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Foreign relations of India | annual trade commercial services tripled €.billion €.billion .denmark sweden finland netherlands prominent european union countries trade india.transcontinental eurasia soviet union dissolution soviet union emergence commonwealth independent states cis major repercussions indian foreign policy.substantial trade former soviet union plummeted soviet collapse yet recover. |
Foreign relations of India | longstanding military supply relationships similarly disrupted due questions financing although russia continues indias largest supplier military systems spare parts.the relationship ussr tested proven war pakistan led subsequent liberation bangladesh.soon victory indian armed forces one foreign delegates visit india admiral s.g. gorshkov chief soviet navy.visit mumbai bombay came board ins vikrant.conversation vice admiral swaraj prakash gorshkov asked vice admiral worried battle american carrier answered well reason worried soviet nuclear submarine trailing american task force way indian ocean.russia indias ties russian federation timetested based continuity trust mutual understanding. |
Foreign relations of India | national consensus countries need preserve strengthen indiarussia relations consolidate strategic partnership two countries.declaration strategic partnership signed present russian president vladimir putin former indian prime minister atal bihari vajpayee october partnership also referred special privileged strategic partnership .russia india decided renew indosoviet peace friendship treaty sought follow describe pragmatic less ideological relationship.russian president yeltsins visit india january helped cement new relationship.ties grown stronger president vladimir putins visit.pace highlevel visits since increased discussion major defence purchases. |
Foreign relations of India | russia working development kudankulam nuclear power plant capable producing mw electricity.gazprom working development oil natural gas bay bengal.india russia collaborated extensively space technology.areas collaboration include software ayurveda etc.india russia set determination increasing trade billion. |
Foreign relations of India | cooperation clothing manufacturers two countries continues strengthen.india russia signed agreement joint efforts increase investment trade volumes textile industry countries.signing document included representatives russian union entrepreneurs textile light industry council apparel exports india aepc.cooperation agreement provides inter alia exchange technology knowhow textile production.purpose special commission affairs textile textile communication committee. |
Foreign relations of India | counterterrorism techniques also place russia india.president vladimir putin guest honour republic day celebration january .declared countries russiaindia friendship year.bollywood films quite popular russia.indian public sector oil company ongc bought imperial energy corporation . |
Foreign relations of India | december president medvedevs visit new delhi india russia signed nuclear energy cooperation agreement.march russian prime minister vladimir putin signed additional pacts india included civilian nuclear energy space military cooperation final sale admiral gorshkov aircraft carrier along migk fighter jets.during crimean crisis india refused support american sanctions russia one indias national security advisers shivshankar menon reported said legitimate russian interests involved hope discussed resolved.on august india russia held joint counterterrorism exercise near moscow boundary china mongolia.involved use tanks armoured vehicles.india russia far conducted three rounds indra exercises.first exercise carried rajasthan followed prshkov russia.third exercise conducted chaubattia kumaon hills october . |
Foreign relations of India | indias relation middle east bahrain india close ally bahrain kingdom along gcc partners according indian officials among prominent backers indias bid permanent seat un security council bahraini officials urged india play greater role international affairs.instance concerns irans nuclear programme bahrains crown prince appealed india play active role resolving crisis.ties india bahrain go back generations many bahrains prominent figures close connections poet constitutionalist ebrahim alarrayedh grew bombay th century bahraini theologians sheikh salih alkarzakani sheikh jafar bin kamal aldin influential figures kingdom golkonda development shia thought subcontinent.bahraini politicians sought enhance long standing ties parliamentary speaker khalifa al dhahrani leading delegation parliamentarians business leaders meet indian president pratibha patil opposition leader l k advani take part training media interviews.politically easier bahrains politicians seek training advice india united states western alternative.adding strength ties sheikh hamad bin isa alkhalifa visited india mous bilateral deals worth million approved.india expressed support bahrains bid nonpermanent seat unsc –.egypt modern egyptindia relations go back contacts saad zaghloul mohandas gandhi common goals respective movements independence. |
Foreign relations of India | egypt gamal abdul nasser india jawaharlal nehru became founders nonaligned movement.war nehru stood supporting egypt point threatening withdraw country commonwealth nations.following arab–israeli conflict india supported egypt arabs.new delhi described visit president anwar alsadat jerusalem brave move considered peace treaty egypt israel primary step path settlement middle east problem.major egyptian exports india include raw cotton raw manufactured fertilisers oil oil products organic nonorganic chemicals leather iron products. |
Foreign relations of India | major imports egypt india cotton yarn sesame coffee herbs tobacco lentils pharmaceutical products transport equipment.egyptian ministry petroleum also currently negotiating establishment natural gasoperated fertiliser plant another indian company.gas authority india limited bought egypt nat gas distribution marketing company.egyptian investment india worth million dollars according egyptian ambassador.after arab spring ousting hosni mubarak egypt asked help india conducting nationwide elections.iran independent india iran established diplomatic links march . |
Foreign relations of India | iranian revolution iran withdrew cento dissociated usfriendly countries including pakistan automatically meant improved relationship republic india.currently two countries friendly relations many areas.significant trade ties particularly crude oil imports india diesel exports iran.iran frequently objected pakistans attempts draft antiindia resolutions international organisations oic.india welcomed irans inclusion observer state saarc regional organisation.lucknow continues major centre shiite culture persian study subcontinent.in india iran supported northern alliance afghanistan taliban regime. |
Foreign relations of India | continue collaborate supporting broadbased antitaliban government led hamid karzai backed united states.however one complex issue indoiran relations issue irans nuclear programme.intricate issue india tries make delicate balance.according rejaul laskar indian expert international relations indias position irans nuclear programme consistent principled balanced makes endeavour reconcile irans quest energy security international communitys concerns proliferation.india acknowledges supports irans ambitions achieve energy security particular quest peaceful use nuclear energy also indias principled position iran must meet obligations international law particularly obligations nuclear non proliferation treaty npt treaties signatoryfollowing attack israeli diplomat india february delhi police contended iranian revolutionary guard corps involvement attack.subsequently confirmed july report delhi police found evidence members iranian revolutionary guard corps involved february bomb attack capital. |
Foreign relations of India | iraq iraq one countries middle east india established diplomatic relations embassy level immediately independence .nations signed treaty perpetual peace friendship agreement cooperation cultural affairs .india amongst first recognise baath partyled government iraq remained neutral indopakistani war .however iraq sided alongside persian gulf states supporting pakistan india indopakistani war saw creation bangladesh.eightyearlong iran–iraq war caused steep decline trade commerce two nations.during persian gulf war india remained neutral permitted refuelling us aircraft. |
Foreign relations of India | opposed un sanctions iraq period war iraqs isolation diminished indias commercial diplomatic ties.onwards iraq india began work towards stronger relationship.iraq supported indias right conduct nuclear tests following tests five nuclear weapons may .thenvicepresident iraq taha yassin ramadan visited india august president saddam hussein conveyed iraqs unwavering support india kashmir conflict pakistan.india iraq established joint ministerial committees trade delegations promote extensive bilateral cooperation. |
Foreign relations of India | although initially disrupted invasion iraq diplomatic commercial ties india new democratic government iraq since normalised.israel establishment israel end world war ii complex issue.based experience partition million people displaced estimated people killed punjab province india recommended single state iran yugoslavia later undergo genocidal partition.state could allocate arab jewishmajority provinces goal preventing partition historic palestine prevent widespread conflict.final un resolution recommended partition mandatory palestine arab jewish states based religious ethnic majorities. |
Foreign relations of India | india opposed final vote agree concept partition basis religion.due security threat usbacked pakistan nuclear programme israel india started clandestine relationship involved cooperation respective intelligence agencies.israel shared indias concerns growing danger posed pakistan nuclear proliferation iran arab states.since establishment full diplomatic relations israel india improved relation jewish state.india regarded israels strongest ally asia israel indias secondlargest arms supplier.since india achieved independence supported palestinian selfdetermination.india recognised palestines statehood following palestines declaration november indopalestinian relations first established . |
Foreign relations of India | adversely affected indias improved relations israel.india entertained israeli prime minister visit israel entertained indian dignitaries finance minister jaswant singh diplomatic visits.india israel collaborate scientific technological endeavours.israels minister science technology expressed interest collaborating indian space research organisation isro towards using satellites better manage land resources.israel also expressed interest participating isros chandrayaan mission involving unmanned mission moon.january india successfully launched israeli spy satellite orbit sriharikota space station southern india.israel india share intelligence terrorist groups. |
Foreign relations of India | developed close defence security ties since establishing diplomatic relations .india bought billion worth israeli equipment since .addition israel training indian military units discussing arrangement give indian commandos instruction counterterrorist tactics urban warfare.december israel india signed memorandum set indoisrael legal colloquium facilitate discussions exchange programmes judges jurists two countries.following israeli invasion lebanon india stated israeli use force disproportionate excessive.indiaisrael relationship close warm premiership narendra modi since .first ever prime minister india visit israel. |
Foreign relations of India | lebanon india lebanon enjoy cordial friendly relations based many complementaritiessuch political system based parliamentary democracy nonalignment human rightscommitment world order regional global peace liberal market economy vibrantentrepreneurial spirit.india peacekeeping force part united nations interim force lebanon unifil.one infantry battalion deployed lebanon personnel stationed eastern part southern lebanon.force also provided nonpatrol aid citizens.india lebanon good relations since s. oman india–oman relations foreign relations india sultanate oman.india embassy muscat oman. |
Foreign relations of India | indian consulate opened muscat february five years later upgraded consulate general later developed fullfledged embassy .first ambassador india arrived muscat .oman established embassy new delhi consulate general mumbai .. bn omanindia energy pipeline plans progressing fox petroleum group envisions roughly fiveyear timeframe execution pipeline project.ajay kumar chairman managing director fox petroleum based new delhi associate company fox petroleum fzc uae said mr modi fired best weapon economic development growth.given red carpet global players invest india mr kumar added.boost sectors industry – especially smallscale manufacturing units heavy industries too. |
Foreign relations of India | palestine india achieved independence country moved support palestinian selfdetermination following partition india.light religious partition india pakistan impetus boost ties muslim states around world tie indias support palestinian cause.though started waver late recognition israel led diplomatic exchanges ultimate support palestinian cause still underlying concern.beyond recognition palestinian selfdetermination ties largely dependent upon sociocultural bonds economic relations neither cold warm.india recognised palestines statehood following declaration november although relations first established .pna president abbas paid state visit india september india pledged million aid.indian officials said third donation adding new delhi committed helping development projects.india also pledged support palestines bid full equal membership un. |
Foreign relations of India | saudi arabia bilateral relations india saudi arabia strengthened considerably owing cooperation regional affairs trade.saudi arabia one largest suppliers oil india one top seven trading partners th biggest investor saudi arabia.india one first nations establish ties third saudi state.india heavily funded nejd financial subsidies.indias strategic relations saudi arabia affected latters close ties pakistan.saudi arabia supported pakistans stance kashmir conflict indopakistani war expense relations india.soviet unions close relations india also served source consternation. |
Foreign relations of India | persian gulf war – india officially maintained neutrality.saudi arabias close military strategic ties pakistan also source continuing strain.since nations taken steps improve ties.saudi arabia supported granting observer status india organisation islamic cooperation oic expanded cooperation india fight terrorism.january king abdullah saudi arabia made special visit india becoming first saudi monarch years so.saudi king former prime minister india manmohan singh signed agreement forging strategic energy partnership termed delhi declaration. |
Foreign relations of India | pact provides reliable stable increased volume crude oil supplies india longterm contracts.nations also agreed joint ventures development oil natural gas public private sectors.indosaudi joint declaration indian capital new delhi described kings visit heralding new era indiasaudi arabia relations.syria bilateral relations india syria historic two ancient civilizational ties.countries silk road civilizational exchanges took place centuries. |
Foreign relations of India | syriac christianity originating ancient syria spread east created first christian communities ancient india.ancient syriac language among syrian christians kerala also brought kerala st thomas st century ce.even today language continues taught colleges universities kerala.a common nationalism secular orientation membership nam similar perceptions many issues strengthened bond two states.india supported syrias legitimate right regain occupied golan heights.turn reciprocated syrian recognition kashmir bilateral issue well general support indias concerns even candidature various international forums. |
Foreign relations of India | turkey due controversial issues turkeys close relationship pakistan relations two countries often blistered certain times better others.india turkeys relationship alters unsureness collaboration two nations work together combat terrorism central south asia middle east.india turkey also connected history seeing known since days ottoman empire seeing india one countries send aid turkey following war independence.indian real estate firm gmr invested working towards modernisation istanbuls sabiha gökçen international airport.the relations took nosedive turkish president recep tayyip erdoğan spoke india kashmir issue supported pakistan address united nations general assembly pakistan pm imran khan september .february visited islamabad held talks imran khan improving bolding relations islamabad. |
Foreign relations of India | end month riots delhi caanrc protests india criticized government policies.also criticized move indian government galwan valley skirmishes china lac.united arab emirates india–united arab emirates relations refers bilateral relations exist republic india united arab emirates.after creation federation indiauae relations flourished.today uae india share political economical cultural links.million indians united arab emirates far largest migrant group country. |
Foreign relations of India | large indian expatriate community resides engages uae economically productive activities played significant role evolution uae.– india emerged largest trade partner uae bilateral trade two countries exceeding us.billion.uaeand india others main trading parthers.trade totals billion aed. |
Foreign relations of India | billion.arab states persian gulf —india arab states persian gulf enjoy strong cultural economic ties.reflected fact oil consumed india comes persian gulf countries indian nationals form largest expatriate community arabian peninsula.annual remittance indian expatriates region amounted us billion .india one largest trading partners ccasg nonoil trade india dubai alone amounting us billion . |
Foreign relations of India | persian gulf countries also played important role addressing indias energy security concerns saudi arabia kuwait regularly increasing oil supply india meet countrys rising energy demand.kuwait increased oil exports india increasing net oil trade two us.billion.qatar decided invest us billion indias energy sector.india maritime security arrangement place oman qatar.landmark defence pact signed india committed military assets protect qatar external threats.there progress proposed deepsea gas pipeline qatar via oman india. |
Foreign relations of India | indias relation central asia kazakhstan india working towards developing strong relations resource rich central asian country.indian oil company oil natural gas corporation got oil exploration petroleum development grants kazakhstan.two countries collaborating petrochemicals information technology space technology.kazakhstan offered india five blocks oil gas exploration.india kazakhstan set joint projects construction minerals metallurgy. |
Foreign relations of India | india also signed four pacts including extradition treaty presence president prathibha patil kazakh counterpart nursultan nazarbayev.kazakhstan provide uranium related products mou nuclear power corp. india kazatomprom.mou also opens possibilities joint exploration uranium kazakhstan worlds second largest reserves india building atomic power plants central asian country.mongolia relations india mongolia still nascent stage indomongolian cooperation limited diplomatic visits provision soft loans financial aid collaborations sector.india established diplomatic relations december .india first country outside soviet bloc establish diplomatic relations mongolia. |
Foreign relations of India | since treaties mutual friendship cooperation two countries .tajikistan diplomatic relations established india tajikistan following tajikistans independence dissolution soviet union friendly india.tajikistan occupies strategically important position central asia bordering afghanistan peoples republic china separated small strip afghan territory pakistan.indias role fighting taliban alqaeda strategic rivalry china pakistan made ties tajikistan important strategic security policies.despite common efforts bilateral trade comparatively low valued usd . |
Foreign relations of India | million indias exports tajikistan valued usd .million imports usd .million.indias military presence activities significant beginning indias extensive support antitaliban afghan northern alliance ana.india began renovating farkhor air base stationed aircraft indian air force there. |
Foreign relations of India | farkhor air base became fully operational mig bombers trainer aircraft planned stationed there.kyrgyzstan turkmenistan uzbekistan india embassy tashkent.uzbekistan embassy new delhi.uzbekistan great impact indian culture mostly due mughal empire founded babur ferghana presentday uzbekistan created empire southward first afghanistan india.indias relation africa algeria burundi burundi embassy new delhi.india represented burundi embassy kampala uganda.both countries number bilateral agreements. |
Foreign relations of India | comoros countries established diplomatic relations june .both countries full members indianocean rim association.congo ethiopia india ethiopia warm bilateral ties based mutual cooperation support.india partner ethiopias developmental efforts training ethiopian personnel itec programmer providing several lines credit launching panafrican enetwork project .second india–africa forum summit held addis ababa .india also ethiopias second largest source foreign direct investments. |
Foreign relations of India | gabon gabon maintains embassy new delhi.embassy india kinshasa democratic republic congo jointly accredited gabon.ghana relations ghana india generally close cordial mixed economic cultural connections.trade india ghana amounted us million – expected worth us billion .ghana imports automobiles buses india companies like tata motors ashok leyland significant presence country. |
Foreign relations of India | ghanaian exports india consist gold cocoa timber indian exports ghana comprise pharmaceuticals agricultural machinery electrical equipment plastics steel cement.the government india extended million lines credit ghana used projects sectors like agroprocessing fish processing waste management rural electrification expansion ghanas railways.india also offered set indiaafrica institute information technology iaiit food processing business incubation centre ghana india–africa forum summit.india among largest foreign investors ghanas economy.end indian investments ghana amounted million covering projects.indian investments primarily agriculture manufacturing sectors ghana ghanaian companies manufacture drugs collaboration indian companies.sector ghana significant indian presence it. |
Foreign relations of India | india ghana also bilateral investment protection agreement them.indias rashtriya chemicals fertilisers process setting fertiliser plant ghana nyankrom shama district western region ghana.project entails investment us.billion plant would annual production capacity .million tonnes bulk would exported india. |
Foreign relations of India | also plans develop sugar processing plant entailing investment us million.bank baroda bharti airtel tata motors tech mahindra amongst major indian companies ghana.there seven eight thousand indians persons indian origin living ghana today years.ghana home growing indigenous hindu population today numbers families.hinduism first came ghana late sindhi traders migrated following indias partition.growing ghana neighbouring togo since mids african hindu monastery established accra. |
Foreign relations of India | ivory coast bilateral relations india ivory coast expanded considerably recent years india seeks develop extensive commercial strategic partnership west african region.indian diplomatic mission abidjan opened .ivory coast opened resident mission new delhi september .nations currently fostering efforts increase trade investments economic cooperation.kenya littoral states indian ocean trade links commercial ties india kenya go back several centuries. |
Foreign relations of India | kenya large minority indians persons indian origin living descendants labourers brought british construct uganda railway gujarati merchants.india kenya growing trade commercial ties.bilateral trade amounted .billion – kenyan imports india accounting .billion balance trade heavily indias favour. |
Foreign relations of India | india kenyas sixth largest trading partner largest exporter kenya.indian exports kenya include pharmaceuticals steel machinery automobiles kenyan exports india largely primary commodities soda ash vegetables tea.indian companies significant presence kenya indian corporates like tata group essar group reliance industries bharti airtel operating there.lesotho india operates high commission pretoria serves lesotho lesotho operates residential mission india.lesotho india strong ties. |
Foreign relations of India | lesotho backed indias bid permanent un seat also recognized jammu kashmir part india.india exported us million lesotho – year importing us million goods lesotho.since india army training team trained several soldiers ldf.liberia bilateral relations republic india republic liberia expanded growing bilateral trade strategic cooperation.india represented liberia embassy abidjan ivory coast active honorary consulate monrovia since .liberia represented india resident mission new delhi subsequently closed due budgetary constraints. |
Foreign relations of India | mauritania india represented mauritania embassy bamako mali.india also honorary consulate nouakchott.mauritius relations india mauritius existed since diplomatic relations established mauritius became independent state.relationship cordial due cultural affinities long historical ties exist two nations.mauritian population indian origin commonly known indomauritian. |
Foreign relations of India | economic commercial corporation increasing years.india become mauritius largest source imports since mauritius imported us million worth goods april – march financial year.mauritius remained largest source fdi india decade fdi equity inflows totalling us.billion period april april .india mauritius cooperate combating piracy emerged major threat indian ocean region support indias stand terrorism.the relationship mauritius india date back early artisans brought puducherry tamil nadu. |
Foreign relations of India | diplomatic relations india mauritius established .mauritius maintained contacts india successive dutch french british rule.indian workers started coming mauritius work sugar plantations.slavery abolished parliament large numbers indian workers began brought mauritius indentured labourers.november ship named atlas docked mauritius carrying first batch indian indentured labourers. |
Foreign relations of India | morocco morocco embassy new delhi.also honorary consul based mumbai.india operates embassy rabat.nations part nonaligned movement.in united nations india supported decolonisation morocco moroccan freedom movement.india recognised morocco june established relations . |
Foreign relations of India | ministry external affairs government india states india morocco enjoyed cordial friendly relations years bilateral relations witnessed significant depth growth.the indian council cultural relations promotes indian culture morocco.morocco seeks increase trade ties india seeking indian investment various sectors bilateral relations india morocco strengthened moroccan ambassador india spent nearly week srinagar capital city jammu kashmir.showed moroccan solidarity india regard kashmir.mozambique india high commissioner maputo mozambique high commissioner new delhi.namibia relations india namibia warm cordial.india one swapos earliest supporters namibian liberation movement. |
Foreign relations of India | first swapo embassy established india .indias observer mission converted full high commissioner namibias independence day march .india helped train namibian air force since creation .two countries work closely mutual multilateral organisations united nations nonaligned movement commonwealth nations.namibia supports expansion united nations security council include permanent seat india.in – trade two countries stood approximately us million. |
Foreign relations of India | namibias main imports india drugs pharmaceuticals chemicals agricultural machinery automobile automobile parts glass glassware plastic linoleum products.india primarily imported nonferrous metals ores metal scarps.indian products also exported neighbouring south africa reimported namibia south african imports.namibian diamonds often exported european diamond markets imported india.first direct sale namibian diamonds india took place. |
Foreign relations of India | two indian companies us million contract nampower lay highvoltage direct current bipolar line katima mulilo otjiwarongo.namibia beneficiary indian technical economic cooperation itec programme telecommunications professionals developing countries.india high commissioner windhoek namibia high commissioner new delhi.namibias high commissioner also accredited bangladesh maldives sri lanka.nigeria india close relations oil rich west african country.twenty percent indias crude oil needs met nigeria. |
Foreign relations of India | barrels per day md oil amount oil india receives nigeria.trade two countries stands million –.indian companies also invested manufacturing pharmaceuticals iron ore steel information technology communications amongst things.india nigeria members commonwealth nations g nonaligned movement.former nigerian president olusegun obasanjo guest honour republic day parade indian prime minister manmohan singh visited nigeria addressed nigerian parliament. |
Foreign relations of India | rwanda indorwandan relations foreign relations republic india republic rwanda.india represented rwanda honorary consulate kigali.rwanda operating embassy new delhi since appointed first resident ambassador .seychelles india–seychelles relations bilateral relations republic india republic seychelles.india high commission victoria seychelles maintains high commission new delhi. |
Foreign relations of India | south africa india south africa always strong relations even though india revoked diplomatic relations protest apartheid regime mid th century.history british rule connects lands.large group indian south africans.mahatma gandhi spent many years south africa time fought rights ethnic indians.nelson mandela inspired gandhi. |
Foreign relations of India | indias independence india strongly condemned apartheid refused diplomatic relations apartheid conducted state policy south africa.the two countries close economic political sports relations.trade two countries grew million – billion – aim reach trade billion .one third indias imports south africa gold bar.diamonds mined south africa polished india.nelson mandela awarded gandhi peace prize. |
Foreign relations of India | two countries also members ibsa dialogue forum brazil.india hopes get large amounts uranium resource rich south africa indias growing civilian nuclear energy sector.south sudan india recognised south sudan july day south sudan became independent state.moment relations primarily economic.pramit pal chaudhuri wrote hindustan times south sudan attractions. |
Foreign relations of India | indian foreign ministrys literature notes south sudan reported sic largest oil reserves africa outside nigeria angola.article telegraph read south sudan one poorest countries world oil rich.foreign ministry officials said new delhi keen interest increasing investments oil fields south sudan owns twothirds erstwhile united sudans oil fields.in return oil resources provided south sudan india said willing assist developing infrastructure training officials health education rural development.compiled definite road map using sic india help south sudan.sudan indosudanese relations always characterised longstanding close friendly even since early development stages countries. |
Foreign relations of India | time indian independence sudan contributed pounds used build part national defence academy pune.main building nda called sudan block.two nations established diplomatic relations shortly india became known one first asian countries recognise newly independent african country.india sudan also share geographic historical similarities well economic interests.countries former british colonies remotely border saudi arabia means body water. |
Foreign relations of India | india sudan continue cordial relations despite issues indias close relationship israel indias solidarity egypt border issues sudan sudans intimate bonds pakistan bangladesh.india also contributed troops united nations peacekeeping force darfur.togo togo opened embassy new delhi october .high commission india accra ghana concurrently accredited togo.togolese president gnassingbé eyadéma made official state visit india september . |
Foreign relations of India | visit two countries agreed establish joint commission.uganda india uganda established diplomatic relations maintain high commissioner others capital.indian high commission kampala concurrent accreditation burundi rwanda.uganda hosts large indian community india–uganda relations cover broad range sectors including political economic commercial cultural scientific cooperation.relations india uganda began arrival indians uganda th century brought construct mombasa–kampala railway line.ugandan independence activists inspired struggle ugandan independence success indian independence movement also supported struggle prime minister india jawaharlal nehru.indougandan relations good since ugandas independence except regime idi amin. |
Foreign relations of India | amin expelled people indian origin indians largely formed commercial economic backbone country accusing exploiting native ugandans.since mids president yoweri museveni came power relations steadily improved.today indians pios live work uganda.ethnic tensions indians ugandans recurring issue bilateral relations given role indians ugandan economy.african union —as year indias total trade africa us billion total investment us billion us. |
Foreign relations of India | billion line credit executing various projects africa.india good relationships subsaharan african nations history.prime ministers visit mauritius two countries secured deal new credit agreement inr million us million finance import mauritius capital goods consultancy services consumer durable india.government india secured rice medicine agreement people seychelles.india continued build upon historically close relations ethiopia kenya uganda tanzania.visits political ministers ethiopia provided opportunities strengthening bilateral cooperation two countries fields education technical training water resources management development small industries. |
Foreign relations of India | allowed india gain benefits nations generally forgotten western nations.south african president thabo mbeki called strategic relationship india south africa avoid imposition western nations.india continued build upon close friendly relations angola botswana lesotho malawi mozambique namibia swaziland zambia zimbabwe.minister foreign affairs arranged sending special envoys countries – reaffirmation indias assurance strengthening cooperation countries spirit southsouth partnership.relations created position strength african nations nations may possess. |
Foreign relations of India | international organisations india participates following international organisationsaalco – asian–african legal consultative organizationadb – asian development bankafdb – african development bank nonregional membersag – australia groupasean regional forumasean dialogue partnerbimstec – bay bengal initiative multisectoral technical economic cooperationbis – bank international settlementsbrics – brazil russia india china south africacommonwealth nationscern – european organization nuclear research cp – colombo planeas – east asia summitfao – food agriculture organization united nationsgggggiaea – international atomic energy agencyibrd – international bank reconstruction development world bankicao – international civil aviation organizationicc – international chamber commerceicrm – international red cross red crescent movementida – international development associationiea – international energy agencyifad – international fund agricultural developmentifc – international finance corporationifrcs – international federation red cross red crescent societiesiho – international hydrographic organisationilo – international labour organizationimf – international monetary fundimo – international maritime organizationimso – international mobile satellite organizationinterpol – international criminal police organizationioc – international olympic committeeiom – international organization migration observeripeec – international partnership energy efficiency cooperationipu – interparliamentary unionisa – international solar allianceiso – international organization standardizationitso – international telecommunications satellite organizationitu – international telecommunication unionituc – international trade union confederation successor icftu international confederation free trade unions wcl world confederation labourlas – league arab states observermiga – multilateral investment guarantee agencymtcr – missile technology control regimenam – nonaligned movementoas – organization american states observeropcw – organisation prohibition chemical weaponspca – permanent court arbitrationpif – pacific islands forum partnersaarc – south asian association regional cooperationsacep – south asia cooperative environment programmesco – shanghai cooperation organisation memberun – united nationsunaids united nations programme hivaidsunctad – united nations conference trade developmentundof – united nations disengagement observer forceunesco – united nations educational scientific cultural organisationunhcr – united nations high commissioner refugeesunido – united nations industrial development organizationunifil – united nations interim force lebanonunmee – united nations mission ethiopia eritreaunmis – united nations mission sudanunoci – united nations operation côte divoiremonusco – united nations organization mission democratic republic congounwto – world tourism organizationupu – universal postal unionwa – wassenaar arrangementwcl – world confederation labourwco – world customs organizationwftu – world federation trade unionswho – world health organizationwipo – world intellectual property organizationwmo – world meteorological organizationwto – world trade organization india commonwealth india became independent within british commonwealth august dominion india partition india india dominion pakistan.king george vi last emperor india became king india governorgeneral india viceregal representative.india became first commonwealth republic january result london declaration.nonaligned movement india played important role multilateral movements colonies newly independent countries developed nonaligned movement.nonalignment origins indias colonial experience nonviolent indian independence movement led congress left india determined master fate international system dominated politically cold war alliances economically western capitalism soviet communism.principles nonalignment articulated nehru successors preservation indias freedom action internationally refusal align india bloc alliance particularly led united states soviet union nonviolence international cooperation means settling international disputes.nonalignment consistent feature indian foreign policy late enjoyed strong almost unquestioning support among indian elite.the term nonalignment coined v k menon speech un later used indian prime minister jawaharlal nehru speech colombo sri lanka.speech nehru described five pillars used guide china–india relations first put forth prc premier zhou enlai. |
Foreign relations of India | called panchsheel five restraints principles would later serve basis nonaligned movement.five principles weremutual respect others territorial integrity sovereigntymutual nonaggressionmutual noninterference domestic affairsequality mutual benefitpeaceful coexistencejawaharlal nehrus concept nonalignment brought india considerable international prestige among newly independent states shared indias concerns military confrontation superpowers influence former colonial powers.new delhi used nonalignment establish significant role leader newly independent world multilateral organisations united nations un nonaligned movement.signing treaty peace friendship cooperation india soviet union indias involvement internal affairs smaller neighbours tarnished new delhis image nonaligned nation led observers note practice nonalignment applied indias relations countries outside south asia.quad alliance ———the quadrilateral security dialogue qsd also known quad informal strategic dialogue united states india japan australia maintained talks member countries. |
Foreign relations of India | dialogue initiated japanese prime minister shinzo abe support american vice president dick cheney australian prime minister john howard former indian prime minister manmohan singh.dialogue paralleled joint military exercises unprecedented scale titled exercise malabar.diplomatic military arrangement widely viewed response increased chinese economic military power.on march first summit meeting held virtually u.s president joe biden indian prime minister narendra modi japanese prime minister yoshihide suga australian prime minister scott morrison.united nations —india among original members united nations signed declaration united nations washington january also participated united nations conference international organization san francisco april june .founding member united nations india strongly supports purposes principles un made significant contributions implementing goals charter evolution uns specialised programmes agencies. |
Foreign relations of India | india charter member united nations participates specialised agencies organisations.india contributed troops united nations peacekeeping efforts korea egypt congo earlier years somalia angola haiti liberia lebanon rwanda recent years recently south sudan conflict.india member un security council eight terms total years.india member g group nations back seeking permanent seat security council advocate favour reformation unsc.india also part group . |
Foreign relations of India | world trade organization —described wtos former chief pascal lamy one organisations big brothers india instrumental bringing doha development round talks .played important role representing many developing nations wto summits.border disputes indias territorial disputes neighbouring pakistan peoples republic china played crucial role foreign policy.india also involved minor territorial disputes neighbouring bangladesh nepal maldives.india currently maintains two manned stations antarctica made unofficial territorial claims yet clarified.india involved following border disputes nepal kalapani village india claimed nepal susta village nawalparasi district nepal claimed india.the dispute india nepal involves km sq mi area kalapani china india nepal meet. |
Foreign relations of India | indian forces occupied area china india fought border war.three villages located disputed zone kuti kuthi °n °e gunji knabe.india nepal disagree interpret sugauli treaty british east india company nepal delimited boundary along maha kali river sarda river india.dispute intensified nepali parliament considered treaty hydroelectric development river.india nepal differ stream constitutes source river. |
Foreign relations of India | nepal regards limpiyadhura source india claims lipu lekh.nepal reportedly tabled map british india office support position.countries held several meetings dispute discussed jointly surveying resolve issue.although indonepali dispute appears minor aggravated tensions china india.disputed area lies near sinoindian frontier gains strategic value. |
Foreign relations of India | pakistan unresolved kashmir conflict status kashmir india pakistan claims disputed territory india meanwhile pakistan claims side disputed territory calls azad kashmir.dispute sir creek maritime boundary regarding rann kachchh area southern tip sindh.watersharing problems pakistan indus river wular barrage.indus waters treaty peoples republic china india claims aksai chin transkarakoram tract part ladakh.china claims arunachal pradesh contested disputed territory northeast india recognising mcmahon line.two regions claimed india china.aksai chin disputed territory ladakh junction india tibet xinjiang india claims squarekilometre territory currently administered china sinoindian war.india also considers cessation shaksam valley china pakistan illegal part territory.arunachal pradesh state india countrys northeast bordering bhutan burma chinas tibet though indian administration since china claims squarekilometre area south tibet.also boundary north indian states himachal pradesh uttarakhand chinas tibet properly demarcated portions de facto administration india. |
Foreign relations of India | diplomatic relations india philately list countries commemorating anniversaries diplomatic relations india philately see also india united nationsindia nonaligned movementcold war asiaindia list diplomatic missions indialist diplomatic missions indialist diplomatic visits indialist republic india extradition treatiesresearch analysis wingvisa policy indiavisa requirements indian citizens references reading abraham itty.bandung nam nonalignment indian foreign policy –.commonwealth comparative politics .–.bajpai kanti selina ho manjari chatterjee miller eds.routledge handbook china–india relations routledge . |
Foreign relations of India | excerptbrands h. w. india united states cold peace online free borrowbradnock robert w. indias foreign policy since pp geographerbudhwar prem k. indiarussia relations past present future.india quarterly .–.budhwar prem k. et al.indiacanada relations rollercoaster ride.indian foreign affairs journal . |
Foreign relations of India | –.essays seven experts.onlinechacko priya.indian foreign policy politics postcolonial identity routledge .chakma bhumitra ed.politics nuclear weapons south asia ashgate .chaudhuri rudra.forged crisis india united states since cohen stephen p. sunil dasgupta. |
Foreign relations of India | arming without aiming indias military modernisation excerpt text searchfonseca rena.nehru diplomacy nonalignment.diplomats princeton university press pp.–.onlinegaan narottam. |
Foreign relations of India | india united states estrangement engagement ganguly sumit.indias foreign policy retrospect prospect ganguly sumit.modi truly changed indias foreign policy.washington quarterly .–.gopal sarvepalli. |
Foreign relations of India | jawaharlal nehru – v. biography jawaharlal nehru vol.– biography major scholarly biography full coverage foreign policygould harold a. south asia story first sixty years us relations india pakistan sage publications india .guha ramachandra.india gandhi history worlds largest democracy excerpt text searchgupta surupa et al.indian foreign policy modi new brand repackaging.international studies perspectives . |
Foreign relations of India | –.onlineheimsath charles h. surjit mansingh.diplomatic history modern india major scholarly history onlinejain b. m. global power indias foreign policy – jain rashmi k. united states india – documentary study karunakaran k.p.india world affairs august – january karunakaran k.p.india world affairs feb. – dec. . |
Foreign relations of India | calcutta.kust matthew j. foreign enterprise india laws policies mallavarapu siddharth.development international relations theory india.international studies .– –.malone david.elephant dance contemporary indian foreign policy excerpt text searchmalone david et al. |
Foreign relations of India | eds.oxford handbook indian foreign policy.excerpt comprehensive overview leading experts.mansinghm surjit.india′s search power indira gandhi′s foreign policy – mansinghm surjit.nehrus foreign policy fifty years michael arndt. |
Foreign relations of India | indias foreign policy regional multilateralism palgrave macmillan excerptmiller manjari chatterjee kate sullivan de estrada.pragmatism indian foreign policy ideas constrain modi.international affairs .–.onlinemukherjee mithi. |
Foreign relations of India | world illusion legacy empire indias foreign relations –.international history review .–.online freemuni s. d. indias foreign policy democracy dimension pant harsh v. julie m. super.indias nonalignment conundrum twentiethcentury policy changing world. |
Foreign relations of India | international affairs .–.pant harsh yogesh joshi.us pivot indian foreign policy asias evolving balance power springer .raghavan srinath.dangerous place history united states south asia.penguin random house india also published fierce enigmas history united states south asia.. online review also see excerptsathasivam kanishkan. |
Foreign relations of India | uneasy neighbors india pakistan us foreign policy routledge .schaffer teresita c. india united states st century reinventing partnership shukla subhash.foreign policy india narasimha rao government phd dissertation u allahabad online free bibliography pp –.singh sangeeta.trends indias foreign policy –.phd dissertation aligarh muslim university online bibliography pp –.sridharan eswaran.india headed possible future directions indian foreign policy. |
Liberalism in the United States | international affairs .–.tharoor shashi.reasons state political development indias foreign policy indira gandhi online external links briefs indias bilateral relations ministry external affairsharvard university homepage archived april wayback machine indias foreign policy xenia dormandylist treaties ruling relations argentina india argentine foreign ministry spanishibsa – india brazil south africa – news mediafundamental liberal ideals freedom speech freedom press freedom religion separation church state right due process equality law widely accepted common foundation liberalism.differs liberalism worldwide united states never resident hereditary aristocracy avoided much class warfare characterized europe.according ian adams us parties liberal always been.essentially espouse classical liberalism form democratized whig constitutionalism plus free market.point difference comes influence social liberalism proper role government.since term liberalism usually used without qualifier united states refer social liberalism variety liberalism endorses regulated market economy expansion civil political rights common good considered compatible superior freedom individual. |
Liberalism in the United States | political philosophy exemplified franklin d. roosevelts new deal policies later lyndon b. johnsons great society.accomplishments include works progress administration social security act well civil rights act voting rights act .variety liberalism also known modern liberalism distinguish classical liberalism sprang along modern conservatism.modern liberalism includes issues samesex marriage abolition capital punishment reproductive womens rights voting rights adult citizens civil rights environmental justice government protection right adequate standard living.national social services equal educational opportunities access health care transportation infrastructure intended meet responsibility promote general welfare citizens established united states constitution.liberals call classical liberals fiscal conservatives libertarians endorse fundamental liberal ideals diverge modern liberal thought claiming economic freedom important equality providing general welfare enumerated taxing spending clause exceeds legitimate role government. |
Liberalism in the United States | history th th century origins american liberalism political ideals age enlightenment.constitution united states established first modern republic sovereignty people monarch hereditary ruling aristocracy.however constitution limited liberty particular accepting slavery.founding fathers recognized contradiction believed needed nation unified enough survive world.during late th th centuries united states extended liberty ever broader classes people.states abolished many restrictions voting white males early th century. |
Liberalism in the United States | constitution amended abolish slavery extend vote black men.progressive era united states economy began shifting manufacturing services th century liberals started consider corruption concentrations economic power called trusts time threats liberty.progressive era beginning late th century laws passed restricting monopolies regulating railroad rates.according james reichley term liberalism took current meaning united states s. th century early th century term usually described classical liberalism emphasizes limited government religious freedom support free market.term progressivism meanwhile used describe individuals like theodore roosevelt favored limited amount government activism.term progressive became associated politicians robert m. la follette called government ownership railroads utilities thirdparty presidential bid. |
Liberalism in the United States | progressivism thus gained association radicalism advocates moderate reforms sought avoid.term also unattractive certain groups longstanding association republican party social gospel movement.late political figures franklin d. roosevelt increasingly adopted term liberal describe individual favored government activism opposed radical reforms.th century new deal liberalism came describe pragmatic ideology called moderate amount government regulation economy progressive taxation increased exercise federal government power relation states.also came signify support organized labor degree hostility least suspicion big business. |
Liberalism in the United States | liberalism retain aspects terms usage prior including support civil liberties secularism.called classical liberalism came described libertarianism combination fiscal conservatism social liberalism.positions contrasted political left favored greater changes conservatives opposed changes.president franklin d. roosevelt came office amid economic calamity great depression offering nation new deal intended alleviate economic want unemployment provide greater opportunities restore prosperity.presidency franklin d. roosevelt – longest united states history marked increased role federal government addressing nations economic problems.work relief programs provided jobs ambitious projects tennessee valley authority promoted economic development socialsecurity system laid groundwork nations modern welfare system. |
Liberalism in the United States | great depression dragged despite new deal programs met mixed success solving nations economic problems.economic progress minorities hindered discrimination roosevelt administration less subsequent administrations done before.new deal provided direct relief minorities civilian conservation corps ccc public works administration pwa works progress administration wpa agencies world war ii executive orders fair employment practices commission opened millions new jobs minorities forbade discrimination companies government contracts..million black veterans fully entitled generous veteran benefits gi bill basis everyone else.the new deal consisted three types programs designed produce relief recovery reform. |
Liberalism in the United States | relief immediate effort help onethird population hardest hit depression.roosevelt expanded herbert hoovers emergency relief construction program erca added ccc pwa wpa latter replacing federal emergency relief administration fera.also social security act unemployment insurance programs added.social security act provided retirement disability income americans unable work unable find jobs.separate programs set relief rural areas resettlement administration farm security administration. |
Liberalism in the United States | recovery programs sought restore economy predepression levels.involved deficit spending dropping gold standard efforts reinflate farm prices low efforts increase foreign trade.new deal efforts help united states recuperate part much expanded hoover program reconstruction finance corporation rfc.reform based assumption depression caused inherent market instability government intervention necessary rationalize stabilize economy balance interests farmers business labor.reform measures included national industrial recovery act nira regulation wall street securities exchange act sea agricultural adjustment act aaa farm programs federal deposit insurance corporation fdic insurance bank deposits enacted glass–steagall act national labor relations act nlra also known wagner act dealing labormanagement relations.despite new dealerss urgings major antitrust program. |
Liberalism in the United States | roosevelt opposed socialism sense state ownership means production one major program tennessee valley authority tva involved government ownership means production.world war ii roosevelt president world war ii anticipating postwar period strongly supported proposals create united nations organization means encouraging mutual cooperation solve problems international stage.commitment internationalist ideals tradition woodrow wilson architect failed league nations.support led eventual establishment united nations proviso united states would veto power.liberal consensus liberal ideology intellectually dominant literary critic lionel trilling wrote liberalism dominant even sole intellectual tradition ... conservative reactionary ideas circulation.for almost two decades cold war liberalism remained dominant paradigm american politics peaking landslide victory lyndon b. johnson barry goldwater presidential election.the postwar liberal consensus included acceptance modest welfare state anticommunism domestic foreign policies. |
Liberalism in the United States | elements shared embedded liberalism aimed combine benefits free markets interventionist domestic policies.cold war american liberalism cold warera immediate heir franklin d. roosevelts new deal slightly distant heir progressives early th century.sol stern wrote cold war liberalism deserves credit greatest american achievement since world war ii—winning cold war.the essential tenets cold war liberalism found roosevelts four freedoms .freedom speech religion classic liberal freedoms freedom fear freedom tyrannical government freedom want another matter.roosevelt proposed notion freedom went beyond government noninterference private lives. |
Liberalism in the United States | freedom want could justify positive government action meet economic needs idea associated concepts abraham lincolns republican party henry clays whig party alexander hamiltons economic principles government intervention subsidy radical socialism social democracy european thinkers prior versions classical liberalism represented thomas jeffersons democraticrepublican party andrew jacksons democratic party.in major american political parties included liberal conservative factions.democratic party one hand northern western liberals generally conservative southern whites.difficult classify northern urban democratic political machines.urban machines supported new deal economic policies slowly came apart racial issues.historians divided republican party liberal wall street conservative main street factions others noted republican partys conservatives came landlocked states robert taft jr. ohio barry goldwater arizona liberals tended come california earl warren pete mccloskey new york nelson rockefeller coastal states.opposing communism conservatism cold war liberalism resembled earlier liberalisms views many social issues personal liberty economic views freemarket jeffersonian liberalism european social democrats. |
Liberalism in the United States | never endorsed state socialism call spending education science infrastructure notably expansion nasa construction interstate highway system.progressive ideas continued legacy lincoln woodrow wilson theodore roosevelt franklin d. roosevelt.prominent constant among positions cold war liberalism included followingsupport domestic economy built balance power labor form organized unions management tendency interested large corporations small business.a foreign policy focused containing communism based soviet union china.liberals opposed isolationism détente rollback.the continuation new deal social welfare programs especially social security.an embrace keynesian economics deficit spending times recession.supported high spending military policy known military keynesianism.at first liberals generally see franklin d. roosevelts successor harry s. truman one viewing democratic party hack. |
Liberalism in the United States | however liberal politicians liberal organizations americans democratic action ada sided truman opposing communism home abroad sometimes sacrifice civil liberties.example hubert humphrey put senate bill establish detention centers declared subversive president could held without trial pass.liberals united opposition mccarthyism.decline southern liberals southern liberals essential part new deal coalition without roosevelt lacked majorities congress.notable leaders lyndon b. johnson texas jim folsom john sparkman alabama claude pepper florida earl long louisiana luther h. hodges north carolina estes kefauver tennessee.promoted subsidies small farmers supported nascent labor union movement. |
Liberalism in the United States | essential condition north–south coalition northern liberals ignore southern racism.northern liberals led especially young hubert humphrey minnesota increasingly made civil rights central issue.convinced truman join .conservative southern democrats best known dixiecrats took control state parties ran strom thurmond president .thurmond carried deep south threat enough guarantee national democratic party would make civil rights major issue. |
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