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Economy of the Philippines	administrations legitimacy crisis also became hot issue threat authority arroyo administration.moreover arroyo administration went many raps charges controversial deals nbnzte broadband deal.due however support local leaders majority house representatives political stability restored threats administration quelled subdued.towards end administration high inflation rates rice oil started plague country anew led another fiscal crisis actually came along major recession united states rest world actually experiencing.the important policies arroyo administration highlighted importance regional development tourism foreign investments country.therefore apart enactment establishment evat policy address worsening fiscal deficits administration also pushed regional development studies order address certain regional issues disparities regional per capita income effects commercial communities rural growth.
Economy of the Philippines	administration also advocated investments improve tourism especially unexplored regions actually need development touches well.improve tourism administration launched policy touching holiday economics involves changing days would celebrate certain holidays.indeed holiday economics approach investments tourism really improved.investment arroyo administration would frequently visit countries encourage foreign investment betterment philippine economy development.benigno aquino iii administration – philippines consistently coined one newly industrialized countries fair gain latter years arroyo presidency current administration.
Economy of the Philippines	government managed foreign debts falling total government borrowings.according world wealth report philippines fastest growing economy world gdp growth .driven growing business process outsourcing overseas remittances.the country markedly slipped .government placed less emphasis exports well spending less infrastructure.addition disruption flow imports raw materials result floods thailand tsunami japan affected manufacturing sector year.
Economy of the Philippines	philippines contributed million end pool money disbursed international monetary fund help address financial crisis confronting economies europe.according bangko sentral ng pilipinas reported tuesday philippines enjoys growing foreign exchange reserves made available .million imf finance assistance program—the financial transactions plan ftp—for crisisstricken countries.the economy saw continuous real gdp growth least since .philippine stock exchange index ended .points .
Economy of the Philippines	growth .finish .macroeconomic trends philippine economy growing steadily decades international monetary fund reported th largest economy world.however growth behind many asian neighbors socalled asian tigers part group nations.instead grouped second tier emerging markets newly industrialized countries.depending analyst second tier go name next eleven tiger cub economies.in philippines posted high gdp growth rates reaching .
Economy of the Philippines	.highest gdp growth rates asia first two quarters followed china indonesia.a chart selected statistics showing trends gross domestic product philippines using data taken international monetary fund.composition sector newly industrialized country philippines still economy large agricultural sector however countrys service industry expanded recently.much industrial sector based processing assembly operations manufacturing electronics hightech components usually foreign multinational corporations.filipinos go abroad work–known overseas filipino workers ofws—are significant contributor economy reflected sectoral discussion domestic economy.ofw remittances also credited philippines recent economic growth resulting investment status upgrades credit ratings agencies fitch group standard poors.
Economy of the Philippines	billion usd worth remittance overseas filipinos sent philippines.filipino americans sent remittances sent philippines totaling us.billion.agriculture agriculture employs filipino workforce .agriculture accounts philippines gdp .
Economy of the Philippines	type activity ranges small subsistence farming fishing large commercial ventures significant export focus.the philippines worlds largest producer coconuts producing tons .coconut production philippines generally concentrated mediumsized farms.the philippines also worlds second largest producer pineapples producing metric tons .rice production philippines important food supply country economy.philippines th largest rice producer world accounting .global rice production.philippines also worlds largest rice importer .
Economy of the Philippines	rice important food crop staple food country.produced extensively luzon especially central luzon western visayas southern mindanao central mindanao.the philippines one largest producers sugar world.least provinces located eight regions nation grown sugarcane crops negros island region accounts half countrys total production.crop year – mills operational divided follows mills negros mills luzon mills panay mills eastern visayas mills mindanao.range hectares devoted sugarcane production.
Economy of the Philippines	largest sugarcane areas found negros island region accounts sugarcane areas planted.followed mindanao accounts luzon panay eastern visayas .shipbuilding repair philippines major player global shipbuilding industry shipyards subic cebu bataan navotas batangas.became fourth largest shipbuilding nation .subicmade cargo vessels exported countries shipping operators based.
Economy of the Philippines	south koreas hanjin started production subic ships ordered german greek shipping operators.countrys shipyards building ships like bulk carriers container ships big passenger ferries.general santos shipyard mainly ship repair maintenance.being surrounded waters country abundant natural deepsea ports ideal development production construction repair sites.ship repair sector navotas complex metro manila expected accommodate vessels repair.automotive abs used mercedesbenz bmw volvo cars made philippines.
Economy of the Philippines	toyota mitsubishi nissan honda prominent automakers manufacturing cars country.kia suzuki produce small cars country.isuzu also produces suvs country.honda suzuki produce motorcycles country.canadian market research report predicted investments sector expected grow following years.
Economy of the Philippines	toyota sells vehicles country.chinas chery automobile company going build assembly plant laguna serve export cars countries region monthly sales would reach units.automotive sales philippines moved units .japans automotive manufacturing giant mitsubishi motors announced expanding operations philippines.aerospace aerospace products philippines mainly export market include manufacturing parts aircraft built boeing airbus.
Economy of the Philippines	moog biggest aerospace manufacturer base baguio cordillera region.company produces aircraft actuators manufacturing facility.in total export output aerospace products philippines reached us billion.electronics texas instruments plant baguio operating years largest producer dsp chips world.texas instruments baguio plant produces chips used nokia cell phones chips used ericsson cell phones world.toshiba laptops produced santa rosa laguna.
Economy of the Philippines	presently philippine plants focus production hard disk drives.printer manufacturer lexmark factory mactan cebu region.electronics light industries concentrated laguna cavite batangas calabarzon provinces sizable numbers found southern philippines account countrys export.mining extraction country rich mineral geothermal energy resources.produced mw electricity geothermal sources total electricity production second united states recent discovery natural gas reserves malampaya oil fields island palawan already used generate electricity three gaspowered plants.
Economy of the Philippines	philippine gold nickel copper palladium chromite deposits among largest world.important minerals include silver coal gypsum sulphur.significant deposits clay limestone marble silica phosphate exist.about total mining production accounted nonmetallic minerals contributed substantially industrys steady output growth value production growing .however mineral production declined million.mineral exports generally slowed since .
Economy of the Philippines	led copper cathodes philippine mineral exports amounted million barely levels.low metal prices high production costs lack investment infrastructure challenge new mining law contributed miningindustrys overall decline.the industry rebounded starting late supreme court upheld constitutionality important law permitting foreign ownership philippines mining companies.however denr yet approve revised department administrative order dao provide implementing rules regulations financial technical assistance agreement ftaa specific part mining act allows foreign ownership philippines mines.in country nd largest world producer nickel th largest world producer cobalt.renewable energy resources philippines significant potential solar energy however domestically produced electricity still based fossil fuel resources coal particular.future development solar power phaseout fossil fuels depend strong effective renewable energy governance improving regulatory fiscal policies facilitating market entry renewable energy investors active cooperation international organizations.
Economy of the Philippines	offshoring outsourcing philippines surpassed india world leader business process outsourcing.majority top ten bpo firms united states operate philippines.industry generated jobs total revenues placed million .bpo sector employment ballooned people contributing growing middle class.bpo facilities concentrated parks centers economic zones across philippines.
Economy of the Philippines	bpo facilities located mainly metro manila cebu city although regional areas baguio bacolod cagayan de oro clark freeport zone dagupan davao city dumaguete lipa iloilo city naga city camarines sur promoted developed bpo operations.call centers began philippines plain providers email response managing services major source employment.call center services include customer relations ranging travel services technical support education customer care financial services online business customer support online businesstobusiness support.business process outsourcing bpo regarded one fastest growing industries world.philippines also considered location choice due many outsourcing benefits less expensive operational labor costs high proficiency spoken english significant number people highly educated labor pool.business process outsourcing industry philippines generated thousand jobs us billion revenue percent higher .
Economy of the Philippines	industry projected reach us.billion revenue employment generation almost double .million workers.bpos call center industry general also credited philippines recent economic growth resulting investment status upgrades credit ratings agencies fitch sp.with philippines th largest economy world country continues promising prospect bpo industry.august philippines hit alltime high employment bpo industry.workers labor force industry grown first quarter .growth bpo industry continues show significant improvements average annual expansion rate .
Economy of the Philippines	figures shown .billion export revenues bpo sector increased .billion .business process association philippines ibpap also projects sector expected total revenue billion .ibpap projects industry employ .
Economy of the Philippines	million workers generate us.billion revenue .this growth industry promoted philippine government.industry highlighted philippines development plan among high potential priority development areas.entice investors government programs include different incentives tax holidays tax exemptions simplified export import procedures.additionally training also available bpo applicants.
Economy of the Philippines	tourism regional accounts according philippine statistics authority psa gross regional domestic product grdp gdp measured regional levels.figures year .international comparisons statistics following statistics sourced international monetary fund – philippines figures us dollars unless otherwise indicated.gdp – purchasing power parity ..trillion est.gdp – real growth rate .
Economy of the Philippines	est.gdp per capita purchasing power parity est.gdp nominal .billion est.gdp per capita est.gdp – composition sectoreconomy sector agriculture .industry services .population poverty line less ..less ..
Economy of the Philippines	.est.household income consumption percentage sharelowest .highest .est.inflation rate consumer prices .april .est.
Economy of the Philippines	.est..est..
Economy of the Philippines	september labor force .million est.labor force occupationlabor force occupation sector est.services .agriculture .industry .unemployment rate .march est..est.
Economy of the Philippines	.est..april .april .
Economy of the Philippines	april budget revenues .billion .billion est.expenditures .billion .billion est.foreign reserves us.
Economy of the Philippines	billion january industries electronics assembly shipbuilding garments footwear pharmaceuticals chemicals wood products food processing petroleum refining fishingindustrial production growth rate est.electricity – production .billion kwh est.electricity – consumption .billion kwh est.electricity – exports kwh electricity – imports kwh agriculture – products sugarcane coconuts rice corn bananas cassavas pineapples mangoes pork eggs beef fishexports .billion jan–sept est..
Economy of the Philippines	billion .billion .billion est..billion est.exports – commodities semiconductors electronic products transport equipment garments copper products petroleum products coconut oil fruitsexports – partners japan united states china hong kong .
Economy of the Philippines	singapore .germany .south korea .imports .billion .
Economy of the Philippines	billion .billion .billion est.imports – commodities electronic products mineral fuels machinery transport equipment iron steel textile fabrics grains chemicals plasticimports – partners china .united states .japan .
Economy of the Philippines	singapore south korea .thailand .malaysia .indonesia .debt – external .
Economy of the Philippines	billion september est.currency philippine peso ₱ centavosexchange rates philippine pesos php per us dollar – .est .est .est .est .
Economy of the Philippines	est .avg .avg .avg .avg .
Economy of the Philippines	avg .avg .avg .avg government budget national government budget set following budget allocations see also bamboo networkemerging marketslist companies philippinesnewly industrialized countrytiger cub economies references reading balisacan arsenio hal hill .philippine economy development policies challenges.
Economy of the Philippines	new york oxford university press.p. .isbn .archived original june .balisacan arsenio hal hill .dynamics regional development philippines east asia pdf.
Economy of the Philippines	cheltenham uk edward elgar.cite journal cite journal requires journal helpbhagwati jagdish anne krueger..foreign trade regimes economic development.national bureau economic research.hawes gary ruth t. mcvey.
Economy of the Philippines	marcos cronies philippines failure develop.southeast asian capitalists cornell university press pp.–.hutchcroft paul d. .booty capitalism politics banking philippines.cornell university press.
Economy of the Philippines	isbn .kang david c. .crony capitalism – corruption development south korea philippines.cambridge university press.isbn .krinks peter.economy philippines elites inequalities economic restructuring routledge .villegas bernardo.
Ancient Egypt	.philippine advantage rd ed.. manila university asia pacific.yang lan et al.island economy sustainable comparative study indonesia malaysia philippines.journal cleaner production .state philippine islands onlinephilippines – asias new tiger economyphilippines opportunity point external links bangko sentral ng pilipinas central bank philippinesdepartment trade industrydepartment financephilippine stock exchangedepartment tourismphilippine economic zone authoritytradeworld bank summary trade statistics philippinesancient egyptian civilization followed prehistoric egypt coalesced around bc according conventional egyptian chronology political unification upper lower egypt menes often identified narmer.history ancient egypt occurred series stable kingdoms separated periods relative instability known intermediate periods old kingdom early bronze age middle kingdom middle bronze age new kingdom late bronze age.egypt reached pinnacle power new kingdom ruling much nubia sizable portion near east entered period slow decline.course history egypt invaded conquered number foreign powers including hyksos libyans nubians assyrians achaemenid persians macedonians command alexander great.greek ptolemaic kingdom formed aftermath alexanders death ruled egypt bc cleopatra fell roman empire became roman province.the success ancient egyptian civilization came partly ability adapt conditions nile river valley agriculture.predictable flooding controlled irrigation fertile valley produced surplus crops supported dense population social development culture.
Ancient Egypt	resources spare administration sponsored mineral exploitation valley surrounding desert regions early development independent writing system organization collective construction agricultural projects trade surrounding regions military intended assert egyptian dominance.motivating organizing activities bureaucracy elite scribes religious leaders administrators control pharaoh ensured cooperation unity egyptian people context elaborate system religious beliefs.the many achievements ancient egyptians include quarrying surveying construction techniques supported building monumental pyramids temples obelisks system mathematics practical effective system medicine irrigation systems agricultural production techniques first known planked boats egyptian faience glass technology new forms literature earliest known peace treaty made hittites.ancient egypt left lasting legacy.art architecture widely copied antiquities carried far corners world.monumental ruins inspired imaginations travelers writers millennia.
Ancient Egypt	newfound respect antiquities excavations early modern period europeans egyptians led scientific investigation egyptian civilization greater appreciation cultural legacy.history nile lifeline region much human history.fertile floodplain nile gave humans opportunity develop settled agricultural economy sophisticated centralized society became cornerstone history human civilization.nomadic modern human huntergatherers began living nile valley end middle pleistocene years ago.late paleolithic period arid climate northern africa became increasingly hot dry forcing populations area concentrate along river region.
Ancient Egypt	predynastic period predynastic early dynastic times egyptian climate much less arid today.large regions egypt covered treed savanna traversed herds grazing ungulates.foliage fauna far prolific environs nile region supported large populations waterfowl.hunting would common egyptians also period many animals first domesticated.by bc small tribes living nile valley developed series cultures demonstrating firm control agriculture animal husbandry identifiable pottery personal items combs bracelets beads.largest early cultures upper southern egypt badarian culture probably originated western desert known highquality ceramics stone tools use copper.the badari followed naqada culture amratian naqada gerzeh naqada ii semainean naqada iii.
Ancient Egypt	brought number technological improvements.early naqada period predynastic egyptians imported obsidian ethiopia used shape blades objects flakes.naqada ii times early evidence exists contact near east particularly canaan byblos coast.period years naqada culture developed small farming communities powerful civilization whose leaders complete control people resources nile valley.establishing power center nekhen greek hierakonpolis later abydos naqada iii leaders expanded control egypt northwards along nile.
Ancient Egypt	also traded nubia south oases western desert west cultures eastern mediterranean near east east initiating period egyptmesopotamia relations.the naqada culture manufactured diverse selection material goods reflective increasing power wealth elite well societal personaluse items included combs small statuary painted pottery high quality decorative stone vases cosmetic palettes jewelry made gold lapis ivory.also developed ceramic glaze known faience used well roman period decorate cups amulets figurines.last predynastic phase naqada culture began using written symbols eventually developed full system hieroglyphs writing ancient egyptian language.early dynastic period c. – bc early dynastic period approximately contemporary early sumerianakkadian civilisation mesopotamia ancient elam.thirdcentury bc egyptian priest manetho grouped long line kings menes time dynasties system still used today.
Ancient Egypt	began official history king named meni menes greek believed united two kingdoms upper lower egypt.the transition unified state happened gradually ancient egyptian writers represented contemporary record menes.scholars believe however mythical menes may king narmer depicted wearing royal regalia ceremonial narmer palette symbolic act unification.early dynastic period began bc first dynastic kings solidified control lower egypt establishing capital memphis could control labour force agriculture fertile delta region well lucrative critical trade routes levant.increasing power wealth kings early dynastic period reflected elaborate mastaba tombs mortuary cult structures abydos used celebrate deified king death.strong institution kingship developed kings served legitimize state control land labour resources essential survival growth ancient egyptian civilization.
Ancient Egypt	old kingdom – bc major advances architecture art technology made old kingdom fueled increased agricultural productivity resulting population made possible welldeveloped central administration.ancient egypts crowning achievements giza pyramids great sphinx constructed old kingdom.direction vizier state officials collected taxes coordinated irrigation projects improve crop yield drafted peasants work construction projects established justice system maintain peace order.with rising importance central administration egypt new class educated scribes officials arose granted estates king payment services.kings also made land grants mortuary cults local temples ensure institutions resources worship king death.scholars believe five centuries practices slowly eroded economic vitality egypt economy could longer afford support large centralized administration.
Ancient Egypt	power kings diminished regional governors called nomarchs began challenge supremacy office king.coupled severe droughts bc believed caused country enter year period famine strife known first intermediate period.first intermediate period – bc egypts central government collapsed end old kingdom administration could longer support stabilize countrys economy.regional governors could rely king help times crisis ensuing food shortages political disputes escalated famines smallscale civil wars.yet despite difficult problems local leaders owing tribute king used newfound independence establish thriving culture provinces.
Ancient Egypt	control resources provinces became economically richer—which demonstrated larger better burials among social classes.bursts creativity provincial artisans adopted adapted cultural motifs formerly restricted royalty old kingdom scribes developed literary styles expressed optimism originality period.free loyalties king local rulers began competing territorial control political power.bc rulers herakleopolis controlled lower egypt north rival clan based thebes intef family took control upper egypt south.intefs grew power expanded control northward clash two rival dynasties became inevitable.around bc northern theban forces nebhepetre mentuhotep ii finally defeated herakleopolitan rulers reuniting two lands.
Ancient Egypt	inaugurated period economic cultural renaissance known middle kingdom.middle kingdom – bc kings middle kingdom restored countrys stability prosperity thereby stimulating resurgence art literature monumental building projects.mentuhotep ii eleventh dynasty successors ruled thebes vizier amenemhat upon assuming kingship beginning twelfth dynasty around bc shifted kingdoms capital city itjtawy located faiyum.itjtawy kings twelfth dynasty undertook farsighted land reclamation irrigation scheme increase agricultural output region.moreover military reconquered territory nubia rich quarries gold mines laborers built defensive structure eastern delta called walls ruler defend foreign attack.with kings secured country militarily politically vast agricultural mineral wealth disposal nations population arts religion flourished.
Ancient Egypt	contrast elitist old kingdom attitudes towards gods middle kingdom displayed increase expressions personal piety.middle kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes characters written confident eloquent style.relief portrait sculpture period captured subtle individual details reached new heights technical sophistication.the last great ruler middle kingdom amenemhat iii allowed semiticspeaking canaanite settlers near east delta region provide sufficient labour force especially active mining building campaigns.ambitious building mining activities however combined severe nile floods later reign strained economy precipitated slow decline second intermediate period later thirteenth fourteenth dynasties.decline canaanite settlers began assume greater control delta region eventually coming power egypt hyksos.
Ancient Egypt	second intermediate period – bc hyksos around bc power middle kingdom kings weakened western asian people called hyksos already settled delta seized control egypt established capital avaris forcing former central government retreat thebes.king treated vassal expected pay tribute.hyksos foreign rulers retained egyptian models government identified kings thereby integrating egyptian elements culture.invaders introduced new tools warfare egypt notably composite bow horsedrawn chariot.after retreating south native theban kings found trapped canaanite hyksos ruling north hyksos nubian allies kushites south.years vassalage thebes gathered enough strength challenge hyksos conflict lasted years bc.
Ancient Egypt	kings seqenenre tao ii kamose ultimately able defeat nubians south egypt failed defeat hyksos.task fell kamoses successor ahmose successfully waged series campaigns permanently eradicated hyksos presence egypt.established new dynasty new kingdom followed military became central priority kings sought expand egypts borders attempted gain mastery near east.new kingdom – bc new kingdom pharaohs established period unprecedented prosperity securing borders strengthening diplomatic ties neighbours including mitanni empire assyria canaan.military campaigns waged tuthmosis grandson tuthmosis iii extended influence pharaohs largest empire egypt ever seen.
Ancient Egypt	beginning merneptah rulers egypt adopted title pharaoh.between reigns hatshepsut queen established pharaoh launched many building projects including restoration temples damaged hyksos sent trading expeditions punt sinai.tuthmosis iii died bc egypt empire extending niya north west syria fourth cataract nile nubia cementing loyalties opening access critical imports bronze wood.the new kingdom pharaohs began largescale building campaign promote god amun whose growing cult based karnak.also constructed monuments glorify achievements real imagined.karnak temple largest egyptian temple ever built.around bc stability new kingdom threatened amenhotep iv ascended throne instituted series radical chaotic reforms.changing name akhenaten touted previously obscure sun deity aten supreme deity suppressed worship deities moved capital new city akhetaten modernday amarna.
Ancient Egypt	devoted new religion artistic style.death cult aten quickly abandoned traditional religious order restored.subsequent pharaohs tutankhamun ay horemheb worked erase mention akhenatens heresy known amarna period.around bc ramesses ii also known ramesses great ascended throne went build temples erect statues obelisks sire children pharaoh history.bold military leader ramesses ii led army hittites battle kadesh modern syria fighting stalemate finally agreed first recorded peace treaty around bc.egypts wealth however made tempting target invasion particularly libyan berbers west sea peoples conjectured confederation seafarers aegean sea.initially military able repel invasions egypt eventually lost control remaining territories southern canaan much falling assyrians.
Ancient Egypt	effects external threats exacerbated internal problems corruption tomb robbery civil unrest.regaining power high priests temple amun thebes accumulated vast tracts land wealth expanded power splintered country third intermediate period.third intermediate period – bc following death ramesses xi bc smendes assumed authority northern part egypt ruling city tanis.south effectively controlled high priests amun thebes recognized smendes name only.time libyans settling western delta chieftains settlers began increasing autonomy.
Ancient Egypt	libyan princes took control delta shoshenq bc founding socalled libyan bubastite dynasty would rule years.shoshenq also gained control southern egypt placing family members important priestly positions.libyan control began erode rival dynasty delta arose leontopolis kushites threatened south.around bc kushite king piye invaded northward seizing control thebes eventually delta established th dynasty.th dynasty pharaoh taharqa created empire nearly large new kingdoms.twentyfifth dynasty pharaohs built restored temples monuments throughout nile valley including memphis karnak kawa jebel barkal.
Ancient Egypt	period nile valley saw first widespread construction pyramids many modern sudan since middle kingdom.egypts farreaching prestige declined considerably toward end third intermediate period.foreign allies fallen assyrian sphere influence bc war two states became inevitable.bc assyrians began assyrian conquest egypt.reigns taharqa successor tanutamun filled constant conflict assyrians egypt enjoyed several victories.ultimately assyrians pushed kushites back nubia occupied memphis sacked temples thebes.
Ancient Egypt	late period – bc assyrians left control egypt series vassals became known saite kings twentysixth dynasty.bc saite king psamtik able oust assyrians help greek mercenaries recruited form egypts first navy.greek influence expanded greatly citystate naukratis became home greeks nile delta.saite kings based new capital sais witnessed brief spirited resurgence economy culture bc powerful persians led cambyses ii began conquest egypt eventually capturing pharaoh psamtik iii battle pelusium.cambyses ii assumed formal title pharaoh ruled egypt iran leaving egypt control satrap.
Ancient Egypt	successful revolts persians marked th century bc egypt never able permanently overthrow persians.following annexation persia egypt joined cyprus phoenicia sixth satrapy achaemenid persian empire.first period persian rule egypt also known twentyseventh dynasty ended bc egypt regained independence series native dynasties.last dynasties thirtieth proved last native royal house ancient egypt ending kingship nectanebo ii.brief restoration persian rule sometimes known thirtyfirst dynasty began bc shortly bc persian ruler mazaces handed egypt alexander great without fight.ptolemaic period – bc bc alexander great conquered egypt little resistance persians welcomed egyptians deliverer.
Ancient Egypt	administration established alexanders successors macedonian ptolemaic kingdom based egyptian model based new capital city alexandria.city showcased power prestige hellenistic rule became seat learning culture centered famous library alexandria.lighthouse alexandria lit way many ships kept trade flowing city—as ptolemies made commerce revenuegenerating enterprises papyrus manufacturing top priority.hellenistic culture supplant native egyptian culture ptolemies supported timehonored traditions effort secure loyalty populace.built new temples egyptian style supported traditional cults portrayed pharaohs.traditions merged greek egyptian gods syncretized composite deities serapis classical greek forms sculpture influenced traditional egyptian motifs.
Ancient Egypt	despite efforts appease egyptians ptolemies challenged native rebellion bitter family rivalries powerful mob alexandria formed death ptolemy iv.addition rome relied heavily imports grain egypt romans took great interest political situation country.continued egyptian revolts ambitious politicians powerful opponents near east made situation unstable leading rome send forces secure country province empire.roman period bc – ad egypt became province roman empire bc following defeat mark antony ptolemaic queen cleopatra vii octavian later emperor augustus battle actium.romans relied heavily grain shipments egypt roman army control prefect appointed emperor quelled rebellions strictly enforced collection heavy taxes prevented attacks bandits become notorious problem period.
Ancient Egypt	alexandria became increasingly important center trade route orient exotic luxuries high demand rome.although romans hostile attitude greeks towards egyptians traditions mummification worship traditional gods continued.art mummy portraiture flourished roman emperors depicted pharaohs though extent ptolemies had.former lived outside egypt perform ceremonial functions egyptian kingship.local administration became roman style closed native egyptians.from midfirst century ad christianity took root egypt originally seen another cult could accepted.however uncompromising religion sought win converts pagan egyptian grecoroman religions threatened popular religious traditions.
Ancient Egypt	led persecution converts christianity culminating great purges diocletian starting eventually christianity out.christian emperor theodosius introduced legislation banned pagan rites closed temples.alexandria became scene great antipagan riots public private religious imagery destroyed.consequence egypts native religious culture continually decline.native population continued speak language ability read hieroglyphic writing slowly disappeared role egyptian temple priests priestesses diminished.
Ancient Egypt	temples sometimes converted churches abandoned desert.in fourth century roman empire divided egypt found eastern empire capital constantinople.waning years empire egypt fell sasanian persian army sasanian conquest egypt –.recaptured byzantine emperor heraclius – finally captured muslim rashidun army – ending byzantine rule.government economy administration commerce pharaoh absolute monarch country least theory wielded complete control land resources.king supreme military commander head government relied bureaucracy officials manage affairs.
Ancient Egypt	charge administration second command vizier acted kings representative coordinated land surveys treasury building projects legal system archives.regional level country divided many administrative regions called nomes governed nomarch accountable vizier jurisdiction.temples formed backbone economy.places worship also responsible collecting storing kingdoms wealth system granaries treasuries administered overseers redistributed grain goods.much economy centrally organized strictly controlled.although ancient egyptians use coinage late period use type moneybarter system standard sacks grain deben weight roughly grams oz copper silver forming common denominator.
Ancient Egypt	workers paid grain simple laborer might earn ⁄ sacks kg lb grain per month foreman might earn ⁄ sacks kg lb.prices fixed across country recorded lists facilitate trading example shirt cost five copper deben cow cost deben.grain could traded goods according fixed price list.fifth century bc coined money introduced egypt abroad.first coins used standardized pieces precious metal rather true money following centuries international traders came rely coinage.
Ancient Egypt	social status egyptian society highly stratified social status expressly displayed.farmers made bulk population agricultural produce owned directly state temple noble family owned land.farmers also subject labor tax required work irrigation construction projects corvée system.artists craftsmen higher status farmers also state control working shops attached temples paid directly state treasury.scribes officials formed upper class ancient egypt known white kilt class reference bleached linen garments served mark rank.
Ancient Egypt	upper class prominently displayed social status art literature.nobility priests physicians engineers specialized training field.unclear whether slavery understood today existed ancient egypt difference opinions among authors.the ancient egyptians viewed men women including people social classes essentially equal law even lowliest peasant entitled petition vizier court redress.although slaves mostly used indentured servants able buy sell servitude work way freedom nobility usually treated doctors workplace.men women right sell property make contracts marry divorce receive inheritance pursue legal disputes court.
Ancient Egypt	married couples could property jointly protect divorce agreeing marriage contracts stipulated financial obligations husband wife children marriage end.compared counterparts ancient greece rome even modern places around world ancient egyptian women greater range personal choices legal rights opportunities achievement.women hatshepsut cleopatra vii even became pharaohs others wielded power divine wives amun.despite freedoms ancient egyptian women often take part official roles administration aside royal high priestesses apparently served secondary roles temples much data many dynasties likely educated men.legal system head legal system officially pharaoh responsible enacting laws delivering justice maintaining law order concept ancient egyptians referred maat.
Ancient Egypt	although legal codes ancient egypt survive court documents show egyptian law based commonsense view right wrong emphasized reaching agreements resolving conflicts rather strictly adhering complicated set statutes.local councils elders known kenbet new kingdom responsible ruling court cases involving small claims minor disputes.serious cases involving murder major land transactions tomb robbery referred great kenbet vizier pharaoh presided.plaintiffs defendants expected represent required swear oath told truth.cases state took role prosecutor judge could torture accused beatings obtain confession names coconspirators.
Ancient Egypt	whether charges trivial serious court scribes documented complaint testimony verdict case future reference.punishment minor crimes involved either imposition fines beatings facial mutilation exile depending severity offense.serious crimes murder tomb robbery punished execution carried decapitation drowning impaling criminal stake.punishment could also extended criminals family.beginning new kingdom oracles played major role legal system dispensing justice civil criminal cases.procedure ask god yes question concerning right wrong issue.
Ancient Egypt	god carried number priests rendered judgement choosing one moving forward backward pointing one answers written piece papyrus ostracon.agriculture combination favorable geographical features contributed success ancient egyptian culture important rich fertile soil resulting annual inundations nile river.ancient egyptians thus able produce abundance food allowing population devote time resources cultural technological artistic pursuits.land management crucial ancient egypt taxes assessed based amount land person owned.farming egypt dependent cycle nile river.egyptians recognized three seasons akhet flooding peret planting shemu harvesting.
Ancient Egypt	flooding season lasted june september depositing rivers banks layer mineralrich silt ideal growing crops.floodwaters receded growing season lasted october february.farmers plowed planted seeds fields irrigated ditches canals.egypt received little rainfall farmers relied nile water crops.march may farmers used sickles harvest crops threshed flail separate straw grain.
Ancient Egypt	winnowing removed chaff grain grain ground flour brewed make beer stored later use.the ancient egyptians cultivated emmer barley several cereal grains used make two main food staples bread beer.flax plants uprooted started flowering grown fibers stems.fibers split along length spun thread used weave sheets linen make clothing.papyrus growing banks nile river used make paper.vegetables fruits grown garden plots close habitations higher ground watered hand.
Ancient Egypt	vegetables included leeks garlic melons squashes pulses lettuce crops addition grapes made wine.animals egyptians believed balanced relationship people animals essential element cosmic order thus humans animals plants believed members single whole.animals domesticated wild therefore critical source spirituality companionship sustenance ancient egyptians.cattle important livestock administration collected taxes livestock regular censuses size herd reflected prestige importance estate temple owned them.addition cattle ancient egyptians kept sheep goats pigs.
Ancient Egypt	poultry ducks geese pigeons captured nets bred farms forcefed dough fatten them.nile provided plentiful source fish.bees also domesticated least old kingdom provided honey wax.the ancient egyptians used donkeys oxen beasts burden responsible plowing fields trampling seed soil.slaughter fattened ox also central part offering ritual.horses introduced hyksos second intermediate period.
Ancient Egypt	camels although known new kingdom used beasts burden late period.also evidence suggest elephants briefly utilized late period largely abandoned due lack grazing land.cats dogs monkeys common family pets exotic pets imported heart africa subsaharan african lions reserved royalty.herodotus observed egyptians people keep animals houses.late period worship gods animal form extremely popular cat goddess bastet ibis god thoth animals kept large numbers purpose ritual sacrifice.
Ancient Egypt	natural resources egypt rich building decorative stone copper lead ores gold semiprecious stones.natural resources allowed ancient egyptians build monuments sculpt statues make tools fashion jewelry.embalmers used salts wadi natrun mummification also provided gypsum needed make plaster.orebearing rock formations found distant inhospitable wadis eastern desert sinai requiring large statecontrolled expeditions obtain natural resources found there.extensive gold mines nubia one first maps known gold mine region.
Ancient Egypt	wadi hammamat notable source granite greywacke gold.flint first mineral collected used make tools flint handaxes earliest pieces evidence habitation nile valley.nodules mineral carefully flaked make blades arrowheads moderate hardness durability even copper adopted purpose.ancient egyptians among first use minerals sulfur cosmetic substances.the egyptians worked deposits lead ore galena gebel rosas make net sinkers plumb bobs small figurines.copper important metal toolmaking ancient egypt smelted furnaces malachite ore mined sinai.
Ancient Egypt	workers collected gold washing nuggets sediment alluvial deposits laborintensive process grinding washing goldbearing quartzite.iron deposits found upper egypt utilized late period.highquality building stones abundant egypt ancient egyptians quarried limestone along nile valley granite aswan basalt sandstone wadis eastern desert.deposits decorative stones porphyry greywacke alabaster carnelian dotted eastern desert collected even first dynasty.ptolemaic roman periods miners worked deposits emeralds wadi sikait amethyst wadi elhudi.
Ancient Egypt	trade ancient egyptians engaged trade foreign neighbors obtain rare exotic goods found egypt.predynastic period established trade nubia obtain gold incense.also established trade palestine evidenced palestinianstyle oil jugs found burials first dynasty pharaohs.egyptian colony stationed southern canaan dates slightly first dynasty.narmer egyptian pottery produced canaan exported back egypt.by second dynasty latest ancient egyptian trade byblos yielded critical source quality timber found egypt.
Ancient Egypt	fifth dynasty trade punt provided gold aromatic resins ebony ivory wild animals monkeys baboons.egypt relied trade anatolia essential quantities tin well supplementary supplies copper metals necessary manufacture bronze.ancient egyptians prized blue stone lapis lazuli imported faraway afghanistan.egypts mediterranean trade partners also included greece crete provided among goods supplies olive oil.language historical development egyptian language northern afroasiatic language closely related berber semitic languages.
Ancient Egypt	second longest known history language sumerian written c. bc middle ages remaining spoken language longer.phases ancient egyptian old egyptian middle egyptian classical egyptian late egyptian demotic coptic.egyptian writings show dialect differences coptic probably spoken regional dialects around memphis later thebes.ancient egyptian synthetic language became analytic later on.late egyptian developed prefixal definite indefinite articles replaced older inflectional suffixes.change older verb–subject–object word order subject–verb–object.
Ancient Egypt	egyptian hieroglyphic hieratic demotic scripts eventually replaced phonetic coptic alphabet.coptic still used liturgy egyptian orthodox church traces found modern egyptian arabic.sounds grammar ancient egyptian consonants similar afroasiatic languages.include pharyngeal emphatic consonants voiced voiceless stops voiceless fricatives voiced voiceless affricates.three long three short vowels expanded late egyptian nine.
Ancient Egypt	basic word egyptian similar semitic berber triliteral biliteral root consonants semiconsonants.suffixes added form words.verb conjugation corresponds person.example triconsonantal skeleton sḏm semantic core word hear basic conjugation sḏm hears.subject noun suffixes added verb sḏm ḥmt woman hears.adjectives derived nouns process egyptologists call nisbation similarity arabic.
Ancient Egypt	word order predicate–subject verbal adjectival sentences subject–predicate nominal adverbial sentences.subject moved beginning sentences long followed resumptive pronoun.verbs nouns negated particle n nn used adverbial adjectival sentences.stress falls ultimate penultimate syllable open cv closed cvc.writing hieroglyphic writing dates c. bc composed hundreds symbols.
Ancient Egypt	hieroglyph represent word sound silent determinative symbol serve different purposes different contexts.hieroglyphs formal script used stone monuments tombs could detailed individual works art.daytoday writing scribes used cursive form writing called hieratic quicker easier.formal hieroglyphs may read rows columns either direction though typically written right left hieratic always written right left usually horizontal rows.new form writing demotic became prevalent writing style form writing—along formal hieroglyphs—that accompany greek text rosetta stone.around first century ad coptic alphabet started used alongside demotic script.
Ancient Egypt	coptic modified greek alphabet addition demotic signs.although formal hieroglyphs used ceremonial role fourth century towards end small handful priests could still read them.traditional religious establishments disbanded knowledge hieroglyphic writing mostly lost.attempts decipher date byzantine islamic periods egypt discovery rosetta stone years research thomas young jeanfrançois champollion hieroglyphs substantially deciphered.literature writing first appeared association kingship labels tags items found royal tombs.
Ancient Egypt	primarily occupation scribes worked per ankh institution house life.latter comprised offices libraries called house books laboratories observatories.bestknown pieces ancient egyptian literature pyramid coffin texts written classical egyptian continued language writing bc.late egyptian spoken new kingdom onward represented ramesside administrative documents love poetry tales well demotic coptic texts.period tradition writing evolved tomb autobiography harkhuf weni.
Ancient Egypt	genre known sebayt instructions developed communicate teachings guidance famous nobles ipuwer papyrus poem lamentations describing natural disasters social upheaval famous example.the story sinuhe written middle egyptian might classic egyptian literature.also written time westcar papyrus set stories told khufu sons relating marvels performed priests.instruction amenemope considered masterpiece near eastern literature.towards end new kingdom vernacular language often employed write popular pieces like story wenamun instruction any.former tells story noble robbed way buy cedar lebanon struggle return egypt.
Ancient Egypt	bc narrative stories instructions popular instructions onchsheshonqy well personal business documents written demotic script phase egyptian.many stories written demotic grecoroman period set previous historical eras egypt independent nation ruled great pharaohs ramesses ii.culture daily life ancient egyptians farmers tied land.dwellings restricted immediate family members constructed mudbrick designed remain cool heat day.home kitchen open roof contained grindstone milling grain small oven baking bread.
Ancient Egypt	ceramics served household wares storage preparation transport consumption food drink raw materials.walls painted white could covered dyed linen wall hangings.floors covered reed mats wooden stools beds raised floor individual tables comprised furniture.the ancient egyptians placed great value hygiene appearance.bathed nile used pasty soap made animal fat chalk.men shaved entire bodies cleanliness perfumes aromatic ointments covered bad odors soothed skin.
Ancient Egypt	clothing made simple linen sheets bleached white men women upper classes wore wigs jewelry cosmetics.children went without clothing maturity age age males circumcised heads shaved.mothers responsible taking care children father provided familys income.music dance popular entertainments could afford them.early instruments included flutes harps instruments similar trumpets oboes pipes developed later became popular.new kingdom egyptians played bells cymbals tambourines drums imported lutes lyres asia.
Ancient Egypt	sistrum rattlelike musical instrument especially important religious ceremonies.the ancient egyptians enjoyed variety leisure activities including games music.senet board game pieces moved according random chance particularly popular earliest times another similar game mehen circular gaming board.“hounds jackals” also known holes another example board games played ancient egypt.first complete set game discovered theban tomb egyptian pharaoh amenemhat iv dates th dynasty.juggling ball games popular children wrestling also documented tomb beni hasan.
Ancient Egypt	wealthy members ancient egyptian society enjoyed hunting fishing boating well.the excavation workers village deir elmedina resulted one thoroughly documented accounts community life ancient world spans almost four hundred years.comparable site organization social interactions working living conditions community studied detail.cuisine egyptian cuisine remained remarkably stable time indeed cuisine modern egypt retains striking similarities cuisine ancients.staple diet consisted bread beer supplemented vegetables onions garlic fruit dates figs.wine meat enjoyed feast days upper classes indulged regular basis.
Ancient Egypt	fish meat fowl could salted dried could cooked stews roasted grill.architecture architecture ancient egypt includes famous structures world great pyramids giza temples thebes.building projects organized funded state religious commemorative purposes also reinforce wideranging power pharaoh.ancient egyptians skilled builders using simple effective tools sighting instruments architects could build large stone structures great accuracy precision still envied today.the domestic dwellings elite ordinary egyptians alike constructed perishable materials mudbricks wood survived.peasants lived simple homes palaces elite pharaoh elaborate structures.
Ancient Egypt	surviving new kingdom palaces malkata amarna show richly decorated walls floors scenes people birds water pools deities geometric designs.important structures temples tombs intended last forever constructed stone instead mudbricks.architectural elements used worlds first largescale stone building djosers mortuary complex include post lintel supports papyrus lotus motif.the earliest preserved ancient egyptian temples giza consist single enclosed halls roof slabs supported columns.new kingdom architects added pylon open courtyard enclosed hypostyle hall front temples sanctuary style standard grecoroman period.earliest popular tomb architecture old kingdom mastaba flatroofed rectangular structure mudbrick stone built underground burial chamber.

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