in october firm tawakal money express tawakal began construction sevenstorey tawakal plaza mogadishu.new high rise slated completed end feature tawakal global bank customer financial services center large square meter supermarket room luxury hotel restaurant coffee shop facilities conference event halls.addition nabaad supermarket provides major retail service local shoppers.open daily pm convenience chain imports products united arab emirates china.
Mogadishu	al buruuj firm also launched major real estate project january darusalam city.financed salaam somali bank new urban complex includes town houses apartment flats mosque recreational areas playgrounds supermarket roads.slated erected outside northern part capital within kilometer radius industrial road.demographics although mogadishu inhabited mix somali clanfamilies mainly dominated hawiye clan.hawiye subclans specifically dominate city abgaal habar gidir murosade.
Mogadishu	apart somalis inhabited city since beginning several minorities also historically lived city.beginning islam arab persian migrants began settle medieval period.centuries intermarriage various ethnic groups also include bantus produced minority people called benadiris ‘ad’ad somali cadcad mainly inhabit oldest districts mogadishu.colonial period european expatriates primarily italians would also contribute citys cosmopolitan populace.following greatly improved security situation city somali expatriates began returning mogadishu investment opportunities take part postconflict reconstruction.private efforts public initiatives like somali diaspora corps participated renovation schools hospitals banks infrastructure.
Mogadishu	also helped propel local real estate market.according demographia mogadishu population around residents april .th largest city world population size.urban area occupies square kilometres sq mi population density around inhabitants per square kilometre sq mi.september ministry planning international cooperation scheduled launch first population census somalia two decades.unfpa assisted ministry project slated finalized ahead planned plebiscite local national elections .
Mogadishu	landmarks places worship among places worship predominantly muslim mosques.arbaa rukun mosque one oldest islamic places worship capital.built circa – ad along fakr addin mosque.arbaa rukuns mihrab contains inscription dated year commemorates masjids late founder khusra ibn mubarak alshirazi khusrau ibn muhammed.the mosque islamic solidarity constructed financial support saudi fahd bin abdul aziz al saud foundation.main mosque city iconic building somali society.capacity worshippers single largest masjid horn region.
Mogadishu	federal authorities completed formal refurbishments mosques infrastructure.upgrades part larger governmental renovation campaign aimed masjids mogadishu.end municipal authority refurbishing historic central mosque situated downtown.the mogadishu cathedral built colonial authorities italian somaliland.known cattedrale di mogadiscio constructed norman gothic style based cefalù cathedral cefalù sicily.church served traditional seat roman catholic diocese mogadiscio.
Mogadishu	later incurred significant damage civil war.april visit site inspect condition diocese mogadiscio announced plans refurbish building.palaces villa somalia official residential palace principal workplace president somalia mohamed abdullahi mohamed.sits high ground overlooks city indian ocean access harbour airport.the governors palace mogadishu seat governor italian somaliland administrator trust territory somalia.museums libraries theatres national museum somalia established independence old garesa museum turned national museum.
Mogadishu	national museum later moved renamed garesa museum converted regional museum.shutting national museum later reopened.january holds many culturally important artefacts including old coins bartering tools traditional artwork ancient weaponry pottery items.the national library somalia established came responsibility ministry education culture higher education.held approximately books little way historical cultural archival material open general public.national library later closed s. june heritage institute policy studies organized shipment books united states somalia part initiative restock library.
Mogadishu	december year somali authorities officially launched major project rebuild national library.zainab hassan serving director million federal governmentfunded initiative see new library complex built capital within six months.preparation relaunch additional books arab league states expected arrive.the national theatre somalia opened important cultural landmark national capital.closed start civil war early reopened march reconstruction.september somali federal government chinese counterpart signed official cooperation agreement mogadishu part fiveyear national recovery plan somalia.
Mogadishu	pact see chinese authorities reconstruct national theatre somalia addition several major infrastructural landmarks.markets bakaara market created late barre administration.served open market sale goods services including produce clothing.start civil war market controlled militant groups used base operations.following mogadishus pacification renovations resumed market.
Mogadishu	shops rehabilitated selling everything fruit garments building materials.rest city barkaara markets real estate values also risen considerably.local tabaarak firm renting newly constructed warehouse market per month.in february benadir administration began renovations ansaloti market hamar jajab district.one largest markets city closing operations early s. september municipal authorities reopened ansaloti public officials supervising parts market.according benadir political affairs vice chairman mohamed adan anagel facility open business compete regional markets.
Mogadishu	institutes regional somali language academy intergovernmental regulating body somali language horn region.january president somalia hassan sheikh mohamud announced institute slated finalized conjunction governments djibouti ethiopia.among scheduled projects construction new headquarters academy mogadishu recognition somalias traditional position center development promotion somali language.february foundation stone new regional somali language academy officially laid inauguration ceremony city.hotels mogadishu number hotels recently constructed.
Mogadishu	citys many returning expatriates investors foreign workers among establishments main customers.meet growing demand hotel representatives also begun participating international industry conferences africa hotel investment forum.among new hotels sixfloor jazeera palace hotel.built opened .situated within aden adde international airport room capacity occupancy rate.hotel expects host visitors plans construct larger overall building conference facilities.
Mogadishu	new landslide hotel within airport also slated completed end year.other hotels city include lafweyn palace hotel amira castle hotel sahafi hotel hotel nasahablod oriental hotel hotel guuleed hotel shamo peace hotel aran guest house muna hotel hotel taleex hotel towfiq benadir hotel ambassador hotel kuwait plaza hotel safari hotel diplomat dayax hotel safari guesthouse bin ali hotel.posh hotel mostly destroyed suicide bomber june .education mogadishu home number scholastic institutions.part governments urban renewal program schools across country scheduled refurbished reopened.compulsory education lasts years primary middle school financed state free charge public schools ages enrollment children age range nearly .
Mogadishu	secondary high school education mandatory required order progress universities.the somali national university snu established trusteeship period.programmes facilities expanded.snu developed next years expansive institution higher learning departments staff students.november cabinet unanimously approved federal government plan reopen somali national university closed early s. refurbishing initiative cost us.million completed august .mogadishu university mu nongovernmental university governed board trustees university council.
Mogadishu	brainchild number professors somali national university well somali intellectuals.financed islamic development bank jeddah saudi arabia well donor institutions university counts hundreds graduates seven faculties continue pursue masters degrees abroad thanks scholarship programme.mogadishu university established partnerships several academic institutions including university aalborg denmark three universities egypt seven universities sudan university djibouti two universities yemen.mu also accreditation board intergovernmental organization edu.in somali institute management administration simad coestablished mogadishu incumbent president somalia hassan sheikh mohamud.institution subsequently grew simad university mohamud acting dean .
Mogadishu	offers range undergraduate courses various fields including economics statistics business accountancy technology computer science health sciences education law public administration.university research development insitition called center reseach development crd.benadir university bu established intention training doctors.since expanded fields.another tertiary institution city zamzam university science technology jamhuriya university science technology .turkish boarding school also established mogadishu polytechnic institute shabelle university campus likewise undergoing renovations.
Mogadishu	additionally new islamic university campus built.april prime minister abdiweli sheikh ahmed also laid foundation stone reconstruction former meteorological school mogadishu.new national aviation training academy likewise built aden adde international airport.other tertiary institutions capital include city university.established aim providing instruction research.college staffed accredite masterslevel faculty governed board trustees consisting academics prominent entrepreneurs.
Mogadishu	city universitys syllabus features curriculum foundation programs english.campus includes physical digital libraries well scientific laboratories.university member somali research educational network authorized degreegranting institution national ministry education directorate higher education culture.culture general somalias capital city many important national institutions based mogadishu.seat federal government somalia established august somalia federal parliament serving governments legislative branch.
Mogadishu	abdirahman omar osman mayor mogadishu since january .villa somalia official residential palace principal workplace president somalia mohamed abdullahi mohamed.may first somali bank established capital organized mogadishus firstever technology entertainment design tedx conference.establishment local construction yard also galvanized citys realestate sector.arbaa rukun mosque one oldest islamic places worship capital built circa ah – ce.
Mogadishu	mosque islamic solidarity mogadishu largest masjid horn region.mogadishu cathedral built colonial authorities italian somalia norman gothic style served traditional seat roman catholic diocese mogadiscio.national museum somalia based mogadishu holds many culturally important artefacts.national library somalia undergoing us.million somali federal government funded renovation including new library complex.mogadishu home scholastic media institutions.
Mogadishu	part municipalitys urban renewal program schools across capital scheduled refurbished reopened.somali national university snu established professors university later founded nongovernmental mogadishu university mu.benadir university bu established intention training doctors.various national sporting bodies headquarters mogadishu including somali football federation somali olympic committee.mogadishu stadium constructed siad barre administration assistance chinese engineers.
Mogadishu	hosts football matches teams somali first division somalia cup.additionally port mogadishu serves major national seaport largest harbour somalia.mogadishu international airport capitals main airport.sport mogadishu stadium constructed barre administration assistance chinese engineers.facility mainly used hosting sporting activities somalia cup football matches teams somalia league.
Mogadishu	presidential addresses political rallies among events also held there.september somali federal government chinese counterpart signed official cooperation agreement mogadishu part fiveyear national recovery plan somalia.pact see chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks including mogadishu stadium.the banadir stadium konis stadium two major sporting facilities capital.somali football federation launched renovation project konis facility artificial football turf contributed fifa installed stadium.exlujino basketball stadium abdulaziz district also underwent rehabilitation funding provided local hormuud telecom firm.
Mogadishu	additionally municipal authority oversaw reconstruction banadir stadium.national sporting bodies headquarters mogadishu.among somali football federation somali olympic committee somali basketball federation.somali karate taekwondo federation likewise centered city manages national taekwondo team.transportation road roads leading mogadishu connect city localities somalia well neighbouring countries.capital cut several grid layouts extensive road network.
Mogadishu	october major construction began kilometer road leading airport.overseen somali turkish engineers upgrade completed november included lane demarcation.road construction initiative part larger agreement signed somali turkish governments establish mogadishu istanbul sister cities process bring mogadishus roads modern standards.following treaty turkish international cooperation development agency tika launched citywide cleaning project conjunction municipal cleaning department.initiative saw around rubbish collection vehicles equipment operated tika clean citys roads benadir municipality taking operation cleaning project march .in – mogadishus municipal authority conjunction british norwegian governments began project install solarpowered street lights capitals major roads.
Mogadishu	equipment imported norway initiative cost around lasted several months.solar panels helped improve nighttime visibility enhance citys overall aesthetic appeal.minibuses common type public transportation mogadishu.next frequently used public vehicles city auto rickshaws bajaj.number around units come various designs.autorickshaws represent lower cost alternative taxis minibuses typically charging half price distance flexible rates.
Mogadishu	due affordability capacity negotiate narrow lanes low fuel consumption threewheeled vehicles often appealing investment opportunities smallscale entrepreneurs.generally preferred shorter commutes.june two new taxi companies also started offering road transportation residents.part fleet vehicles mogadishu taxis trademark yellow cabs offer rides throughout city flat rates .city taxi firms nearest competitor charges flat rate plans add new cabs fleet.in january benadir administration launched citywide street naming house numbering postal codes project.
Mogadishu	officially called house numbering post code system joint initiative municipal authorities somali business community representatives.according former mayor mohamed ahmed nur initiative also aims help authorities firm security resolve housing ownership disputes.march benadir administration likewise launched renovation project hawo asirfagah major road mogadishu.governmentpublic partnership aims facilitate vehicle access area.according karaan district commissioner ahmed hassan yalahow reconstruction initiative also make road allweather resistant slated completed shortly.

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